- 

50 

-

iiiMP ...AHD,  EZEGVSIQB  OF  cusriiRix
POLICIES Pi AFRICA

3. 0. Apronti* . 

'  • 

. . :

Among  Cultural  Administrators  in  Africa?  the  African  Cultural

Institute  (ICA)  will  probably  best  be  remembered  for  the  pioneering

work  it  did  in  proposing  a  draft  cultural  policy  for  the  continent,

which was  eventually  adopted  by  the  OAU as  the  Cultural  Charter  for 

.

Africa,  This  was  in  Port  Louis,  Mauritius  in  1976. 

It  was  a  bold

attempt  to  pose  the  problem  of  the  future  of  culture  in  continental

terms,  and  to  focus  the  entirety  of  the  ramifications  of  what  cultural

development  should  mean  to  a  newly  emancipated  continent  at  this  end

of  the  twentieth  century,  in  terms  that  transcend  the  peculiar  colo-

nial  experiences  of  the  different  regions  of  our  continent, 

'An  attempt

was.  thus  ma.de,  a  decade  or  more  after  the  attainment  of  p o l i t i c al

independence  by  the  majority  of  our  peoples,  to  refleot  on  the

challenges  that  revealed  themselves  after  the  auphoria  of  newly

acquired  nationhood  had  cooled  down*

This  writer  was  privileged  t  o  serve  on  the  staff  of  the  African

Cultural  Institute  from  1979  t i ll  1984V f i r st  as  Director  of  Research

and  of  Cultural  Patrimony  from  April  1979  for  four  months,  and

thereafter  as  Deputy  Director  3-eneral  from  July  1979  u n t il

g ebruary,  1984._
former  Deputy  Director-General,  African  Cultural  I n s t i t u t e s,
Dakar,  S enegal»

-r  .51

Concurrently  with  the  post  of  Deputy  Director  General,  h e , m«  as

Director  of'the  Regional'Research  and  Documentation  Centre  for

Cultural  Development  (CRSMG) based  in  Dakar. 

Shis  annex  organisa-

tion  of  IGA  shared  many  facilities  with  the  parent  body  in  Dakar 

in

. 

a  v?ay  that  ™3s  inrpossible -f or  the  CRAG in  Lome,. To^o  and  the  GIEPJO?

xn  Aboney,  Benin.  There Vere  thus  a  total  of  three  annex  organisa-

tions  in  addition  to  the  African  Cultural  Institute  proper.

The  definition  of  cultural  policies  was  a  first  challenge  -  and

a  continuing  one  -  that  faces  Africa's  peoples.  Under  the  inspi-

ration  of  UNESCO arid:: in 'association  with  other  regions  of  the  world,

this  has  been'a  fruitful  search  over "the  years,, beginning  with  the

Venice  Conference  in  1970*  on  the  Institutional,  Administrative  and

financial  Aspects  of  Cultural  Policies}  followed  by  'Regional  Gonferen-*

oes  in  Helsinki  in  1972,  Ygyakarta  in  1973,-Accra  in  1975?  Bogota

i&  1978,  Baghdad  in  iy8t,  culminating1  in  the  World  Conference  on

Cultural  Pilioies  in  Mexico  in ..4982,

She  f i r st  angle  of  attack  that  IGA  adopted; was  the  training

of  personnel. "Aloaj  svifliUN3S0G,  the  definition  of  culture  adopted

was  one  that  went' beyondffia§io  and  dance  to  embrace  not  only  the

performing  a r ts  as  such  but  also  the  languages,  the  belief  systems,

dress,  social  organisation,  value  systems,  taboos  etc.  of _each  people.

So  bring  these  notions'before  the  consciousness  of  the  various  peoples,

•"•:.•. ' it  became  imperative  to  t r a in  personnel  for  the ..specialised  area  of

* 

lo  do  this  -h&&  f i r st  afi»«pfe-.ea?gani5ation  of  the  Institute,

Segioasl  Oolttasal  Actioa  Centre  (0RAO)  was  established  in  Lome,  Togo,

52

The  task  of  the  GEAC -.fas  to  jive  specialised  trair.in;-"  to  c r l t u r ?!

animators  and  cultural  administrators  from  the  ir-anfoer  s t a t e s.

The  simultaneous  need  for  the  two  categories  of  personnel  would  be

appreciated  better  if  one  looked  in  detail  at  the  profiles  of  the  two.

