Green World

AN INDUSTRYWIDE PUBLICATION OF THE NEW JERSEY TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION

Volume12 No. 1 

April 1982

Lime's Role in Turfgrass Production

Ralph E. Engel

Correcting the pH of very acid turf 
soils of the Northeastern United 
States to a slight acidity, in the range 
of 6.0 - 6.5, is generally accepted 
practice by turfgrowers. Yet, it has 
not always been this way. Oc­
casionally some turfgrowers have 
omitted lime and sought more acid 
soils for turf. It doesn't seem ap­
propriate to cease liming and permit 
high acidity without careful study of 
the known benefits of a slightly acid 
soil.

The widespread practice of liming 
should be evidence of its benefit to 
turfgrasses.

Before considering some of the 
reasons for changing turf soils from 
very acid to slightly acid, it's in­
teresting to review the practice of the 
liming of turf. In the early 1900's, the 
beginning years of turfgrass science, 
an Extension leaflet from Rhode 
Island said "Sulfate of ammonia is the 
cheapest form of applying nitrogen 
and incidentally it makes the soil acid 
enough to drive out the weeds (and 
also the clover and bluegrass). 
However, the grasses (Bentgrass and 
Fescue) thrive under these conditions. 
—Do not use lime, ashes, stable 
manure or any other substance that 
will tend to sweeten the soil." On 
October 13, 1925, Dr. C. V. Piper, of 
the United States Department of 
Agriculture, another early turf 
scientist wrote, "the sweetening 
process with lime we do not believe 
in, as it multiplies weeds altogether 
too much, —the lime-business had 
better be cut out entirely. —The acid 
soil grasses are the bents and the 
fescues, the latter not much good.

Research and Teaching Specialist in Turfgrass Science, 
Department of Soils and Crops, N.J. Agri. Expt. Stn., Cook 
College, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New 
Brunswick, N.J. 08903.

In the Milwaukee Bulletin No. 1 of 
1947 titled "The Role of Lime in Turf 
Management", Dr. O. J. Noer wrote:

"Acid Era in Turf Management: The
'acid or sulfate of ammonia era' in turf 
maintenance was short-lived. It lasted 
less than a decade. The fad to dose 
turf with sulfate of ammonia and 
control weeds and clover by 
producing an acid soil with it was 
based on the early results obtained on 
the lawn fertilizer plats at the Rhode 
Island Agricultural Experiment 
Station. During the first years of the 
experiment, the plats receiving sulfate 
of ammonia were weed and clover 
free, in contrast to the more weedy 
nitrate of soda plats. Both received the 
same amount of nitrogen. The soil on

the sulfate plats was more acid so it 
was given credit for eliminating clover 
and weeds.

Golf Clubs Were First to Put Acid 
Theory into Practice: Golf clubs were 
the first to make practical use of the 
Rhode Island experiments. They tried 
sulfate of ammonia on greens and it 
performed a miracle. Clover and 
weeds disappeared like magic, turf 
density increased, and grass became 
dark green in color. Enthusiasm in­
creased to a point where many turf 
authorities frowned upon the use of 
any other kind of nitrogenous fer­
tilizer, and strongly condemned the 
use of lime.

(Continued on page 3)

Expo '81

Peter Loft, recipient of the 1981 N. J. 
Hall of Fame award, read the plaque 
he was awarded at Turfgrass Expo in 
Cherry Hill. Pete was on the founding 
committee when NJTA was brought 
into existence in 1970. His advice, 
enthusiasm, and support was a vital 
part of the beginning of our 
organization. He served as the second 
president in 1972. Pete is President of 
Lofts Seed (not candy). He and his 
brother Jon operate the seed firm 
founded by their father, Selman Loft, 
which grows turf seeds and markets 
them nationwide. Congratulations 
Pete!

Peter Loft reads plaque

Congratulations Pete!

Comments and Opinions

OFFICERS OF THE N.J.T.A.

"Close Cutting" Evoked Response
We enjoyed the response to the article on the close-mowing of greens in the 
fall issue.

