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1. m BOVINE KIDNEY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.

2. LI HIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGIGAL STUDY 0?
PWOHIA IN DOMESTIC WELLS.

131,.

1

Ronald 1'." Ingle

A 931818

Submitted to the Graduate School of Hichigan State College
of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial ful-
fil-eat of the requiremente for the degree of

mm 01' SCIENCE

Department of Animal Pathology

1939

'IfiES‘S

Part One.
The Bovine Kidney in Health and Disease.

A. A Histological Study of the Bovine Renal
Corpuscle.

B. The lumber, Shape. Structures and Surface
Area of the Gloneruli in the Bovine Kidney.

A. A Histological Stuw of the Bovine Renal Corpuscle.

Introduction

fhe renal corpuscle is one of the three most integral
structures in the mammalian kidney.

. If we are to study pathological changes in this body we
not understand the normal architectural design. The main purpose
is. therefore. to study the normal bovine renal corpuscle. 'e have
also observed some cases thought to be suffering from early glomerulo-
nephritis. fhis latter study is too limited to draw any definite
conclusions.

m of Litem

A review of literature reveals a complete lack of detailed
studies of the histology of the bovine renal corpuscle.

I-mngham (31%) has measured the renal corpuscle of the bovine
and the average sise for an adult animal would appear to be about
200 microns. I

In observations on the human kidney lhximow (29) states the
number of glomerular visceral epithelial cells is ten times as great
as the glomerular endothelial cells.

In acute glomerulo-nephritis Bell (27) states the changes
are all intracapillary. They consist of a massive proliferation of
the endothelial cells and a splitting of the basement membrane to
form intracapillary fibres.

Boyd (28) in describing the lesions of acute glomerulo-
nephritis states that the epithelial cells swell and proliferate
and finally become degenerate. He describes the endothelial cells
as becoming much swollen. multiplying greatly and tending to block
the lumen of the leap.

laterials and Methods

The‘kidneys for this study were from two types of cases.
For histological studies. normal bovines of various age groups
were selected. The cases for pathological studies were from
animals which.had died of pneumonia and.which we believed were
suffering from acute glomerulo-nephritis. I

The maJority of the material was obtained from the file
cases in the Pathology Department. M.S.G.

.All tissues were fixed in Zenker's solution. Paraffin
embedded.blocka were used and sections four microns thick were cut
(or as close to four microns as possible) and stained. IcGregor
(19) in his studies has shown that the distinction between glomerular
endothelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells becomes
much easier when the fine basement membrane of the loop which
separates the two sets of cells is stained.with Mallory's anilene
blue. I. used.the Halloryafieidenhain modification as given by
Mallory (39).

The blocks for histological study were cut in serial section.
four microns in thickness. and.from forty to fifty sections were
taken from.the blocks which we thought showed early glomerula-
nephritis.

Iach case was studied in the following manner. This
description will explain the heading of the following charts.

1. The number of renal corpuscles in a.microsc0pic field
was counted. using a Bausch and.Lomb‘binocular microscope. 10:
ocular and 16 mm. objective.

2. One of the renal corpuscles in the above field was

measured in its longest plane.

3. The number of glomerular endothelial nuclei were counted
in the above renal corpuscle using the oil emersion lens. In each
glomerulus the endothelial cells were counted three times and I
averaged. Approximately the largest endothelial nucleus was measured
with the oil emersien lens and the size recorded.

h. The number of visceral epithelial nuclei were counted in
the same renal corpuscle as three. using the oil emersion lens.

These too were counted three times in each glomerulus. The largest
epithelial nucleus. approximately. was measured and the size recorded.

5. The ratios of the glomerular endothelial cells to the

glomerular visceral epithelial cells were recorded.

‘9

Accession: 3509

Age: l'ull term fetus
lpeei es: Bovine

Remarks: loml

No. of Indo- No. of Epi-
thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Indo-

lo. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Cerpuscles Size of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Epithelial
in Iicroscop- Renal and Sise of One and Size of Cells in
ic l'ield Cerpuscle Nucleus Nucleus Glomerulus
31 58.5 h h.1 26 7.8 1:6.5
30 93.6 13 3.8 ii 7.5 1:3.1
25 78.0 6 u.1 u; 8.1 1:7.1
20 70.2 12 u.; 3n 8.u 1:2.8
18 ss.u 7 h.2 26 8.2 123.7
32 75.8 8 3.9 36 7.9 1zu.5
27 78.0 9 h.0 32 8.1 1:3.5
16 91.0 5 u.1 20 7.6 1:h.0
12 8h.2 7 3.9 h3 7.8 1:6.1
32 75.0 6 3.8 3a 8.0 1:5.6
19 80.0 5 h.1 27 7.0 1:5.h
at 58.5 n u.2 3n 7.6 1:8.5
28 » 82.1 6 1.2 h3 7.8 1:7.1
30 109.2 9 3.9 h3 8.0 1:h.7
31 7n.1 10 3.8 ha 6.8 1:h.2
22 58.5 8 h.h 30 7.9 133.7
26 81.9 6 h.6 27 8.2 1zu.5
at 82.0 h 3.9 33 7.8 1:8.2
20 70.2 7 h.0 38 7.9 1:5.h
10 70.2 13 8.1 33 7.9 132.5
16 78.h 11 h.1 27 8.2 1:2.h
an 78.0 7 3.9 38 7.8 1.5.1
19 72.3 11 3.6 28 7.9 1:2.5
28 83.3 8 h.0 37 7.6 1:h.6
8... 5-33 fist-é. 19% 133% 33% 3%? his?“
2:: if: ‘33:? ‘3 ”:2 2% 2:2 322%
Av. 23 77.8 8 .0 3h 3.8 1:h.2

Accession:
18.3
Species:

Remarks:

329*
6 weeks

Bovine
lermal

NO. Of lndO- NOe Of lpi-
thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Indo-
le. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Sins of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Epithelial
in Iicroscop- Renal and Size of One and Size of One Cells in

ic Iield Corpuscle lucleus Rucleus Slenerulus
11 1&1 30 h.1 u6 7.9 1:1.5
17 1&3 33 h.1 us 7.8 1:1.h
15 123 25 h.6 57 7.8 1:2.2
18 12k 19 u.5 5h 7.5 1:2.8
1» 1hh 27 h.h 60 7.6 122.2
15 107 16 h.3 no 7.8 1:2.5
13 - 121 20 h.5 58 6.7 1:2.9
12 117 19 u.6 51 6.9 1:2.6
13 109 20 3.9 53. 7.h 1:2.6
11 123 22 k.2 h6 7.8 122.0
16 106 10 3.7 hi 7.9 1:h.1
20 117 . 18 3.9 69 8.0 123.6
16 98 10 3.8 h5 7.9 1:h.5
13 92 11 u.0 37 8.1 1:3.3
15 118 20 h.1 79 7.8 1:3.9
18 92 18 11.2 117 8.0 122.6
16 11h 19 3.9 33 7.9 1.1.7
in 122 17 3.8 56 7.8 1:3.3
10 89 15 3.7 35 8.0 1:2.3
15 10k 10 h.0 38 8.1 1:3.8
12 93 8 h.1 u2 8.2 1x5.2
13 87 it 3.9 h6 7.9 1x3.2
1h 99 11 h.1 no 7.8 1:3.6
13 127 8 3.9 33 7.9 1:h.1
16 12‘: 16 __1._8_ ___h_1_§ 8. O 1: 2.
Total 35 2733i ‘73? 102.1 1.198 $91175 ire-t
Max. 18 1th 33 h.6 69 8.2 1:2.0
:3?’ Ii 1:; ' 1; 3:1 33 9:; i:2:8

.0

Accession: 3221

Age: 7 weeks

Species: Bovine

Remrksz Animal slaughtered after a

subacute brenchopneumonia
of 3 weeks' duration.

No. of Indo- No. of lpi-
. thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Indo-
lo. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Size of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Epithelial
in Ilicrosc0p- Renal and Size of One and Size of One Cells in

ic Held Corpuscle Nucleus Nucleus Glemerulus

18 1h0 27 5.5 36 7.8 1:1.0

17 132 28 h.3 h7 8.0 1:2.0

18 12h ' 18 8.2 23 6.h 1:1.0

19 108 30 5.0 35 7.8 1:1.0

in 107 27 . 5.h 56 7.7 1:2.0

16 132 29 1.9 50 7.8 1:2.0

17 129 28 5.} M3 6.8 121.0

in 135 56 h.3 92 7.5 122.0

17 116 37 5.8 69 7.6 1:2.0

19 112 2h n.6 33 5.3 1:1.0

16 108 28 5.3 us 7.2 1:2.0

15 11h 27 n.5 R6 7.u 1:2.0

1! 119 2h 11.6 ‘43 7.6 132.0

19 112 18 h.3 81 7.7 1:2.0

10 123 29 u.2 M3 7.5 131.0

16 98 27 h.5 58 6.0 1:2.0

12 11h 28 u.5 u1 6.7 1:1.0

19 110 19 5.2 27 7.6 121.0

18 96 30 5.6 59 6.9 1:2.0

1h 1&0 21 u.3 67 7.8 1:3.0

16 109 13 5.8 28 6.9 1:2.0

17 120 20 u.; 31 7.6 1:2.0

19 118 26 h.7 37 7.8 1:1.0

18 123 at h.1 33 7.9 1:1.0

1... 8% z-é-é-i- :3 -1—“=% 732% —£-:%‘- 2—wa-
Ifix. 19 1110 37 3.8 92 8.0 1:2.11
Ih 10 96 13 .1 23 5.3 1:1.7
1x. 17 11h 27 5.0 h5 7.0 1:1.7

II

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4
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Accession:
Age:
Species:
Remarks:

3982
3 months
Bovine

Animal died of acute
bronchepneumonia.

