green world

 AN INDUSTRYWIDE PUBLICATION OF THE NEW JERSEY TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION

VOL. 14 No. 2 

September/October 1984

MISTING EFFECTS ON 

BENTGRASS TURF 

REVIEWED

In 1982, I published results of 
misting water on bentgrass turfs 
that were grown in both indoor and 
outdoor tests (Golf Course Manage­
ment Journal). A summary of this 
paper may be of interest in conjunc­
tion with Dr. DiPaola’s paper in this 
issue. The study was part of Richard 
Rathjens’ work for his graduate 
degree.

The following is a summary of 
results: (1) The wettest cultures did 
not show an increase in superficial 
rooting; (2) Of the moisture regimes 
used, maintaining soil moisture at 
FC-field capacity (less than soil 
saturation) gave the poorest bent- 
grass growth and root development; 
(3) As misting treatments were used 
no deleterious effects on rooting 
were observed and increased root 
development was common; (4) Bent­
grass suffered readily from both ex­
tremes of wetness and dryness; (5) 
Apparently, best growth of bent- 
grass is hindered by “low” moisture 
before signs become available to 
the eye; (6) Better turf quality was a 
common benefit of misting; (7) 
Misting of bentgrass turf appears to 
hold less risk to the root system 
than we have commonly expected. 
It is not proposed that mist applica­
tions should be the exclusive 
method of watering bentgrass. 
There are times when more water is 
needed for such things as deeper 
rewetting of the soil, carrying ox­
ygen into the soil, moving some un­
wanted chemicals below the sur­
face and for greater cooling 
purposes.

In spite of the positive benefits
continued page 4

MOISTURE MANAGEMENT OF 
BENTGRASS GOLF GREENS

Joseph M. DiPaolo1

Syringing of bentgrass golf greens is a very controversial cultural prac­
tice. A survey of golf course superintendents would likely result in as many 
definitions of syringing as there were individuals queried. Despite this, 
golf greens are routinely syringed during the summer months throughout 
the United States. Unfortunately, only limited research has been thus far 
conducted on this area of turf management.

Syringing is not a single purpose cultural procedure. Syringing is the 
application of a small volume of water to a turf canopy for the purpose 
of a) removing dew, frost, exudates and/or foreign matter from the turf 
leaves, b) cooling the turf through the evaporation of the applied water 
from the leaf surface, and/or c) preventing or correcting wilt. The amount 
of water applied during syringing should not be enough to wet the soil 
beneath the turf. As a turf management tool, syringing is not equivalent 
to a midday application of irrigation quantities of water. Understanding 
syringing is critical for superintendents if the benefits of this practice are 
to be maximized and the undesirable results minimized.

continued page 3

Research and experience indicate mist watering of bentgrass can be an important phase 
of the program for this turf. Application can be achieved by various equipment that range 
from small mist heads to a fine-spray, hand-held hose nozzle.

It Is no use saying, ‘We are doing 
our best.” You have got to succeed 
in doing what is necessary.

Winston Churchill

Turf Research, North Carolina 
State University, Raleigh, N.C. 27650

Comments and Opinions . . Yours and Ours

CHOOSING JAIL 
OVER MOWING

MINIMUM TILLAGE 

FARMING

A man from Kenmore, New York, 
who refuses to mow his lawn, says 
he is prepared to go to jail rather 
than pay a fine or mow his lawn. He 
refuses to mow because “it is an en­
vironmentally unsound practice and 
against my basic principles” ... “It 
(my lawn) is not a breeding ground 
for mosquitos or other obnoxious 
pests. The plants represented here 
do not emit noxious fumes, produce 
dangerous allergens, or attract ver­
min.” Mr. “No Mow” may have some 
beautiful tall wild flowers some 
weeks a year, but his yard will con­
tain more insects (ticks and mos­
quitos included), more noxious 
pests, vermin and more dangerous 
allergens than the average lawn. He 
will not have fumes from a lawn 
mower; but preventing unwanted 
poison ivy, honeysuckle, thistle and 
other noxious plants will provide 
enough hand work and perspiration 
so that he may be fuming and temp­
ted to buy some power tools and a 
modern herbicide to keep nature’s 
growth under control. Anyone with 
an unmowed lot in this northeast 
climate must work to keep the area 
passable for foot traffic. With his 
concern about “allergens,” he will 
find they usually increase with a 
greater assortment of plants and in­
sects. Lawns have comparatively 
few people troubles of this type. 
Also, Mr. “No Mow” can claim his 
right to grow a no-mow lawn, but it 
seems fair to say that if he wishes 
to develop a community that does 
not mow yards, another communi­
ty of people who enjoy turf and 
dislike indiscriminate uncontrolled 
plant growth should have the right 
to develop a neighborhood with 
mowed lawns. Possibly, our socie­
ty should permit organized groups 
to form the types of landscape com­
munities they like as long as they do 
not commit felonies, inflict gross in­
justice or destroy the land. Mr. “No

