AMERICAN SOD PRODUCERS 

ASSOCIATION 

1981 

MIDWINTER CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

FEBRUARY 16-18, 1981 
LAKE TAHOE, NEVADA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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"ENERGY AND WATER - FUTURE EFFECTS ON THE SOD INDUSTRY"  
Dr. Victor A. Gibeault, University of California
"RECENT LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS" 
William A. Harding, ASPA Legal Counsel
"DEALING WITH STATE AGENCIES" 
William A. Harding, ASPA Legal Counsel
"FOLIAR APPLIED NUTRIENTS... A BREAKTHROUGH?"  
National Fertilizer Solution Association
"SOIL FUMIGATION FOR SOD PRODUCTION"  
Jerry Hanes, Tri-Cal, Inc.
"PLAN AHEAD AND SAVE TAXES" 
Dennis Marx, ASPA Financial Consultant
"BLENDING BLUEGRASS IS BENEFICIAL" 
Dr. William H. Daniel, Purdue University
"MANAGEMENT OF WARM SEASON TURFGRASSES" 
Stanley Spaulding, University of California
"NEW TURFGRASS VARIETIES FOR SOD PRODUCTION"  
Dr. William A. Meyer, Turf-Seed, Inc.
"POSITIVE ALTERNATIVES TO UNIONS AND ORGANIZED LABOR"  
John E. Tate, Attorney - Tate, Bruckner & Sykes

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ENERGY AND WATER - FUTURE EFFECTS ON THE SOD INDUSTRY

Victor A. Gibeault 

Environmental Horticulturist, Cooperative Extension 

University of California, Riverside

Energy costs have increased dramatically since the 1973-74 oil crisis, 
with OPEC nations posting cost increases from slightly less than $3.00 per 
barrel in early 1973, to $32.00 at the present time. Many factors indicate a 
continued increase in oil costs for the immediate future. Similar rapid cost 
escalation is being noted for natural gas. This cost increase in primary energy 
sources such as petroleum and natural gas, has rippled through all segments of 
the industrialized world and, of course, turfgrass production for sod, and 
maintenance for facility use, has not escaped the resulting cost increases. It 
is therefore important for turfgrass sod growers, and turfgrass managers, to 
evaluate the grasses that are being grown and their maintenance practices in 
light of energy utilization. Whenever possible, decisions made to conserve 
energy resources will result in significant financial savings.

Almost concurrently with the energy dilemma, the fragile nature of water 

availability has been demonstrated, first in the western U.S. during the drought 
years of 1976-77 and 1977-78 and most recently with inadequate water storage 
facilities in the northeastern U.S. Once again, sod growers have reason to 
evaluate the grasses they grow and their maintenance practices in terms of 
water use.

Below are briefly discussed three primary maintenance practices, mowing, 

fertilization and irrigation, regarding energy utilization. It is intended 
that these will act as a stimulus for you to pursue a further, more in depth 
"energy expenditure itemization accounting" for your operation.

Mowing of turfgrass is necessary to give the uniform, closely cropped 

sward that is needed for facility use and desired appearance. This recurring 
operation requires petroleum products to fuel the mowing equipment. Mowers 
vary widely in their energy utilization, with large, lightweight tractors equip­
ped with diesel motors, and reel mowers being most efficient, while small, gas 
powered rotaries are least energy efficient.

Fertilization of turf is also necessary on a regular basis to ensure a 
healthy, vigorous turfgrass stand. Nitrogen, the most frequently needed and 
supplied nutrient, is highly energy dependent because of the large use of nat­
ural gas and its manufacture. The selection of the most efficient and effective 
fertilization program, and the best, most uniform application of the selected 
fertilizer will pay dividends to the wise grower. Also, it is widely recognized 
that grasses vary in the fertility requirement as the comparative chart on the 
next page indicates.

Fertility Requirement

Warm Season Grasses

Bermuda
St. Augustine
Zoysia
Centipede
Carpet
Bahia

Cool Season Grasses

Creeping bent 
Colonial bent 
Kentucky blue 
Perennial rye
Tall fescue
Fine fescue

Irrigation is a very energy dependent maintenance practice and costs asso­
ciated with turf irrigation have skyrocketed in a direct relationship to energy 
cost increase. Water cost increases have also been dependent upon construction 
of needed storage and transport facilities, and the increase in fixed costs 
associated with salary and support service increases. Again, the selection of 
species that require less supplemental water will help to conserve our water 
resources, and cut turf growing and maintenance costs. As an example, a recently 
published study from California showed that one-third less water was applied to 
warm season grasses, bermuda and St. Augustine, on a seasonal basis than was 
needed on the cool season grasses, tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass. Also, as 
the comparative chart below indicates, grasses differ in their drought tolerance 
when less than optimum water is available.

Drought Tolerance

Warm Season Grasses

Bermuda
Zoysia
Bahia
St. Augustine
Centipede
Carpet

Cool Season Grasses

Fine fescues
Tall fescue 
Kentucky blue 
Perennial rye 
Colonial bent 
Creeping bent

In summary, energy costs have increased tremendously in the recent past and 
the availability of sufficient quantities of water for turf irrigation, in some 
areas, is in question. Sod growers should evaluate the grasses they are growing 
and their methods of turf culture in light of these recent changes.