No. of Rndo- No. of lpi-
‘ thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Indo-
lb. of Renal 'in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Sise of of Glomerulus of Clomerulus to Epithelial
in Iicroscep- Renal and Sise of One and Size of One Cells in

ic Held Corpuscle Nucleus Rucleus Clomerulus

10 132 12 h.0 25 7.9 1:2.0

9 162 15 h.1 hi 7.2 1:3.0

11 157 16 h.0 27 8.0 1:2.0

8 159 15 1.1 33 7.8 1:2.0

8 162 22 h.0 28 7.9 131.0

7 1th 16 h.1 20 7.7 1:1.0

9 126 17 h.1 25 7.8 131.0

7 152 23 h.2 27 7.9 1:1.0

12 128 13 3.9 at 7.6 1:2.0

11 130 12 u.0 23 7.8 1:2.0

8 1&6 1h n.: 29 7.9 1:2.0

12 122 ,19 h.0 29 7.8 1:2.0

10 136 20 h.1 36 7.9 122.0

9 1h8 18 h.0 28 7.8 1:2.0

10 139 at u.1 31 7.9 1:1.0

12 1&2 16 3.9 23 7.8 1:1.0

11 13h 17 h.0 26 7.9 1:2.0

9 118 13 h.1 17 7.9 1:1.0

9 1h6 19 h.o 30 7.8 1:2.0

7 15k 17 h.1 29 7.7 1:1.0

6 139 16 h.0 21 7.8 1:1.0

7 127 in h.0 18 7.8 1:1.0

9 12k 15 u.1 19 7.1 1:1.0

8 13h 17 h.0 26 7.9 1:2.0

Total 22% 3.45% fig WIT—2% 63 l—i—I'g 557%
Mix. 12 162 23 n.2 hi 8.0 1:1.7
1:?“ 3 5’3. 1% 3:3 :3; 3:: iii?

C.

s

L
‘.

5
. .

Accession:
Age:
Species:

Remarks:

3200
10 weeks

Bovine

Animal died of a subacute
bronchopneumenia.

No. of Indo- R0. of lpi-

thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Indo-
Eo. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Sins of of Clemerulus of Glomerulus to Epithelial
in Iicroscop- Renal and Sise of One and Size of One Cells in

ic Iield Corpuscle Bucleus Rucleus Glonerulus
17 132 30 5.2 68 7.8 122.0
16 11h 20 h.6 39 7.h 122.0
18 109 16 h.3 21 7.6 121.0
25 118 18 h.5 23 7.h 121.0
18 12h 25 h.6 3h 7.5 121.0
23 126 27 h.3 3h 7.8 121.0
16 132 . ho 5.8 hh 6.2 121.0
2h 1hh 27 6.0 hi 6.7 122.0
23 138 23 5.1: ’46 6.9 132.0
17 133 19 h.6 ho 7.5 122.0
2h 118 26 h.8 28 7.6 121.0
18 10h 29 5.2 30 7.9 121.0
15 120 2h 5.3 27 7.5 121.0
16 138 23 6.0 h5 6.9 122.0
at 132 20 5.h 38 7.2 122.0
17 10h 1h 5.5 26 7.3 122.0
16 112 18 6.0 21 6.9 121.0
25 118 20 5.h 29 6.8 121.0
18 126 29 5.7 3h 6.2 121.0
17 120 26 6.0 27 6.8 121.0
15 129 33 5.8 h3 7.5 121.0
2h 132 27 5.2 3h 7.2 121.0
16 1h1 37 h.9 h6 7.8 121.0
16 139 32 h.6 39 7.1 121.0
Total “37% 32—33- 335;- 39% 3.3-:- .1332; gig-2%
m: i3 i3: ‘1‘: 2:: Si 2:: :33
Av. 19 125 ‘ 26 5.0 36 7.0 121.3

Fe

Accession: 3372
Age: 3 mnths
Species: Bovine
Remarks: lormal

lo. of lndo- No. of lpi-
thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Rudo-
le. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Sins of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Rpithelial
in licroscop- Renal and Size of One and Size of One Cells in

is field Corpuscles Nucleus Nucleus Glomerulus
6 109 10 h.0 29 7.8 122.9
7 12h 13 h.h 36 7.6 122.7
6 131 1h 3.9 25 7.5 121.7
8 118 19 h.2 37 8.0 121.9
7 1h0 27 h.0 h6 7.8 121.7
10 128 32 h.0 59 8.0 121.8
8 131 2h h.1 51 7.9 122.1
8 123 15 h.1 h2 7.8 122.8
11 126 10 3.9 31 8.1 123.1
8 13h 22 3.8 50 8.0 122.2
9 119 17 h.0 h2 7.9 122.5
12 11h 15 3.8 hh 8.0 122.9
6 122 20 3.9 58 7.9 122.9
h 118 15 3.7 h7 8.0 123.1
6 133 9 3.9 30 8.1 123.3
10 127 12 h.0 31 8.0 122.5
11 119 1h h.1 28 7.9 122.0
13 1h1 21 h.1 h8 7.8 122.2
8 131 13 3.9 MI 7.8 123.1
9 119 16 h.2 52 7.9 123.2
7 103 12 h.1 35 8.0 122.9
5 97 11 h.2 31 8.1 122.8
11 113 16 h.1 h2 8.2 122.6
12 116 19 h.0 58 8.1 123.0
Total 5% 9% 5%; 92f; l. 2 19%:% 5%
fix. 13 1h1 32 h.h 59 8.2 121.8
”:1- 8 97 9 3.7 28 7.5 133-1

121 16 3.9 ha 7.9 122.6

IL
'I

Accession: 11:5!

Age: 11 months
Species: Dovine
Rnarks: 101‘!

Re. of Rndo- R0. of Rpi-
‘ thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Endo-
lo. 0! Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells

Corpuscles Sins of of Glomerulus of Glemerulus to Epithelial
in licroscop- Renal and Size of One and Si se of One Cells in
is l'ield Corpuscle Rucleus Ruclsus Glomerulus
6 156 21 3.9 h9 7.9 122.3
5 1h0 20 3.7 53 7.8 122.6
5 1h8 26 h.0 61 7.9 122.3
2 172 32 3.8 63 7.6 121.9
h 175 25 h.0 76 7.9 123.0
5 1h0 15 3.9 51 8.0 123.h
h 1h8 17 3.6 39 7.9 .122.2
5 1h7 23 h.1 69 8.2 123.0
h 1h8 27 3.8 6h 8.0 122.3
5 156 25 h.0 72 8.1 122.8
5 172 30 3.8 50 7.9 121.6
7 1h0 20 3.7 ha 8.2 122.1
5 136 1h 3.5 39 8.1 122.7
8 158 17 3.9 5h 7.6 123.1
7 162 21 h.1 hi 7.9 121.9
5 110 1h 3.8 ha 8.0 123.0
5 120 8 h.0 32 7.8 12h.0
5 1h1 17 3.8 53 7.9 123.1
5 17h 31 3.7 83 7.8 122.6
5 161 25 h.0 57 7.6 122.2
7 130 16 3.7 ho 7.8 122.5
3 1h0 19 3.9 59 8.0 123.1
5 131 21 h.1 hs 8.1 122.2
Total fl 3%}?- 533% fig 135th 13%; flit-'3‘;
Rhea 7 17h 31 h.1 83 8.2 122.6
Min. 2 110 8 3.5 32 7.6 121.h
Av. 5 1h8 21 3.9 5h 7.8 122.5

1t

2'.

Accession: 114-142

Age: 1 year
Species: Bovine
Remarks: Dermal

R0. of Rndo- R0. of lpi-

thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Indo-
lb. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Size of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Epithelial
in Iicrescop- Renal and.Sise of One and Size of One Cells in

16 Iield Corpuscle Nucleus Nucleus Glomerulus

9 176 35 h.0 h3 8.1 121.2

7 181 20 3.9 31 7.8 121.5

10 167 22 h.2 25 9.7 121.1

6 152 20 3.9 28 7.h 121.h

77 16h 26 h.1 ho 7.6 121.5

7 lh2 hh h.1 67 7.8 131.5

8 191 39 h.0 61 8.0 121.5

7 1h1 37 h.7 57 7.2 121.5

9 168 3h h.0 59 8.0 121.7

7 136 5h h.0 83 7.3 121.5

8 163 2h 3.9 hh 7.7 121.8

6 172 28 3.7 57 7.8 122.0

9 169 30 3.h 73 7.6 122.h

10 13h 23 3.9 h6 8.0 122.0

7 152 19 3.8 h8 7.8 122.5

9 171 2h 3.9 55 7.9 122.2

8 162 21 h.0 5h 7.9 122.5

7 1h9 18 3.9 ha 8.0 122.3

10 152 27 3.8 61 8.1 122.2

9 1h7 22 h.1 h9 7.9 122.2

7 156 26 h.0 h9 7.8 121.8

6 1h3 31 3.9 60 8.0 121.9

7 162 26 3.9 61 8.1 122.3

7 18h 28 3.8 5h 8.1 121.9

Ilax. 10 18h 5h h.7 73 9.7 121.3
lin. 6 13h ' 20 3.8 25 9.3 121.2
Aw. 8 160 28 3.9 52 7.9 121.8

Accession:
Ase!
Species:

Remarks:

1%
1 year

Der-a1

No. of Rndo- R0. of Epi-
thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Inde-

Ro. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Size of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Epithelial
in Microscop- Renal and Size of One and Size of One Cells in
ic l'ield Corpuscle Rucleus Nucleus Glomerulus
7 i 157 h1 h.0 72 7.8 121.7
h 1h1 27 3.9 60 8.0 122.2
3 137 19 3.8 hh 7.9 122.3
5 132 21 3.9 39 7.8 121.8
h 173 35 3.7 83 8.1 122.3
6 1h1 22 3.8 h6 7.9 122.0
7 137 20 3.7 ho 8.0 122.0
h 171 32 3.6 62 7.8 121.9
h 162 36 3.9 66 7.9 121.8
5 159 19 3.7 h5 8.0 122.3
6 172 15 3.6 38 7.9 122.5
5 1h6 19 3.7 37 7.8 121.9
5 139 29 h.0 h7 8.0 121.6
5 130 33 3.9 63 8.1 121.9
5 1h7 22 3.7 h6 8.0 122.0
7 137 27 3.8 h9 7.9 121.8
5 171 18 3.9 3h 7.9 121.8
6 1hh 28 3.6 61 8.0 122.1
5 136 22 3.7 ho 7.9 121.8
h 17h 29 h.0 59 8.0 122.0
7 138 31 h.1 63 8.0 122.0
h 12h 18 h.2 31 7.8 121.7
6 179 2h h.0 h2 7.9 121.7
8 156 29 h.1 52 7.9 f 121.7
-- r22 2%: 222 2-2;: —— ~22
lax. 7 179 h1 h.1 83 8.1 122.0
Iin. 3 12h 15 3.6 31 7.8 122.0
Av. 5 150 25 3.8 50 7.9 -122.0

 

Q.