The  cultural  animator  is  best  defined  as  a  man  of  the  t e r r a i n,  an

agent  at  the  local  or  district  level  who,  thanks  to  intimate  contact

with  community-level  artistes,  opinion  leaders  e t c,  has  his  fingers

on the  pulse  of  local  populations.

On the  other  hand,  the  cultural  administrator  functions  at

another  levels  of  conception  and  management.  He  is  caLlesd  upon  to

exercise  skills  of  a  different  sort.  He  is  expected  to  have  a  wider,

experience  of  -world  forces,  of  the  role  of  culture,  in-national, and  ,....•

regional  development.  Eis  administrative  capacities • are.  expected,  to

enable  him to  master  the  interplay  of  different  ..sections  of-the--.  •.••::•

governmental  machinery,  and  to  appreciate, their  relationship  -one  with

the  others  so  as  to  appreciate  the  relative  roles  of  the  pfayaie,alv;

aspects  of  cultural  administration  and  the. associated  but  congruent  .-.,, •

aspects.  His  experience  of  the  world.Is  likewise  expected  to  be ..<viM

tooad  enough to  encompass  a  morso^ttolio  appreciation  of  the  evolu-

xon  of  cultural  norms  and  practices  across  time  a»&  across  space,

His  knowledge  of  the  key  concepts  of  history,  of  sociology,  of  politics

-.•••*» a ll  deemed  to  be  adeepiate  foj?_a_hifher  appseeiation  of  the

^of^administrative  praeti0©  and  their  relationship  to  the  politiaal

economy  of  th^h^mmmf 

to  w M e |l  ^

"  53  - 

... 

,. 

-

In  short,  the  cultural  administrator  is  expected  to  be  impregnated

with  a  sense  of  history,  to  be  srraxe  of  the  evolution  of  cultural

policies,  of  the  history  of  efforts  to  for-fe  a  sense  of  identity  among

Black  peoples  across  the  world,  and  to  be  aware  of  the  factors  that  have

been  determinant  in  the  evolution  of  the  nations  which  have  increa~

singly  assumed  a  major  role  in  the  determination  of  the  destinies  of

the  peoples  of  the  world,, 

In  the  specifio  regions  of  our  continent,  an

awareness  of  the  factors  that  invpinge  on  the  evolution  of  culture,  attempts

at  creating  the  structures  necessary  for  sub-regional  co-operation,  the.

impact  on  them  of  the  colonial  history  of  our  peoples,  the  structures

and  functioning  of  the  agencies  of  our  nation  state  and  the  extent  to

which  they  have  been  decentralised. 

In  particular,  the  existence  or

otherwise  of  evaluations  of  their  operations.

At  continental  level,  one  has  to  take  into  account  the  sort  of

vacuum  that  ICA  came  to  f i l l.  Thanks  to  i ts  history  as  a  focus  of

structures  of  political  decolonisation,  the  OAU placed  an  i n i t i al

emphasis  of  decolonisation.

Historically,  this  is  icaaeretancU&le.  . 'She OAtT placed  an

emphasis  on  physical  liberation  of  large  areas  of  territory,  and

Central  and  Southern  Africa  remain  to  this  day  areas' where  political

liberation  has  continued  to  be  contested  *i»  Mozambique,  Angola,

Namibia,  South'Africa.  ' In  the  nominal^  .^berated  areas,  there  is

a  question  whether  mental  liberation  has  been  completed.  We  shall

not  go  into  the  question  of  whether  the  OAU's  decision  to  canonise

-  54  -~  •

the  frontiers  inherited-from  colonialist  heed be accepted  universally.

But  it  is  generally'agreed'that  it  i s 'a workable  proposition  to accept

it  as such.--  EevertheleB-s,  in fche cultural  domain which  is  next on

the  organisation's  ageriSa  after-politics5  there  are sonier notable' ^  '•

contradictions- to ^hich  attention  sets  increasingly  drawn*  But of 

'

t h i s ,:  m

o

re 

a

n

o

nv 

!  .-•• .-; .::-; ••••-". 

. - . . . - . • •. 