RECENT LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 

By:  William A. Harding 

ASPA Legal Counsel  
Nelson & Harding  
Lincoln, Nebraska

The Aurora, Colorado City Council has passed a Land Use 

Ordinance which severely restricts the use of grass sod and other 
plantings, based upon a size of lot calculation. The ASPA Board 
of Directors has authorized Nelson & Harding to look into the 
issue and to report back by the time of the April, 1981, Board of 
Directors' meeting on a recommended course of action to deal with 
the Aurora situation. Any member of ASPA knowing about studies, 
reports or other information which would be helpful to the land 
use and water conservation issues involved in this ordinance 
should contact the ASPA office, any member of the ASPA Board of 
Directors, or the ASPA Legal Counsel.

The Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act amendments which 
will make it clear that a corporation may be considered to be a 
person for the purposes of the "personal" exemption of FLCRA and 
further to place a definite percentage of time standard into the 
statute to determine when individual employees of farmers or cor- 
porations must register under FLCRA, should be passed during the 
upcoming session of Congress. Activity probably will be centered 
during the months of May and June, 1981, and ASPA members can 
plan on receiving some contact from either their state representa- 
tive or a member of the ASPA Board of Directors to contact the 
ASPA member’s Congressman and Senator with respect to this legis- 
lation. In the meantime, the United States Department of Labor, 
immediately prior to the November, 1980, elections, placed a 
nation-wide moratorium on enforcement of FLCRA in the two areas 
mentioned above. However, the ASPA Board of Directors believes 
that a change in the statute is necessary to safeguard ASPA mem- 
bers in the future from such an interpretation of the statute.
Various states have passed new migratory statutes. ASPA 
members need to be alert to migratory labor statutes at the state 
level as well as the federal level, and a summary of the state 
migratory labor statutes is attached.

It now appears that the jurisdiction of the National Labor 
Relations Act will not be expanded to cover members of ASPA and 
the "agricultural laborer" exemption under the National Labor 
Relations Act will not be removed. Accordingly, states will be 
free to pass statutes in this area. A summary of those states 
which have passed state agricultural labor relations acts is 
attached. ASPA members should be alert to the proposed addition 
of such statutes in states which do not now have such legislation. 

In the event such actions are proposed, ASPA members should 
notify the Association office, a member of the ASPA Board of 
Directors, or ASPA Legal Counsel, so that ASPA can provide rele- 
vant information on appropriate provisions of such a state 
statute.

Land use planning grants totalling $37.5 million are schedu- 
led to be awarded during the coming year and the grants will be 
used primarily to propose local and state land use planning 
regulations in conformity with state and federal legislation. 
The number of the grants may be reduced due to the stated desire 
of President Reagan to trim the federal budget, but land use 
planning will continue to be an issue, along with water and 
energy, of great concern to ASPA members during the 1980's. Any 
ASPA members should be alert to local land use planning efforts 
in their area and should report the results to ASPA.

The Occupational Safety & Health Administration has proposed 

machinery lockout standards and a restatement of the specific 
questions asked by OSHA of industry will be set forth in an up- 
coming Turf News article.

S-1125 was signed by President Carter on September 26, 1980 
and removed the limitation on the number of crops which may be 
insured by the federal government. Accordingly, non-food crops 
such as sod may now be insured if the necessary actuarial infor- 
mation is prepared and submitted. In the event ASPA members 
believe that such an effort should be made, such members should 
contact any member of the ASPA Board of Directors.

The carry-over basis was repealed from the Internal Revenue 
Code by Congress during 1980 and ASPA members will now not need 
to be worried about carrying over the basis that prior genera- 
tions of the same family utilized for land purchase when later 
generations dispose of that land.

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has now passed 
sexual harassment guidelines which require employers to be res- 
ponsible for the actions of supervisors, agents, employees and 
non-employees if any unwelcomed sexual advances are made. The 
obligation does not depend upon actual knowledge of the infrac- 
tion if the employer could have known about such activities, 
unless the employer takes prompt remedial action.

DEALING WITH STATE AGENCIES 

By: William A. Harding 
ASPA Legal Counsel  
Nelson & Harding  
Lincoln, Nebraska

During the last several years most ASPA members have dealt 
with state agencies on issues involving sales tax, special farm 
license plates, workmen's compensation insurance, unemployment 
compensation coverage, local land use planning and state occupa- 
tional safety and health statutes. In most instances agriculture 
is given preferred treatment and the issue becomes whether the 
ASPA member can convince the state agency that sod production is 
an agricultural activity.

In most instances the state statute utilizes a standard 
which provides special treatment for: agriculture, agricultural 
activity, agricultural products, raw agricultural products or 
agricultural laborers. Therefore, the ASPA member involved will 
normally need to fall within such a definition.

Assistance is available from the American Sod Producers 

Association in several ways. First, a state and local rulings 
booklet is available, but ASPA members need to keep ASPA informed 
on final rulings in their state. Second, ASPA has compiled a 
listing of federal rulings which define sod production as an 
agricultural activity and grass sod as an agricultural product. 
This information may be provided by the ASPA legal counsel, upon 
request. In addition, if it is necessary for ASPA Legal Counsel 
to hold a strategy telephone conference with the local attorney 
or local accountant of the ASPA member involved, such a situation 
can be arranged.

The procedure to follow for ASPA members involved with a 

state agency should first be to have the agency put the complaint 
in writing. The complaint should state the reason the agency be- 
lieves the ASPA member has violated some statute or regulation. 
At that point the ASPA member should contact a local attorney or 
local accountant for an analysis of the issue. If additional 
information on agricultural status is necessary, contact the 
ASPA office or the ASPA Legal Counsel for the additional informa- 
tion referred to above. Make sure to obtain a final ruling from 
the state agency involved even if it is a decision to not pro­
ceed on the complaint. A copy of any such final rulings should 
be sent to ASPA or the ASPA Legal Counsel.