 

Accession:
58"
Species:

Remarks:

ih-hl

2 years
Bovine
Ber-a1

No. of Rndo- No. of Rpi-
thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Rudo-
Io. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Sise of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Epithelial
in licroscop- Renal and Size of One and Size of One Cells in

is field Corpuscle Nucleus Nucleus Glomerulus
h 132 26 3.7 ho 7.6 121.5
5 128 2h h.0 39 7.8 122.8
h 126 16 3.9 27 8.0 121.7
2 1hh 20 3.8 h6 7.5 122.0
2 156 25 h.2 h8 8.2 121.9
6 161 32 3.9 h8 7.8 121.5
8 152 25 3.8 53 7.6 122.1
6 127 20 h.1 31 7.9 121.0
h 139 21 h.2 57 8.0 122.7
5 16h 32 3.9 55 7.8 121.7
6 178 19 3.9 61 8.1 123.2
h 163 21 3.8 h8 8.2 122.3
5 171 25 h.0 61 7.9 122.h
h 132 21 3.9 35 7.8 121.7
6 1hh 17 3.8 39 8.0 122.3
5 153 2h h.0 h7 7.9 122.0
h. 1h7 17 h.0 37 7.8 122.2
8 153 18 3.9 33 7.8 121.8
3 1h2 22 3.8 h3 7.9 122.0
7 136 26 h.1 h7 7.6 121.8
2 139 18 h.2 51 8.0 122.8
6 158 2h 3.9 37 8.1 121.5
h 163 29 h.0 52 7.6 121.8
5 171 26 3.8 39 7.9 121.5
Ihx. 8 178 32 h.2 61 8.2 121.9
Ilia. 2 126 16 3.7 27 7.5 121.6
Av. 5 1h8 23 3.9 h5 7.8 121.9

aw.

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u-

Accession: 3W1

Age: 2 years
Species: Bovine ’

Remarks: Kidneys are normal in
microscopic study
although a pneumonia
had apparently existed.

No. of Rndo- No. of Rpi-

thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Inde-
No. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Sins of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Epithelial
in Microscop- Renal and Size of One and Size of One Cells in

ic Held Corpuscle Nucleus Nucleus Glomerulus
8 112 8 h.1 17 8.0 122.0
9 1hh 16 h.0 27 7.9 122.0
10 122 15 h.1 2h 7.8 122.0
7 1h7 2h h.2 h} 7.9 122.0
8 131 17 h.0 23 7.9 121.0
7 1h6 20 3.9 27 7.8 121.0
15 137 17 h.1 29 8.0 122.0
1h 1h0 18 h.0 31 7.9 122.0
9 136 15 3.9 25 7.8 122.0
8 126 8 3.8 19 7.9 122.0
9 108 10 h.2 25 7.7 122.0
10 128 17 h.1 2h 7.9 121.0
6 138 19 h.2 38 7.9 122.0
8 127 17 h.0 39 7.8 122.0
9 136 12 h.1 2h 7.9 122.0
126 23 h.0 32 7.8 121.0
12 132 18 h.1 18 7.9 121.0
12 129 16 h.0 17 7.8 121.0
9 1h1 29 3.9 h9 7.9 122.0
10 1h8 20 3.8 36 7.8 122.0
1h 122 21 3.9 2h 7.8 121.0
11 13h 23 h.1 29 7.9 121.0
9 129 2h. h.0 28 8.1 121.0
11 1h2 27 h.1 29 7.9 121.0

Total 5% 32-15%; 27 13%;?! fig- fi 55%???—
lax. 15 1h8 29 h.2 1:9 8.1 121.6
2: .2 1;; 1: 2:: 2; 2:22 2:2;

Accession: 1143']
Age: 2 years
Species: 3071:.

Benefits: Normal

No. of Rude. No. of Rpi-
thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of hdo-
No. of Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Sise of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Rpithelial
in.licroscop- Renal and Size of One and.Size of One Cells in

ie Iield Corpuscle Nucleus Nucleus Glomerulus
h 172 20 3.9 60 7.9 123.0
7 167 23 3.7 h8 7.8 122.0
5 15h 26 3.7 h2 8.0 121.6
6 161 22 3.8 51 7.9 122.3
7 1h2 26 3.9 60 7.8 122.3
_6 1h6 3h 3.8 6h 7.7 121.8
7 153 37 3.9 51 8.0 121.3
6 163 18 3.7 ha 8.1 122.3
5 1h2 19 h.0 h3 7.9 122.2
h 169 27 3.9 h9 7.8 121.8
8 13h 21 3.7 hi 7.9 121.9
7 127 22 3.8 h3 7.8 121.9
7 1h7 23 3.9 h7 8.1 122.0
7 161 25 3.9 61 8.0 122.h
5 136 2h h.0 h5 8.1 121.8
6 1h7 21 h.1 56 8.2 122.6
h 1h9 18 3.9 39 7.9 122.1
h 13h 27 3.9 ho 7.9 121.h
6 1h6 16 3.7 29 7.8 121.8
7 155 26 3.8 5h 7.8 122.0
5 163 21 3.9 63 7.9 123.0
7 1h9 23 3.7 39 7.8 121.6
6 136 26 3.6 62 7.6 122.0
h 1h2 19 h.0 37 7.9 121.9
lax. 7 172 37 h.1 6h 8.2 121.7
Iin. h 127 16 3.6 29 7.6 121.8
Av. 6 1h9 23 3.8 ES 7.9 122.0

 

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Accession: 11:68
Age: 1: years
Species: Bovine

Rourke: Leealised scar tissue
but nor-l on sectioning.

No. of Rndo- No. of Epi-
. thelial Cells thelial Cells Ratio of Indo-
No. ef’Renal in One Section in One Section thelial Cells
Corpuscles Size of of Glomerulus of Glomerulus to Epithelial
in Iicroscop- Renal and.Size of One and Size of One Cells in

is field Corpuscle Nucleus Nucleus Glomerulus

6 192 30 h.0 39 7.8 121.3

7 181 h5 h.1 ' h9 8.1 121.0

7 163 30 3.9 37 11.7 121.3

5 152 36 h.0 51 8.0 121.h

5 11h 35 h.2 h6 7.8 121.3

3 161 h1 h.0 51 7.0 121.2

5 158 50 h.2 61 7.9 121.2

h 173 38 h.2 hh 7.8 121.1

3 172 35 h.0 39 7.8 121.1

6 168 36 h.0 ho 8.1 121.1

5 173 he 3.9 59 7.8 121.h

6 1h2 37 3.7 h3 8.2 121.1

5 157 36 h.1 5h 8.0 121.5

6 183 35 3.9 ha 8.2 121.2

h 176 32 h.0 36 8.1 121.1

3 169 39 3.7 ha 7.8 121.0

h 1h2 32 3.9 37 8.0 121.0

h 137 33 3.7 ho 7.9 121.2

8 181 he h.0 51 8.3 121.2

6 162 18 h.1 33 8.0 121.8

6 13h 39 3.7 h7 8.1 121.2

3 1h2 28 3.6 39 8.2 121.3

h 153 h3 3.8 52 7.9 121.2

5 171 31 3.9 ha 7.8 121.3

._Ji __ll§. .32. ._l;2. .___11. .__§:9 ..JL§LR§

Total 125 3.992 890 98.5 1.111 202.3 25230.7
lax. '7 192 50 h.2 61 11.7 121.2
1:? 3 :2: :2 2:3 :2 2:2 23::

Discussion

It will be noted that as far as possible decimal figures
have been avoided. This was felt advisable since these compilations
can be at the best only approximations. The number of renal corpuscles
in the microscOpic field varies greatly. At birth the average number
is near twenty-three. while in the adult animal there are approxi-
mately five. This would signify that one of three things has
happened. 1. There has been a loss of glomeruli. 2. The inter-
glomerular tissue has increased in amount. 3. The glomeruli have
become mch larger.

It is very unlikely that a significant loss of glemeruli
could occur without noticeable lesions resulting. It must be con-

81 dered true that the interglomerular tissue increases its volume when
we note the increased weight of the kidneys with the little change in
the medulla. Our figures would seem to indicate that there is an
enlargement of the renal corpuscle from about 80 microns at birth to
200 microns at maturity. Thus. we may suppose the reason for the
decrease in number of renal corpuscles in a standard microscopic field
is due to two factors. 1. A great increase of interglomerular tissue.
2. A slight enlargement of the renal corpuscle itself.

The sise of a normal vascular endothelial nucleus would appear
to be about 1: microns. In the four cases of suspected nephritis. two
of them revealed the vascular endothelial cells to be 5 microns. In
the other two. there was no significant difference. The average si se
of the nuclei of the norml glomerular visceral epithelial cell would
appear to be close to 8 microns. In two of the suspected nephritis

cases. the same cases in which the endothelial nuclei were 5 microns.

the average epithelial nucleus was but 7 microns. These nuclei had a
condensed. almost pyknotic appearance of the chromatin material. while
the endothelial nuclei showed the exact opposite condition.

The bovine at birth apparently has fewer endothelial cells in
comparison to epithelial cells; the ratio is about 1:3. This is
apparently due to the two obvious factors; that is. both an increase of
epithelial cells over the adult glomerulus. and a smaller number of
22286212811221 «11.. (Ace. 3509). As the 222122231 becomes older. we find
that these two cells become more equal in numbers. but this would appear
mainly due to a propagation of the vascular endothelial cells.

In the four suspected pathological cases. we find the ratio low
in each one except 3hhl when we consider what the ratio would be in the
normal animal.

Thus.in 3221 ratio is 121.7. normal would.be 1:3

In 3200 ' ' 121.3. ' ' ' 123
In 3h82 ' ' 121.5. ' ' ' 122
In 3hhl ' ' 121.5. ' ' ' 1:2

This appears to be due to a desquamation and loss of the
epithelial cells. This observation is especially significant when we
note epithelial cells in the subcapsular space. It is suggested that

the significant lesion may be intercapillary.

222mm

1. Growth.of interglomerular tissue is mainly responsible
for the reduced number of the renal corpuscles in a constant section
of a kidney from birth to maturity.

2. The sins of a normal vascular endothelial nucleus is about
h microns. The nuclei may enlarge to 5 microns in a nephritic condi-
tion.

