green world AN INDUSTRYWIDE PUBLICATION OF THE NEW JERSEY TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION Vol. 17 No. 2 November 1987 The Good & Bad of Endophytes Significance of Fungal Endophytes in Turf and Forage Grasses Paula J. Newton, Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese and Philip M. Halinsky. Respectively, Graduate Research Ass. in Plant Pathology, Senior Lab. Techni­ cian in Soils and Crops, and Professor of Plant Pathology, COOK COLLEGE. Introduction The field of endophyte research is rela- tively new even though the endophytic fungi have been known to occur within certain grasses for over one hundred years. These endophytic fungi grow sys- temically within the plant tissues and pro­ duce no external signs of infection. In 1977, Bacon et al. made the first asso­ ciation between an endophyte in tall fes­ cue and certain maladies of cattle com­ prising what is known as “summer syn­ drome.” Since then, research on the grass endophytes has been greatly ac­ celerated, both in the beneficial and detri­ mental aspects of fungal endophytes in turf and forage grasses. These studies include investigations into the symptom­ atology of several distinct animal toxi­ coses, biological control of turfgrass in­ sects, and research on the associated toxins. Information about fungal endo­ phytes, their host range, distribution, bi­ ology and toxicology, is currently of im­ portance to agronomists, plant patholo­ gists, professional turf managers, seed producers and processors, animal scien­ tists, entomologists, I.P.M. specialists and soil conservationists. Endophytic Fungi Five species of Acremonium are known to infect turf and forage grasses. These are A. tvphinum, A. loliae, A. coenophial- um, and two recently reported species, A., huerfanum and A, chisosum. The ge­ nus Acremonium is classified in the Fungi Imperfecti in the family Moniliaceae. With the exception of A. typhinum, no sexual stages of these fungi have been pro­ duced in artificial culture or found in na­ ture. No external symptoms or signs of these fungi have been reported, there­ fore the grasses infected with them are Figure 1. Here the fungus mycelium is shown among the aleurone cells of the seed coat in perennial ryegrass. These intercellula threads grow systemically in the grass plant in the leaf sheath, pith of the culm, and the seed coat “symptomless.” To date, no measurable detrimental effect of the fungi on their grass hosts have been observed. Endophytic fungi are transmitted through the maternal plant in seed. Transmission through the pollen is not known to occur. The fungal mycelium passes into the seed by going up the stem and then into the flower. In mature seed, the mycelium is found chiefly be­ tween the scutellum and aleurone layer. Infection of the young plant begins during germination and is very complete. How­ ever, the fungus is present only in the aerial parts of the plant. Higher concen­ trations are found in the leaf sheaths, pith and seed, and lower concentrations in the leaf blades. The endophyte is also disseminated when grass plants are clonally propagat­ ed. Techniques for the artificial inocula­ tion of endophyte-free grasses with these fungi have been developed but have very limited usage (Siegel et al., 1985). Endophyte Hosts Endophytic fungi are known to infect a wide range of grass hosts including both forage and turf grasses. White (1987) ex­ amined over 800 herbarium specimens in 93 genera of grasses. Using microscopic examination of stained pith tissues to de­ tect endophytic mycelium, he found the fungi to be present in 43 grass species in 11 genera. These genera include Agros- tis. Bromus. Cinna, Digitaria, Elymus, Festuca, Lolium, Melica, Poa, Sitanion and Stipa. Note that C y n o d o n (bermudagrass) and Zoysia (Japanese lawn grass) are not currently numbered among the hosts of Acremonium endo­ continued on page 4 OPINIONS AND COMMENTS Annual Bluegrass Herbicides Several herbicides are being sold for annual bluegrass control. Each is quite different chemically. Unfortunately, there is too little research on these by the State Agricultural Experiment Sta­ tions. Refereed research publications are very limited. I do not doubt these chemicals possess herbicidal action