In the event the case appears to be one that will be going 
to trial or if an appeal is filed, and if it is possible that the 
case will impact on numerous members of the industry, the local 
attorney or local accountant should prepare a summary of the 

issues involved and forward that summary to the ASPA Legal 
Counsel for analysis. The analysis of the ASPA Legal Counsel 
will be provided to the ASPA Board of Directors, and ASPA may 
decide to intervene on behalf of the member or to file a brief 
on behalf of the member.

  

  

  
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FOLIAR APPLIED NUTRIENTS... 

A BREAKTHROUGH ?

By the National Fertilizer Solution Association 

Peoria, Illinois 

Presented at Conference by Tom Walgenbach 

This discusses the subject of Foliar Applied Nutrients...and the recent 
"Breakthrough" that now permits foliar liquid spray applications to be made 
on sod turf grasses safely and economically. The growing use of fluid 
fertilizers which are frequently applied as foliar sprays on grass can be 
attributed to a new "Breakthrough" in nitrogen solutions plus four basic 
features of solution fertilizers in general.

Uniform Distribution
With solution fertilizers every drop contains exactly the same nutrient 
content and you can achieve exceptionally uniform spray distribution from one 
end of the boom to the other.

Application Efficiencies
In addition to the speed of application, these fertilizer solutions can be 
combined with herbicides to consolidate trips across the field---a savings
in time and labor. Further, there is some evidence that herbicide efficiency 
is improved by this combination with nutrients in one solution.

Agronomic Advantages
The positive influence of soil applied water soluble phosphates, such as 
ammonium polyphosphate 10-34-0 solution, on early growth following seed 
germination has been well documented.

And recently a new nitrogen solution has been developed for use on turf grass. 
These are clear nitrogen solutions, such as those branded Formolene 30-0-2, 
and are composed of high concentrations of monomethylol urea, methylene ureas, 
and urea. They are frequently referred to as UF solution or solution UF.

They are not to be confused with urea/ammonium nitrate solutions which are 
commonly referred to as U-AN 32 or frequently just 32. Neither are they 
slurries or suspensions of urea formaldehyde powders.

These new nitrogen solutions have very important performance properties for 
foliar spray applications to sod turf grass. The two most important to note 
are: 1) the low burn potential, and 2) the potential for high nitrogen 
utilization by the grass plant because of foliar uptake efficiency.

This, then, is the basis for the "Breakthrough" in foliar spray technology: 
now, the sod industry has available to it a liquid, true solution, nitrogen 
fertilizer that can be spray applied directly on grass foliage in a balanced 
NPK analysis at high nitrogen concentrations and high rates per acre without 
undue concern about burn even during periods of summer stress.

Generally a more efficient use by the grass plant of applied nutrients will 
occur when periodic direct spray placement is made onto with absorption into 
the foliage than that which occurs through the random uptake by the root 
system of nutrients dissolved in the soil solution.

Dr. Paul Reike’s work in 1975 at Michigan State showed a relationship of 
nitrogen application rates to sod strength and rhizome development. As 
nitrogen rates were increased sod strength and rhizome development also 
increased up to a point; and then decreased when over-applied.

Prescription Formulation
Fluid fertilizers can be formulated with precisely the right nutrients for 
rapid root and rhizome development early; and, later, for a lush green 
appearance prior to harvesting within one year from date of seeding.

These fertilizer solution concentrates are made from any number of soluble 
nutrient components as required by the sod producer in conjunction with 
guidance from his fertilizer dealer.

The dealer may apply the product for the sod farmer using the dealer’s own 
nurse tanks and spray equipment. Or the sod farmer may elect to make the 
application of solution fertilizer with or without herbicides using his own 
herbicide spray unit.

An example of a fertilizer solution foliar spray application is one made in 
late July, 1980, in S.W. Ohio. The concentration of nutrients foliar sprayed 
was a prescription liquid of a 11-6-7 analysis, applied at a rate of 25 lbs. 
of nitrogen using the ’’Breakthrough” methylol urea nitrogen plus 14 lbs. P2O5, 
and 16 lbs. K2O per acre.

Exactly one month later the results of the foliar spray application were: the 
bare spots had filled in and the turf had increased its density to the point 
where it was harvestable less than one year following the dormant seeding and 
erratic germination of the previous Fall.

A concept yet to be tested is that these "Breakthrough" nitrogen solutions 
applied to the grass foliage shortly before harvest subsequently may break 
down slowly to release minute amounts of ammonia within the harvested stacked 
sod and this may be sufficient to prevent mold formation within the stack.

Summary
Foliar applied solution fertilizers based on the new "Breakthrough" nitrogen 
technology, provide benefits in more efficient fertilization and effective 
production of sod.

The advantages of solution fertilizers and foliar spray application are many: 
helping the sod producer to achieve decreased time to harvest; increased sod 
production; improved sod turf quality; and greater profits from operations.

SOIL FUMIGATION FOR SOD PRODUCTION

Jerry Hanes  
Tri-Cal, Inc.  