3. The sise of a normal glomerular visceral epithelial cell
would appear to be 8 microns. In a nephritic condition they are on
an average 7 microns.

h. The ratio of vascular endothelial cells to glomerular
visceral epithelial cells becomes lower in a glomerulo-nephritis.'

This may be due to a desquamation of the epithelial cells.

 

 

TH! NUIRIR. SHAH. STRUCTURES AND SURfACI ARIA
01' TH! 01.0mm IN THE IIDNITS
Of TR! DOVIRI

 

. TIE... usu.
.1I'n:v: ’8. . - 2
V i: .ll' .N .

Introduction

.As far as is known. there has been no estimate of the number
of renal corpuscles in the kidney of the bovine using recent scientific
technique as described by lbore (20). The number of renal corpuscles
is of prime importance in determining the surface area of the filter-
ing apparatus of the kidneys. which is necessary to estimate the
physiological function of the kidney.

Review of Literature

In regard to the human kidney. the estimates given are indeed
varied.and show that until recently no work of an accurate nature has
been accomplished.

Some of these results are as follows. as quoted from
Vintrup (1h):

Rysenhardt (1818) estimates there are h2.000.000 renal tubules

Ruschke (1828) estimates there are 2.100.000 glomeruli

Sappey (1886) estimates there are 560.000 glomeruli

Putter (1911) estimates there are 1.900.000 for both kidneys

Iittelsen (1917) estimates there are l.Oh0.000 for one kidney

Trent (1923) estimates there are h.500.000 for one kidney

The number of glomeruli in the kidneys of different animals are

given as follows for one kidney. as quoted from Vintrup (1h):

Pig Schweigger (1865) 500.000
Putter (1911) 700.000
Cat Miller and Carleton (1895) 16.000

Peter (1909) 2,000,000 to 3.000.000

 

 

.I: lii'i] ( II. .3

Rabbit Putter (1911) 230.000

Conway and O'Connor (1923) 55.000
Dog Brodie and Thackrah (191h) 1h2.000 and 125.000
Rat Kittelson (1917) 28.863
Sheep Putter (1911) h,025.000
0: Putter (1911) 12,025,000
frog Raymann (1925) 3.650 and.6.h6O

Rest of these figures are based.upon counting the glomeruli
in a small unit of cortex and then computing the number in the entire
kidney. '

A.methed.has now been developed.and is in use which is
accurate to a high degree in determining the number of glomeruli in
animls. m. method is advocated by Trent (12). Vintrup (1h) and
floors (20). .

The results obtained.by these authors correspond closely.

Some of their counts are repreduced.here (number of glomeruli in one

121mm):

Ian. child 887.399 (1h)
Ian. child 955.251 (1h)
Ian. adult 833.992 (1h)
Ian. adult 867.177 (1h)
Ran. adult 1.233.360 (1h)
Cat. adult 171.165 (1h)
Cat. adult 173.805 (1h)
Cat. adult 202.813 (1h)
Doc. 8 1:8- "07.155 (11:)

D05: 12 :82 5072913 (In)

 

 

 

Rat. albino 33.826 (1h)

Rabbit 200.000 (1h)
Ian. adult 557.619 (1h)
Ian. adult 120059133 (11")

Moore (20. Arataki (21) and Rittelsen (h) are in agreement
that there is an active postnatal nephrogenesis with the formation of
new glomeruli in the kidney of the white rat up to 500 days of age.
floors (20) has shown that it does not exist in mm. and my figures
would indicate that no postnatal nephrogenesis takes place in the
bovine. loore (20). Arataki (21) and floors and Hallman (8142) show
that there is a loss of glomeruli in man and rat during sonility.
This loss of glomeruli amounts to one-half to one-third of adult
numbers. This has not been confirmed in my bovine cases. although
in all probability the same condition exists.

Case 1623les glomerular counts for both kidneys and the
results are in agreement with the findings of Rayman and Starr (3).
and floors and Imkianoff (15). tint the total number of glomeruli in
each kidney as a rule approximate each other. The difference is

close to ten per cent.

Rethod of Countipg the Renal Cemusclos in the Bovine Kidngz

1. The kidney is removed at autopsy with great care and the
renal artery is cannulated and irrigated with pivsiological saline
solution at 5.00 mm. mercury pressure. Air must not be permitted to
enter the inJection apparatus since it collects in the capillaries and
cannot be voided. Irrigation is continued until the solution from the

renal vein is clear and bloodless. This generally necessitates the

use of two litres of the solution.

2. The kidney is now placed in the refrigerator for 18 hours
to allow rigor mortis of the bleed.vessels to pass off.

3. The renal artery is now cannulated again and a compound
solution consisting of 15 per cent iron ammonium citrate and 1.5 per
cent aqueous potassium ferrocyanide is injected at 600 mm. mercury
pressure. Repeated temporary occlusion of the renal vein helps to
raise the pressure within the kidney and insures more complete indoc-
tion. Three litres should be used to give complete inJection. After
inJoction is completed the kidney is out into 10-12 sagital sections
and the cortex is removed from the medulla. Because of the lobation
of the bovine kidney this is a delicate problem. It was found.by
careful manipulation that the cortex can be peeled off at the proper
place. By this technique the arcuate vessels are exposed and are
always adherent to the cortical material.

h. Ieigh cortex and medulla and record.

5. Place in 20 per cent hydrochloric acid for 2h hours.

6. Dry on blotting paper for 15 minutes. Veigh the cortical
material.

7. Three samples are now chosen for the computing. Each
sample is composed.of ten pieces of cortex taken.at different points.
The selections were made as follows:

a» Column of Bortini. close to medulla.

b. Midway between medulla and capsule along column of Bertini.

c. Close to capsule at column of Bertini.

d. Close to medulla at centre of lobe.

o. Iidway'between medulla and capsule at center of lobe.

f. Close to capsule at center lobe.

Bach sample is carefully weighed.

8. Replace each sample in 20 per cent R01 and leave until it
can be pulled apart with slight pressure. 1-10 days.

9. Several pieces of weighed medulla are also placed in 20
per cent RC1 until partially digested.

10. Carefully wash samples and suspend in a mixture of three
parts glycerol and one part of 10 per cent aqueous chloral lwdrate.
lacerate the samples further until an even suspension is obtained.

11. A pipette is used to obtain a small quantity of the sus-
pension which is placed on a slide and a cover slip is applied without
pressure on it.

12. An accurate stage is used and every glomerulus is counted
in the sample.

13. The mathemtics are simple and are explained by cases
studied.

Discussion of Errors

It is seen that errors in using this method'may be many. yet
on close scrutiny it is apparent that these errors may be largely
controlled.

1. Blood clotting in the vessels my be thought to cause
obstruction to the inJection of the chemical solution. These do not
form. however. in the arterial side of the circulatory vessels. and
they are completely washed out of the veins by the pro-indoction of
the saline solution.

2. The count say be mterially lowered if some glomeruli have
not been inJectod. This can be checked by fixing some of the discarded

cortex in 10 per cent formalin and using the frozen section method.

 

 

 

cutting at 20 microns and carefully count several hundred glomeruli
and determine how many were not injected.

ly injections have been approximately 98 per cent perfect.

3. Separation of cortex and medulla is the most likely step
for errors to creep in. This is also checked.by making frozen sections
of both medulla and cortex and determining how much of either tissue
has been separated in the wrong place. As far as could be determined
by this method. the technique employed is accurate to within a‘very
small fraction.

The medulla has also been digested in two cases and the
glomeruli counted. The results of this will be seen in the cases
studied.

h. Prolonged emersien in the R01 may result in the digestion
of the glomeruli. This must be carefully guarded against by close
observation of the material. Then the cortex can be easily separated
with.tw0 needles. the digestion is sufficient and should be stopped.

5. Loss of samples by washing: sediment left in bottle or
pipette. It may be necessary to use 20 cc. of glycerol-chloral
hydrate to dislodge a small fragment of tissue in the bottle or
pipette. but it may always be accomplished if time and care are

taken.

Case 1.
Acc. 1618

History: Bovine. grade. one month old. ”Slaughtered for food
purposes and kidneys saved. The before mentioned technique is used to
inject the glomeruli.

[eight of right kidney after injection and separation of medulla
and.cortex 135.98 gm.

Ieight of cortex 116.0” gm.

'eight of medulla 19.9h gm.

Ratio of medulla: cortex is approximately 1:5.

Ieight of cortex after 2h hours' digestion with 20 per cent HCl
is 8h.5 gm.

Ieight of medulla after 2h.hours' digestion with 20 per cent
301 is 12.} gm.

The following samples are chosen and remacerated. The number

of glomeruli in each sample is as follows:

1.521. . M. £1. 2. 1.61 2-
202 1:12 13g 382 2&3 262
202 186 38 350 276 275
39 206 26" 328 278 281
311* 2&9 351 282 227 177
218 328 263 197 313 382
311 31h 322 2113 2&1 366
297 293 33: 179 328 1118
283 368 331 278 309
fig 257 365 281: 309 312
263 22 22!: 278 265
3‘16 nos 380 335 226 37s
297 376 SH 277 210 363
#12 351 3 2M6 281 379
385 297 367 210 2h} . £22
3:; 309 300 153 209 13.31
2 125 231 193
391: 2 1:18 391 3’48
26 29 361
3 m 227
208 uoz

Case 1. Continued

32521. 3. 1.6h 55. gggggfiLg, .1L§g_55.
200 215 322
162 30k 269
318 196 228
$1 23% 2i?
3 2
12; 181 236
312 3 1
29“ 335 29h
2&7 227 209
263 2311 319
292 391 86
3g; 3:2 13.339
307 2h6
192 291
2:
221 3233
:32 2&6
3 2
266 121
362 251 In this case 6h0
320 265 glomeruli were
327 2RD counted in the dis-
136 273 carded cortical
219 2H3 material for the
306 368 completeness of
213 335 staining. Only ten
268 299 were found to contain
239 30h no stain.
in} 3922
332 205
35” 216
368 212
3:2 2
676 256

The total amount of medullary substance in this case has
been macerated and counted after separation from the cortex. The

number of glomeruli is as follows:

12 13 18 11 15
1 11 19 19 17
18 1h 11: 10 12
111 18 11 16 18

9 111 16 1h 1h
16 12 13 13 16

2 19 15 17 18
1h 17 18 15 13
15 13 17 13 15
17 1h 13 18 15
11 12 16 16 - 17
17 16 12 19 13
18 11 11 12 12
13 16 16 15 17
19 13 13 10 15
16 15 18 1h 17
13 13 1h 1 1s
12 18 1o 1 12
16 18 1 18 11;
1h 18 l 15 l8
18 12 17 17 13

9 16 22 18 13
15 11 25 1h 11
23 18 23 13 15
15 10 15 16 111
17 16 17 1 18
111 12 13 1 13
17 19 15 17 12
12 15 16 16 11
11 12 17 12 11
1h 11 1h 18 1
12 21 18 15 15
16 15 21 10 17
13 17 2h 15 13
11 1h 26 18 17
17 19 17 16 111
It 9 18 1h 12
18 21 15 17 21
12 15 11 10 go
16 17 15 15 15
13 16 16 17 18
18 19 18 18 13
11 20 1 12 12
18 13 1 16 15
15 1° 17 19 16
12 12 12 13 10

lednllary count of glomeruli.