. . • • • .•  •

At  continental 'levels-then,, the pre-occupation  with  political

• liberation  haS- had the  effect"  of leaving  in abeyance  a weak  educiK^<

tionaL and- cultural .eo^nent  at :the  HeaSquaxters  of the OrgaxiissAioft, '

so  that  .it-is  ml? to-.the last  few  years  that  the Cultural  Ohaxter  :  •

has  had any mea*^ adted-td .its-bare  bones,  and that  questions  such  "•

as  the need for %n-articulated  statement  on the pedagogy  of African 

:

Unity  has been posed  with  any  seriousness.  Operational

in  this  domain  have not jone beyond  a few  f a l t e r !^  steps.

In  the meantime,  organisations  live  IC1 have  taken

initiatives  to lay +,h* fa.-,^.n+in.^  *

v  ---, xo.^a.xons  ox Various  structures  to cons-o-li-  '

date  trans-national, r<

md  other  attempts  at what- cottld f! :

ultiraately  becon©  poH-wor+^i  s.

disciplines  -  or elements  th3rsof.-.  ihe  .•

co-tmen-cax  structures.-:of,  support  in a

Benin  is' one  euch.  Tt e-I n t_St a te  Centre  for the Pr^otion of
Handicrafts  and-Cultural

aite.pt  to •

a,

lecher,  wood wo^,  g 0ld  aM a& e£ 

S M i t M a,9

-  55  -

Jo  progressively  liberate  cho:s'eii  craftsmgrf,  vtdle 

t lw  «?e  tempora-

r i ly  in  residence,  from  material" worries  likely  to .hinder  tfcsir  •

; free  reflection  on problems  of'  creativity,  design, and. product ion  ~

conditions  likely  to  promote  thVevoluiion-  of -standards ,p£  design

and  patents,  ultimately  capable  of  large  scale  commercialisation

through  postcards  and  other  media  of  the "test  'examples, of  designs  of

crafts;-  Booklets,  .travel-brochures,  slides  and  other  supports  for

tourism  can  thus  become  a  feasible  proposition  for  the  states  concerned.
'"Thfs  should  drive  -shoddy..examples  of  ''airport  art:f  out  of  existence*

The  OHAC •••to which  we  have  already  referred  constitutes  another

'example-of  a  sub-rejional  facility  for  cultural  administration* 
its1  time,  ICit has  studied.the  possibility  of  repeating  the  experience,

In

••'•p'robably^'in-Sfci^lish,^,.  say.  Eastern  Africa  for  the  peculiar  needs

'of  countries  of .-iSastern  and  Southern  Africa*  Some  logistic  problems

have  resulted  in  s.o.me  delay  in  the  implementation  of  'a  siMlar--'
'cenfs?8l-"elsewhere,  on  the.-continent*  One  notes  however  tliat'^he  Arab

north  does  have  a  Centre  in  funis  that  fulfils  a  similar  function.

Also,  several'countries,  in  Test  ifrica  do  have  national  centres  for

the-training  of  animators  and/or, cultural  administrators,  some  of
;f ed  by  graduates  of  the  GRAO,,eg.  Senegal  and  To,^  ' riot ••'to

n  t h at  a -'notable 'spill-over  has  occurred  in  many  locai" i n s t i-

tutions  as  a  direct  result  pf  the  experience  gained  in  4he  pioneering

centred.

n '' : '•  '-

56 

-

What  lessons  may be  drawn from  these  experiences?  The Sahelian

drought  took  a  ^ heavy t o ll  on countries  whose precarious  ecology ^aS

sorely-tried  as  from  the  lste  7 Q B, n ot  to  mention  the  ravages which

the  debt  burden imposed on the  continent  of  Africa  and  on  the  entire

developing1 world.

ffixstV a  word  of  background'information on ICA.

In  the  former  Fort  L a ^ in  January  19719  nW  M ^ e na  capital

of  the  hapless  Chad,  a  convention  -,as  adopted  ^ r i ng  b i r th  to  the

African  Cultural  Institute.  Thus  was born  the  cultural  specialised

institution  of  OGiM,  the  ail-francophone  co^on  services  organisation

for  African  States  aM  M a l ^ y. 

The 

p r l 3 n a rj  ^ 

"

was  to  harmonise  the  cultural  policies  of  i ts 

^

a ll

of  t h e,  in  their  second  decade  after  independence  f r o,  trench  colo-  '

• nial  Status,  and badly  in  ne*d  of  •»-•» i  A 

J-  -  -e-i  QL oraxnsd. personnel  Of  a  specialised

. 