One writer stated," .... surely hit the spot. A lot of golfers say they like a 

close cut because they think it is the 'in thing'

Another reader asked why we did not suggest the Stipmeter for determining 
the correct height of turf cut? We remember what other uses golf course 
superintendents have suggested for this cold metal bar — the Stipmeter — so 
possibly we were timid not to have mentioned it.

Seriously, we visualize that a minimal length of stem and green enhances 
photosynthesis. We suggested the 3/16 inch cut as a bench setting because we 
thought that most people would adjust from whatever speed each brand of 
mower will give for this height. Machines that ride higher can be set at this 
height or slightly closer. One of the single-unit greens mowers will produce 
essentially as fast greens at the 1/4 inch setting as other mowers give at 3/16 
inch, or slightly closer setting.

One person asked "What's wrong with 5/16 inch cut on greens?" We do not 
believe this height pleases the typical golfer of this area. If the higher cut, 
however, satisfies the clientele of certain golf clubs or if it is necessary to cut 
at this height for brief periods to offset impending turf trouble, then this higher 
cut has some logic.

Now, to show our bravery; the Stipmeter is a useful tool that helps the golf 
course superintendent determine the optimum cut — either 3/16 inch, 1/4 inch 
or whatever — to achieve the green speed most in demand by his clients.
REE

Comments From the "Lyons Den"

Bill Lyons, Sr., of Lyon's Den Golf (Ohio), comments followed the fall 
issue with the article on combining ryegrass with Kentucky bluegrass .... 
"Twelve years ago, I saw Duich's plots of a Kentucky blue-Manhattan blend. 
At the time no one knew why the two produced better turf. We were just ready 
to seed our Lyon's Den #3 (course). We seeded 90 percent Manhattan and 10 
percent of an unknown Kentucky Blue variety at 40 pounds per acre . . . 400 
pounds of 15-15-15, plus 4,000 pounds of 20 percent superphosphate. After ten 
years of play, it is a turf to BRAG about; mowed at 1 1/4 inches as growth 
dictates. Rough (same mix) is cut 1 1/2". This turf is watered sparingly as wilt 
develops. Red thread is our worst problem. On tees where clippings are 
removed we get $$$$$spot. But we fertilize it, and it is masked. The economy
has me worried........In 1938, unlimited play on golf courses was selling for 50
cents. One man bought a year's golf for his family with three bags of 
Milorganite (Latham always said that stuff was valuable)."

Friend Bill, we enjoy your comments! Thanks to one of turf's beloved 

characters.
REE

Edgar Krause,

President

Dennis DeSanctis

Vice President
Ralph Engel

Secretary

William Ritchie

Treasurer

Henry Indyk
Expo Chairman

Paul DesChamps

Past President

EXECUTIVE BOARD 

Joseph W. Manning, Jr.

Samuel Leon

Joseph DeSantis 

John Zajac

John VanBrunt 

Sheldon DuBrow 
Dave McGhee 
Robert Dobson 
William A. Nist

SUSTAINING MEMBERS 

Winter 1981-82

A-L Services, Inc.
Chemlawn Corporation 
Chevron Chemical Co.
W.A. Cleary Corp.
Country Greenery 
Double Eagle Golf Prod. 
Fairway Landscaping 
Arthur J. Ferrante 
Garfield-Williamson, Inc. 
Green Hill Turf Supply 
Heritage Maintenance 
Hewlett Packard 
International Seeds, Inc.
JEP Sales
Leon's Sod Farm
Limestone Products Corp.
A. Lombardi Landscaping 
Wilfred MacDonald, Inc. 
Metro Milogranite, Inc. 
Stanley R. Perrine, Inc. 
Rockland Chemical Co. 
Seacoast Laboratories 
Surf-Side Montco Products 
Storr Tractor Co.
Techniturf, Inc.
The Terre Co.
Turf Seed, Inc. 
Vaughan-Jacklin Corp.
Wall, Patrie
Willow Run, Landscape 
Andrew Wilson

Lime's Role
(Continued from page 1)

The Acid-Era Died with the Grass in- 
1928: The reaction came with the 
disastrous hot, humid and wet summer 
of 1928. Wholesale loss of grass 
occurred on greens throughout the 
North. All the turf on every green 
disappeared overnight on many 
courses. The first impulse was to 
condemn sulfate of ammonia. When 
reason finally prevailed it was realized 
that soils can become too acid for the 
supposedly acid-tolerant bent grasses. 
Lime came back into favor. Although 
slight acidity may be advantageous, 
turf authorities now concede that the 
maintenance of a dense turf is even 
more important in the control of 
clover, weeds and poa annua than an 
acid soil.