For those who do not know or 
follow modern agricultural trends, 
minimum tillage of crops such as 
corn and soybeans that were inten­
sively cultivated in the past, has 
become a valuable and major 
change. In the 1930’s Dr. Frank 
Duley, a USDA Agronomist station­
ed at the Nebraska Agricultural Ex­
periment Station studied what he 
dubbed “trash farming.” The tech­
nique involved leaving plant 
material on the surface to reduce 
erosion and hold moisture. Dr. M.A. 
Sprague, who retired earlier this 
year from Rutgers, started the use 
of herbicides to destroy old crop 
plants, weeds or cover crop to con­
vert or start a new crop. (Confiden­
tially, he was inspired by knowing 
about fairway renovation with 
sodium arsenite in the 1950’s.)

Killing unwanted vegetation with 
a herbicide and leaving the residue 
on the surface are the main features 
of this different approach to age-old 
procedures of cultivated crops. Two 
of the great benefits are smaller soil 
erosion losses and reduced energy 
requirement for tillage. Some of the 
subtle or peculiar features of 
minimum tillage were discussed at 
a recent Northeastern meeting. 
Fields can be tilled sooner than with 
clean cultivation. Paraquat has been 
a popular herbicide. Usually, two 
treatments are used for vegetable 
kill. Special planting machines are 
required to plant seeds through the 
surface residue. Slug activity has 
been a surprising problem. Three 
species slither through the damp 
soil of the planter slits and chomp 
on the germinating crop seed. Has 
anyone tried no-till on a corner of 
the lawn for tomatoes?

Mow” can find a number of people 
who would like to develop or already 
have his type of home grounds.

REE

To GREEN WORLD Readers:

This is the place for you! If 
you have one or two words or 
one or two paragraphs to say 
about any turf topic, let us hear 
from you. Comment is 
welcome on articles in Green 
World, and your opinions do 
count. Send comments and 
opinions to Ralph Engel, New 
Jesey Turfgrass Association, 
P.O. Box 231, New Brunwick, 
NJ 08903.

OFFICERS OF THE N.J.T.A.

Dave McGhee, President 
Joe DeSantis, Vice President 
Ralph Engel, Secretary 
William Ritchie, Treasurer 
Dennis DeSanctis, Past President 
Henry Indyk, Expo Chairman

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Samuel Leon
Joseph Dodgson 
John Zajac
Joseph W. Manning, Jr. 
William H. Peterson 
Robert Dobson 
William A. Nist 
John Poksay 
Douglas Moody

Green World is published three 
times a year by the New Jersey Turf­
grass Association, P.O. Box 231, 
New Brunswick, NJ 08903. Ralph 
Engel, consulting editor; Veronica 
M. Malone, managing editor. Please 
address inquiries concerning 
advertising to William Nist, Lebanon 
Chemical Co., Dayton, NJ 08810. 
(201) 329-4011

Moisture Management 
continued from page 1

The removal of dew, frost, ex­
udates, or other foreign matter from 
a turf is often readily apparent 
following syringing. It is not surpris­
ing then that this is a readily ac­
cepted and frequently used cultural 
technique. Similarly, the relief of 
water stress can often be observed 
following the syringing of “hot” 
spots on a golf green. Turf research 
has yet to answer the question of 
how to use syringing and irrigation 
regimes most effectively for the 
prevention of turf wilt and water 
stress, particularly for intensely traf­
ficked sites such as golf greens.

The potential value of syringing 
for the purpose of cooling a turf has 
been discussed for many years. Syr­
inging is of much concern in 
regions where climatic conditions 
are not well suited for the growth 
and durable performance of bent- 
grass greens. However, summer 
humidities and temperatures often 
reach stress level for bentgrass 
throughout the United States.