15
18
12
1h
13

7
15
12

8

12
1

1?.
12
16
10
16
20
13
11
1h
13

15
16

6
16
12
15
10
18
19

7

23

2!:
16
18
23
18
16
27
1h
16
28
23
25
16
22
18

:3,
214
17
12

9
13

25
10

17

8
16
38
20
1h
17
17

8
1h

10
16

13
18
13
19

Continued.

17
18

28
15

23
16
16

211

15
12

1h

27
12

11
16

16

23
21

1!:
18
21

13
12

11
1h

23

16
13
15

ledullary count of glomeruli.

11

18
13
10
12

Continued.

111
22
16
17
12
18
111
16
1

.3
15
13
17
21
21
20
16
111
18
1h
12
18
16
1h
12
18
21
211
23
18
19
17
111
15
12
18
21
23
20
10
111
16
15
17
13
11
17
1h
13
15
17

Isdullary count of glomeruli. Continued.

13 21
12 18
17 23
18 17
12 18
18 15
111 23
17 22
11: 17
12 15
16 17
13 18
18 11:
11 21
17 18
18 19
13 15
18 23
111 15
17 17
15 13
17 17
111 111
18 18
12 19
16 12
11 18
18 12. 777
15
11
13
17
15
18
19
13
15
15
21
21:
10

9
16
18
111
12
12
16

63'. 1e

.Lcc. 1618

Sample 1.

1.65 gram of cortex contains 20.h8h glomeruli

1 ' I ' ' 12.n1h '
sample 2.

1.67 gram of cortex contains 13.316 glomeruli

1 I I I I 7'90? I
Sample 3.

1.6M gram of cortex contains 12.976 glomeruli
1 I I I I 7.607 I
Sample h.
1.52 gram of cortex contains 13.689 glomeruli
1 I I I I 9.005 I
.kverage number of glomeruli per gram is:
12.hlh

7.907
7.607

326% 3. 9- 9.233
Ieight of entire cortex is 8h.5 grams. Therefore. the
number of glomeruli in Case 1 is 8h.5 x 9.233 I 780.189. But the
medullary substance contains 12.777 glomeruli by actual count.
1 The percentage of error which resulted from the separation

of cortex from the medulla was approximately one per cent.

Case 2.

Aces 1621‘-

Bistory: Bovine. Aberdeen.ingus. five years' old. Slaughtered
for food purposes and.kidneys saved.

fresh weight: Bight kidney 301 gm.

Left kidney 303 gm.

Ieight of right kidney after injection of chemical but before
separation of medulla and cortex ”01 gm.

leight of left kidney R25 gm.

leight of cortex a5; left kidney before putting in 20 per cent
HCl and.after injection with chemical 358 gm.

‘leight of medulla 55 gm.

Ieight of cortex of right kidney after injection of chemical
and.before putting in 20 per cent 301 325 cm.

'eight of ”mu 60 cm.

leight of cortex of left kidney after maceration for 2% hours
and dried 15 minutes is 233 gm»

Sample lo. 1 1.7 gm.

Sample no. 2 2.39 gm.

Sample 10. 3 1.9 gm.

Ieight of cortex of right kidney after maceration for 2h hours
and.dried 15 minutes is 238 gm.

Sample No. 1 1.72 gm.

Sample no. 2 1.37 gm.

Sample 30. 3 2.1 gm.

Case 2.

Ace. 16211
Right Kidney
aggle 1. 1.12 2. Eagle 2. 1.31 gm. gaggle 3. 2.1 e.
212 316 117
202 2711 11116
29k 233 192
361 3 386
2117 3112 3‘16
196 253 366 .
278 169 313
227 207 72
27 3 251 1
286 197 329
2111 276 260
280 2811 360
305 319 288
210 161: 1136
285 235 162
3‘16 338 379
23 261
31 11211115 3117
188 2811
2 3 312
2 7 29
126 1112
277 3%
318 7.5
390
180

In this case 718 glomeruli were counted in the discarded
cortical material. Only nine glomeruli were found containing no
dye.

Case 2e
Acc. 1621
Right Kidney
Sample 1.

1.72 gram cortex contains 6.821 glomeruli
1 I I

m1. 2e

3.955 '

1.37 gram cortex contains-h.hh5 glomeruli
1 I I

Sample 3.

3.21111 '

2.1 gram cortex contains 7.5h0 glomeruli

1 I I I 3,590 I
Average number of glomeruli per'gram is:
3.965
3.2“
.1222
10.799 1‘- 3 ' 3.599

leight of entire cortex is 233 gm. Therefore. total
number of glomeruli is 838.567.

22

05'. 2e
Acc. 1621}
Left Kidney

m1. e 2e 52 62° BLEEIO :0 1.2 figs

376 211
289 281
3115 267
30 32h
1 198
10 273
"08 216
323 269
335 291
361 217
267 256
332 312
281 309
109 279
291 283
P 3.
312 262
211 239
329 25
261 31
25 281
326 211
2:1 268
2 7 309
269 280
319 266
286 211
270 , 231
309 220
262 206
9.251' 210

2.6%

In this case 9311 glomeruli were counted in the discarded

cortical mterial.

Only sixteen were found containing no dye.

Case 2.
“Ce 162“

Left Kidney

Sample 1.

1.7 gram cortex contains 8.195 glomeruli

1 ' ' ' h.820 '
Sample 2.

2.39 gram cortex contains 9.251 glomeruli

l ' ' ' 3.870 '
Sample 3.

1.9 gram cortex contains 8.751 glomeruli

1 - - - 1.536 .

Average number of glomeruli per gram is:
h.820

3.870
13’52'16 ' 3 - 1.1125
I ‘3'

'eight of entire cortex is 238 gm. Total number of glomeruli
is 238 x.h.h25 I 1.053.150.

Since .5. number of glomeruli in both kidneys of Ace. 1621:
has been counted. we can determine the percentage difference of
glomeruli in the kidneys of this case.

lumber of glomeruli in left kidney 1.053.150

lumber of glomeruli in right kidney 838.567

The percentage difference is 11 per cent.

Case 3.

Ace. 1623

History: Bovine. Aberdeen Angus. 11 years' old. Slaughtered
for food purposes and kidneys saved.

l'resh weight: Right kidney 1185 gm.

Left kidney 1197 gm.

Isight of right kidney after injection with chemical but
before separation of medulla and cortex is 669 gm.

Kidneys have been injected with potassium ferrocyanide and
ferric amonium citrate and the cortex has been separated from the
medulla.

I‘eight of cortex 577.2 911.

Veight of medulla 76.0 gs.

'eight of right cortex after maceration for 211 hours and
dried 15 minutes is 393 gm.

Sample lo. 1 1.68 gm.

Sample lo. 2 2.12 gm.

Sample No. 3 1.97 gm.

Weight of medulla after maceration for 211 hours and dried
15 minutes is 56 gm.

8221. 1. 1.68 g.

233

11112
31711
259
288
281
1131:
310
318
2111

277
336

5
332
223
1:2
1 3
235
271
289

23%}

Case 3.
Ace. 1623

8&1. 2. 2.12 2°

The total amount of medullary substance in this case has

been macerated and counted after separation from the cortex.

number of glomeruli is as follows:

8
15
16
18
1h

18

11
17
16
1h

9
10

1h
12

17
17
18
1
.3
17
9
16
8
16
15
12

18
11

9
15
17
18
.3
21
16
18
13
12
15

8
18

16
1k

111

17
12

The

ledullary count of glomeruli.
8 18 11
16 12 19
23 16 16
17 13 20
18 19 21
15 15 11
16 17 1h
12 12 18
18 11 16
13 15 19
17 18 13
13 16 18
16 10 15
11 18 18
18 22 13
12 18 12
16 10 12
11 1h 10
18 17 25
9 15 17
15 13 15
18 16 19
22 13
17 15 16
15 17 21
17 16 16
12 13 18
15 17 13
15 12 16
11 18 11
1h 16 18
9 17 11
15 1h 16
17 16 13
15 12 1
17 17 1
13 11 18
8 16 13
15 1h 19
17 17 10
1h 10 16
18 18 23
19 12 16
1h 15 18
19 11 19
16 15 16
1h 13 17
12 17 13
16 13 12
19 11 13
17 18 11

Continued.

Ilednllary count of glomeruli. Continued.

11 18
18 13
12 16
1 1o
1 12
11 16
18 17

i? 8.18%

68.. 3e

Acc. 1623
Sample 1.
1.68 gram.ccrtex contains 6.986 glomeruli
1 i 8 I 11.158 I
Sample 2.

2.12 gram cortex contains 10.h52 glomeruli
1 I I I 11,953 I
Sample 3.
1.97 gram cortex contains 8.095 glomeruli
1 I I I ”.109 I
Average number of glomeruli per gram is:
h.158
E13;
13.220 .3. 3 - 11.1106
Weight of entire cortex is 393 gm. Therefore. total number
of glomeruli is 1.731.558. But the medullary substance contains
8,166 by actual count. The total number of glomeruli is 1.731.558 +
8.166 - 1,739.72“.

The Structure of the Glomerulus

When the results of eleven kidney injections have been
reviewed. the internal structure is lads considerably clearer.
Often my specimens were not completely injected and thus had to
be thrown out since a reliable count could not be obtained from
these.