The Rhode Island Turf Fertilizer 
Plats: The Rhode Island lawn fertilizer 
experiment was started in 1907 and 
concluded in 1942. The results are 
summarized in an interesting manner 
in the 55th Annual Report of the 
Station. It states that turf on the nitrate 
of soda plats was unsightly because of 
its 'un-uniform' character and invasion 
of weeds. The ones fertilized with a 
combination of nitrate of soda and 
sulfate of ammonia were very slightly 
acid, and the turf was satisfactory. 
'Winter-kill' became bad in the sulfate 
of ammonia plats. It was first noticed 
in the spring of 1938. The soil was 
strongly acid, pH 4.0. By raking the 
plats severely to remove the dead 
grass, turf was restored so there were 
few vacant spaces by the end of the 
growing season. Recovery of the 
injured areas was very slow in 1939-40- 
41. Three times more dead grass 
accumulated in the acid soil (pH 4.0) 
and there was twice as much on the 
moderately acid plats (pH 5 to 6) than 
on the alkaline ones. The turf became 
'sod bound' as a result of the matted 
surface. The grass on the sulfate of 
ammonia plats was damaged severely 
by lead arsenate and sodium arsenite 
used for worm and weed control. 
Little or no injury occurred from the 
use of these chemicals on the alkaline, 
or the slightly acid plats.

The concluding statements 
about these 'classic' plats which were 
plowed down in 1942 are 
illuminating:

The plats that received sulfate of 
ammonia continuously as the source 
of nitrogen rather than nitrate of soda 
remained free of weeds and it was 
from the results of these tests that the 
'weedless lawn' dream was realized by 
the discovery of a long sought fer­
tilizer that would grow grass and kill 
weeds. This gave rise to the 'sulfate of 
ammonia era' in turf culture. But as 
more research was undertaken and 
further observations were made, it was 
found that continuous applications of 
either sulfate of ammonia or nitrate of 
soda were inadvisable, due to the high 
acidity produced by the sulfate of 
ammonia, and the alkalinity produced 
by the nitrate of soda. However, 
sulfate of ammonia, when mixed with 
an equal weight of limestone to 
prevent the soil from becoming more 
acid, proved very satisfactory and was 
also superior to nitrate of soda in 
maintaining desirable turf."

Liming: In or Out of Fashion?

There are several reasons for the 
cessation of the practice of liming 
turf. A cyclical pattern emerges 
where liming is either in or out of 
favor. The reasons given by growers 
for giving up liming vary from the 
complex to a simple excuse, such as 
avoiding the inelegant chore of 
applying lime.

The acid soil theory for controlling 
weeds, once popular in the past, has 
been revived as a method of annual 
bluegrass control. While increased 
soil acidity lowers phosphorous 
availability, this method is not a 
solution. In our climate, annual 
bluegrass will grow within a very wide 
range of pH values. This weed also 
occurs with very acid soils and 
bentgrass will be grown with less than 
optimum conditions. There are claims 
that bentgrass performs better with 
high acidity. These claims need to be 
examined. With a low pH, bentgrass 
produces a surface residue and is less 
robust which often gives it a finer- 
textured appearance. In England 
some growers prefer "fiber" at the 
surface to deter mud in their wet 
climate. Our turf growers make 
considerable effort to minimize

thatchy accumulations which 
ultimately lead to the necessity for 
total turf-renovation after a period of 
years.