Duff and Beard investigated the 
syringing of Toronto creeping bent- 
grass greens under Michigan con­
ditions during the mid 1960’s. Syr­
inging at noon with 0.25 inches of 
water resulted in a 1° to 4° F. drop 
in turf canopy temperature. Presyr­
inging canopy temperatures were 
not reached for two hours. Ward 
(1959) observed an approximate 20° 
F. reduction in the temperature near 
the soil surface of a Kentucky 
bluegrass sod following syringing. 
However, Hawes (1965) applied 0.1 
inches of water to an Astoria ben­
tgrass green between 11:30 a.m. and 
3:00 p.m. and reported turf canopies 
to be 8° F. cooler two minutes after 
syringing and 1.5° F. cooler after ten 
minutes. Presyringing canopy 
temperatures were reached within 
15 to 30 minutes after treatment.

There remains a clear need for 
further research into the effects of 
syringing bentgrass golf greens. 
The temperature of the turfgrass 
canopy is dependent on many en­
vironmental parameters which can 
also influence the success of syr­

inging for wilt control or leaf 
temperature moderation. Reducing 
canopy temperatures by syringing 
occurs through the evaporation of 
water from the leaf surface. En­
vironmental conditions that favor 
the evaporative process should 
therefore enhance reductions in the 
canopy temperature following syr­
inging. Air and turf canopy 
temperatures, relative humidity, 
wind speed, sunlight, amount of 
water applied, timing of water ap­
plications), and water temperatures 
are all factors which can influence 
syringing efficiency.

High air temperatures impose a 
stress on bentgrass turf and in­
creases its water use. Canopy and 
air temperatures are not always the 
same. Canopy temperatures are 
typically lower than that of air in the 
morning, and higher by midday. 
However, this relationship is af­
fected by other conditions such as 
wind speed and cloud cover. After­
noon canopy temperatures are like­

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ly to be lower than that of the air 
under windy and/or overcast days. 
Clear days typically result in after­
noon canopy temperatures some 
10° to 15° F. above that of the air.
Relative humidity is a measure of 
the amount of water held in the air. 
The relative humidity is typically 
highest during the early morning 
hours and then declines during the 
day. Although not always the case, 
increasing relative humidity 
decreases the potential for water to 
evaporate from the surface of turf 
leaves. Increasing air temperature 
increases the water holding capaci­
ty of the air for a given relative 
humidity.

The evaporation of water from a 
turf surface is also influenced by 
wind speed. Wind speed is usually 
greatest at midday, and can have a 
marked effect on canopy 
temperature. A 3 or 4 m.p.h. wind 
can lower the canopy temperature 
10° to 15° F. in a few seconds. The 
impairment of air movement over a 
green by surrounding vegetation 
results in increased humidity of the 
entrapped air and reduces the 
potential evaporation of water from 
the surfaces of the turf leaves. Bent­
grass greens enclosed by vegeta­
tion cannot fully benefit from cool­
ing by the wind. Air flow across a 
bentgrass green should be con­
sidered and maximized for bent­
grass greens likely to experience 
summer stress conditions.

Passing cloud cover can result in 
a lowering of the turf canopy 
temperatures some 10° to 15° F. 
While shaded turf is usually cooler, 
this must be balanced against the 
inherent shade tolerance of the turf 
and increased disease problems. 
Too much shade is a more typical 
problem for turf.

Syringing studies were intiated at 
N.C. State University during 1981. 
These investigations were sup­
ported, in part, by the Carolinas Golf 
Foundation and sought to deter­
mine the influence of syringing on 
the canopy temperature moderation 
of bentgrass golf greens. A ‘Penn- 
cross’ creeping bentgrass golf 
green located in Raleigh and con- 
continued page 4

