green world

AN INDUSTRYWIDE PUBLICATION OF THE NEW JERSEY TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION

Vol. 19 No. 3 

Poa Trivialis:

A Specialty Use Turfgrass

December 1990
Better Turfgrass 
Root Systems

by Dr. Richard Hurley, Vice President, 
Director of Research & Agronomy, Loft 

Seed, Inc.

Poa trivial is is native to all of northern 
Europe, temperate Asia, and North Afri­
ca. It was introduced into North and 
South America and Australia. Brought 
to the United States from Europe during 
the Colonial Period, it is best adapted 
for turf in moist, shaded areas from 
Newfoundland and Ontario, Canada, to 
North Carolina and west to Minnesota 
and South Dakota. It has been report­
ed in Colorado, Utah, and as far south 
as Louisiana. Poa trivialis can be readi­
ly found on the west coast from south­
ern Alaska to California.

Figure 1: Poa Trivialis test plots (Lofts).
Note the good early spring growth before the 
appearance of deciduous tree shade.

Identification and Growth 

Characteristics

Poa trivialis often shows as yellow- 

green clonal patches in Kentucky blue­
grass turf. Its range of leaf width is 
similar to that of Kentucky bluegrass.
In contrasting the plant tillers of the two 
species, Poa trivialis has a larger ligule, 
scabrous leaf sheath and genera, char­
acteristics of the bluegrass leaf.

The root system of Poa trivialis is fi­
brous, relatively shallow and annual in 
nature. This species is intolerant of

drought; with dryness, it can decline se­
verely, disappear temporarily, or die. 
This is more true on sandy than organic 
soils.

Poa trivialis has approximately 2.3 

million seeds per pound. Seed of this in­
troduced species occurs naturally in 
soils of its adapted North American 
range and the plant often colonizes in 
turf areas and natural open spaces of 
moist, cool regions. The seed germi­
nates under a wide temperature range 
with peak germination occurring at ap­
proximately 50° F, with a reported base 
temperature of 40° F. Base temperature 
refers to the temperature below which 
germination will not occur.

Brown patch (Rhizoctonia), leafspot 

(Helminthosporium) and dollarspot (Lan- 
zia and Moellerodiscus spp.. or formerly 
known as Sclerotinia h.) are the most 
common diseases associated with Poa 
trivialis. Gray snow mold (Typhula 
blight), pink snow mold (Fusarium 
patch), Qphiobolus patch, Pythium 
blight, Fusarium blight, rust (Puccina 
spp.), stripe smut (Ustilaqo) and pow­
dery mildew (Erysphe qraminis) have 
been reported on this species.

Poa trivialis is commonly 

known by its scientific 
name, but it is also referred 
to as rough bluegrass, 
rough-stalked bluegrass, 
shade bluegrass, rough- 
stalked meadowgrass, and 
rough meadowgrass. Poa 
trivialis produces a moder­
ately fine-textured, light to 
medium green, medium- 
dense turf. It is a cool sea­
son, sod-forming perennial 
which spreads by creeping
— continued on page 3

Figure 2. Regrowth of Merion Kentucky 
bluegrass from covered and uncovered 
sod.
While studying sod rooting some 

years ago, we asked ourselves what 
difference early spring growth would 
make on root development of Kentucky 
bluegrass. This was part of John 
Dunn’s thesis study (before he went to 
the University of Missouri). The plan 
was to initiate early spring growth with a 
small, low greenhouse-like covering 
with and without extra nitrogen. Dr. 
Dunn built a neat, clear plastic hood 
that could be raised on warm days or 
left at turf level on very cold days and 
at night. A major green-up didn’t occur 
during the limited time we ran the treat­
ment because of cloudy cold weather. 
Nevertheless, it seemed appropriate to 
harvest and test the two types of sod.

— continued on page 4

Figure 3. Roots grown from sod that received late winter cov­
ering (left), and no covering (right).

