2007 ANNUAL MEETING
The 2007 Annual Meeting was held on
N ovem ber 5 at the Club at River Oaks
in Sherman, CT. The well run meeting
saw the passing of changes to the By­
laws and a $10.00 dues increase. The
bylaw changes in Article II, Section 2,
Initiation Fee, Dues, Assessments now
makes the date of dues payment Janu­
ary 31 of the dues year, not December
31 of the previous year, and there is a
reduction in the fee for late payment
from 10% monthly to 1 J/2% monthly.
In Article III, Section I, Nonpaym ent
of Dues or Assessments, the addition

of assessments a member has incurred
(meeting fees from previous year not
paid, for example) along with dues for
that year being paid are required to be
in good standing with the association.
The Board of Directors was elected as
presented. Pictured here from Left to
Right in the front row are Kimberly
Heyl, Fenwick GC, Vice President,
Scott Ramsay, CGCS, The Course at
Yale, Government Relations, Paul Bonini, CGCS, W atertown GC, Scholar­
ship & Research, M ark Mansur, Win-

tonbury Hills GC, Secretary, Christian
Mauro, Highfield CC, President, John
Garcia, The Patterson Club, Treasurer,
Scott Lund, Ridgeway CC, Class C Rep
to the Board. In the back row from Left
to right are Charles Babcock, Tunxis
Plantation CC, Social & Welfare, Eric
Morrison, Shennecossett GC, Golf, M i­
chael Donahue, Turflinks, Commercial
Rep to the Board, Donald Beck, Fishers
Island Club, Education, Sean Flynn,
Great River GC, Membership, Keith
Angilly, Mill River CC, Past President.

In T his Issue...
P resid en t's M essag e.......................2
A nnual M eeting R esu lts................3
The M cL oughlin Trophy.............. 3
Tim es H ave C h an g ed .....................4
G C SA A Selects Award W in n ers..5
U C onn H ires Turfgrass Tech....... 5
G ra ssca tch e r......................................6
Septem ber & O ctober R esu lts.....8
M ona to Leave G C S A A ................. 9
A nnual B luegrass W eevil.....10-11

T h e P r e s i d i S M e s S i*<?e
becom e a better Su p erin ten d en t in
the process.

Keith Angilly, President

W ell, how tim e flies. A s m y term as
you r Presid ent is nearly com plete,
this w ill be m y last P resid ent's
m essage. It has been an honor to
serve this fíne A ssociation for the
last seven years. Board service is
som ething that I highly recom m end
all m em bers try at som e point in their
career. I have had the opportunity to
m eet m any people along the way,
becom e com fortable w ith public
speaking, and m ost im portantly

Connecticut Clippings is an official
publication of the Cois an
official publication of the
Connecticut Association of Golf
Course Superintendents

Newsletter Editor
Bob Chalifour, CGCS (Ret.)

Co-Editor
Heather Garvin

O ur
A ssociation
rem ains
very
healthy, thanks to the efforts o f the
m any com m ittee chairs w ith w hom
I have served. O ur m eetings have
been w ell attended and reasonably
priced, thanks to the m any fine
Su perin ten d en ts w ho have stepped
up and provided their facilities for
our use. M any thanks go out to M ary
Jo K ennedy for all of her efforts. She

m ad e m y tenure an easy one. I hope
th at m y legacy has im proved relations
w ith our A llied A ssociation s here in
CT, and w ill con tinu e do w h atev er is
n ecessary to keep th at going. It is very
im p o rtan t to how w e are perceived
in our d ay-to-d ay positions. O nce
again, thanks to all m em bers, p ast and
present, w ho have contribu ted to the
success o f our A ssociation.
G ood luck,
K eith A ngilly

T ’he (Board of Directors
wouid ide to
w
ishaiimembers and
theirjamitiesa hajpjpy,
and safe hofiday season!

N o r t h e r n N u r s e r ie s , in c .
Wlxlesale Horticultural Distribution Centers

Winfield Division
1320 Mountain Rd.
P.O. Box M
West Suffield, CT 06093

TERRY MISH
M anager

Newsletter Committee
David Basconi, John Garcia,
Edward Goodhouse, Ron Holcomb,
Mike Mooney and Jud W. Sm ith

Mike Krudwig
A.S. Plant Science

Regional Sales
Representative

WINDING BROOK TURF FARM, INC.
The Clippings is open to all
commentary.
Please send your comments to:
Bob Chalifour, Newsletter Editor,
39 First Street
Groton, CT 06340

800-243-0232
Fax (860) 529-6807
Cell (860) 883 0475
Email: kmds@comeast.net
www.wmdingbrooktnrf.com