Moisture Managment 
continued from page 3

structed in 1979 according to USGA 
specifications was utilized. Irriga­
tion was maintained at a rate of 1/3 
inch of water every 1.5 to 2 days. 
The turf was clipped every other day 
at a cutting height of 0.25 inches 
during the summer months. 
Treatments included water applica­
tion rates ranging from 0 to 0.22 in­
ches of water, applied between 11 
a.m. and 5 p.m. during 1981 and
1982.  The syringing treatments in­
vestigated included single hourly 
and repetitive hourly application 
times between 12 noon and 5 p.m.
Observations show a slight drop 
in the turfgrass canopy temperature 
on the order of 10 to 3° F. can be ob­
tained for a brief period (up to 1 
hour) following syringing. These 
observations are consistent with 
the previously noted studies which 
were conducted in the northeastern 
United States. Environmental condi­
tions at the time of syringing do ap­
pear to have a noticeable influence

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on canopy temperature moderation. 
As expected, the chance of achiev­
ing a significant leaf temperature 
reduction via syringing on very 
humid, overcast days appears to be 
negligible.

Under the conditions of these 
studies, bentgrass canopy 
temperatures were not markedly af­
fected by the volume or timing of 
syringing applications. In particular, 
temperature moderation of the bent- 
grass canopy for longer than one 
hour following treatment was not 
observed. Syringing treatments did 
not result in deleterious effects to 
the turf during the course of these 
investigations. However, disease 
problems, particularly from Pythium 
would be expected as water applica­
tion rates were increased, later sy­
ringing times during the day were 
utilized, and if syringing was prac­
ticed for a series of humid days.

Syringing for canopy temperature 
moderation is distinctly different 
from syringing to prevent or correct 
wilt. The canopy temperature of turf 
is elevated as it wilts under water 
stress. Syringing can relieve wilt 
and result in a measurable lowering 
of the turf canopy temperature. In 
the absence of wilt, the routine syr­
inging of bentgrass golf greens for 
canopy temperature moderation 
must be reevaluated considering 
the substantial economic cost of 
syringing from the standpoint of 
water and labor investment alone.

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LEBANON CHEMICAL CORPORATION
P.O. Box 189 
Dayton, NJ 08810

P.O. Box 180 
Lebanon, PA 17042

Storr Tractor Co
3191 U.S. Highway 22 
Somerville. NJ 08876 
201/722-9830

The Toro’ Parkmaster mows swaths from 30 inches to 18 1/2 feet wide 
up to 80 acres a day. With a 7 or 9 unit hydraulically-controlled 
frame, it has a compact pattern of gangs for easy mowing, easy
transporting. The Parkmaster is the mowing 
tractor built to take Spartan gangs. Comes with  
powerful gas or diesel engine with cab and roll 
over protection system (ROPS) optional.

TORO
The Professionals That Keep You Cutting

Misting Effects 
continued from page 1

obtained from misting, it is ex­
pected that conditions exist when 
misting or syringing is harmful. 
Most likely this would occur with ex­
treme wetness that encourages 
greater disease incidence and algae 
development. However, when bent­
grass is “tired” in mid- to late- 
summer and there is an urge to 
water because of signs of impend­
ing wilt, do not let fear of root inhibi­
tion block occasional misting. 
Misting or syringing means wetting 
the surface lightly with a fine spray 
without creating free water at the 
surface of the sod. Late summer is 
a good time to review the watering 
program. If you have a small area 
where misting seems needed, con­
sider a trial misting installation for 
next year.

REE.

Mystic

KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS

Mystic is so aggressive it rapidly 
fills in divot scars and fights Poa 
annua invasion making it ideal for 
use on golf course fairways and 
tees. It possesses the following 
characteristics:
★ Tolerant of close mowing (’A”)
★ Provides a dense and

aggressive turf

★ Resists Poa annua invasion
★ Fine texture
★ Bright green color
Mystic was evaluated at Rutgers 
University by Dr. Ralph Engel and 
Dr. C.R. Funk under the experi­
mental designation P-141.
For more information contact your 
local Lofts distributor, or

Lofts Seed, Inc.
Bound Brook, NJ 08805 
(201) 356-8700

LOFTS

ABSTRACT: Rates of Soil Replace­
ment by a Combined Hollow 
Tining and Topdressing Pro­
gramme. S.W. Baker. J. Sports 
Turf Res. Inst. 59:146-147. 
1983.

Little consideration has been 
given to rates of soil replacement 
using this method (Hollow Tining 
and Topdressing) so in this 
Technical Note a theoretical cal­
culation of replacement rates is 
presented. Under the assumption 
that the surface area removed by 
each tine is equal to the cross- 
sectional area of the tines between 
the cutting edge, calculations are 
based on four tine sizes (6.4, 9.5, 
12.7 and 15.8 mm internal diameter) 
and two tine spacings (50 and 100 
mm centres).