Manager  

1150 No. Red Gum Street  
Anaheim, Ca. 92806

Methyl bromide was discovered in 1932 and shortly thereafter it's excep- 
tional insecticidal, nematocidal, and herbicidal properties became known. 
The highly volatile properties, however, made application difficult except in 
confined chambers, seedbeds, and the like. Solutions of methyl bromide di- 
solved in one or more kinds of hydrocarbon, became available and saw limited 
application disenfecting nursery stock or in killing trees.

Methyl bromide was shown by 1954 to be the most effective chemical known 

for the control of broomrape of tomatoes - Orobanche ramosa L. - an intro- 
duced, serious seed plant parasite of tomatoes. Within two years the first 
tests had been completed in which a solution of methyl bromide had been injec- 
ted into the soil with tractor mounted chisels, and the soil covered flat 
with polyethylene sheeting. Uniform distribution on methyl bromide was a- 
chieved by metering the solution under pressure supplied from a cylinder of 
compressed nitrogen gas through polyethylene tubing to the fumigation chisels. 
Covering the soil flat eliminated the airspace between the soil surface and 
the polyethylene film, and gave an effective control of many weeds along with 
broomrape. The first large scale fumigation with methyl bromide was in 1957 
and 1958 when 330 and 517 acres of tomato seed beds were fumigated in the 
Coachella Valley of California for control of broomrape. Weed control, except 
for a few legumes, and nematode control were outstanding. During fumigation 
the soil was covered with 2 mil thick polyethylene sheeting 22 feet wide and 
1,300 feet long. The film was turned by hand each day for as many as twelve 
days to cover new areas as they were fumigated.

By 1960 mixtures of methyl bromide and chloropicrin were being used by the 
California strawberry industry to control Verticillium wilt, weeds, nematodes, 
and soilborne insects. Evidence was obtained that these mixtures were syner- 
gistic, i.e. more fungicidal against Verticillium than the sum of the two chemi- 
cals applied separately. Also, polyethylene film 1 mil thick became available 
and Tri-Cal built its' first tarp layer to apply and bury the edges of the film 
mechanically. It was a two step method with a ten foot unfumigated strip in 
between the polyethylene covered areas being fumigated and tarped after the ori- 
ginal strips of film had been removed.

In 1962 the first commercial methyl bromide fumigation for sod production 
in California using a tarp layer was performed at Cal Turf in Camarillo. Prior 
to this there had been some small sod areas tarped by hand and fumigated, mainly 
golf greens and small sod nurseries. Again weed control was excellent (except 
for malva and clover). It was also noted that the sod developed more rapidly, 
due to the reduction of soil pathogens, allowing an earlier harvest.

In 1968 a method of glueing the polyethylene sheets together in the field 

during fumigation was developed. This eliminated the older strip method of fu- 
migation. Complete areas can be fumigated and covered with film without inter- 
ruption. Ten to fifteen acres per day are treated with one piece of equipment.
At the present time in California, 500 to 1,000 acres of sod are fumigated 

annually. Most of this acreage is treated with 400 pounds of methyl bromide 
per acre at a cost of approximately $800.00 dollars per acre. Dichondra res- 
ponds better to a pre-plant fumigation treatment of methyl bromide - chloro- 
picrin mixture.

With good agricultural lands shrinking in availability and increasing in 
value, it is imperative to maintain productivity of the most profitable crop. 
Quick acting, properly applied soil fumigants retained by polyethylene film, 
destroy injurous soil funji, weeds, and nematodes, and have pointed the way 
to maintaining high productivity for specialty crops.

PLAN AHEAD AND SAVE TAXES 

AMERICAN SOD PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION

Omaha, Nebraska

February 17, 1981 

By Dennis Marx, Ernst & Whinney 

Bob Garey has constantly emphasized to me that sod producers, like every- 
one else, are more interested in hearing from their financial consultant 
how to make more money rather than how to spend money. Therefore, before 
I discuss different ideas for saving the income you’ve already earned, 
I’d like to mention two money making items peculiar to the volatile economic 
times we are experiencing. They are: money market funds with check writing 
privileges and low interest life insurance policy loans.

A money market fund is a safe and liquid kin to a mutual fund. These funds 
invest in high quality, short-term government and corporate debt securities.
The interest rate they pay fluctuates daily as the cost of money rises 
and falls. Currently the money market funds are paying interest somewhere 
in a range of 14% to 16%. Many of these funds offer the ability to write 
checks on the account. Such a fund can be used by your corporation or by 
you individually. Prospectuses explaining more details are available from 
stockbrokers and insurance companies.

Low interest loans against the cash surrender value of whole life insurance 
policies are available. Depending on when the policy was taken, the interest 
rate may be 4% to 6%. The loan is usually paid back at death in the form 
of a reduction of the face amount paid to the beneficiaries. The borrowed 
funds could be used to buy shares in a safe money market fund effectively 
increasing your income.

Tax saving and tax planning are two concepts that are inseparable. Proper 
planning is an ongoing consideration, commencing with the birth of a business, 
through its lifetime and until estate taxes become a factor.

Proper tax planning is especially important to sod producers for a variety 
of reasons. Considerable capital is required for investment in land and 
equipment. Most sod producers are family businesses, and passing on the 
business to succeeding generations presents cash liquidity and estate tax 
problems.

At the birth of a business, the first consideration is choosing a form of 
ownership. Proprietorship and partnerships, probably the simplest forms, 
serve to channel tax items into personal returns without income taxation 
at the business level. However, there are many tax benefits not available 
to partnerships and proprietorships. Also, transfer of ownership is more 
difficult.