OPINIONS AND COMMENTS
Alternatives to synthetic 
pesticides are “scarce”

It is often suggested in recent years that 
natural alternatives be used to replace 
synthetic pesticides. Public and private 
sectors have been working on such al­
ternatives as crops resistant to pests, 
IPM, and organic production” (without 
synthetic chemicals), biological controls 
and low input sustainable agriculture 
(LISA). A careful study of the efforts in 
this direction shows there is little pros­
pect that any of them will have a major 
impact on the total amount of pesticides 
needed for the hundreds of pests that 
attack fruit and vegetable crops in the 
next few years. This is due to a lack of 
satisfactory alternatives — not on reluc­
tance of producers to use them. 
Insistence on no synthetic pesticides 
will cause vegetables and fruits to be­
come more scarce and expensive. Ab­
stracted from NEWS CAST, volume 18: 
1,4, Winter 1990-1.
[Editors comments: The reader might 
take note that plant growers and scien­
tists have not resisted alternatives to 
chemicals. Turf growers first used Milky 
Spore Disease for Japanese beetle grub 
over 50 years ago.]

Humor for women
Woman’s faults are many;
Men have only two:
Everything they say, 
and everything they do!
1990 OFFICERS OF THE

NJTA

Robert Dickison, President 
Richard Hurley, V President 

Ralph Engel, Secretary 

Carol Wolcott, Exec. Secretary 

Joseph Bianco, Treasurer 

William Waddington, Past President 

Henry Indyk, Expo Chairman

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Robert Dobson 
Richard Hurley 
Armand LaSage 

Samuel Leon

L.J. Makrancy, Jr.

Joseph W. Manning, Jr.

Peter McCormick 

Ed Milewski 
Bruce Nagy 
Steve Stys

Sustaining Members of NJTA

A-L Services Incorporated 
A. Lombardi Landscaping 
Aabar, Inc. / The Morie Co.
Alpine Country Club 
Aqua-Flo, Incorporated 
Aquarius Irrigation Supply 
Aquashade, Incorporated 
Aquatrols Corp, of America, Inc. 
Arthur's Landscape & Irrigation Co. 
Associated Marketing, Incorporated 
Barefoot Grass Lawn Service, Inc. 
Basking Ridge Golf Course, Inc. 
Benco Services, Landscape Div. 
Brouwer Turf Equipment 
Cedar Creek Golf Course 
Champion Landscape and Tree, Inc 
Chux Landscaping, Inc.
Coger Farms & Garden Center 
D & J Landscaping 
D. Marzano Landscaping, Inc.
De Lalio Sod Farms, Incorporated
Debuck's Sod Farm
Del Val Design Landscape
Double Eagle Equipment Company
Dow Chemical, USA
Dowelanco
DuBrows's Nurseries
Duke's Lawn Service, Inc.
Ehrlich Green Team 
Evergreen Lawn Sprinklers 
Fairview Country Club 
Fairway Green Inc.
Farmstead Golf & Country Club 
Fertl-Soil Turf Supply, Incorporated 
Fiddler's Elbow Country Club 
Florence Landscape Services, Inc. 
Forest Hill field Club 
Forsgate Country Club 
Fredette Landscaping 
Freehold Township Parks & Rec.
G & L Lawn Service, Inc.
Gajarsky Contracting Inc.
Garfield Williamson, Incorporated 
Glen Summit Nurseries, Inc.
Grass Roots, Incorporated 
Green Grass Landscape Svc., Inc. 
Green Oasis Landscaping 
Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc.
Homestead Landscaping 
Homestead Lawn Sprinkler Co., Inc. 
Honor Tree & Lawn Services 
Hopewell Valley Golf Club 
Horizon Estates 
Ingersoll Rand Division 
Irrigation Unlimited, Incorporated 
JEP Sales, Incorporated 
Lakewood Country Club 
Lawn Champ
Lawn Doctor Incorporated
Lawn Doctor Mountainside/Cranford
Lawn Spray Company
Green World is published three times 
a year by the New Jersey Turfgrass 
Association, P.O. Box 231, New Brun­
swick, NJ 08903. Consulting editor:
Dr. Ralph Engel; advertising chair­
men, Sam Leon and Steve Stys; pro­
duction editor and layout artist: David 
Crismond.