The surface area of the turf re­
moved per pass for each combina­
tion of tine size and spacing is given 
in Table 1. After the initial pass 
there is a probability that subse­
quent tine holes will overlap with 
previously replaced soil, the pro­
bability of contact rising as the pro­
portion of new soil is increased. In 
consequence the rate of soil 
replacement rising as the propor­
tion of new soil is increased. In con­
sequence, the rate of soil re­
placement decreases over time.

Over-use of hollow tining can pro­
duce a soft, easily-worn surface, so 
on fine turf areas a hollow tine treat­
ment once every three years is a 
typical frequency (Escritt 1978). At 
this frequency and using tines with 
an internal diameter of 9.5 mm it 
would take 33 and 126 years respec­
tively to replace 25% of the existing 
soil with tine spacings of 50 and 100

ABSTRACT: Some Viruses Infecting 
Amenity Grasses in the United 
Kingdom. J.L. Cooper, Natural 
Environment Research Coun­
cil, Institute or Virology, 
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 
3SR. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 
59:151-152.

To get an indication of the extent 
of virus infection in amenity and 
wild grasses, samples were taken 
from 11 sites including botanic 
gardens and natural habitats such 
as water meadows, hedgerows and 
woods including S.S.S.I’s in 
England, Scotland and Wales. Ap­
proximately 1,000 specimens from 
91 genera representing 203 spe- 
cies/cultivars were tested.

Nevertheless, evidence for virus 
infection was found in about 5% of 
the specimens tested. Sap trans­
missible agents that have yet to be 
identified but experimentally in­
fected barley, wheat, oats, maize or 
Chenopodium spp. were found in 16 
specimens from botanic gardens 
and six from natural sites. An addi­
tional three viruses were identified 
serologically. The one-year survey 
revealed numerous viruses that 
seem distinct from any that were 
recorded previously; their char­
acterisation will require several 
years of additional research.

mm. Even if the operation was car­
ried out at yearly intervals, it would 
take either 11 or 42 years to remove 
25% of the existing soil, depending 
on whether the 50 or 100 mm spac­
ing was used.

Canadian High Court 
Clears 2,4-D, 2,4, 5-T.
Recently, the Supreme Court of 
Nova Scotia cleared the way for the 
use of phenoxy heribides in that 
Canadian province.

Justice D. Merlin Nunn, author of 
the decision, wrote, “I am satisfied 
that the overwhelming currently ac­
cepted view of responsible scien­
tists in that there is little evidence 
that, for humans either 2,4-D or 
2,4,5-T is mutagenic or carcinogenic 
and that TCDD is not an effective 
carcinogen, and further, that there 
are no-effect levels and safe levels 
for humans and wildlife for each of 
these substances.”

The Supreme Court had heard 
scientists from both environmental 
groups and industry present their 
case, and clearly he could see a dif­
ference between them: ‘‘There was 
a noticeable selection of studies by 
the plaintiffs which supported their 
view and a refusal to accept any 
criticism of them or contrary 
studies.” ‘‘I had the opposite im­
pression of the scientific witnesses 
offered by the defendant (industry). 
I did not detect any partisanship. 
They related their work, their In­
volvement with the substances, the 
results of their studies, and their 
considerations of other studies in a 
professional, scientific manner and 
I, therefore, found their opinions to 
be reliable and, indeed, I accepted 
them as such.”

Abstracted from Crops and Soils 

Magazine 1983

Where Has EDB Gone?
The recent EPA ban on the 
chemical EDB concentrated on 
agricultural uses. One of these was 
use for some soil crops. Yet nearly 
all the EDB production at that time 
was and is presently used in 
gasoline. What is the automobile do­
ing with it? How much from spillage 
and exhaust is on adjacent fields 
and roadsides?

Ralph E. Engel

Jocobsen Turfcot II GW 224

Wilfred Moe Donald, Inc.