on annual bluegrass, but a big and compli­ cated step is required to determine how delicate bentgrass turf will react to a chemical in a variety of locations over a period of years. Learn all you can from others and read any authentic research reports that become available on this group of herbicides. Some products have little formal testing, whether they are older or well known. Surely they dif­ fer in success. Hopefully, they all might make a long-term contribution, but the odds are against this. If you try one or more of these herbicides, do so with a cautious and circumspect approach. Several years of trial may be necessary to evaluate the long-term results. □ REE 1987 OFFICERS OF THE N.J.T.A. Jack Poksay, President William Waddington, V President Ralph Engel, Secretary Joseph Dodgson, Treasurer Joe DeSantis, Past President Henry Indyk, Expo Chairman EXECUTIVE BOARD Samuel Leon Richard Hurley Joseph W. Manning, Jr. Robert Dobson Robert Dickison David Pease Ed Milewski Steve Stys Green World is published three times a year by the New Jersey Turfgrass Asso­ ciation, P.O. Box 231, New Brunswick, NJ 08903. Consulting editors: Ralph En­ gel and Rich White; production editor and layout artist: David Crismond. Sustaining Members of NJTA A & A Lawn Sprinklers A-L Service A. Lombardi Landscaping Alpine Country Club Aqua-Flo Aquarius Irrigation Supply Aquashade, Inc. Arthur's Landscape & Irrigation Co. Atlantic Distributors Barefoot Grass Lawn Service Barnes Landscape Basking Ridge Golf Course, Inc. Bellusci Landscaping Brickman Industries, Inc. Brouwer Turf Equipment Bruedan Corp. Bunton Turf Products, Inc. Coastline Equipment Co. Coger Farms & Garden Ctr. D & J Landscaping Double Eagle Equipment Co. Dow Chemical USA DuBrows's Nurseries Elite Land Care Evergreen Lawn Sprinklers Fairway Colf Car, Inc. Farmstead Golf & CC Fertl-Soil Turf Supply, Inc. Fiddler's Elbow CC Florence Landscaping SVC., Inc. Forest Hill Field Club Garfield Williamson, Proform Turf Prodcuts Division A Science of Trade-offs? After the last issue of Greenworld, I read several references about mixing politics with science. I hope political and social pressure on scientific direc­ tion and conclusions continues to di­ minish as our world is developing great­ er interdependence with science. Main­ taining scientific integrity need not be in conflict with other things — just a guide to reality. In any mixing with poli­ tics and social desires, science pro­ vides boundaries on what can be done. For example, height of cut on turf is of­ ten below optimum for the grass and cli­ mate, but we decide to pay and suffer for this violation in satisfying our turf use or personal preferences. We must remain aware of the truth that respect­ ing the optimum cut makes turf growing easier. Without it, we lose perspective on maintenance standards. □ REE Green Grass Landscape Svc., Inc Grass Roots Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc. Homestead Landscaping Homestead Lawn Sprinkler Co., Inc. Hopewell Valley Golf Club Horizon Estates International Seeds Irrigation Unlimited Inc. Jade Run Turf & Sod Farm Jep Sales, Inc. Jesco, Inc. Jimni Krickett, Inc. Keystone Lawn Spray, Inc. L.J. Macrancy & Sons Lawn Doctor / Matawan Lawn Doctor Mountainside/Cranford Lebanon Chemical Co. Lee Rain, Inc. Leon's Sod Farm Leonard Reinhardt, Inc. Lesco, Inc. Lofts Seed, Inc. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Metro Milorganite, Inc. Middletown Sprinkler Co. Monsanto Agricultural Products Co. Montco I Surfside Morris Co. Park Commission National Lawn Services, of C.H. Haines & Son, Inc. Newton Country Club Nor-Am Chemical Co. Paige Electric Corp. Panther Valley G & CC Partac Peat Corp. Pfeiffers' Pfarms Equip. Co. Pine Island Turf Nurseries, Inc. Plant Food Chemical Co., Inc. Pocono Turf Supply QQ’s “The Trailer Place” Rapp Sod Farm Reed's Sod Farm Reid Sod Farm Rick's Cycle Center Rockland Chemical Co. Rosedale & Rosehill Cemetery Royal Lawns of Monmouth O.M. Scott & Sons Sands Country Club Seacoast Labs Storr Tractor Co. Superior Chemical Product Surf Landscaping Sweetin's Landscaping, Inc. Toms River Lawn & Sprinkler Inc. Trenton Country Club Tuckahoe Turf Farms Turf Seed, Inc. Vaughan Seed Co. W. A. Cleary Corporation Washington