240 Gnswold Road
Wethersfield, CT 06109
and
1554 Alfred Road
Lyman, ME 04002

A nnual M eeting R esults
T he C lub at R iver O aks
Monday, November 5, 2007 I 9-Hole ABCD Scramble

1h oenix

ENVIRONMENTAL CARE

1st Low Gross
Chris Mauro, Highfield CC
Marc Maxim, Candlewood Valley CC
A1 La Prise, Allens Seed Store
Jay Anderson, BISCO
1st Low Net
Eric Morrison, Shennecossett GC
Kevin Balocca, LESCO
Jon Case, Airways Golf Course
2nd Low Net
Sean Flynn, Great River GC
James Stafstrom, Club Car
Bruce Morse, Norwich GC
Melissa Gugliotti, Syngenta

For more about...

PegasusL, Pegasus DF, Firebird GC
Vital, Kestrel,® Lucid; Current;
Knighthawr & Symmetry

3rd Low Net
John Callahan, The Cardinals
Scott Ramsay, The Course at Yale
Patrick Nunn, Great River GC

Contact: Rick Grant at 317-776-9983
or visit www.phoenixenvcare.com

Closest to the line

Pegasus. Knighthawk, Current and Symmetry are trademarks of Phoenix Environmental Care
LLC. Vital is a registered trademark of Luxemourg-Pamol. Inc. Lucid is a trademark of Rotam
USA. Firebird and Kestrel are registered trademarks of Phoenix Environmental Care LLC.
Firebird GC is a Restricted Use Pesticide. Always read and follow label directions.

Mark Mansur, Wintonbury Hills GC

Closest to the pin
James Stafstrom, Club Car

T he M cL oughlin T rophy

Closest to the pin
Sean Flynn, Great River GC

From Dick Cook

Long Drive

The McLoughlin Trophy was donated in 1951 by Old Lyme CC
Pro/Superintendent Roy McLoughlin, as he wanted to make a
contribution to the local Greenskeeper Association. The trophy was
first won at Shuttle Meadow CC or Wampanoag CC. Listed below
are the names as they appear on the trophy.

Sean Flynn, Great River GC

Long Putt
Keith Angilly, Mill River CC

Leggette, Brashears & Graham, Inc
Professional Ground-Water and Environmental Engineering Services
A Tradition o f E xcellen ce S ince 1944

T h e re ’s no s u b s titu te fo r e x p e rie n c e

LBG is backed by over 60 years of experience, with a proven
track record on golf course projects.
.
.
•
.
•
.
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Irrigation and potable water-supply development
Hydrogeologie testing and evaluations
Water diversion permitting
Stormwater runoff management and drainage design
Pond design and permitting
Site engineering and construction oversight
Wash water treatment-system design and permitting
Contamination assessment and remediation

Contact Rob Good at: (860) 678-0404 | (203) 929-8555
www.lbgweb.com

m

Member Since 2001

1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979

J. Whitehead
H.T. Lindenmuth
C. Baskin
E. C. Anderson
E. C. Anderson
M. Ovian
E. C. Anderson
B. Kowalski
B. Kowalski
L. Kowalski
D. Cook
B. Kristoff
H. Meusel
D. Cook
D. Cook
R. Viera
D. Cook
G. Christie
H. Meusel
P. Coste
R. Barrett
G. Bryant
G. Bryant
D. Parsons
A. Bachand
R. Viera
D. Cook
R. Tosh
P. Rappoccio

1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

T. Fletcher
G. Wojick
A. LeSage
D. Cook
D. Roule
B. Phipps
D. Stimson
T. Watroba
M. Wallace
T. Watroba
G. Wojick
E. Lamphier
J. Rogers
P. Wollenberg
D. Cook
R. Douglas
M. Decker
S. Moran
P. Sabino
J. Stahl
B. Skelly
W. Urban
W. Weichet
M. Griswold
C. Mauro
R. Goglia
W. Weischet
S. Slevin