340 Main Avenue 
Clifton, NJ 07014 
201-471-0244

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GOLF THERAPY........
YOU MUST BELIEVE!
In our society of many opinions 
the New Jersey Pinelands Commis­
sion uses every kind of excuse to 
prevent development of golf 
courses; but they do not believe or 
have not heard a story like George 
Broome’s. George is a 62 year old 
Navy pilot of World War II era who 
cured his depression with three 
weeks of golf after checking into 
the Lyons Veterans Hospital in 
April. He has convinced 20 veterans 
to take up the game. In a letter to 
Vice-President Bush, George wrote, 
“It saddens me deeply, Sir, to daily 
see so many of our courageous 
veterans lying on hospital lawns” 
(Home News August 24, 1984). 
George states “within an hour or 
two, I can have someone hitting a 
ball. I am not saying it will be more 
than 100 yards, but it will be 
straight. When they complain about 
their shots, I say, just think of the 
guys up there with no legs. Be 
grateful you can be here.”

If you will pardon me, I will 
humbly add the comment, If we can 
set aside vast acreages for ‘some 
kind of’ frog and all kinds of en­
dangered species, why can’t the 
USA use another million acres for 
those who need the therapy golf 
courses give. I firmly believe that 
golf courses are one of our best 
preservers of things natural and a 
better purifier for our populous sites 
that have not or will not be used for 
food production.

Good luck with your style of help, 

George.

REE

Who Needs 2.4-D?
Mr. Fred Nessly, clear out in Seat­
tle, reads Lawn Care and sends this 
suggestion for putting Plantain out 
of business: “I dip a sharpened hard­
wood stick into sulphuric acid and 
thrust it into the center of the plan­
tain. It kills the roots immediately 
and does not injure the grass. 
Several weeds may be killed before 
it is necessary to dip it again.” Thank 
you, Mr. Nessly.

Lawn Care—1929

A WREATH OF GRASS
The captain “Don’t Apply Insecti­
cide Until Needed” from a commer­
cial supplier wins a Wreath of Grass 
Award for 1984. This headline was 
followed by statements of two state 
university entomologists such as: 
“If you’re in the lawn care industry 
or a golf course superintendent, 
play it smart this year. Apply in­
secticide only when pressures war­
rant it — not before.”........“Insect
pressure may vary from year to year 
........... It’s wiser to wait and de­
termine whether you have a dam­
aging level of insects,”.......... “If
pressures develop, they are often lo­
calized” .........“treat the hot spots
of activity”.

These remarks published by a 
commercial firm are fairness that 
we appreciate greatly. I would like 
to publish the name of this com­
pany, but that would not be fair to 
all the other commercial organiza­
tions that serve turf faithfully. Do we 
show enough appreciation for the 
business man who sacrifices profit 
for fair play to the turf grower and 
turfgrass budgets?

REE
It’s what we value, not what we have, 
that makes us rich.

J. Harold Smith

Sustaining Members

Aabar, Inc.
A-L Services, Inc.
Aquashade, Inc.
Blue Ridge Peat Farms 
Brickman Industries 
Brower Turf Equipment 
Burton Landscaping 
Chemlawn Corp.
D & J Landscaping 
Double Eagle Equipment Co. 
DuBrow’s Nurseries 
Farmstead Golf and Country Club 
Florence Landscaping Svc. Inc.
G & G Lawn Service, Inc.
Garden State Goodall 
Garfield Williamson, Inc.
Green Grass Lawn Maintenance 
Green Hill Turf Supply 
Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc.
Hummer Turfgrass Systems, Inc. 
Jade Run Turf & Sod Farm 
JEP Sales, Inc.
Keystone Lawn Spray 
Leon’s Sod Farm 
Limestone Products Corporation 
Lofts Seed, Inc.
A. Lombardi Landscaping 
MacAndrews & Forbes Co. 
Wilfred MacDonald, Inc.
Metro Milorganite, Inc. 
Montco/Surf Side 
National Chemsearch 
Newton Country Club 
Rapp Sod Farms 
Reid Sod Farm 
Rockland Chemical Co.
O. M. Scott and Sons 
Seacoast Laboratories, Inc. 
Somerville Equipment Co.
Storr Tractor Co.
Sweeny Seed Co.
The Terre Co.
Tuckahoe Turf Farms 
Turf Seed, Inc.
Vaughan-Jacklin Corp.
Andrew Wilson

Democracy demands that all of its 
citizens begin the race even. 
Egalitarianism insists that they all 
finish even.

Roger Price