These specimens. however. afforded a fine chance to observe
the capillaries of the glomerulus. In these cases it was often
found that only a few capillaries were injected: in one instance
two loops only were partially filled with the blue dye. In these
instances there were never any branchings observed from one capillary
leap to the other. nor did I see an of the blue dye in the efferent
arteriole if the glomerular capillaries were not completely injected.

The afferent arteriole my be clearly seen to subdivide into
2-5 primary branches: this was seen especially well in one case where
the capillaries did not seem to inject easily. but in which the
afferent arterioles were well engorged. These branches seem to
determine the number of lobules which the glomerulus will have. 0ne
lobule is formed by the capillaries from one primary branch of the
afferent arteriole. The number of lobules varies from 2-5 and my

even vary from 2-7.

The Sise and.8hape of the Glomerulus

The sise of the glomerulus varies according to age. From
the observations of Langham. and those of my own. the following
measurements have been obtained from bovine kidneys:

Bovine at birth 80 microns
Bovine at one month 1h9 '
Bovine at one year 170 '
Cow at two years 200 '
Cow at five years 215 '
Cow at eleven years 220 '

The average would seem to be near 200 microns. The bovine
glomerulus appears in.my macerated.specimens to be almost C039
stantly ovoid in shape. This is the shape it assumes when the
capsule is present and the capillaries are filled with fluid. which

would simulate the normal physiological active period during life.

The Surface Area of the Bovine Glomerulus

There are about 50 capillary loops in a glomerulus and
each loop is somewhat more than twice the diameter of the renal
corpuscle. and my thus be taken to approximate 500 microns.

The capillary length in a glomerulus will then be 25.000 microns
or 25 mm. This will be a total length of 25 km. for the
capillaries in a kidney. if we assume there are 1.000.000
glomeruli in the kidney. The diameter of a capillary is close
to 10 microns. Therefore. circumference of capillary is

10x22_I22_0_u.
7 . 7

Surface area of capillary in a kidney is

a x 25.000.000.000 I .78 square metres
7

19.12.1332

1. The number of glomeruli in the normal bovine kidneys
appears to vary to some degree. The lowest count of four was
800.000. The highest count was 1.700.000. The average would
appear to approximate 1.000.000.

2. Iach of the two kidneys from one animal contain
approximately the same number of glomeruli.

3. There is probably no postnatal nephrogenesis of
glomeruli in the bovine kidney.

h. The surface area of the capillaries in the bovine
glomerulus approximates one square metre.

5. There appears to be no anastomosis of the capillaries
of the normal glomerulus.

6. The glomerulus is divided into lobules corresponding
to the primary branchings of the afferent arterioles. There are
generally 2-5 lobules. but there may be as many as 7.

7. There is a postnatal enlargement of the renal
corpuscle from 80 microns at birth to 220 microns at eleven years

Of “Us

1.

2.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Review of Literature

ltiological and.Pathological Study

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

The Specimens Studied

Method of Anatomical Studies
Anatomical Studies

Technique for Bacteriological Studies

Bacteriological Studies

Discussion

Summany
Bibliography

Photographs

Vascular Injections

1gtroduction

Pneumonia.has in past years been a scourge of the live stock
industry. It has become an accepted evil by our breeders. Its
demoralizing effects have been felt by all those who have raised and
cared for animals for any length of time. The purpose of this paper
is to obtain some knowledge of the pathology and etiology of this
dread condition and in this manner forward progress toward the
extinction of pneumonia.

It is essential that we have a knowledge of the bacterial
flora of the diseased lung. The prophylaxis and treatment of the
condition is completely dependent upon this knowledge. It is also
essential to be able to correlate the pathological changes with the

‘bacteria present.

Review of Literature

Literature on the etiology of pneumonia in domestic animals is
rather abundant. There is. however. paucity in regard to the morbid
anatomical changes present in this condition. In.particular. there is
little correlation of the etiology and pathology of the diseased lungs.

Carpenter and Gilman (36) in 1921 have reported on calf
pneumonia in How York state. They find that the lesions vary accord-
ing to the chronicity of the condition. Their descriptions are that
of a bronchopneumonia in its various stages. The bacteria found
varied. but a streptococcus was the most consistent and predominating.
Smith has reported on pneumonia in calves in three conditions. In
1925 (23) associated with scours and a bacteremia in young calves

caused.by Bacillus coli. In 1925 (35) he found Brucella abortus

infection to be the cause of fetal and new born calf pneumonia. In
1917 (2k) an epidemic of pneumonia was found due to Bacillus actinoides.
retal pneumonic lesions associated with Brucella infection have been
described by 231m. Sholl and 13.1.. (25). Thorp (26) has studied
calf pneumonia in a very complete and exhaustive manner and has shown
that a characteristic bronch0pneumonia is associated in many instances
with a hemolytic streptococcus.

Pneumonia in sheep has been long recognized to occur in two
forms. The more common is the acute condition. Kelser (7). The
condition is often described.as necrotic pneumonia and is due to
Pasteurella ovisepticus. The chronic form of pneumonia has been found
due to the Preisz-Nocard.bacillus and has been known as pseudo-
tuberculosis since 1887. Nocard (32).Preiss and Guinard (33). Spray (1)
has reported exhaustively on pneumonia of sheep in Chicago packing
houses. The majority of his cases were due to Pasteurella infection
and were acute and subacute in duration. Rosenbusch (37) has studied
cultures of Pasteurellae from pneumonia in hogs. sheep. and.bcvines.

He divides the strains into two main groups. The one group is atypical on
the basis that there is hemolysis on blood agar. The typical strains
were subdivided into three strains on fermentation and serological
differences. Bewson and Cross (22) describe the Pasteurella from

cases of pneumonia in sheep and divide them into three groups. They
suggest Pasteurella hemolytica as a name for the atypical group which

they isolated. Montgomeris. Bosworth and Glover (33) have studied

an ensootic pneumonia of sheep probably due to Pasteurella and causing

a typical bronchopneumonia. McBride (30) (31) has found B. coli and

Sal. suipestifer the cause of pneumonia in hogs. The B. coli

infection was always of a septicemic nature when causing pneumonia.
Benner (6) lists P. suisepticus as being of great importance in swine
pneumonia. Literature on the virus pneumonias of hogs has not been
reviewed in this work since it does not appear pertinent to this '
study. Kelser (7) states that the duration of pneumonia in hogs due

to Pasteurella suiseptica may be acute or chronic.

Etiological and Pathological Study

The Specimens Studied.

The source of material has been from animals submitted for
autopsy to the Pathology Department. M.S.C. No lungs were used for
bacteriological or pathological examination if the animal had been
dead for four hours or longer.

Method of Anatomical Studies.

Photographs were taken of many of the pneumonic lungs so as to
give a clear view of the extent of the lesions and to eliminate
detailed and often obscure descriptions of the involved areas.

The following method was used to identify the pieces of tissue
taken for study.

B or L was sufficient to designate the right and left lung.
Similarly. D and.V were used to designate sections from the dorsal and
ventral surfaces.

A signified the apical lobe

C signified the cardiac lobe

D signified the diaphragmatic lobe

I signified the intermediate lobe

All tissues taken for microscopic examination were immediately

fixed in Zenker's solution and paraffin embedded for sectioning. The

sections were cut at 8 microns and stained by the hemotoxylin and
eosin method.

In some sections it was felt that a connective tissue stain
would.be valuable. The Mallory-Heidenhain triple stain was chosen and
'used.

Photomicrographs have been taken of representative portions of
the sections.

A.resum6 and correlated account of the pneumonic process is
given for each case as has been derived by the author from the sections

studied.

DIAGRAM OF LUNG

*— Wm

:3 5
89

Autopsy: 11116

Species: Ovine

‘6” 6 years

History: The animl has been losing flesh for some time.

Cross lxamination.

A bilateral pneumonia involving primrily the anterior
extremities of the lungs. The involved areas are reddish-gray in
color. The right lung is more massively affected than the left. 0n
the right side there is involvement of the greater part of the apical
and cardiac lobes with a small sons of consolidation extending along
the periphery of the diaphragmatic for two inches and also extending
up to the hilus along the anterior border. The right apical reveals
some atelectasis and an emphysematous condition scattered along its
surface.

The intermediate lobe is completely consolidated.

The left apical and cardiac lobes show a patchy pneumonic
condition of the game duration as the right lung but involving much
less area.

The pneumonic process appears to commence at the periphery
of a lobe and extend to the hilus.

There were several lung worms in the bronchi of both lungs.

Ilicroscgpic Stugy.
A very characteristic lesion of this case is lymph-node like

clusters of round cells which are peribronchial and perivascular in
distribution. The cells composing these clusters resemble lymphocytes
but they contain more cytoplasm than is usual. These clusters are

found in lung tissue which does not show any other lesion. as well as

where there is a very active pneumonic process. There are many
polymorphs in the lumen of the respiratory bronchioles in the active
area. and some in the alveoli. There the injury is very recent. the
epithelium has been cast off the respiratory bronchioles and can be
seen in the lumen. In other localities there is degeneration of the
bronchiole epithelium and leucocytes to form a purulent exudate. The
mononuclear phagocytes are in the majority in the alveoli while the
polymorphs are dominant in the respiratory bronchioles. Here they
can be seen accumulating in the mucosa and making their way toward
the lumen. There is a peculiar bluish hyalinisation of some of the
alveolar walls. These appear thickened but there is no cellular
proliferation. Some lungworms are noted in the bronchi but do not
appear to be causing a marked inflammatory reaction. There is some
atelectasis present throughout the anterior lobes.

This is an acute bronchopneumonia.

Organisms found:

1. P. ovisepticus.

2. E. coli.

3. Staph. aureus.

See fig. 1. xxvn. IL.

Autopsy: . ‘4117

Species: Ovine

Age: 6 years

History: Similar to Autopsy ”116.

Gross Inmination:

A bilateral pneumonia showing a reddish-gray involvement of
the pneumonic area. Probably acute in duration. The right apical
and cardiac lobes reveal an early progressing pneumonic condition.
There is pronounced edema and a reddish consolidation of these lobes.

The right diaphragmatic has several small areas of consolida-
tion on its dorsal surface.

The left apical and cardiac lobes reveal a patchy. reddish
consolidation. intermingled with areas of emphysem and atelectasis.
There is complete consolidation of the apex of the left cardiac lobe.
The pneumonic areas are concentrated at the periphery of the lobes.
The intermediate lobe has a complete consolidation of its peripheral
half.