Twp. Parks & Rec. Wildwood Golf & CC Wilfred MacDonald, Inc. Wilpat Turf Sprinklers, Inc. Woodbridge Center Woodruff/Lerco Lawns of So. Jersey —ABSTRACT— Turf Cultivation Effects on Preemergence Crabrass Control B.E. Branham & P.E. Rieke, 1986 Agronomy Journal 78: 1089-1091 Cultivation is an important cultural practice used to relieve soil compac­ tion and improve turf rooting. Cultiva­ tion is often avoided during periods when weed seeds germinate for fear of disrupting the preemergence herbicide and subsequently decreasing annual grass control. The purpose of the study was to compare benefin, bensu- lide, and DCPA control of crabgrass with untreated check plots. Additional­ ly, cultivation treatments consisting of core cultivation, one pass or three passes, or vertical mowing, and a con­ trol were applied at the time of herbi­ cide application of 4 weeks after herbi­ cide application. Crabgrass popula­ tions were evaluated throughout the summer to determine the effects of the herbicide and cultivation treatments. Neither cultivation nor time of cultiva- country club greenskeeper Lebanon Pro Professional Turf Products Lebanon TOTAL TURF CARE P. O. Box 189, Dayton, NJ 08810 P. O. Box 180, Lebanon, PA 17042 A division of Lebanon Chemical Corporation BEAM CLAY THE PROFESSIONAL'S CHOICE . . SINCE 1922 BEAM CLAY IS THE RED BASEBALL MIX USED BY THE U.S.A. AND CANADA. PROFESSIONAL TEAMS ACROSS SPECIAL MIXES FOR PITCHER'S MOUNDS, HOMEPLATE AREAS & WARNING TRACKS. tion had a significant effect on the de­ gree of crabgrass control afforded by the herbicides. The only significant dif­ ference in the study occurred when comparing the herbicide-treated plots with an untreated control. Herbicide- treated plots had less than 10% crab­ grass cover compared with 30% or more crabgrass cover in turf areas that received no herbicide. Data indicated that cultivation operations can be safely performed in the spring without disrupting the preemergence herbicide barrier. The authors stress that the study was conducted on turf maintained as a fairway with a very high turf density. Cores were also allowed to air dry and were dispersed over the turf. Thus, a herbicide barrier was maintained. The authors conclude that as long as the correct herbicides are applied proper­ ly, cultivation should not significantly affect herbicide performance. [Editorial Comment — A few turf culti­ vation treatments before and after pre­ emerge treatments of approximately ten years ago in New Jersey showed similar results. Considering all the pos­ sible conditions of seed abundance, seed location in the soil profile, and cultivation techniques, it is difficult to conclude positively that cultivation never adds to crabgrass problems. Cultivation during periods of rapid turf- grass growth and far in advance of the crabgrass germination period will en­ hance healing of the turf prior to crab­ grass germination. Maintaining a dense turf is the best defense against weed pests. Likewise, proper selection and application of herbicides is neces- PARTAC TOP-DRESSING GOLF COURSE AMERICA'S PREMIUM TOP-DRESSING HEAT TREATED BOTH AVAILABLE IN BULK OR BAGS 201-637-4631 201-637-4191 PARTAC PEAT CORPORATION KELSEY PARK GREAT MEADOWS,N.J. 07838 CONTROL THATCH, PROMOTE HEALTHY TURF & SMOOTH PLAYING SURFACES sary for satisfactory control when chemical weeding is required. The study above demonstrates that as long as preemergence herbicides are active, turf cultivation may not con­ tribute to increased crabgrass prob­ lems. However, we should remember that weed problems may increase when cultivation and herbicide treat­ ments are improperly timed or ap­ plied. ] □ RHW and REE WE CAN HELP YOU GROW better quality turf Jonathan Green stocks more bluegrass, fine textured rye­ grass and turf-type tall fescue varieties than any other seed house in the mid- atlantic and eastern states. Jonathan Green stocks an entire range of insecticides, herbicides, fertilizers and specialty turf products for professional lawn services, golf courses, municipalities, sod growers, hydro-seeders and all landscape contractors. Jonathan Green provides you with product information, custom turf care programs and prompt knowledgeable attention to your particu­ lar turf problems... large or