T im e s H a v e C h a n g e d
In the g olf industry "tim es are changin g " is no longer accurate - "tim es
have ch an g ed !"
M ost clubs have not shifted w ith the
change in dem ands. There are approx­
im ately thirty (30) m illion golfers in
the U nited States and only five (5) m il­
lion have U SG A H andicaps. There has
been no spike in ten years. This m eans
that there are 25,000,000 golfers that
do not belong to organized golf clubs.
The good new s is that w e have the po­
tential to attract m any of these golfers
as new m em bers. W hy are these golf­
ers not joining your club?
If you belong to a country club w ith
all the am enities and you r m em ber­
ship has the "ste a m " to pay for these
services, then you can continue to op­
erate as you have in the past. These
top-tier clubs continue to prosper and
m any clubs in this category have full
w aiting lists and their future seem s
insured.
This is not the case for m any other pri­
vate clubs that are experiencing a d e­
crease in m em bership and no w aiting
lists. These clubs lose m oney annu ­
ally in their "fu ll-serv ice restau ran t".
They seem to be in a dow nw ard spiral
of losing m oney in the house because
they are losing m em bers, so they m ust
raise dues, w hich causes them to lose
m ore m em bers. Today's golfer does
not have the tim e or desire to support
the clubhou se as m em bers have done
in the past. The best m anager and/or
the greatest chef w ill not change this
cycle. There is ju st too m uch com p e­
tition from num erous fine-eating es­
tablishm ents. The social operations of
m ost private clubs do not m atch the
dem ands of tod ay's lifestyle.
D aily fee courses have actually grow n
in m em bership and rounds per year.
These clubs are benefiting from the
golfers that resign from their private
clubs. They are playing few er rounds

than they w ould have in the past, bu t
they are only paying for w hat they use
and this is very attractive.

out to caterers or restau rateurs, w hich
seem s to be the best solu tion if the deal
is constructed righ t for b oth parties.

Private clubs need to supply the am e­
nities that cu rrent m em bership d e­
m ands, otherw ise they w ill spend less
tim e at the club and th at m eans less
revenue. If a golfer plays 20 rounds
per year at an upscale daily fee course
for $150 per round - h e/ she spends
$3,000 per year and if a private club is
asking $7,000 a year in dues and fees
after an initiation fee, it is not a contest
on w hat th at golfer w ill do. O nce you
lose a dues-paying club m em ber it
could signal the begin n in g o f the end.

C lubs m ay w an t to offer m em bersh ips
for off-peak playing tim es. Som e clubs
have really stepped -u p their drives
for y ou n ger golfers by offering greatly
discounted dues for golfers aged 18 to
35. N o in itiation fees or food or cart
m inim um s, b u t full playing p riv ileg ­
es. O th er clubs are b u ildin g b ack their
m em bersh ip by offering packages of
non-equity m em berships, w eekd ay
only m em bersh ips and a tw o-year
trail m em bersh ip. N o in itiation fee or
bond, b u t after tw o years they m u st
decid e to rem ain a m em ber.

The avid golfer does n ot w an t to grow
the gam e. This m em ber is doing no fa­
vor for the club. It is hard to convince
this golfer th at he should share his
course w ith m ore players. B u t this is
short sighted and is d riving up the cost
o f m em bership. We need to reach out
to w om en, m inorities and other golf­
ers that are currently not participating
in organized golf. The im pact w ill be
a bigger golfing m idd le class, w hich
w ill help the private-clu b culture.
M any ideas need to be explored. The
m em bers that are the bigg est su p ­
porters of your club are usually dow n
south for the w inter. Som e clubs have
said this is 50 or 60 per cent of their
m em bership. Should these clubs be
open in the off-season? You m ay retain
your key em ployees by rew arding
them w ith this tim e-off. O ther clubs do
not serve dinners, b u t con cen trate on
lunch and casual dining after golf. Still
other clubs have leased their kitchens

R eciprocal agreem ents b etw een clubs
should be form alized . Players th at are
m em bers of clubs A or B or C are al­
low ed to play either of the oth er tw o
courses during off-peak tim es. The
players agree to use carts or cad d ies
and su p p ort the restau ran t each tim e
they play. This could be an attractive
m arketing plan.
P ublic clubs and M en and W om en's
clubs m u st also shift w ith the tim es.
Reach out to leagues and offer h an d i­
cap -only m em bersh ips for the players
that w an t U SG A H and icaps, b u t do
not have the tim e or d esire to p artici­
pate in a heavy tou rn am en t schedule.
If y ou r club has other ideas w e w ould
love to hear them and spread the w ord.
Please feel free to em ail anyone on the
C SG A staff at http:/ /w w w .csg alin ks.
org/ staff.asp.

Your aerification and
drainage solution!
Serving NY, CT and W estern M A

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Deep Tine Aeration
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G C SA A S elects
M endenhall & M acC urrach
A ward W inners
The G olf Course Superintendents Asso­
ciation of Am erica (GCSAA) has awarded
scholarship money to 16 college students as
part of the Scholars Program administered
by the GCSAA's philanthropic organiza­
tion, the Environm ental Institute for Golf.
The first-place winner, David Golembeski,
will receive a $6,000 scholarship as the M en­
denhall Award Winner. The second-place
winner, William Overly, receives a $5,000
award and is designated as the recipient
of the M acCurrach Award. The M acCur­
rach Award is funded by the PGA Tour.