• •"  •

•background  in  cultural  actior

action,  A  second  importajat  aim  of  the  African

Cultural  Institute  was  to  rehabilitate  +K  •

xen^Daii^ate  bhe  xmajo  of  the  black  man

and validate  his  culture  and  achieveaenta,

«  soonbecane  clear  that  several  countries  supported  the

^ a c t i v es  of  I G, ^h o ut 

^

c o m m oa

l i t e r al  wtxoa  ^  ^ t^ 

o o.o p e r a t i o ni

.  in

-  57

order  to  accommodate  concerns  of  these  would-he  members,  the  convention

adopted  in  1971  TYE,S revised  five  years  later,  thus  opening  tha  way

.for  the  adhesion  ox  3har.a  and  Sierra  Leone  in  1977,  and  Zambia  in  1980

an'  even  ryider .membership,  hopefully  culminating:. in  the  atribution  to

IGA  ox  a  status  of  continent-wide  vocation  as  the-OAU's  cultural

specialised  agencyf  much  as  Ui'iSCO  is  to  the  THf.  However,  this  stage

was  not  attained  before  IGA was  overtaken  by  material  and  logistic

problems  that  nearly  led  to  i ts  demise  in  the  early  1980s.

:  .. ICA's  evolution  in  the  first  thirteen  years  of  i ts  history

contains  va.lu.able  lessons  that  deserve  careful  examination  in  terms

-of-the  problems  of  cultural  administration  in  Africa,  The  strength

and  weakness  of  IGA need  to  be  examined  in  this  light.

.. •••  With  the  birth  of  new  nation  states  in  the  era  of  political

independence,  the  problematic  of  culture  became  topical.  The  que0~

tion  wa< 

to  what  extent  the  new nation  states  were  ?oing  to  assert

t h e ir  cultural  identity,  or  to  what  extent  their  colonial  status  was

going: to  characterise, their  way  of  perceiving  their  role  on  the  would

scene.  What  difference,  in  effect,  was  their  change  in  formal  status

.going  to  make?  After  a l l,  independence  should  connote  more  than  a

new  flay,  a  new  national  anthem  and  such  other  symbols  of  nationhood,

What  of  a  thorough  going  .change  in  the  structures  of  their  manner

of  thinking  and  their  manner  of  acting* 

;

This  problem  is  s t i ll  topical,  and  will  remain  so  far  several

decades  to  come.  So  many  aspects  of  tAat  constitutes  African  culture

cry  out  for  re-evaluation  that  the  question  will  continue  to  demand

5 8 -- 

- • • ••

answers  until  our  political  economies  come out  with  new  structures

that  convince  our  peoples  that  a  nevr  world  cultural  order  has  been'

instituted. 

'That,  then,  are  some--of  these  aspects  of  our  culture?

And what  aspects  enter  into: consideration  of  "Cultural  policies5*

and  "cultural  administration"?

August--jerard  defines  the  aim  of  cultural  development -sis-:the

quest  for  a  dynamic  equilibriumS'aetween  individual  cultures- :aiiet

universal  culture..-.:..• -In  other  words,  in  a world  of  different  peoples?

a  formula  needs  to  be-'.found  that  accommodates  the  individual  genius

of  each-people,  its--realizations,. its  preoccupations'and  i ts  sens!-1-'

•bilitieo. 

In  every  department  of  life,  be- it  in  -social  organisation,

value  systens,  performing  .arts,  Ianjus/jes,  belief  systems,  dress,

creative  arts,  taboos,  in  each  of  these  departments,  a  need  is  evi-

dent  for  the  -accommodation  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  world's

peoples,  in  a  spirit  of  free  inter-change  and  mutual-respect.  Not

only  does' this  refer  to  different  ,jsographical  and  cultural  zones

•..of  the  globe,  but  also  to  different  social  strata  of-  each  zone  or''

•country,, 

: 

: 

. 

. 

• 

•• 

.. _

In  the  series  of  regional  conf srerices  on  cultural  policies

that  were  held  in  the  1970s  onwards,  it  would  be  noted  that  the "

component  isolated  the  affirmation  of  cultural  identity  as  a fee

pre-oocupation,  notably  through  the  valorisation  of  ina%enous

languages  and  the  promotion  of  local •• creative  axts*

.  . 