Incorporation of a family business is very often the best form of ownership. 
Besides limiting legal liability to the corporation, incorporation makes 
available tax saving fringe benefit plans, simplifies ownership transfer, 
and offers lower tax rates.

In the early years of a business, operating losses and investment tax 
credits are usually generated. A corporation can make a "Subchapter S" 
election to be taxed only at the shareholder level, allowing these losses 
and credits to offset income and tax generated from other sources. These 
corporate losses and credits can ordinarily be carried back to recapture 
individual income taxes already paid.

Another attractive feature of the corporate form of ownership is ability 
to deduct the cost of personal expenditures. Such items would include:

1.  Retirement and profit sharing plans much more flexible than the 

Individual Retirement Accounts and Self-Employed Retirement plans 
available to unincorporated businesses. 

2.  Health and term-life insurance premiums. 

3.  Medical reimbursement plans which pay for employees’ and their 

dependents’ medical bills not covered by insurance. 

4.  Deferred compensation plans which allow individuals to defer earned 

income to retirement years when they are in lower income tax brackets. 

5.  Payment to a surviving spouse not includable in the spouse’s taxable 

income.

After a form of ownership is chosen, there are many opportunities for tax 
planning during the life of a family business. An early decision is to 
elect the accrual or the cash receipts and disbursements accounting method. 
If at the end of the year, accounts receivable exceed accounts payable, 
it may be advantageous to elect the cash basis. If payables exceed 
receivables, the accrual basis may be more beneficial.

Please be reminded that 1980 is the last tax year for sod producers to 
change without prior IRS approval from the accrual to cash method or to 
cease inventorying growing crops.

The installment sale method of accounting allows deferral of tax liability 
to a later year. For example, an accrual method producer who sells and 
delivers sod in one tax year under payment terms in to the next tax year 
can defer paying tax on the account receivable until the cash is collected. 

Planning devices for use by taxpayers with college bound children or 
aged relatives include a short-term trust and/or an interest free loan.
Using these arrangements, income can be shifted from a high-bracket 
taxpayer to a low-bracket taxpayer.

A short-term trust is for a minimum of 10 years or life expectancy, if less. 
Income earning assets are put in the trust which pays the income to its 
beneficiary. The beneficiary pays the tax on the income rather than the 
high tax bracket individual who established the trust. The income is used 
by the beneficiary for education or elderly care without paying an exorbitant 
tax percentage to the government.

An interest free loan accomplishes the same shifting of income from high 
tax brackets. The loan is typically on demand but without interest. A 
producer could lend money to college bound children, have them invest in 
a high yield, high quality security and let them pay little or no income 
tax on the earnings.

The area that requires the longest term planning is estate planning. Federal 
estate taxes start when an individual estate exceeds $175,625. The federal 
estate tax rate starts at 18% and increases to 70%. A situation common 
among sod producers is the appreciation of their once outlying properties 
that are now suburb property. That appreciation can produce estate tax 
liquidity problems.

There are many conflicting goals involved in estate planning. Principals 
generally want to maintain control of their sod-producing business as 
long as possible. Adequate income must be provided for retirement.
There must be sufficient liquidity to provide for retirement income and 
estate taxes while still allowing for following generations to continue 
the family business. Proper planning can help accomplish these goals.

The corporate structure again is the most flexible form of ownership in 
estate planning. Corporate stock is the easiest to transfer. Small or 
large investments can be passed on in an estate, sold, or gifted without 
disrupting the operations of a sod producer or triggering unwanted tax 
effects.

Buy/sell agreements accomplish liquidity for the estate, keeps control of 
the corporation in the hands of intended persons, and generally allows 
the corporation to retain profits for the retirement of stock. Buy/sell 
agreements simply provide for the sale of corporate stock (or partnership 
interests) to other individuals, or back to the corporation, at the death, 
disability, or retirement of the principal owners.

The funds to purchase the stock can come from cash accumulated in the 
business or financed via an insurance policy on the life of the seller. 
Many options are available and plans must be tailored to specific situations.

Another tool for the family financial planner is a "recapitalization" of 
the corporation. Significant advantages provided are 1) freezing of 
the value of appreciating assets for estate tax purposes, 2) providing 
of income for the principal, and 3) providing financial incentive for 
younger generation shareholders. In a recapitalization, the principal 
exchanges his common stock for preferred stock which has a fixed value 
and does not share in the appreciation of the corporate assets. Since 
the preferred stock must pay dividends, retirement benefits are provided. 
This plan can be combined with a program of gift giving. That is, giving 
preferred stock to non-participating family members and common stock to 
those involved in the business. There are pitfalls to be avoided which 
require planning for, but there are also obvious advantages.

I have only touched on some of the basics of family financial planning, 
but my main interest was to demonstrate the value of tax planning. Proper 
planning is a continuous affair. It is impossible to generalize about 
estate planning because no two family and business situations are identical. 
My best advice is to urge you to sit down with your accountant, attorney, 
insurance man or business adviser and begin planning. It is much easier 
for your family to benefit from tax planning with you now rather than 
after the fact.

BLENDING BLUEGRASS IS BENEFICIAL

W.H. Daniel, Professor  
Purdue University  
West Lafayette, IN 47906

Approximately three-fourths of all sod producers are involved in 

the utilization of bluegrasses. Therefore the evolution of blue- 
grass technology continues to be important.