small. FOR THE FASTEST SERVICE IN THE EAST CALLJonathan Green FARMINGDALE, NEW JERSEY 07727 IN NEW JERSEY 201-938-7007 1-800-526-2303 OUT OF STATE continued from page 1 The Good & Bad of Endophytes phytes. Perhaps the two most important grass hosts of these fungi are tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial rye- grass (Lolium perenne). These are impor­ tant turfgrasses and major pasture grasses for animals such as cattle and sheep. They are also the grasses impli­ cated in animal toxicoses. Geographic Distribution The endophytes are known to be dis- tributed throughout many areas of the world. White (1987) has reported that the endophytes were present in grasses col­ lected from Africa, Argentina, Canada, Europe, India, Mexico, New Zealand and the United States. Among the grasses examined from the continental United States, many were "native” species. The presence of Acremonium endophytes in many of our native grasses suggests to us that not all of the known grass endo­ phytes were introduced to North America from Europe. In many of the grasses, the endophytes, like their hosts, may well be indigenous. In fine fescues (Festuca spp.), however, Saha et al. (1987) pre­ sented evidence that the endophytes in those grasses were of European origin. Detection The fungal endophytes can be detect- ed in an infected plant using several techniques. The most common and most direct method is the staining of plant tis­ sue and subsequent examination under a light microscope. The tissues examined include leaf sheaths and stem pith scrap­ ings. Seeds can also be stained and ex­ Parkmaster The Professional for large areas. The Toro Parkmaster mows swaths from 30 inches to 18 1/2 feet wide -up to 80 acres a day With a 7 or 9 unit hydraulically controlled frame, it has a compact pattern of gangs for easy mowing, easy transporting. The Parkmaster is the mowing tractor built to take Spartan gangs Comes with powerful gas or diesel engine with cab and roll over protection system (ROPS) optional TORO Storr Tractor Co 3191 US Highway 22 Somerville, NJ 08876 201/722-9830 The professionals that keep you cutting amined microscopically for the presence of Acremonium mycelium. An alkali-soak- stain method was developed at Rutgers that is very useful for preparing grass seeds for microscopic examination (Halisky & Funk, 1984). The fungus can also be detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which can detect the fungus in very low quantities (Siegel et ah, 1987). However, ELISA is fairly expensive, re­ quires specialized equipment, and can only give a relative level (high or low) of infection, rather than a precise level of endophyte present. Some endophytes are associated with the production of certain compounds which can be detected through chemical analysis. For example, tall fescue can be tested for the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as N-formyl loline and N- acetyl loline which are found in infected tall fescue grasses. Similarly, perennial ryegrass can be tested for the presence of lolitrem toxins (Siegel et ah, 1985). Animal Toxicoses Endophytic fungi have been implicated as the cause of several maladies of live­ stock grazing on infected grass. Cattle grazing on infected tall fescue are often affected by what is commonly known as “summer syndrome.” This is character­ ized by a general decrease in animal per­ formance. This syndrome is sporadic and is more frequent during periods of high temperature (Hemken, 1983). Another common malady is “fescue foot,” which can result in the loss of the feet, ears and tail switch due to gan­ grene, and is similar to ergot toxicity. “Agalactia,” which is more common in horses grazing on infected tall fescue, in­ volves a thickening of the placenta and the production of weak foals, along with a decrease in milk production (Hemken, 1983). Endophyte toxicity is also the explana­ tion given for the condition known as “ryegrass staggers.” This malady most commonly affects sheep in New Zealand, but also cattle, horses and deer grazing on infected perennial ryegrass. The symptoms include tremors and uncoordi­ nated postural reflexes and movements. Generally, ryegrass stagers is worse dur­ ing periods of severe heat and drought stress, especially