Some of the recent interest in 
greater soil acidity may have been 
associated with the use of sulfur on 
turf. While any large amount of sulfur 
lowers the pH significantly, Dr. Goss 
of Washington State, encouraged 
sulfur application for its nutritional 
value. Goss, however, did not stress 
the side effects of using sulfur, such 
as lower pH or lower available 
phosphorous.

In some instances, growers have 
applied lime and observed no results 
in the following four to eight weeks. 
They have concluded that their effort 
and money were wasted. Un­
fortunately, the value of liming turf 
cannot be determined this easily in 
most areas. Occasionally a quick 
response can be observed if ap­
preciable thatch decomposition 
releases a helpful amount of 
nutrients, or, in infrequent cases, the 
nutrients calcium or magnesium may 
be deficient.

Nothing really significant ever happens in 
a man's life until he wants something. If it 
is a compelling want, it will set him 
dreaming. This is the beginning of 
creativity.
Martin

The worth of a recent agricultural crop for 
USA was estimated at 61 billion. American 
agriculture uses only 3 percent of our 
energy to produce this massive supply of 
food and fiber, and exports enough to pay 
for more than two-thirds of our energy 
imports in a recent year.
Martin

Creen World is published three times a 
year by the New Jersey Turfgrass 
Association, P.O. Box 231, New 
Brunswick, N.J. 08903. Ralph Engel, 
consulting editor; Mary Jane Christof- 
ferson, managing editor. Please ad­
dress inquiries concerning advertising 
to Dennis DeSanctis, Terre Company, 
Box 1014, Clifton, N.J. 07014.

Some Benefits of Using Lime
Soil chemists and turfgrass agron­
omists agree that optimum solubility 
or availability of plant nutrients 
occurs at the slightly acid pH of 6.0 or 
somewhat higher. It is also known 
that the efficiency of conversion of 
nitrogen to the readily available, 
commonly-used nitrate form is better 
on slightly, rather than very acid soils. 
The nitrifying bacteria are more 
abundant and active with less acidity. 
Ammonium tends to accumulate in 
acid soils while nitrate N ac­
cumulates in neutral or alkaline soils.
H.B. Sprague's report, in the early 
1930's, showed a pH of 5.5 and lower 
caused two-to-three times greater 
accumulation of bentgrass roots in 
the top ten inches of soil than plots 
with a pH of 5.8 and above. Engel and 
Alderfer, in 1967, reported that liming 
reduced the thatch or surface layer of 
turf residue. They also reiterated the 
value of lime for increasing earth­
worm abundance and activity; no turf 
cultivating machine is as efficient as 
the earthworm.

Calcium and magnesium are not 
commonly deficient nutrients for 
turfgrasses, however, it is expected 
that some soil mediums, such as the 
silica base, have a low natural supply 
and are prone to a deficiency of these 
nutrients. Liming can minimize this 
concern.

Both calcium and pH have a great 
effect on other chemicals. The 
presence or lack of calcium ions 
influences the balance as well as the 
availability of other chemicals. Ar­
senic, sometimes used as a turf 
chemical in the past, is greatly in­
fluenced by the available phosporous 
and hence the pH. The phenoxy 
herbicides have a more severe re­
action on plants with more acid 
nutrient and rooting mediums.

The effect of soil pH on turf 
diseases has been inadequately 
researched. Early USGA publications 
alluded to the possibility that liming 
deterred some turf diseases. It is 
known that highly acid soils control 
serious potato diseases (a type not 
troublesome to turf). While it is 
unlikely that all turf diseases react 
similarly to soil acidity, perhaps the 
severity of summer-failure can be 
linked to very acid soils that are more 
disease prone. If we accept the

premise that thatch encourages turf 
disease, then liming to minimize 
thatch is a disease deterrent.

The most overlooked value of 
liming on very acid soils is that turf 
becomes more resistant to drought 
injury. Research in New Jersey in the 
1930's showed more soil moisture in 
five types of soil after two ap­
plications of lime, two-out-of three 
years. The mechanism for this has not 
been proven, but theory suggests that 
lime effects soil flocculation and 
thatch which gives turf a surface that 
is more receptive to water. It is in­
teresting to consider that an abun­
dance of calcium changes the 
hydration of clay and interferes with 
soil compaction.