Sod producers need clean seed. Seed of any new variety is dis- 

tributed by companies through contracts with seed growers. The 
grower controls some insects, broadleaf and annual weeds such as 
windmill grass, cheat, and rogues out contaminants. Mature fields 
are swathed and after approximately three weeks of curing special 
combines process the seed into containers for delivery to the 
cleaning mills. Later, to sanitize the fields and provide space 
for next year's crop the residue in the fields is burned. Seed 
production is a highly specialized business; well organized to 
serve the sod producers.

The technology of sod production has grown. Automatic machines 
are now available for cutting, lifting, and distributing sod. The 
sod industry is indebted; to inovative men such as Wiley Miner, 
Shirling Parker, Bill Latta, Ben Warren, Don Morrell, John Vughan, 
Carl Habenicht, Roy Mueller, Mel Rich, Tobias Grather and Jim 
Ousley. A special tribute should be made to the late H.F.Carroll 
of Foxcroft Sod Farm. Each of these men made a great contribution, 
including the initiation of this Association.

Another part of bluegrass history is the increase of available 
selections. Merion, the first premium bluegrass, developed slowly 
as a seedling, was subject to powdery mildew in shade conditions. 
For several years Merion was in a class by itself since it was 
resistant to leafspot. The sod industry’s great growth was based 
on the production of Merion bluegrass. With reluctance the pro­
ducers gradually accepted other varieties. Blending of varieties 
encouraged this transition.

Nugget was produced as a shade grass but lacked vigor in the 

seed field and was not able to compete in turf areas so has enjoyed 
limited use. The A-20 of Warrern's has proven to be outstanding. 
Numerous cultivars from the research of Dr. Reed Funk are currently 
leading varieties. Merion, Windsor, Sodco, Pennstar, Fylking and 
others have been relegated to limited use.

The European industry requires that a variety must be offically 

entered in research trials and approved before it can be sold 
commercially.

Damage from Fusarium roseum affects many bluegrasses. Cultivars 
with increased tolerance are needed and in time will be developed. 
The varieties known to be susceptable are being phased out of 
production.

There are currently many varieties under study and observation. 

In the fall of 1980 the staff at Purdue University planted 75 named 
bluegrasses and 65 "experimentals". Not included were 25 named 
bluegrasses, such as Sodco and Windsor which for various reasons 
have been replaced in the market.

1980 Kentucky Bluegrass Seed Production

Over 1 Million lbs
Delta 
Fylking 
Newport

Baron   Glade  
Park  
Vieta   Merit  

Adelphi  

Over .1 Million

Over .5 Million

Touchdown   Sydsport  
America 
Enmundi  
Ram I  
Cheri 
Majestic  
Bristol  
Birka 
Merion (down from 5 M to .5 M)
Example of New,Release 
Wabash Ky. Bluegrass  
Purdue Univ. ’78  
174 acres for '81 harvest

A continuing concern is how to produce clean seed that will 

Vantage  Pennstar  Bonnieblue 
Eclipse  Nugget  Aquilla  
Scenic  Rugby  Mystic  
A-20 (no Windsor)
In 1981 approximately 30 cultivars are currently on the market 
in Indiana. Broad acceptance of the newer cultivars has been 
encouraged through the blending of two or more preferred varieties.
New grasses will soon be available. Kimona has received great 
ratings in Europe. The new variety, Wabash, is a product of the 
current technology. From a limited amount of seed produced in 
Lafayette, Indiana, breeder’s fields of Wabash in the northwest 
USA are being rouged and inspected. The vigorous spread character- 
istic of Wabash makes it potentially attractive for roadsides, 
athletic fields and parks.
Our current research is directed toward the selection of dwarf 
type bluegrasses, wherein a reduced height of growth and reduced 
amount of clippings contribute to energy conservation. A variety 
that can be maintained by cutting at one inch height once a month 
is considered dwarf.
provide a pure stand of sod. One product, Round-Up TM , is 
effective in controlling spot infestation and thus adding to the 
longevity of the stand.
Currently there are 12 European and 16 North American companies 
actively engaged in developing and producing new turfgrass 
cultivars. You can expect new specialized bluegrass to suit your 
needs.
1.  permits introduction of new cultivars 
2.  justifies promotional advertising 
3. allows gradual upgrading 
4.  allows cost adjustments 
5.  improves inventory control 
1.  Utilizes research technology 
2.  permits gradual introduction of new varieties 
3.  permits continual up-grading 
4.  accomodates wide range of users 
Blending benefits the Consumer 
1.  provides the best of the latest available 
2.  adapted cultivars survive 
3.  increased disease tolerance 
4.  economics of mass production 
grower and user or consumer.

The practice of blending benefits the seedsman, salesman,  

Blending of bluegrasses is beneficial to the Seedsman

Blending is beneficial to the Sod Grower 

MANAGEMENT OF WARM SEASON TURFGRASSES

By Stanley Spaulding, Staff Research Associate  
University of California, South Coast Field  
Station, Santa Ana, CA 92705