when overgrazing oc­ curs. Sheep losses can be considerable (Mortimer et al., 1984). Insect Control The endophytic fungi have been shown to aid grasses in tolerating various envi­ ronmental stresses, particularly insect damage. In 1982, Prestidge and co­ workers in New Zealand found that popu­ lations of Argentine stem weevil were much lower in plots containing endo­ phyte-infected ryegrasses than in those containing endophyte-free ryegrasses. There was less injury occurring in endo­ phyte-infected plots due to selective feeding by the Argentine stem weevil. Furthermore, they found that endophyte- infected grasses became more dominant in the plots as selection pressures fa­ vored them over uninfected grasses (Prestidge et al., 1982). Working with turf research plots in New Jersey, Funk and co-workers (1983) demonstrated that endophytic fungi were associated with perennial ryegrass resis­ tance to sod webworms. In this study, re­ sistant and susceptible cultivars of per­ ennial ryegrass were analyzed for the presence of endophytic mycelium using both ELISA and microscopic examina­ tion. They found that the grasses show­ ing resistance to the sod webworm con­ tained high levels of endophyte, while susceptible grasses contained no endo­ phyte. Recently, Siegel et al. (1987) compiled a detailed literature review on grass en­ dophytes. They presented a table show­ ing 12 insect species known to be sup­ pressed by endophytes in hosts such as tall fescue (TF), chewing fescue (CF) and perennial ryegrass (PRG). These insects are: sod webworm (PRG), Argentine stem weevil (PRG,TF), billbug (PRG), fall army- worm (PRG,TF), house cricket (PRG,TF), oat-bird cherry aphid (TF), greenbug aph­ id (PRG,TF), milkweed bug (TF), chinch bug (CF), black beetle (PRG), sharp­ shooter leafhopper (TF), and corn flea beetle (TF). Toxins The endophytes have been found to produce certain chemical compounds or toxins which are thought to be responsi­ ble for both the animal toxicoses and the insect resistance. Tall fescue, infected with the endophyte, Acremonium coe­ continued from page 4 The Good & Bad of Endophytes nophialum, has been found to contain certain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, particular­ ly N-formyl loline and N-acetyl loline. Er­ got alkaloids were also found. Endo­ phyte-infected perennial ryegrass pro­ duces neurotoxic tremorgens called loli- trems and an alkaloid called peramine. The lokitrems are implicated in ryegrass staggers. These compounds along with peramine are also thought to be the fac­ tors responsible for the enhanced insect resistance (Bush et al., 1982; Siegel et al., 1987). It has also been found that endophytes are responsible for other kinds of toxi­ coses. Melica decumbens. which is found only in South Africa, is known as “dronk grass.” This grass is so named be­ cause of the severe staggers condition which affects cattle grazing on it. This grass was found to contain an endo­ phyte. Similarly, Stipa robusta, which oc­ curs in parts of North America, is called “sleepy grass” because of the narcotic effect it has on grazing animals. It too contains an endophyte. It seems possi­ ble that an endophyte may also be re­ sponsible for the unpalatibility of grasses such as Diaitaria insularis or “sour grass.” Further studies are needed to confirm the role of fungal endophytes in these cases (white, 1987). Other Diseases Some endophytic fungi, in particular nophialum. have recently been shown to suppress growth and sporulation of other fungi in laboratory cultures (White 1985; Bayaa et al., 1987). Among the fungi sup­ pressed were turfgrass pathogens such as Diechslera, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia. Sclerotium, and Curvularia. In addition to these turfgrass-infecting fungi, the growth of five other plant pathogenic fun­ gi was inhibited as well as that of three saprophytic fungi. This antibiotic phe­ nomenon appears to be toxin related and may well be mediated by the same toxins associated with the animal toxicoses and insect resistance. However, further re­ search is needed to substantiate such relationships. Our preliminary observations of turf plots containing grasses with and without endophytes do not support an endo­ phyte-disease resistance