While some weeds have been 
minimized by highly acid soils, 
others, such as red sorrel and 
buckhorn are actually more common 
on the more acid soils. The "state-of- 
the-art" in turf is such that we don't 
know the reaction of our common or 
serious turf weeds to high or low 
acidity.

To Lime or Not to Lime

Whether a turf grower should use 
lime or not is best observed in in­
stances of very acid soils. There are a 
number of turf conditions where the 
positive values of liming far exceed 
any negative results, such as:
1.  when growing Kentucky bluegrass, 
which does better with a well-limed 
soil and high phosphorous,
2.  on drought troubled sites where 
there is a lack of irrigation,
3.  within a long-time turf program for 
a species such as bentgrass that 
rapidly develops a serious thatch 
problem,
4.  the practice of generously using 
fertilizer with a strong acid reaction.

If growers seek high-quality turf 
through generous fertilization, 
disease control, irrigation and careful 
grooming, it seems illogical to omit 
lime unless there is a clear reason. 
Even with low-maintenance turf, 
liming to avoid serious acidity is one 
of the better measures for preventing 
turf failure. With low-budget turf it 
seems illogical to omit liming in 
preference to more expensive

management practices. While some 
use of herbicide is usually ap­
propriate on low-maintenance turf, it 
is not practical to use an herbicide 
regularly.

Short-term trials for determining 
the need for lime are often 
inadequate. Since liming tends to be 
a control factor for thatch and root 
mat, turf growers must consider the 
fact that omission of liming may 
create additional problems and work 
for years to come. In contrast, if a turf 
site will be discontinued, then liming 
on a short-term basis may not pay. In 
summary, the practice of liming to 
correct very acid soil mediums is 
usually justified for growing turf.

Will There Be Changes in 
Theory of Liming?
We predict that there will be 
refinements in liming procedure. This 
does not mean that the basic role of 
lime for turf will change greatly. We 
will probably learn to avoid oc­
casional overwhelming turf problems 
by adjusting soil pH for certain 
species or varieties. A change to high 
or low pH might demonstrate ad­
vantages that will outweigh the 
nutritional or thatch control at­
tributes of liming.

There has probably been some shift 
in thought among turf growers toward 
the practice of increased acidity for 
bentgrass. Some of us recognize that 
minimizing thatch problems and 
building resistance to drought 
conditions may not be necessary in 
climates with mild summers and 
winters. If turf growers want to 
ascertain the results of decreasing the 
use of lime they should: start with 
long-term trial plots; observe slight 
increases in acidity for a period of 
time before continuing to a very acid 
soil.

Some turf growers consider a pH of 
5.0 - 5.5 to be adequate for bentgrass, 
but we might recall the work done at 
the University of Rhode Island in the 
early days of turf science which 
reported twice the amount of dead 
grass in soils with a pH of 5.0 - 6.0 
than on alkaline soil. Since ex­
perimenting with greater acidity is 
counter to the general belief in 
liming, a grower is advised to con­
centrate on smaller areas.

(Continued on page 5)

Changes

Bentgrass growers might say that 
lowering the soil pH is justified 
because it will also lower 
phosphorous. This might seem like an 
adequate reason for omitting lime, 
but is there a need for a rush to lower 
phosphorous as well? Withholding 
phosphorous, and using sulfur when it 
is needed as a nutrient, might give 
similar results without involving the 
problems of a low pH.

In closing, some changes in liming 
can be expected. Turf growers will 
make gradual and special ad­
justments.

At the present time, gradual re­
visions in the optimum balance 
between lime and pH procedures 
seems more appropriate for those 
growers who study changes carefully 
rather than those who might bolt to a 
general practice of using very acid 
soils.

Cook College Hosts Advanced 
Turfgrass Seminars
At the recent turfgrass seminars held 
at Cook College some points of 
agreement concerning bentgrass 
fertilization were:

•  Bentgrass should be fertilized 
with comparatively low totals of N 
per year (totals of 2-3 Ibs/Mft2 and 
lower were often reported).