,.Kqne.l0f.T?ha.t  precfeeds  *ras  intended'to  pain*  an  idyllio  picture

of ..IOU.-.  ..'J-iie-:.institute  faced  severe  problems  of  mobilization  of  funds,

having, regard-td'-ihe"  fact  that,  at  the  height  of  its  glory,  no  less

thsin.;rial£ ;-of/its:  -18 meiifdef'"countries  figured  among the  United

..Hatioa&'.r.list  :of'the-world's  most  deprived  countries.  The  Sahelian

drou^ixk.; of  the  1970s  and- 1'9o0s  in  addition  oajused  an  unimaginable

cris.is •„in the.  Sonej  whose "repercussions  could  not  but  be  felt  at  a ll

levels.-of  ICA'S"existence.  Despite  the  increase  in  the  audience  of

tiae  Institute, and  the  encouragement  of  its  numerous  admirers,  the.

bulk- of-its"budget  s t i ll  depended  on the  contributions  of  i ts

hard-pressed  member  states,"  Ths  fact  that  a  majority  of  i ts  members

.belonged  to. the  franc  zone  should  ordinarily  have  facilitated  financial

operations,  as  opposed  to  the  situation  where  currency  barriers  .e?cisto

But  -the  ??orld  wide  economic  crisis  exacted  a  heavy  t o l l.

All  this  meant  that  the  execution  of  cultural  policies,had

to ..suffer.  The  training'programmes  of  the  CRAG suffered  a  set-bade,

isrithj.the  temporary'suspension  of'  courses  for  over  a  year,,  T.he

inability,."to;bring1-to'fruitibh  earlier  proposals  to  oonveirt  the_.

GRAC into  a'.bilinjaal  institution  posed  3, problem  of  v/hat.todo 

. 

. „

with  the  increase''M:-atigldpHone''member  states.  A palliative  that-  .. .

was  tried  was  the  organisation  of  tailor-made  short  training 

•..-..

courses  .in  English  in  Central  Africa  for  the  sub-region.  Naturally,

this, was .-no- substitute  for  'a full-blown  course  of  training..

ii1

ii

-: 60

Structurally,  the  -ork  of  the  Institute  ^ras  organised  on  the

basis  of  a  series  of  programs  of  activitiss,  with  sections  on

Soiexxbifice  Hesearch  and  Cultural  Patrimony,Cultural  Action,  Co-

operation  etc.  The f irst" section,  In  liaison  .rith  Universities 

•

and Research  Institutes  was' charged  with  taking  care" of  pushing  the

frontiers  of  knowledge.  Thus  it  was  that,  f o l l o y^  a UHB3CO

conference  in  Accra  in  198O on the  criteria  for  defining  cult-oral

.ones,  IGA took  the  initiative  of W e n l ns  a  meting  of  everts* in

1983  to  discuss  In  neater  detail  how these  cultural  ^ es  oa^L  be

delimited,  everts  froffi  several  countries  in  the 'West ^ I c an  sub-

r e g i on  attested  to  rank  the  various  criteria  to  d^terMne  - how^hey
* * **  ?° °ne a B r t b a r'  **'-.  ^  ^ t e r . 1^  in f a G t or  w as ^ 
the  cultural^  evolution  of  the  sub-re-ion  +n ^h  + 

+  *

ln

: 

. . 

iB0j,ons  to  what  extent  were  the

value  systems  of  the  different  Beot>les  » vifnl  ^  + 

•  A

yeujjxes  a  v i t al  factor  in  tracing

sub-systems  of  the  zone? 

'' 

' 

" 

.

In  the

1981

ta t r - i t l.

t h e a t re

to

; griots  have  ma£e an indelible  i

West  Africa  sxib~re.fion  and

.

..

vations  In  the  region.

cultural  development  had  earlier  in  iw?ft

the  peaf awrfag  arts  of the

had a 3?epatation  for Inno-
•

the

of  a

oxS  workshop  In  Cote  d^Ivoire*  Reflexion  and  action  have  a l ^s  baen.

the  tiro  legs  on  which  the  Institute  had  sought  to  walk*

The  IOA experience  was  rich  in  Instruction.  At  a  time  when

U1E3CO  was  seeking  to  decentralize  i ts  operations,  IOA became  a

ready-made  instrument  to  enable  air  region,  of  the  world  to  take  on

several  of  the  operations  of  the  world  body. 