U C onn H ires
T urfgrass T echnician
Kyle Knox recently joined the staff at the
Plant Science Research and Education Fa­
cility as a Lead Agricultural Worker. This
new position will provide key support for
the rapidly expanding turfgrass science
program at UConn. As the new Turfgrass
Technician, Kyle will assist the turfgrass
faculty w ith all aspects of maintaining the
more than 14 acres of turfgrass research
plots in Storrs. "T his is a key addition to
the turf team at the University of Connect­
icut. We expect Kyle to make great con­
tributions to all aspects of the program ,"
said John Kaminski, Assistant Professor of
Turfgrass Pathology.

Kyle brings with him over 12 years of golf
course experience as an Assistant Super­
intendent at two area courses. In addition
to his experience with golf course turf,
Kyle worked for Championship Turf Ser­
vices, which m aintains Rentschler Field.
Kyle earned his Bachelor of Science from
the University of Connecticut in 1995 and
completed the UMASS Winter School in
1997. He has extensive knowledge of vari­
ous turfgrass species and pests, irrigation
systems, and turf m aintenance equipm ent
and practices. Kyle resides in M anchester
with his wife, Kristen, who is also a gradu­
ate from UConn's College of Agriculture
and Natural Resources.

Golem beski, of New Milford, Conn., is a
senior majoring in turfgrass and soil sci­
ence at the University of Connecticut.
Overly, who hails from Louisburg, Kan., is
a senior m ajoring in golf course m anage­
m ent at Kansas State University. Both of
them will also receive an all-expense-paid
trip to the GCSAA Education Conference
(January 28-February 2) and Golf Industry
Show (January 31-February 2) in Orlando.

ESD

Waste 2 Water

Water Recycle Systems
Equipment Wash Water Treatment
Bulk Chemical Mix and Load
Chemical Storage Buildings
Roll Over Chemical Mix Pads
Chemical Containment

W ash

2007 Installations

m
m
m
m
m
m
m

•

Rye Golf Club
Farmington Woods
Redding C.C.
Glen Arbor C.C.
Quaker Ridge C.C.
Great Rock C.C .
C .C . of York

m
m
m
m
m
m

•

Piping Rock

Tuxedo Club

■

Wheatley Hills

Fishers Island

•

Nassau C.C.

Round Hill Club

•

Marthas Vineyard

Hudson Hills

■

Old Oaks C.C.

Trump National

•

Palmer ton C.C.

Rock Ridge

■

Tamarack C.C.

Fenway G.C.

Jeff J. Stahl 2 0 3 - 8 5 8 - 4 1 3 6
mr mwrmm w o r n

Rolling Hills C.C.

•

Sebonic G.C.

m
m
m
m
m

Century G.C.
Bonnie Briar
Westchester Hills
Surmingdale
Hollowbrook

S T A H L H O L D IN G S L.L .C .
64 Barnabas R oad

» ■ i

m

06470

CONNECTICUT
ASSOCIATION OF
GOLF COURSE
SUPERINTENDENTS

News

New Members
Christopher Guilmette, Class SM
Willow Brook Golf Course

Class C Election will be held at the Winter Semi­
nar January 15, 2008.

Matthew Guilmette, Class SM
Cedar Ridge Golf Course

FOR SALE

2003 TORO HYDROJECT 3000
Only used 12 hours. Ready to go $10,000.00
Contact:
Bob Silva
Hawks Landing CC
Home Phone 860/658-6370
Cell 860/490-6641

Christopher T. Ignazio, Class A
Chanticlair Golf Course
Gordon Kauffman, III., Ph.D.,
Class Commercial
Grigg Brothers Foliar Fertilizers
Jay Martin, Class C
Woodbridge, Country Club
Alexander Simpson, Class C
Sharon Country Club

Condolences
On the passing of James F. Shay, Hartford
Educator on 10/22/07, he was the father of
Daniel Shay, GCS Wilbrham CC.

Congratulations
Dr. Nathaniel and Sara Mitowski Turf Pa­
thologist URI on the birth of their daughter
Sadie.
Eric Morrison on winning a Bayer award to
attend the Golf Industry Show in Orlando FL.
To Steve Mona CEO of GCSAA on his new
position with the World Golf Foundation.
2007 Pin Recipients will be in next issue.