Turfgrass sod and stolons is produced economically when basic 
principles of agronomy and business are employed. On less than 
ideal land, skillful management becomes critical for making 
money.
Make a site free of weeds to prevent contamination of crops - 
especially Common bermudagrass. Plant windbreaks to intercept 
weed seed. Construct ditches and berms to prevent weed seed 
deposition by flood water. Keep non-crop land weedless.
Grade the fields smooth. Till soil deeply for deep roots. 
Fertilize to supply only deficient mineral nutrients, as deter- 
minded by soils analysis. Apply phosphorus before planting. 
Afterwards there is little gain. P must be mixed with soil.
Methyl bromide fumigation is cost effective on weedy and repeat 
crop lands with stem residues. If it is less expense to keep 
land out of production, grow weeds and crop residues. Spray 
Diquat for annual weeds and Roundup for control of perennial 
weeds. These herbicides are used on sod and stolon fields when 
winter dormant.
Plant stolons when soil temperature is increasing. More stolons 
are at the base of seldom mowed turf that- is grown just for 
stolons. Planting of top growth yields a thin stand. To start 
a field free of other warm season grasses, make your own nursery. 
Others may be contaminated.
Plant stolons into moist soil and sprinkle immediately to prevent 
wilt. Frequent irrigation without flooding is maintained until 
stolons sprout.
Mow at 3/4" for sod. St. Augustine is mowed at 1-1/4". Clip 
often enough to prevent scalping. A gang of real mowers is the 
fastest. Turf quality is better than with rotary or flail 
mowers.
Moving pipe costs money, so don't irrigate until it is needed. 
Then irrigate enough to wet most of roots. Percolation of water 
into soil should match sprinkler precipitation to prevent flood- 
ing. Otherwise, irrigation should be repeated immediately.
An average rate of actual nitrogen per acre is 40-50 lbs. Using 
a soluble fertilizer, frequency of fertilizations is 4-8 weeks. 
In cold weather, when turf is dormant, no fertilizer is applied.

Elements other than nitrogen are applied when a soils or tissue 
analysis indicates certain deficiencies.
Mature stands for stolons are fertilized 2 X/year - spring and 
summer.
Harvest all marketable sod. Don't cut a field in alternate 
strips. A harvested field is returned to production by rotary 
tillage when weather is conducive to propagation of rhizome 
residues. The next immediate operation is rolling. It is done, 
also, before a sod harvest. A compacted sod is smoother for 
cutting.
For spring sales of sod, mow off the dead top and fertilize when 
frosts are over. Annual bluegrass may sprout at this point.
Kerb herbicide is both a pre- and post-emergence control of 
Poa annua.
Second year bermudagrass needs a summer vertical mowing. Older 
turf gets thatchy, puffy, and scalps. This is especially the 
case of hybrid bermudagrasses - Tifway being the worst.
Paspalum vaginatum, 'Adalade', is a slow thatch maker. Neither 
are Zoysiagrasses or St. Augustinegrass fast thatch builders. 
Vertical mowing of these is more destructive than beneficial. 
But, four light vertical mowings a year may be necessary to 
produce a smooth, mature, bermudagrass sod.
Except for weeds, pests of warm season turfgrasses are insignifi- 
cant in southern California. However, old, thatchy bermudagrass 
gets fairy rings or grubs that eat roots. Chinch bugs can 
destroy St. Augustinegrass. A resistant cultivar is the safest 
choice.
A recent problem, chiefly in the central valley of California, 
is a spring die-back of Tifgreen bermudagrass. If it is 
pathogenic the causal organism has not been discovered. It may 
be a physiologic disease because root and rhizome carbohydrates 
are low. Either cold soil or a short mowed turf could be 
causal factors.
Lush turf at the onset of hot weather is susceptible to disease. 
Both Helminthosporium and Rhizoctonia fungi are at work.
Irrigation must be timely to prevent wilt and subsequent disease.
Warm season grasses need good warm season management. This is 
the reason sod growers are at Lake Tahoe instead of down on the 
farm.

NEW TURFGRASS VARIETIES 

FOR SOD PRODUCTION

Dr. William A. Meyer  

Vice President, Research  

Turf-Seed, Inc. 
P. O. Box 250 

Hubbard, Oregon 97032

The primary objective of a sod producing company is having a satisfied 
customer with an attractive, trouble-free lawn. Selecting the most disease 
resistant and well adapted varieties is an important step in attaining this 
objective.

There are approximately 4 U.S. universities, 12 U.S. companies, and 8-10 

foreign companies presently involved in turfgrass variety development. The 
National bluegrass test started in the fall of 1980 had 84 entries. This is 
an indication of the amount of research being done at this time to develop 
improved turfgrass varieties.

In recent years there has been a trend in variety evaluation trials 

throughout the U.S. to reduce the fertilizer and irrigation levels because of 
increased energy costs. Since most of the sod sold in the U.S. is used for 
home lawns, this trend in variety evaluations should result in more useful 
information for the sod producer. Some of the new varieties are showing 
better adaption to certain regimes and specific cultural regimes.

In cultural management studies at the Univ. of Illinois-Urbana, it was 
found that A-34, Brusnwick and Touchdown were the only varieties adapted to 
short cutting heights and high fertility and irrigation levels. These are 
very aggressive varieties and can be used at low percentage levels in blends 
and still greatly influence turf performance. Many of the new turf-type 
varieties, including the three above varieties, performed well at the inter- 
mediate maintenance level similar to well cared for home lawns. Vantage and 
Aquilla were the top performers at the low maintenance level of a 3 inch 
cutting height, no irrigation, and low fertility.

Fusarium blight has become a serious disease problem of Kentucky blue- 
grass throughout the U.S. In summarizing test data from Rutger’s Univ. and 
my own test data from Southern California, the varieties Adelphi, Banff, 
Columbia, Parade, Rugby and Sydsport were found to be the most resistant 
varieties.

In the Pacific Northwest and Northern California stripe rust is a ser- 
ious disease problem. The variety Shasta has been found to have excellent 
resistance to this disease.