Microscopic Stag.

This case shows the variety of lesions which one might say is
characteristic of bronchopneumonia. There are areas showing edema and
hemorrhage into the alveoli next to ones in which a purulent exudate
has Imde the alveolar walls almost invisible. The first sign of cellular
exudation appears to be in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles
where the polymorphs invade the mucosa and the lumen. The mononuclear
phagocytes. whose origin is probably the septum of the alveoli. next
appear in the alveoli. Soon more polymorphs appear and fill the alveoli.

Some of the respiratory bronchioles show an early productive tissue

I i .
erulflulinllbleuawhde ‘ r. 4 u." V

reaction around.them. Some rather active fibroblasts are seen in
the alveolar walls where the pneumonic exudate is degenerating. There
is atelectasis present. especially near the pleura. There are numerous
lungworms present in the bronchi but no reaction is noted about them.

This may be termed a subacute bronchOpneumonia with a recent
flare-up.

Organisms found:

1. P. ovisepticus.

2. I. coli.

3. Strep. hemolyticus.

See Pigs. II, III. mm.

Autopsy: ӣ30

Species: Ovine

Age: 2 weeks

History: Animal's illness was undiagnosed until autopsy. The
terminal stage of the disease ran a rapid and acute course.

Gross Examination.

A bilateral pneumonia in various stages which involves all
lobes to some degree.

The right lung reveals almost complete consolidation of its
anterior two lobes. while the diaphragmatic involvement is more patchy
in nature. The apical and cardiac process is in the stage of gray
hapatisation while that of the diaphragmatic is mixed red and gray.
The gray hepatised areas appear to be along the border while the red
areas appear to be spreading toward the hilus. There are some small
areas at the hilus which are normal.

The left apical and cardiac reveal the same massive involve-
ment in the stage of gray hepatisation as the right side did. The
left diaphragmatic has a much earlier type of pneumonia than the
right. There is edema and congestion present but little evidence of
consolidation.

The intermediate lobe has a complete consolidation in the

stage of gray hepatisation.

licroscopic Study.

Within the apical lobes of this case the whole pathological
process of the pneumonia may be studied. Here we find suppurative
foci 15 mm. in diameter surrounded by a zone of fibrosis. Many of

the respiratory bronchioles in these lobes reveal an early productive

reaction around them and there is dosquamation of the epithelium and
a marked exudation of polymorphs into the mucosa and lumen of these.
This bronchiolitis is especially active and severe in the region of
the abscesses. liononuclear phagocytes are found diffusely scattered
in the alveoli while the polymorphs are in clusters at the respiratory
bronchioles. The other lobes show a recent extension of the chronic
condition seen in the apical lobes.

This is a chronic suppurative condition of the lungs with a
recent bronchopneumonia.

Organisms found:

1. Strep. hemolyticus.

2. P. ovisepticus.

See rigs. IV, V. XVIII, XIX.

Autopsy: h236

Species: Ovine

Lee: 3 Ga:-

History: The animal is from the college flock. There was
difficult respiration indicative of pneumonia. The animal was
extremely weak and was killed for examination.

Gross Examination.

The right apical is completely atelectatic and shows signs of
a recent pneumonic condition. It is doubtful if this portion of the
lung has ever functioned. At the apex of the right cardiac there is
a similar small triangular area. There is congestion present in a
diffuse manner in both lungs. The left cardiac has similar lesions as
the right cardiac. The left diaphragmatic has an atelectatic and

pneumonic area in the triangle formed by 6. 2. and l.

‘!icroscopic Study.

This case is similar in many respects to Autopsy h237. There
is. however. less endarteritis present. and a more typical broncho-
pneumonia.

This is an acute bronchopneumonia with a slight endarteritis
and.phlebitis.

Organisms found:

1. P. ovisepticus.

2. Diplococcus of Spray.

See Pigs. Via. XXIII.

Autopsy: ”2}?

Species: Ovine

Age: 2 weeks

History: The animal was progressing nicely until respiratory
symptoms developed two days before death.

Gross lxamination.

A bilateral pneumonia with massive consolidation.

The right apical lobe is completely consolidated. Most of the
lobe is in the stage of red.hepatisation. The area of gray hepatisation
is at the apex. There is one small abscess at the apex 5 mm. in
ddameter. The right cardiac is completely consolidated with the same
distribution as the apical lobe. Sectioning the lobe. we note four
suppurative areas. the largest of which is 10 mm. in diameter. The
right diaphragmatic has a few scattered areas of consolidation. These
appear grayishpred in color.

The whole left lung is completely consolidated except for a
narrow zone 10 mm. wide extending along the dorsal border of the
cardiac into the diaphragmatic. There is hemorrhage here between the
capsule and a some of normal lung. Several suppurative areas are
noted. for the main.part they are distal to the hilus and appear to
be in the tissue which is in the stage of gray hepatisation.

The intermediate lobe is completely consolidated with gray

hepatisation.

Iioroscqpic Stggz.
This case reveals a peculiar lesion. There are roughly
circular areas varying in diameter from .75 mm. to h.5 mm. The

border of the circle is about lhO microns wide and is composed of a

necrotic mass of infiltrated polymorphs and lung tissue. The inner
part is also necrotic but there is no cellular exudate here. The
lesion is that of an infected infarct. Upon examining the arteries
and veins of this case we find a very marked proliferation and
thickening of the intima. This has resulted in a great narrowing of
the lumen and apparently occlusion in some cases with the resultant
infarcts.

The respiratory bronchioles in the non-infarcted area have a
productive tissue reaction about them and an increase of mononuclear
phagocytes in the mucosa. There is also some productive tissue in the
alveolar walls themselves. .

The pleura is thickened. The posterior lobes show an extreme
congestion and some‘edema. It would seem that the chronic condition
in this case has spread to the blood stream and has caused the
endarteritis described. This has in turn destroyed the large areas
by means of the infarcts formed which are now infected.

This is a chronic pneumonia with septic infarcts.

Organisms found:

1. P. ovisepticus.

See rigs. YIb. mvnI. EVIL

Autopsy: 1811-6

Species: Ovine

Age: 11 weeks

History: live animals have died and four others are sick in
a flock which have previously been healthy with the same management.
The diagnosis was pneumonia and “stiff lamb disease”.

Gross Examination.

A bilateral pneumonia of chronic duration involving only the
anterior lobes to any extent.

The right apical and the anterior portion of the right cardiac
are completely consolidated. That of the apical lobe is gray hepatisap
tion while the cardiac is red. The right diaphragmatic and posterior
portion of the cardiac are normal except for a few ecchymotic
hemorrhages.

The left apical and left cardiac are completely consolidated
and in the stage of gray hepatisation. There is one small sons of
noml tissue at the hilus. Only one small sons of consolidation is
noted in the left diaphragmatic. It is in the stage of red

hepatisation.

Iicrosc ic Stu .
This is a very severe pneumonic condition. Areas of the lung

are necrotic. These may be 6 mm. wide. Prom bronchi down there is
complete destruction. The infection has been virulent enough to invade
the arteries and veins and destroy them. To note that one side of an
artery shows necrosis with invasion of polymorphs and monocytes in its
wall. Within the lumen there is a thrombus composed of fibrin inter-

lingled with polymorphs and monocytes. This condition has affected

mainly the anterior lobes. The posterior lobes reveal congestion
and edema.

This is an acute pneumonia with arteritis and phlebitis
resulting in thrombus formation and massive necrosis.

Organisms found:

1. P. ovisepticus.

2. Diplococcus of Spray.

See rig. LII.

Autopsy: h3h8

Species: Ovine

Age: h'weeks

History: This animal is from the same flock as Autopsy h3h6.

Gross Examination.

A.bilateral pneumonia involving mainly the anterior lobes of
the lungs. There is a fibrinous pleurisy over these lobes.

The right apical is completely consolidated. The stage is
gray hepatisation. The lobe is greatly swollen. The lobules stand
out'because the interlobular septa are depressed. and the lobules
elevated. On the ventral surface at 2. there are four lobules which
are apparently undergoing suppuration. The anterior division only of
the right cardiac is affected. The paflhology is similar to the apical
but no suppurative areas can be detected.

The left apical is similar to the right and the suppurative
areas are definitely along the border and especially near the apex.

The left cardiac contains more suppuration than any other
lobe. .Almost one-fourth of the lobe is abscessed. The remainder
is in the stage of gray hepatisation. The triangular area formed.by
6. 2. and 1 is consolidated in the left diaphragmatic with red

hepatisation.

licroscopic Study.
This case is almost precisely similar to Autopsy h3u6. The

same large areas of necrosis exist, which is apparently due to the
infection and.blockage of the arteries and.veins.
This is an acute pneumonia with arteritis and phlebitis

resulting in thrombus formation and massive necrosis.

Organisms found:
1. Diplococcus of Spray.

2. licrococcus catarrhalis.

Autopsy: hl33

Species: Porcine

Age: 5 months

Hisotyr: The animal was from a vaccinated piggery.

Gross Examination.

A bilateral extensive pneumonia with edema and reddish
consolidation.

The right apical and cardiac lobes reveal primarily the same
extent and duration of pneumonia. although there are more areas of
involvement and of longer duration in the cardiac than in the apical.
The apical lobe reveals scattered areas of emphysema and atelectasis.

There is also a generalised.pneumonic condition of the right
diaphragmatic. The duration on the whole is much shorter than the
other lobes. although there are three or four small nodules of red
hepatisation close to the cardiac lobe.

The left lung is very similar to the right with the exception
that the apical lobe has less consolidated areas and possibly a little
more emphysema.

The intermediate lobe reveals scattered red hepatisation and

congestion.

Microscopic Study.
This case is very similar to Autopsy hl3h (which was studied

first). There is. however. less damage and the pneumonic process is
of longer duration. especially that of the anterior lobes. Hemorrhage
is not prominent‘but there is a.great deal of fibrinous exudate. The
alveoli appear quite distended in many areas due to this fibrin and

some edema. In the active areas. especially the apical lobes. there

is desquamation of the epithelium of the respiratory bronchioles. The
mucosa is thickened due to mononuclear phagocytes and edema. There is
an accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes in the alveoli and in the
mucosae. which is marked but not nassive. Congestion of alveolar
capillaries is noted in the sections from the diaphragmatic lobes.

This is an acute bronchopneumonia.