Lebanon Chemical Company 
Lee Rain, Incorporated 
Leon's Sod Farm 
Leonard Reinhardt, Incorporated 
Lesco, Incorporated 
Lofts Seed Incorporated
M. J. C'Brien Contractors Inc. 
MacAndrews & Forbes Company 
Meadowbrook Lawn Service, Inc.
Mid Atlantic Equipment Corp. 
Middletown Sprinkler Company 
Montco Products Corporation
N. E. Criaris Enterprises, Inc. 
National Lawn Services of NJ, Inc. 
NJ Nursery & Landscape Assn., Inc. 
NK Lawn & Garden Company 
Northern Turf Management
Paige Electric Corporation 
Partac Peat Corporation 
Pennink Arrimour Inc.
Pennsauken Country Club 
Pierson's Mill Co.
Pine Hill Youth Association 
Pine Island Turf Nurseries, Inc. 
Pocono Turf Supply Company 
Rancocas Valley Regional H.S.
Rapp Sod Farm
Reed’s Sod Farm
Reid Sod Farm
Rich Green Lawns
Riverside Cemetary
Rockland Chemical Company
Rosedale & Rosehill Cemetery Assn.
Royal Lawns of Monmouth
Rumson Country Club
S & A Irrigation & Lawn Services
Sacco's Landscape, Incorporated
Sandoz Crop Protection
Scian's Landscaping Incorporated
Seabright Lawn Tennis Club
Seacoast Labs
Sequoia Lawn Care
Shearon Environmental Design / NJ
Sleepy Hollow Country Club
Spring Meadow Golf Course
Spring-Green Lawn Care
Stephen Kay Golf Course Architects
Storr Tractor Company
Superlawns of Atlantic City
Surf Landscaping
Sweeney Seed Company
The Bedens Brook Club
The Brickman Group Ltd.
The Green Machine, Inc.
The Scotts Company
Toms River Lawn & Sprinkler Inc.
Trenton Country Club
Turf Grass Sod Farms, Inc.
Turf Seed Inc.
Upper Montclair Country Club 
W. A. Cleary Chemical Corporation 
Wayne Board of Education 
Wayne Township Parks Department 
Wells Lawn Service, Incorporated 
Wilfred MacDonald, Incorporated 
Willow Run L/M Division1, Inc. 
Woodbridge Center
Woodbury Public Schools
Woodruff/Lerco Lawns of So. Jersey 
Wrtco Incorporated

Poa Trivialis:

A Specialty Use Turfgrass

— continued from page 1 

leafy stolons, and may be found growing 
in soils with a pH ranging from 5 to 8, 
with best growth occurring between pH 6 
and 7. Besides being well adapted to 
damp, shaded locations, it is also found 
growing in wet meadows, as a compo­
nent of high fertility grasslands and 
along ditch banks. It has the ability to 
germinate and grow at low tempera­
tures, displays good color retention in 
the fall, produces early spring green-up, 
germinates rapidly, has good seedling 
vigor, and has excellent winter hardi­
ness.

Original Sources 
and New Varieties

Until recent years, most of the Poa 

trivialis grown from seed in North Ameri­

ca came from Europe. These common 
types were often taller growing, light in 
color and formed loose growing sod. 
Along with the variability of types, the 
seed was usually pasture harvested 
and contained troublesome quantities 
of weed seed.

"Sabre" Poa trivialis was released in 

1977 by the New Jersey Agriculture Ex­
periment Station as the first man-made 
cultivar. It has been used in winter 
overseeding of bermudagrass greens 
and in seed mixtures on shaded lawns 
of cool, moist temperate regions. This 
cultivar, and others, were selected for 
lower growth habit, darker green sod, 
more dense sod and improved disease 
resistance. Reduced seed shattering, 
before and during harvest, is also 
souaht in the newer tvoes.

A recent Poa trivialis release of inter­
est is the Cultivar "Laser." This variety 
was known in RH-86 in research tests 
and commercially as Laser Rough Blue­
grass. RH-86 was 
developed and re­
leased by Lofts 
Seed, Inc.,
Bound Brook,
New Jersey.
Some of the 
germplasm used 
in the develop­
ment of this culti­
var was obtained 
from the New Jer­
sey Agricultural 
Experiment Sta­
tion. Plants se­
lected from old 
turfs in New Jer­
sey, Pennsylva­
nia, New York, 
and California, 
provided the origi­
nal source of the 
germplasm used 
in the develop­
ment of Laser.