CAGCS WINS MET TEAM CHAMPIONSHIP
Pictured left to right: Eric Morrison, Mike Dukette, Paul Bonini, Eric DeStefano,
Peter Bacon, Chris Mauro, Les Kennedy Jr. Sean Flynn

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Office: 203-426-7055
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Bob Chalifour.cGcs (Ret)
Plant (401) 766-5010
Fax (401)762-4976
Mobile (860) 908-7414

IN D U S T R IA L

SP EC IAL TY

E M

CAGCS B o a r d

of

D ir e c t o r s

E l

Tight Budget?

President - Christian P. Mauro
Vice President - Kimberly J. Heyl
Secretary - Mark B. Mansur
Treasurer - John Garcia
Past President - Keith A. Angilly
C o m m i t t e e C h a ir p e r s o n s

Education - Donald Beck
Golf - Eric Morrision
Membership - Sean Flynn
Scholarship & Research
Paul Bonini, CGCS
Social & Welfare - Charles Babcock
Government Relations
Scott Ramsay, CGCS
Commercial Rep to Board
Michael Donahue
Class C Rep to the Board
Scott Lund

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Harrell's Fall Programs.

Earthworks
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Jim Wierzbicki

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203. 209.6952

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jstahl@harrells. com

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800-815-1113
860-558-6968
Office Fax: 508-295-8187
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PO Box 99 I Cranberry Hwy
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CAGCS S eptember G olf R esults

O ctober M eeting R esults
W atertown G olf C lub
O ctober 9, 2007

G illette R idge G olf C lub
S eptember 4, 2007
1st Gross:
Jim Staszowski, Turf Products
Peter Bacon, CGCS, Wyantenuck CC

S uperintenden t/Assis tan t
Best Ball o f 2 - 90% hdcp
Presidents Club/McLaughlin Trophy

2nd Gross:
Ward Weischet, CGCS, Lesco
Eric Morrison, Shennecossett GC

SUPERINTENDENT/ASSISTANT
1st Gross: Keith Angilly/Walt Wozniak, Mill River CC
2nd Gross: Chris Mauro/Joe Caselli, Highfield GC
1st Net: Bruce Morse/Eric Kundahl, Norwich GC
2nd Net: John LaBrie/Gary Burns, Gillette Ridge GC
3rd Net: Paul Bonini/Doug Cooper, Watertown GC

1st Net:
Andy Drohen, Agrium Advanced Technologies
Erick Holm, CGCS, Hop Meadow CC

BEST BALL OF 2 - 90% HDCP
1st Gross: Gordon Kaufman, Grigg Brothers Foliar Fertilizers
Heather Garvin, Chas. C. Hart Seed Company
2nd Gross: Jim Staszowski, Turf Products Corp.
John Wynne, Green Solutions
1st Net:
Mark Fuller, Connecticut GC
Bob Welch, Connecticut GC
2nd Net:
Erick Holm, Hop Meadow CC
John Kaminski, UCONN
3rd Net:
Mark Osborn, Steven Willand, Inc.
Jim Stafstrom, Club Car, Inc.

2nd Net:
Tom Watroba, Golf Irrigation Services, Inc.
John Fleming, Water Specialists, LLC
3rd Net:
John Kaminski, UCONN
Shawn Donovan, Turf Products
Kickers:
- Joe Malay, Hopbrook GC/ Chris Kipp, Grassy Hill CC
- Rob Larson, Tom Irwin/Todd Farland
- John Wynne, Green Solutions, 11c/Jeff Houde, Tom Irwin
- Kevin D'Amico, Westwoods GC/CharlieLuke
- A1 Adaskaveg, Rockledge CC/ Anthony Grosso,
Mohegan Golf, 11c

Mike Pieri, Glastonbury Hills CC
John Motycka, Skungamaug River GC
Jim Staszowski, Turf Products Corp.
Pete Tyrell, The Care of Trees
Jim Staszowski, Turf Products Corp.
John Wynne, Green Solutions

Closest to line:
Closest to the pin #4:
Closest to the pin #15:
Long Putt #13:
Long Putt #6:
Long Drive:

Long Drive:
Mike Dukette, HTS
Closest to Pin #8: 8'5":
Matt Guillmette, Cedar Ridge GC

Skins:
John Wynne, Green Solutions - #1
Sean Flynn, Great River GC - #3
John Wynne, Green Solutions - #4
Jim Stafstrom, Club Car - #8
Gordon Kaufman, Grigg Brothers Foliar Fertilizers #11
Brian Pope, Turf Products Corp. - #16
Kevin DeVaux, Stanley GC - #17

Long Putt #9:
Chris Guilmette, Willow Brook GC
Closest to Pin #11: 7'6":
Michael Dukette, HTS
Long Putt #17:
John Fleming, Water Specialists, 11c