•  While there appeared to be 
unanimous agreement that just 
enough nitrogen to satisfy turf needs 
for slow growth and cover was ap­
propriate, some questioned our 
ability to judge what minimal need is. 
My response was that if low totals of 
nitrogen exist, another small ap­
plication will rarely do any harm.

•  In the latitude of New Jersey and 
New York City, there is seldom a 
reason for delaying the start of 
nitrogen treatments in late April and 
early May just prior to the start of 
annual bluegrass seedhead abun­
dance.

•  Low N programs minimize an­
nual bluegrass encroachment into 
bentgrass.

•  Smaller, more frequent nitrogen 
applications are preferable to one or 
two large applications per year.

•  Where good, early spring green­

leaf blades. It seems to be a stress- 
related disease and is occurring on 
the newer cultivars of Kentucky 
bluegrass. No cultural or chemical 
recommendations are given."

up is desired, dormant (early De­
cember) nitrogen application can be 
used.

The other topics at the seminar 
provoked lively discussion but little 
consensus. For instance, while 
nitrogen sources with a prolonged 
delay of release were liked and used 
by some growers, this form of 
nitrogen didn't have general support 
for bentgrass use.
REE

Nigrospora

Pathologists Brown and Vargas of 
Michigan State University have found 
that Nigrospora is infectious in 
Kentucky bluegrass. Their comments, 
excerpted from the January-February 
issue of American Lawn Applicator, 
follow:

"Michigan lawn care and sod 
growers have suffered considerable 
losses to what has become the newest 
disease of Kentucky bluegrass, 
Nigrospora patch. This new disease 
has been termed Nigrospora patch 
because Nigrospora is an organism 
associated with the symptoms and 
because patch best describes the 
overall symptomology.

A seemingly healthy stand of turf 
begins to show circular areas of 
yellowing grass and within several 
days the plants will die. The typical 
Nigrospora patch system is a 4 - 6" 
circular patch of dead grass, without 
a healthy center. Foliar lesions are 
present with a Nigrospora infection. 
Reddish-brown to black irregularly 
shaped necrotic spots appear on the 
blades or as streaks on the sheath. 
Transverse white bands and reddened 
blades may also be present. 
Nigrospora is also a saprophyte, being 
able to derive energy from dead 
organic matter. Pathogenicity was 
shown by inoculating pots of 
Touchdown and Adelphi Kentucky 
bluegrass with a suspension of 
Nigrospora spores in water. The same 
symptoms were produced and the 
fungus was reisolated from the 
tissues. When compared to the 
original culture of Nigrospora it was 
found to be identical. Large, black 
Nigrospora spores were found to be 
abundant within the mesophyll 
(green, photosynthetic) cells of the

Figure 1. Germinating spores and 
mycelium of Nigrospora fungus
Editorial Comments
Nigrospora patch may be a relatively 
new disease on turfgrasses but the 
fungus Nigrospora has been known to 
infect grasses and cereals for a full 
century (since 1873). In fact, a noted 
mycologist by the name of Ellis 
collected this fungus on corn in New 
Jersey in 1882. In addition to corn, the 
fungus infects oats, sorghum, rice and 
wheat. In November 1967 and in 
January 1968, I isolated Nigrospora 
sphaerica from leaves of Zoysia 
japonica collected at the Linwood 
Country Club in New Jersey.

Two species of Nigrospora that are 
common on cereals are the small- 
spored N. oryzae and the larger- 
spored N. sphaerica. Both of the New 
Jersey collections mentioned above 
from corn and zoysia were the larger- 
spored Nigrospora sphaerica. There is 
very little cause for alarm concerning 
Nigrospora patch. This fungus is most 
frequently found as a saprophyte on 
dead or senescent leaves. When it is 
parasitic, it is recognized by 
pathologists as a very weak or even 
secondary parasite. Others in that 
category would be anthracnose, 
Curvularia, or Ascochyta in turf.
P.M. Halisky
Cook College

5

Making the 
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Coming Fall 1982:
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