STORR TRACTOR CO.

3191 U.S. Highway 22 
Somerville, N.J. 08876 
201-722-9830

1385 Lakeland Ave. 
Bohemia, L.I., N.Y. 11716 
516-589-5222

Laser is a leafy, 

moderately low- 
growing, turf-type 
rough bluegrass 
capable of pro­
ducing a more 
compact, fine- 
textured turf of

Country Club
greenskeeper
Lebanon Pro

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P. O. Box 180, Lebanon, PA 17042 
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medium high density. It has a slower 
rate of vertical growth than common 
rough bluegrass and a bright, medium 
dark-green color. Laser germinates rap 
idly,and has good seedling vigor under 
cool conditions. It has excellent winter 
hardiness, the ability to grow at rather 
cold temperatures, and excellent toler­
ance of cool shade and wet soils. It 
shows the poor heat and drought toler­
ance characteristics of its species. La­
ser is useful for the winter overseeding 
of dormant warm season turfs in many 
parts of Southern United States. It is 
normally mixed with an improved turf- 
type perennial ryegrass (Lolium per- 
enne L.) for this purpose. Laser can 
also be used for lawn-type turf or mixed 
with other cool-season grasses where 
shade is a problem under cool, moist 
conditions of temperate climates.

Summary of Poa trivialis 

characteristics

1.  Poa trivialis is a cool-season grass 
that is best adapted to moist soils.
2.  It is injured or dies in hot, dry weath­
er; but it grows well in cool, shaded lo­
cations. Often, it will become the pri­
mary grass species found in this type 
habitat of old lawns, fairways, and 
parks. It may become the only suc-

— cont, on page 4

Poa Trivialis:

A Specialty Use Turfgrass

—continued from page 3

cessful species with the very severe 
conditions of damp shade where air cir­
culation is pocketed.
3.  With high cut, Poa trivialis forms a 
rather loose turf which has low-wear tol­
erance. Closer-lawn cuts will give more 
compact, attractive appearance.
4.  Poa trivialis has extensive and shal­
low surface roots which make irrigation 
desirable or necessary in hot, dry weath­
er.
5.  Poa trivialis grows at low tempera­
tures, displays good color in the fall, pro­
duces early spring green-up, germinates 
rapidly, has good seedling vigor and ex­
cellent winter hardiness.
6.  Its greenness in winter, quick estab­
lishment and tolerance of close-cut 
make it useful for overseeding warm- 
season turf.
7.  It develops new cover rapidly from de­
cumbent stems and stolons with good 
fertility in its mid-spring growth period.

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P.O. Box 809.
From NJ 201-575-1322 
Outside NJ 800-543-1311

 West Caldwell. NJ 07007 

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Clifton, NJ 07014 
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Uses of Poa trivialis

Poa trivialis has been recommended 
for use in lawns growing in moist, shade 
environments in climates where cool 
season grasses are well-adapted, es­
pecially with closer mowing. An addi­
tional use of Poa trivialis has been for 
winter overseeding of dormant warm- 
season turfs in southern United States. 
For this purpose, it is usually seeded in 
combination with the improved turf-type 
perennial ryegrasses, with mixtures 
containing between 10% to 15% Poa 
trivialis by weight.
1.  Poa trivialis is used in lawn seed mix­
tures for sites where cool, moist dense 
shade conditions exist.
2.  It is used for green winter color and 
winter playing surfaces on greens, tees 
and lawns of warm-season grasses of 
S.E. United States and similar condi­
tions.
3.  On a few occasions it has been over­
seeded in bentgrass-annua, bluegrass 
fairways that are wet and boggy.
4.  It has been mixed with bentgrass for 
new seedings and overseeding of 
greens when quick cover is needed with 
the remaining growing weather in the fall 
of temperate zones.