relationship at this time. In field trials, diseases such as rusts, dollar spot, and brown patch ap­ pear to be equally prevalent on both en­ dophyte-containing and endophyte-free cultivars and selections under turf main­ tenance. Therefore, the inhibition of path­ ogenic fungi in laboratory cultures by Ac- remonium endophytes does not appear to extend to a parallel phenomenon in the field. Additional Benefits It seems quite apparent that endophyt- ic fungi impart a number of other benefi­ cial effects on the grass hosts that con­ tain them. Research has consistently shown that endophyte-infected grasses persist better than do non-infected grasses. Funk et al. (1985) found that in many stands, endophyte-infected grass­ es become more dominant as selection pressure favor them over non-infected grasses. One reason that endophyte- containing grasses are able to withstand more environmental stress may be due in part to increased tillering as has been demonstrated in bentgrass plants by Bradshaw (1959). Infected plants may be better able to withstand heat and drought, and recover more quickly from injury. The increased density occasional­ ly found in endophyte-infected plants may also help to reduce broadleaf weed and crabgrass invasion since there is less space for the weeds to become es­ tablished. Thus, endophyte infected grasses may be more vigorous than their uninfected counterparts and tend to per­ sist longer. Perhaps the most important beneficial factor, however, is that the endophytic fungi, with particular regard to the insect resistance they impart, provide a very at­ tractive means of biological control. They fit in well with I.P.M. programs and the re­ sistance is long-term, especially since the endophyte is transmissible to suc­ ceeding generations. Growing endo­ phyte-infected plants which will produce infected seed is relatively easy, and in­ fected seeds are convenient to use by the consumer interested in turfgrasses. Finally, turfgrass endophytes may serve to reduce the amount of chemical pesti­ cides introduced into the environment, FERTILIZERS COMBINATIONS OF NITROFORM I.B.D.U. S.C.U. And And WITH INSECTICIDES PRE-EMERGENCE CRABGRASS KILLERS HERBICIDES GRANULAR LIQUID SELECTIVE AND TOTAL R O C K L A N D FUNGICIDES GRANULAR FLOWABLE WETTABLE POWDERS INSECTICIDES GRANULAR LIQUID WETTABLE POWDERS DOES IT ALL Ask your supplier or write: ROCKLAND CHEMICAL CO., INC. © Passaic Ave., West Caldwell, N.J. and this makes endophyte-containing grasses very attractive. Grasses with Endophyte It is important to realize that the level of endophyte in grasses is not constant. The level will vary between grass spe­ cies, cultivars and even between various seed lots. For example, we microscopi­ cally examined over 700 seed sources for the level of endophyte. Approximately 60.2% of the perennial ryegrass, 58.8% of the tall fescue and 20.3% of the fine fescue seed sources were infected. [See Table 1] Kentucky bluegrass, in contrast, contained no endophyte, although other species of Poa are known to be infected. Endophyte content becomes important when considering grass usage. A selec­ tion or cultivar with a high endophyte con­ tent would be well suited to a lawn envi­ ronment, whereas it may cause animal toxicoses if used in a pasture. Therefore, it is important to know which cultivars and selections contain endophyte and to what degree they contain them. In this way, the fungus can be managed wisely continued on page 6 continued from page 5 The Good & Bad of Endophytes and efficiently. It is also important to know that the en­ dophyte will lose its viability after storage for one or two years at ambient tempera­ tures. Cool, dry storage conditions, on the other hand, will prolong viability. Con­ sequently, it is important to determine how old the seed is and how it was stored prior to use (Siegel et al., 1985). The following table shows varieties and selections of ryegrass (Lolium) and fes­ cues (Festuca spp.) with 70 to 100 per­ cent of the seeds in some seed lots in­ fected with endophyte mycelium. These levels of infection were determined using the alkali-soak-stain method of seed pro­ cessing followed by microscopic exami­ nation of the stained seeds. Table 1 Cultivars and Selections of