The Kentucky bluegrass varieties A20-6, American, Columbia, Eclipse, 

Enmundi, H-7, I-13, Merit, Plush, Ram I, Rugby, and Shasta have been released 

in the past few years. These varieties have shown above average disease re- 
sistance and are fairly widely adapted.

In the last few years much breeding work has been done on tall fescues 
for turf. The following are new varieties of tall fescue: Falcon (NJ-78), 
Houndog (TF-791), Olympic (AG-125A), Raliegh (K5-27) and Rebel (T-5). These 
new varieties are generally lower growing, denser, finer, and more persistent 
in turf than older varieties.

Some new fine fescues recently developed include Scaldis and Waldina 

Hard fescue, Ensylva creeping fescue and Shadow Chewings fescue. These new 
hard fescues have performed well in many turf trials across the U.S. Shadow 
has been shown to have improved resistance to powdery mildew and shad toler- 
ance .

There will be many new turfgrass varieties released in the near future. 
The availability of a larger number of improved varieties should aid the sod 
producer in developing blends and mixtures well adapted to their area.

POSITIVE ALTERNATIVES TO UNIONS AND ORGANIZED LABOR

John E. Tate, Attorney  
TATE, BRUCKNER & SYKES

Introduction:
When we talk about unions and organized labor, we are talking 
about employees. And, employees, as you well know, have about as 
many varieties as there are grasses. Whatever that variety, let 
us understand from the very beginning that we, you, both of us, 
set the stage. We make it an exciting place to work; we make it 
a challenge everyday; we make it a place where people hate to go 
or a place where people are glad to go to put in their day’s work.
People today have a sense of the need for "due process". They feel 
that they have rights to be considered, that they are not slaves to 
be directed - do this, do that, do the other - but that those who 
direct that work need to be cognizant of the employees’ needs, 
frustrations, problems. We must be if we are to be most effective 
in dealing with these employees.
The Main Theme:
Let me give you what I consider the most important part of my 
message right up front. That message is that if you have a union 
confrontation, you can always win! You must recognize what so many 
employers have failed to recognize and that is that if all of your 
people should win an election, the labor laws of this nation do not 
require you to sign a contract. Those laws do require that you 
bargain in good faith, but that does not mean that you have to sign 
a contract.
When you fail to sign a contract, let's be honest and admit that 
that may mean you will have a strike. That strike may cause you some 
problems and may be expensive. But, let us understand that if you 
are willing to take that strike, you can replace everyone of those 
people and, if you have done your job properly, you can replace them 
permanently. Or, that is until those replacements move and leave 
you or go somewhere else or die, as the case may be. But there are 
positive alternatives to unions and organized labor.
The Workers:
The alternative of prevention would start out as the need for you 
and your supervisors to create a feeling of appreciation for the 
worker; a feeling of security, that he has a job today and that he 
will have a job tomorrow if he does it correctly. Equally important 
is a positive, enthusiastic atmosphere on your own part. This, 
obviously, requires on the part of management more concern with the 
individual than most of us have normally given to an individual 
employee as to what makes them tick, what are they interested in, 
short term/long term, where are they trying to go, what they are 
trying to do. If we learn those things and harness them in the 
interest of reaching their goals and our goals, we've got it made!

The Supervisors:
Often we do not do a good enough job in training and developing the 
supervisors that we have who are closest to these employees. When 
we are often dissatisfied with the employee it is because the employee 
is dissatisfied with the way he has been "managed" by that lower 
level supervisor. We should not be surprised because last week, 
sometimes, that person who is now a supervisor was a truck driver, a 
sod cutter, a machine operator. By making him a supervisor does not 
give him any pipe line to God to know how he should effectively 
guide and direct the work of other people. So, there is no reason 
that we should be surprised that employees leave us when they are 
treated as they are by some of our supervisors. It is not enough 
for the supervisor to know something about the work, the job, the 
planning, cutting, maintaining of sod. If he is going to be effective 
in dealing with people he needs to know how to motivate them, or at 
least how to create the environment so that the person might feel 
motivated himself.

The Employers:
My experience with several thousand employers over the years has 
shown me that employers tend to be one of two kinds. The first type 
of employer pays the very least he can possibly pay. He has no 
reason to apologize, he says that he lives and works in a free market 
environment and that if he can hire somebody for as little as he can, 
then he has the right to do that and nobody has been hurt. The 
second type of employer truly believes and operates his business in 
keeping with the philosophy that he wants to help all of his em- 
ployees to be worth as much as they are capable of being worth.
The last type of employer is concerned with the potential of an 
employee; he is concerned with what a person can do today and what 
he can see in the future that person can accomplish. He is willing 
to share that good picture with the employee and honestly reward that 
person as that person makes progress toward those objectives.
The Hiring Process for Getting Effective Workers:
1)  The importance of selection; know the type of people you want 
2)  The tremendous need for a proper orientation so people know what 
3)  Training as an integral part of that person as well as getting 
4)  The goals, as we talked about, based on shared goal-setting;
5)  A system of praise of performance that provides opportunities 
to significantly reward people for extraordinary performance; 

to hire before you hire them; 
they are getting into and what they can expect; 
the work done; 

6)  Involving the employee in the problem solving of the business; 
7)  The need to be innovative and creative; 
8)  The importance of listening; 
9)  The recognition of achievement; 
10)  The need to push decision making down to the lowest denominator;
11)  The creation of a self-development environment which gives each 
employee a good self-image; 
12)  We must rid ourselves the unnecessary trapping of power and  
position and earn respect through our own daily performance.