The two latter uses are not new but 

are probably overlooked for emergency 
situations
USE #1 — For shade in moist, cool 
temperate areas. For use as a perma­
nent turf on damp shaded sites in 
Zones 1,5,6, and 7 (see Figure B). If 
seeded in warmer, sunny areas Poa 
trivialis can become unwanted because 
of its patchiness from light green types 
and its poor tolerance of heat, drought, 
and traffic.

— continued on page 5

Better Turfgrass 
Root Systems

— continued from page 1

The pictures in Figure 2 and 3 illus­

trate the effect of brief covering on re­
growth and rooting of two sod cultures.

We expected some difference in 
growth response from the covering 
treatments, but the modest change in 
appearance of the turf never suggest­
ed the magnitude of growth difference 
that occurred. While a modest differ­
ence in temperature of the two treat­
ments could be expected to change 
the availability of food reserves, the in­
crease in top and root growth of the un­
covered culture seemed disproportion­
ately large based on the early green- 
up. The lack of apparent change from 
the brief covering and the cold weather 
didn’t suggest much respiration.
Should the warmed culture give quick­
er rooting and more root growth? The 
advantages with the uncovered sod in 
cold early spring were published and 
shown. There has been no research 
that explains the quick, major differ­
ences in growth that developed. Did 
some starch change to sugar during 
this very cold weather? The carbohy­
drate totals for the covered and uncov­
ered treatment sources did not sug­
gest any change in this food.

Forgive me for surmizing (theorizing) 

— a change in carbohydrates seems 
too simple for an explanation of the 
sudden major change in growth and 
rooting when the plant goes from dor­
mant to less dormancy in very early 
spring.

REE

Poa Trivialis:

A Specialty Use Turfgrass

(a)  Intense damp shade —
100% Laser or Sabre Poa trivialis. 
Seeding rate: 2 lbs./1000 sq. ft.
{Editor's note: Seedling vigor of Poa 
trivialis permits seeding the species 
alone, especially for overseeding.]

OR

(b) Moderate lawn shade —
30% Laser or Sabre Poa trivialis.
30% Ram I Kentucky bluegrass (or oth­
er shade-tolerant varieties)
20% Jamestown Chewings Fescue 
20% Palmer, Prelude or other turf-type 
perennial ryegrass
Seeding rate: 4 ,bs./1000 sq. ft.
USE #2 — For overseeding of warm- 
season turfgrasses to provide winter 
cover on golf course greens and tees in 
Zones 3,4, and 8.
(a)  Poa trivialis only — 100% Laser Poa 
trivialis Seeding rate:10 lbs./1000 sq ft

OR

(b)  Poa trivialis with turf-type ryegrass­
es — 85%Palmer or Prelude turf-type

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Consider the advantages

of

sod

Trap banks and edges, green and tee banks and 
areas along cart paths need special attention.
Or even those traffic areas around the club 
and halfway houses. Consider Rebel sod:
•  Holds up better than Kentucky bluegrass
•  Requires less Irrigation compared to Kentucky bluegrass
•  Requires less fertilizer than Kentucky bluegrass
•  Heat tolerant
•  Excellent dark green color
• Greater disease resistance than most other turfgrasses

In tough areas or wherever you want 
good-looking turf and less maintenance.
Use rebel sod.

Lofts Seed Inc.
World’s largest marketer 
of turfgrass seed
Bound Brook, NJ 08805 
(201) 356-8700 • (800) 526-3890

LOFTS

Available through:
S. Novasack Bros. Turf Farm
South Seaville, NJ 
(609) 263-2400

Tuckahoe Turf Farms
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Bohm’s Sod Farm
Woodbine, NJ 
(609)861-2785

Pine Island Turf
Pine Island, NY 
(914) 258-4545

perennial ryegrasses
15% Laser Poa trivialis
Seeding rate: 25 lbs./1000 sq. ft.

OR

 

(c) Poa trivialis, turf-type ryegrasses
and fine fescue — 60%Palmer
 or Pre­
lude turf-type perennial ryegrasses 
25% Jamestown Chewings Fescue 
15% Laser Poa Trivialis
Seeding rate: 25 lbs./1000 sq. ft.

[Editor's note: Substitution of similar 
cultivars can be made on the above 
seed recommendations.]