Kickers:
Mike Streckfus/Donna Ahern - Rolling Hills GC
William Stevens/Mike Pieri - Glastonbury Hills CC
Brian Pope, Turf Products Corp./Gary DeVaux, Topstone GC

Closest to Line #18:
Bruce Morse, Norwich GC

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Box 1181
Redding, CT 06875

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By Tim O'Neill, CGCS
On September 26, PGA Tour commissioner
Tim Finchem announced that Steve Mona
had accepted the newly-created Chief Ex­
ecutive Officer position of the World Golf
Foundation. Mona has served as the CEO
of the GCSAA since 1993. As CEO of the
World Golf Foundation his responsibili­
ties will include overall management of
the Foundation, as well as overseeing the
Foundation's industry relationships and
ongoing global focus, plus it's newly cre­
ated anti-doping administration office.
Regularly ranked amongst the world's
most powerful and influential people in
golf, Steve's talents and accomplishments
are numerous and he was tapped by many
organizations and groups in and out of the
golf industry that include:
President of the International Association
of Golf Administrators (1990), First Tee
Advisory Committee (1998-present), World
Golf Hall of Fame Advisory and Selection
Board (1998-present), National Golf Foun­
dation Board of Directors (1999-present),
Golf 20:20 Executive Board (1999-present),
National Minority Golf Foundation Board
of Directors (2000-2001), Lawrence Cham­

ber of Commerce Board of Directors (20022004), American Society of Association Ex­
ecutives Board of Directors (2004-present),
The Environmental Institute for Golf Board
of Trustees (2003-present), LPGA Commis­
sioner's Advisory Council (2006-present)

* The launch of the Golf Industry Show.
* The strengthening of Chapters.
* The development and mature of an as­
sociation governance system currently in
place.
No doubt the GCSAA Board has a difficult
task ahead in finding a replacement for
Steve. A search process is currently in pro­
cess and a hiring firm has been identified
for the assignment. At this time the goal is
to have a new CEO introduced at the up­
coming Golf Industry show in Orlando.

Steve is credited with numerous advance­
ments within the GCSAA including:
* The development of Member Standards
* The evolvement and maturation of the
Environmental Institute for Golf and its
Advisory Council currently chaired by
Greg Norman and includes industry giants
such as:
Herb Kohler, Pres. Kohler Co.
Pete Dye, Architect
Vijay Singh, Pro Golfer
Bob Wood, Pres. Nike Golf
David Pillsbury, Pres, of PGA
Tour Properties
Jaime Ortiz Patino, Owner/Pres.
Valderamma GC, Spain
Ken Melrose, Retired Chairman/
Ceo of the Toro Company
Sergio Garcia, Pro Golfer
Tom Crow, Founder Cobra Golf
* Revamping of the Educational programs.
* Increasing the recognition of the profes­
sion and the superintendent.
* The creation of Sponsor Programs.
* Improving relations between GCSAA and
other allied organizations as well as the in­
dustry as a whole.

Golf course superintendent's, the associa­
tion as well as the entire golf industry has
benefited by the work that Steve has ac­
complished as the leader of GCSAA. His
new position at the World Golf Foundation
is a reflection of that hard work and the im­
pact he has made. His appointment is also
a positive reflection on GCSAA that our
CEO would be considered for such a lofty
position.
My congratulation's and best wishes go
out to Steve and his wife Cyndi for all they
have done for this profession. I look for­
ward to seeing the great things that will
undoubtedly develop at the World Golf
Foundation.

steven
Q u a lity T u rf E q u ip m e n t
JACOBSEN

CUSHMAN

4 PRODUCTION DRIVE
BROOKFIELD, CT 06804
(203) 775-5757

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N

As its name implies, annual bluegrass wee­
vil (formerly called Hyperodes, but now
assigned to the genus Listronotus) princi­
pally feeds as larvae on annual bluegrass,
Poa annua. With about 3 generations per
year, this weevil can build to astonishing
populations of up to 800 larvae per square
foot that can stress or kill annual bluegrass
in greens and fairways. Where Poa annua
is considered a weed as it invades other
grasses, ABW feeding is beneficial, and
the weevil is a welcome biological control
agent. Unfortunately, older courses have
extensive populations of Poa annua in
greens and fairways, and so the Poa has to
be maintained in order to provide an ac­
ceptable playing surface. Furthermore, as
with most biology, the story is not quite so
simple. There are reliable reports of ABW
larvae feeding on bentgrass and other spe­
cies of grass. New host races could evolve
and become pests even where Poa annua
is not present.

e w in s ig h t s in t o b io l o g y

AND MANAGEMENT OF
ANNUAL BLUEGRASS WEEVIL
Richard S. Cowles, Conn Agric Expt
Station, Valley Lab
Richard. cowles@po.state.ct.us