Turfgrasses with 70- 100 % of Seeds in Lots Carrying Endophytic Mycelium. Perennial Ryegrasses All *Star, Citation II, Commander, Cow­ boy, Dandy, Dasher II, Omega II, Pennant, Pick 715, Pinnacle, PST M2E, PST 2PM, Regal, Repell, Sherwood, SR-4000, SR-4100. Tall Fescue Chesapeake, Clemfine, Kentucky 31, GA-82, DBC, PE 7E. Hard Fescue SR-3000 Sheeps Fescue R315, R571, R572. Chewings Fescue Beauty, Longfellow Acknowledgment New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication No. E-15267/11130/ 4/6/87. This work was supported by U.S. Hatch Act Funds, State Funds and other grants and gifts. Bibliography ••Bacon, C.W., Porter, J.K., Robbins, J.D., and Luttrell, E.S. 1977. Epichloe typhina from toxic tall fescue grasses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34: 576-581. ••Bayaa, B.O., Halisky, P.M., and White, J.F. Jr. 1987. Inhibitory interactions between Acre- monium spp. and the mycoflora from seeds of Festuca and Lolium. Phytopath. 77(1):115. ••Bradshaw, A.D. 1959. Population differentia- tion in Agrostis tenuis Sibth II: The incidence and significance of infection by Epichloe ty- phina. New Phytologist. 58:310-315. ••Bush, L.P., Cornelius, P.L., Buckner, R.C., Varney, D.R., Chapman, R.A., Burris, P.B. II, Kennedy, C.W., Jones, T.A., and Saunders, M.J. 1982. Association of N-acetyl loline with Epichloe typhina in tall fescue. Crop Sci. 22: 941-943. ••Funk, C.R., Halisky, P.M., Ahmad, S. and Hurley, R.H. 1985. How endophytes modify turfgrass performance and response to insect pests in turfgrass breeding and evaluation trials. Proc. Fifth Internat. Turf Res. Conf. 5:137-145. ••Funk, C.R., Halisky, P.M., Johnson, M.S., Siegel, M.R., Stewart, A.V., Ahmad, S., Hur­ ley, R.H., Harvey, I.C. 1983. An endophytic fungus and resistance to sod webworm: asso­ ciation in Lolium perenne. L. Biotechnology 1:189-191. ••Halisky, P.M. and Funk, C.R. 1984. Fungal endophyte content of perennial ryegrass en­ tered in the 1982 National Ryegrass Turf Trials. Rutgers Turfgrass Proc. 15: 178- 183. ••Hemken, R.W. 1983. Animal response and livestock production when feeding cattle tall fescue. Proc. Forage and Turfgrass Endophyte workshop. Oregon State Univ. Exten. Serv., Corvallis, pps. 13-17. ••Mortimer, P.H., Young, P.W. and DiMenna, M.E. 1984. Perennial ryegrass staggers re­ search — an overview. Proc. of the N.Z. Soc. of animal Prod. 44:181-184. ••Prestidge, R.A., Pottinger, R.P., and Barker, G.M. 1982. An association of Lolium endo­ phyte with ryegrass resistance to Argentine stem weevil. Proc. of N.Z. Weed and Pest Control Conf. 35:119-122. ••Saha, D.C. Johnson-Cicales, J.M., Halisky, P.M., Van Heemstra, M.I., and Funk, C.R. 1987. Occurrence and significance of endo­ phytic fungi in the fine fescues. Plant Dis. 71: 1021-1024. ••Siegel, M.R., Latch, G.C.M. and Johnson, M.C. 1987. Fungal endophytes of grasses. Wilfred Mac Donald, Inc. 340 Main Avenue Clifton, NJ 07014 201-471-0244 •Jacobsen Olathe • National • Gravely •Giant Vac •Broyhill •Cushman ’Howard • Smithco • FMC •Terra-Care Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 25: 293-315. ••Siegel, M.R., Latch, G.C.M. and Johnson, M.C. 1985. Acremonium fungal endophytes of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass — signifi­ cance and control. Plant Dis. 69: 179-183. ••White, J.F. Jr. 1987. Biology and taxonomy of Acremonium section Albo-Lanosa. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Texas, Austin. 115 pps. ••White, J.F. Jr. and Cole, G.T. 1985. Endo­ phyte-host association in forage grasses III: In-vitro inhibition of fungi by Acremonium coe- nophialum. Mycologia. 77(3): 487-489. WILD FLOWER MIX The low-maintenance beauty treatment for any landscape Pinto - beautiful to look at and easy to maintain. Ideal for parks, roadsides, golf course roughs, indus­ trial sites. Perennials and annuals that reseed themselves and give you a painted pic­ ture of reds, blues, pinks, yellows - year after year. Available either as 100% wild flowers or as a Meadow Mix combined with a fescue to aid soil stabilization. Pinto Wild Flower Mix... the natural way to a perma­ nent, beautiful landscape. Lofts Seed Inc. Bound Brook, NJ 08805 . (201)356-8700 Lofts For more information call John Morrissey or Marie Pompei at (800) 526-3890.