Management of 
Poa Trivialis Turfs 

Cutting height - Poa trivialis may be
cut at a lower height of cut (1/2 inch) 
compared with other cool season turf 
grasses, (1/2” to 2” is recommended). It

Zones of grass adaptation in the United States
Key to
climate zones:

1  — Cool humid
2 — Transition
3 — Warm humid
4 — Sub-tropical
5 — Cool semi-arid

plains

6 — Cool semi-arid
intermountain

7 — Cool humid
8 — Warm arid

Figure B: Poa trivialis can be used as turf on damp, shaded sites in Zones 1,5,6, and 7. 

—page 5—

Poa Trivialis:

A Specialty Use Turfgrass
— continued from page 5
loses its best quality with the higher
lawn cuts used on shaded lawns.
Use of fertilizer - Applications of 
25-5-10 or equivalent complete fertilizer 
should be applied in early spring before 
trees leaf out and in the mid- to late-fall 
after leaf removal. Poa trivialis will heal 
a poor turf cover rapidly with generous 
nitrogen as the days lengthen in spring. 
Irrigation - Since Poa trivialis is heat- 
sensitive and shallowly rooted, it makes 
best turf on damp soils, and because of 
this, it benefits from light but frequent ir­

rigation.
Weed control - Dandelion and broad­
leaf weeds may be controlled with 2,4- 
D, however, injury to Poa trivialis may 
occur if this herbicide is applied at high­
er than normal rates or when tempera­
tures are above 85° F.
[Editor's note: The temptation to use 
generous nitrogen fertilization to heal 
shade troubled turf areas in spring and 
fall is great. Especially in mid- to late- 
spring, a fungicide may protect nitrogen 
soft turf from injury that follows in the 
first very hot, wet weather of late 
spring. Dr. Bruce Clarke suggests an 
application of a maneb type or iprodione 
(Chipco 26019) fungicides for protec­
tion to lush growth at this season.]

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Patrons Listing

Samuel Leon 

LEON'S SOD FARMS 

Instant Lawn-Cultivated Grass Sod 

RD#1 Box 169 Frenchtown, NJ 
(201) 996-2255 
08825

Marty Futyma

FERTL-SOIL TURF SUPPLY, INC.
Greens, Top-dressing, Turf Supply 

514 Martin Road 

Scotch Plains, NJ 07076 

(201) 322-6132

Bob Scott 

DOWELANCO 

560 Ashwood Road 
Springfield, NJ 07081 

(201) 376-7290

W.A. CLEARY CHEMICAL CORP. 

1049 Somerset Street 
Somerset, NJ 08873

(201) 247-8000 [Turf Chem & Fert] 
Call: Barbara Cleary or Russ Ward

Drew Madzin 
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P.O. Box 236 

Farmingdale, NJ 07727 

(201) 780-4950

Pesticide Residues in 
Fruits and Vegetables

Government tests show 50 to 75% of 

our fruits and vegetables have no de­
tectable pesticide residues. "However, 
there is little or no health risk involved 
because the residues are not consis­
tent for kind of crop, its origin, or type of 
pesticide. Imports are about the same 
as domestic supplies, except the former 
have more instances of residues from 
pesticides that have no U.S. toleranc­
es.

It is reassuring to find no recognized 

group of toxicologists or medical ex­
perts who claim current levels of pesti­
cide residues in fruits and vegetables 
pose important health hazards to either 
adults or infants."

Abstracted from News CAST. Vol.

18:4, Winter 1990-91.

[Editor's comment: A trace of pesti­

cide residue may seem frightening. Our 
assurance on this concern comes from 
government regulations that are very 
strict about registering chemicals that 
show slight indications of hazard: the 
tolerance levels are set far above what 
they consider the danger level. The 
amount of residue should be less frigh­
tening than some of the natural chemi­
cals developed by plants.]

•REE

Rick Apgar, Joe Stahl 

METRO MILORGANITE, INC. 

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(914) 666-3171

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1910 Fourth Street 

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(908) 297-3333

Ken Stattel

BROOKREST SOD FARM 

P.O.Box 122

Marlboro, NJ 07746-0122