In  particular,,.^-con-

ference  assembling  East,  Central  and  Southern  African  countries  in

Nairobi  In  August  1979  enabled  that  sub-region  to  pronounce  itself

for  the  f i r st  time  as  to  i ts  own perception  of  priorities  in  the  ••

cultural  f i e l d.  Three  years  later,  in  1982,  the  next.step.was  taken

to  give  a  chance  to  the  Africa  region  as  a  whole  to  ponder  in  Dakar

on  the  positions  to  take  on  issues  of  culture  in  the  region  in

preparation  for  the  UHSSCQ World  Conference  in  .Cultural  .Policies

held  in  Mexico  in  August  1982.  Without  a. doubt,,, the  continent's

impact  on  the  world  conference  was  well  appreciated. 

. 

.

Side  by  side  with  these  moves  to  enhance  the  internal  cohesion'

of  the  region,  other  strategies  came  into  play  to  promote-the-dia-

logue  of  cultures.  Cooperation  with  Radio  France  International  led

to  the  organisation  of  competitions  In  the  fields  of  music  and

theatre  through  the  medium  of  BFl's  award-granting  activities,  in

these  two  a r t i s t ic  fields,  With Yugoslavia,  a  fruitful 

interchange

of  cultural  personnel  and  programmes  was  Instituted  as  from..1980, 

..  •

In. which  year  an  exhibition  of  one  thousand publications  in  African

and  other  languages  was  held*  She  publications  were  donated  to  this

-  -6a-*

non-aligned  country/  Subsequently/  an  exhibition  of  films  was  held,

while  the  granting  of  a  few  scholarships  to  African  cultural  personnel

from  a  number  of ^ er  stages  nade  for  a  fruitful  exchange  of  expe-

riences.  Some joint  studies  and  publications  were  also  undertaken,

in  the  spirit  of  south-south  cooperation.

Sub-regional  co-operation  has  shown  itself  to  bs  the  way  of

the  future;  The  increasing  integration  of  z o nes  of  the  continent

has  a  lot  to  recommend  i t,  So  that  EOm&S  in  v7est  Africa,  SADGC in

Southern  Africa,  the  Preferential  T ar r if  Area  in  Eastern  Africa  are"  "

a ll  seeking  to  group  together  neigbouring  countries  which  seek  to

make  of  their  economic  grouping  unit-  rrM«' 

-  '

o 

-^-UITTS  units  whicn  can  re-inforce  their

common action  in  the  cultural  field  as  well.

The  celebration  of  the  10th  Anniversary  of  the  adoption  of  " 

''

the  Cultural  Charter  for  Africa'at  the  Conference  of  African  Minis-

ters  of  Culture  in  Mauritius  in  IQPA

initiative  of  ten  years  a T O.  Tbe 

^s  m  ,986  was  anple  vindication  of  ICA'S

I n H- ^1 1+ 
e 
lrioi^"Ute  and, indeed, the  whole

.  .

»  1988  .  4eoMe of

integration  of  Culture  with  tb* - ,m

the  economy,  As  far  as  ICA  iS  concerned,

an  evaluation  of  its'own  actions  +ha+ 

'  '

ions  that  was undertaken  at  the  end  of

i ts  first  decade,  with  the  help  of  TWqnn

P  01 uwtoCO,  provides  ample  evidence

of  the  les-sona  to  be  drawn  from  its  experience 

^ 

' 

'

-  63

A  global

uture  of  ICA  consists

of  the  wish  that  ?n  organic  relationship  could  be  forced  between

the  Institute  arid  the  OfilT,  so  that  its  services  and  experience  could

be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the, continental  organisation.  This

indeed  was  the  desire  formulated  by  more  than  one  delegate  at  the

Port  Louis  tenth  anrjiyexsaiy  celebration  of  the  Cultural  Charter.

I  0 I S S

1. 

=-Cultural,development?  Ehrperienoes and Policies, 1983<

BTBLIOSRiPBY

ICA-Information Mo.13  1981,  Ten Years in the Service of

Cultural Development«

ICA Information So,14  1982S 

Special Issue in Cultural
Polioies.

ICA Information So, 15  1982S 

Special" Issue on Cobperation.,

ICA  Information  !IO»16  1982? 

•:- '  '  "'• 

Special Issue- on ACl'-arid- 'its

Institutions»