Over the past few years, annual bluegrass
weevil (ABW) has become one of the most
challenging insect pests on golf courses
to manage. For approximately the previ­
ous ten years, superintendents concerned
about this pest could be assured that a
well-timed pyrethroid spray in the spring
would prevent damage for the remainder
of the season. The strategy was to apply a
pyrethroid spray to the perimeter of fair­
ways (or to the entire fairway and greens)
at the time that forsythia reached the half­
green half-gold stage of bloom. Weevils
commencing their maturation feeding at
that time would encounter a lethal resid­
ual dose of insecticide, and the life cycle
would be interrupted. The situation has
changed, so that this approach no longer
works on many courses. I will explain
the underlying causes for control failures
and ways in which superintendents may
be able to effectively respond to this chal­
lenge. I will also present superintendents
with some unanswered questions for
which a collaborative effort between your­
selves and researchers will be necessary to
address these issues.

Recent data generated by myself and
Darryl Ramoutar, a Ph.D. student work­
ing with Dr. Steven Aim at University of
Rhode Island, have demonstrated that
there are dramatic differences in the sus­
ceptibility of ABW populations found in
CT to pyrethroid insecticides. Whereas the
most susceptible weevils succumb when
exposed to 0.8 ng (nanogram, one billionth
of a gram) of the active ingredients of Talstar or Scimitar, weevils from courses that
have experienced intensive prior use of

pyrethroids require a dosage 30 - 100-fold
greater to achieve the same kill. These re­
sults point to the evolution of resistance to
pesticides, a problem that you have prob­
ably already encountered through the use
of fungicides. Repeatedly challenging a
pest population with an effective pesticide
selects for survivors with genetic traits
that allow them to withstand that pesti­
cide. Their offspring, in turn, will be more
difficult to kill than the previous genera­
tion, which had many more susceptible
individuals.
In the case of ABW, the selection with py­
rethroids has left many courses with adult
weevils that are now virtually impossible
to kill with any pyrethroid. What has oc­
curred is "cross-resistance," in which
selection with one product allows the in­
sect to withstand another, usually closely
related insecticide. More disturbing were
results suggesting that these weevils are
also more difficult to kill with certain other
insecticides, one of which (an experimen­
tal product) they had never previously
been exposed to, and which had a differ­
ent mode of action than the pyrethroids.
Development of cross-resistance to unre­
lated chemistry is an unusual outcome.
However, the reason for these results
soon became apparent when I conducted
laboratory tests with the adult weevils.
The principal mechanism for resistance
involves metabolism by cytochrome p450
enzymes, which have a general ability to

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detoxify many chemicals. The result is that
the insecticide active ingredient no longer
has the chance to travel from the cuticle
(the outside skeleton of the insect) to the
nervous system, which is its target. Thus,
the intensive selection with pyrethroids
has jeopardized our ability to kill these
weevils with virtually any insecticide.
Not all hope is lost, though, for chemical
control. The specific mechanism for resis­
tance I have found in ABW can be coun­
teracted with a synergist that blocks the
cytochrome p450 enzymes. A synergist
is a chemical that is not itself toxic, but
enhances the toxicity of something else.
This chemical, piperonyl butoxide (PB),
is commonly found in household insec­
ticide sprays containing shorter-residual
pyrethroids, like resmethrin. When ABW
adults are exposed to PB, their suscepti­
bility to pyrethroids is restored. Two PB
products are registered in CT, Prentox
PBO-8 (Prentiss Chemical) and Exponent
(MGK Co.) for mixing with insecticides.
The Exponent product has a very clearly
written label, whereas the Prentox PBO-8
product is difficult to interpret for use on
golf courses. The labels for both products
suggest mixing the product so that a cer­
tain ratio (1:1 to 10:1 of PB : insecticide ac­
tive ingredient) is achieved. Calculating
these ratios is unnecessary; field tests with
agricultural pests indicate that using 4 - 8
fluid ounces per acre of either product will
block the insects' detoxification enzyme
and will give maximum potential benefit.
A third product, Kicker (Bayer) is already
labeled for use on turf against ABW and in­
cludes pyrethrin along with the PB. There
has been no laboratory or field trial with
Kicker to see how it will perform relative
to the other PB-containing products. I can
anticipate that not only pyrethroids, but
other insecticides deactivated by the cy­
tochrome p450 system, will benefit when
combined with PB.
Humans also have cytochrome p450 en­
zymes, variously found in the small intes­
tines and in the liver. Several drugs have
precautions against consuming grapefruit,
because it contains chemicals that block
the p450 enzymes in the small intestines,
thereby either inactivating or making the
pharmaceuticals more toxic. Exposure to
PB should be expected to interfere with the
normal function of these enzymes, which
then could affect metabolism. Therefore,
even though PB is relatively non-toxic to
humans, applicators should follow la­
bel directions and avoid contact with the
spray. Good chemical hygiene by golfers
could be important as well. For example,
the practice of golfers licking the golf ball
to clean it could theoretically cause unfor­
tunate drug interactions if PB is present.

However, the continued use of pyrethroids,
even when combined with PB, should be
approached with caution. Like the adage
"there is more than one way to skin the
cat," there are also more mechanisms that
could allow ABW to circumvent our insec­
ticides. The most important mechanism
(besides metabolic degradation, which
is currently taking place) is target site
modification. Pyrethroids bind to sodium
channels of nerves, which is their "target
site". This can be pictured as a key (the pyrethroid molecule) fitting into a lock (the
channel). If the shape of the lock changes
so that the key no longer fits, then the in­
sect gains virtually absolute resistance to
that class of insecticide. I anticipate that a
few years of intensive selection with pyrethroid + PB combinations could result in a
target site modification form of resistance
occurring, which would make pyrethroids
ineffective against ABW adults.
Another approach to managing resistance
is to use insecticides in combinations with
each other. A well-known principle is that
insecticides affecting different functions of
nerves will synergize each other. Essen­
tially, it is like hooking up two amplifiers
in series: each poison causes the nerves to
fire more often, and so the combination
of two poisons will multiply their effects.
Two companies are introducing insecti­
cides containing a pyrethroid (bifenthrin)
in combination with a neonicotinoid. Aloft
(Arysta) combines clothianidin with bi­
fenthrin, while Allectus (Bayer) combines
imidacloprid with bifenthrin. Neither
clothianidin nor imidacloprid by them­
selves have good activity against ABW;
however, they do work together with bi­
fenthrin to provide better effect. I would
caution superintendents to combine either
of these products with PB if they have pre­
viously detected or suspect pyrethroid re­
sistance. There is no reason why superin­
tendents shouldn't be able to tank mix in­
dividual insecticides in synergistic combi­
nations (e.g., Arena plus Talstar, vs. Aloft)
for the purpose of combating resistance;
this will be an active area of my research in
2008. Especially intriguing will be combi­
nations that lack pyrethroids.
The basis for intelligent decisions for pest
management is accurate information.
Each superintendent can easily determine
whether an ABW population is susceptible
or resistant to pyrethroids with a test kit,
which I freely provide (contact me at my
e-mail address). The test kit will also de­
termine whether the p450 enzyme system
is responsible for the resistance. All that is
required to run the test is about 24 or more
adult weevils, which can be obtained with
a soapy irritant drench or can be picked
directly off the turf. Weevils are placed

into Petri dishes in a cool location, and the
number and pattern of weevils that die de­
termine the results.
Probably the most effective way to coun­
teract insecticide resistance is to rely more
on biological control and less on insecti­
cides. Predators and pathogens make the
perfect countermeasure to insecticide resis­
tance because they will kill the survivors
of insecticide treatments. The problem is
that pyrethroids are more toxic to preda­
tors and parasitic insects than to weevils.
To make better use of predators, we need
to find an insecticide that selectively tar­
gets the weevils. Environmentally less
disruptive ingredients, such as spinosad
(Conserve SC), may have the right charac­
teristics and, therefore, will probably gain
in importance for managing ABW.
Another approach will be to target treat­
ments to only those areas where damage
is observed, rather than to kill the adults.
This may reduce the total area treated and
the proportion of the weevil population
being selected with insecticides. Currently,
Conserve and Dylox are options for target­
ing ABW larvae. Ironically, pyrethroids
also appear to be effective against ABW
larvae, and so perhaps this class of insecti­
cide will retain its usefulness as a larvicide,
rather than for killing the adults.
Here are some unanswered questions that
will require the concerted efforts of re­
searchers studying resistant weevils (Pat
Vittum from UMass, Darryl Ramoutar and
Steve Aim from URI, and myself) and su­
perintendents to address:
1. Will combinations of pyrethroids and
PB effectively counteract pyrethroid
resistance?
2. Are perimeter sprays (with synergists)
adequate for managing ABW?
3. Will PB synergize other insecticides,
like Conserve?
4. Can pyrethroids be relied upon as
larvicides for ABW?
5. Can we determine the underlying
causes for variation in sensitivity to
pyrethroids?
Please let me know if you are willing to al­
low us to conduct research trials at your
course, so that we can provide better infor­
mation to all superintendents for manag­
ing ABW.

am
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