Organisms found:

1. P. suisepticus.

See Pigs. VII. VIII. 1L1.

Autopsy: hl3h

Species: Porcine

Age: 5 months

History: The animal was from a vaccinated piggery.

Gross Stamination.

A,bilateral pneumonia with red hepatization of approximately
seven-eighths of the total lung tissue.

The two diaphragmatic lobes present the only non-pneumonic
tissue and these areas reveal numerous petechial and ecchymotic
hemorrhages. This normal tissue composes one-eighth to one-fourth of
the lobe. It extends along the main bronchus towards the posterior
'border of the lobe but does not extend to either the lateral or dorsal
periphery of the lobes. It appears slightly fan-shaped and extends
through to the ventral border.

The remaining lobes show almost complete involvement. being in

the stage of red.hepatisation.

Microscopic Study.

There is necrosis of the alveolar walls with massive hemorrhages

in many parts of the lung. In other places a sero-fibrinoue exudate has

taken place in the alveoli. The respiratory bronchioles reveal a marked
thickening of the mucosa due mainly to edema and.partly to an increase
of mononuclear phagocytes. The epithelium of the great majority of them
has‘been completely desquamated. Cellular exudation other than red

blood cells is not prevalent but a few mononuclear phagocytes are seen
in the alveoli. especially where atelectasis is present. and in the

mucosa of the respiratory bronchioles along with a few polymorphs. The

interlobular lymphatics are greatly engorged with lymph.

his is a peracute bronch0pneumonia.
Organisms found:

1. P. suisepticus.

2. Strep. hemolyticus.

3. l. coli.

See rigs. IX, X, XXIX. XLII.

Autopsy: “15h

Species: Porcine

Age: 5 months

History: The animal has had diarrhea and an anorexic
condition for three weeks. Arriving at the autopsy room. his
temperature was 102.6’r. and.he was in a state of partial coma.

Gross lxamination.

In the right cardiac lobe at 2. there is a zone of pneumonia
extending from anterior to posterior border of the dorsal surface
about one inch.wide. lhen viewed from the ventral surface the sons
appears to have started at the hilus and spread toward the apex.

The consolidation is of a reddish-gray nature. The right diaphragmatic
has a few scattered areas of consolidation. The largest one is at 6
and.has a grayish discoloration.

The left cardiac lobe has a consolidated sone extending
across and through the lobe at the hilus and down the posterior border
almost to the apex. The lesion is in the stage of reddishpgray
hepatisation. Both diaphragmatic lobes show petechial and ecchymotic

hemorrhages.

Iicroscgpic Study.

In the recent areas of involvement there is a well marked
fibrinous exudate. Many respiratory bronchioles of the anterior
lobes show a productive tissue reaction around.them. lhny of the
active fibroblasts can be seen in the alveolar walls which are
showing some thickening due to these cells. This has apparently
been a relatively long standing condition. The more recent attack

has spread quickly and the congestion. sore-fibrinous exudate.

desquamation of respiratory bronchiolar epithelium has been due to it.
There are some polymorphs in the mucosa of the respiratory bronchioles
and in the lumen. but the number is not large. The mononuclear
phagocytes are more uniformly spread and are in the alveoli.

This is a chronic bronchopneumonia.

Organisms found:

1. Sal. suipestifer.

2. Staph. albus.

3. Strep. hemolyticus.

See Figs. 11. LI.

Autopsy: hl76

Species: Porcine

Age: h months

History: The animal is undersized. has shown anorexia and
is becoming emaciated.

Gross ltamination.

A bilateral pneumonia showing congestion. red and gray
hepatisation.

The right apical lobe reveals an early involvement of a few
small areas 5 to 10 mm. in diameter. The pneumonia is in the stage
of congestion and red.hepatisation with most of the consolidation in
the region of the hilus. Both.ventral and dorsal surfaces show
similar involvement. The right cardiac shows a uniform congestion.
and on.palpation there are three firm areas about 15 mm. in diameter
which can be easily felt but cannot be seen. On cutting into the
lobe. these areas are found to be in the stage of gray hepatisation
and the feel would suggest that there is productive tissue present.

The righr diaphragmatic shows scattered red and.gray hepatisap
tion. The latter stage: that is. gray hepatisation. appears to be
more prevalent at 2 and l. The consolidated portion extends three-
fourths of the way along the border toward the posterior apex.

The left diaphragmatic is the only lobe in the left lung
showing changes in gross. Here at 1. there is a triangular area

consolidated and in the stage of gray'hepatisation.

Ili croscopic Study.
The anterior lobes.and in particular the apical lobes.

reveal the oldest lesions. The respiratory bronchioles here are

I‘ll-Ii .53.... C... h...‘
‘ s.fllllE.,,......3 . .

 

surrounded by a node-like structure about 1 mm. in diameter. These
nodes are composed of large numbers of mononuclear phagocytes and

many fibroblasts. There are no distinguishable alveolar walls in
these nodes. In many of them. only the remnants of the bronchiole can
be discerned. Some immature eosinOphils are present in many of the
nodes. these are probably eosinOphilic myelocytes.

The epithelium of the bronchi appear swollen. and cystic
structures can be seen in them. This is considered to be due to
blockage of the mucous duct. In the older areas of involvement. there
is a thickening of many of the alveolar walls due to fibroblastic
proliferation within them. A.more recent process is seen at the hili
of the anterior lobes and throughout the posterior lobes. This con-
sists of a polymorph exudation into the lumen of the respiratory
bronchioles. a desquamation of their epithelium and a serous and
mononuclear phagocyte exudation into the alveoli with a few
polymorphs also.

The pleura seems lined in the anterior lobes with a continual
layer of cells of the lymphocyte and.monocyte variety.

This is a chronic pneumonia with a recent extension.

Organisms found:

1. P. suisepticus.

2. Strep. hemolyticus.

See rigs. III. XXXYII. XLVI.

Autopsy: h179

Species: Porcine

Age: h months

History: This animal was the only sick one in the piggery.
Before being killed. his temperature was 103.1. Marked prostration
was noted. He had.been ill for four days.

Gross Examination.

The right apical lobe is completely consolidated with a
pneumonic process. with the exception of one small area 5 mm. in
diameter near the apex. The stage is red hepatisation. Near the
hilus of the cardiac lobe there is an area in the stage of red
hepatisation. The anterior triangle of the right diaphragmatic lobe
formed by 6. 2 and 1 is consolidated. being in the stage of red
hepatisation. Throughout the lobe there are scattered pneumonic
areas but none greater than 5 mm. in diameter.

The left cardiac lobe has about two-fifths of its volume
consolidated. This area is at the apex and is in the stage of
reddishpgray hepatisation. The left diaphragmatic has a few

scattered.pneumonic areas being of red.hepatisation in stage.

Iicroscogic Study.

There is a very marked.atelectatic condition present.
especially along the pleura. The respiratory bronchioles in the
active areas have their lumen packed with polymorphonuclears which
show no degeneration. There are many of these cells in the mucosa
and they can be seen infiltrating the apparently uninjured epithelium.
In the alveoli surrounding the infected respiratory bronchioles. there

are a few polymorphs and many mononuclear phagocytes. In some of the

lymh nodes. a large number of eosinOphils is noted. One of the
apical lobes has a pronounced atelectatic condition in an area
adJacent to a respiratory bronchiole. whose lumen is partially filled
with a cellular exudate.

This is an acute bronchopneumonia.

Organisms found:

1. Strep. hemolyticus.

2. P. suisepticus.

3. Staph. aureus.

14. Diphtheroid organism.

See Pigs. XIII. XIV.

Autopsy: hlSS

Species: Porcine

Age: 3 months

_ History: This animal has been unthrifty for some time and
finally has become quite ill. He was killed and autopsied.

Gross Examination.

A bilateral pneumonia in the stage of gray hepatization with
involvement of over one-half of the lung tissue.

The right apical and cardiac lobes are almost completely
consolidated with gray hepatization. Near the hilus of each. there
are small scattered areas of red hepatisation and some edematous
lung tissue.

The right diaphragmatic lobe reveals consolidation of the
anterior portion included in the triangle formed.by 6. 2 and 1. This
portion appears reddishpgray in color.

The left lung is almost identical to the right in duration
and extent of pneumonic involvement. The left apical and cardiac
appear. however. to contain several small yellow foci which

apparently are suppurative in nature.

Hicroscopic Study.
The anterior lobes. and in particular the apical. reveal the

oldest lesions. These lesions are most numerous at the apex of the
lobes. The characteristic lesion is an early productive tissue
reaction around the respiratory bronchioles. The lymph nodes of the
bronchioles are more numerous and larger than in the normal lung.

In one place there is a small abscess which has broken through the

wall of the respiratory bronchiole. Surrounding it is a some of

mononuclear phagocytes and further out a productive tissue reaction.
This is an older lesion than the rapidly spreading process which has
caused desquamation of the bronchioles and a great influx of polymorphs.
both into the bronchioles and into the alveoli. The mucosa of the
bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles is greatly thickened due to
increased numbers of mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes. This
lesion is common in the anterior lobes and is felt to be of a subacute
nature.

This is an acute pneumonia which has been superimposed.upon
a moderate subacute condition of the lungs.

no bacteriological study.

See Fig. 117.

Autopsy: h07l

Species: Bovine

Age: 10 days

History: The symptoms indicated.pneumonia and scours.

Gross Examination.

A.bilateral pneumonia for the most part in the stage of red
hepatisation.

The right apical is consolidated in a.patchy manner. There
is a narrow sons of consolidation which extends through the entire
lobe close to the hilus. There are three other small areas of con-
solidation. Approximately one-third of the lobe is involved. The
remainder of the lobe is markedly atelectatic.

The right cardiac has a patchy consolidation. It is in the
stage of red hepatisation. There is some evidence of an edematous
condition.

The anterior tip of the right diaphragmatic is consolidated
‘with an early red.hepatization.

The left apical and cardiac lobes reveal some consolidated
areas along the borders. The left diaphragmatic is similar to the
right.

‘ The intermediate lobe reveals congestion and edema.

licroscgpic Study.

This is a moderate. typical. acute bronchopneumonia. There is

a respiratory bronchiolitis present. showing a purulent exudate in the

bronchioles and bronchi. but no evidence of destruction to any degree

of the epithelium. The alveoli in the anterior lobes are packed.with

polymorphs and mononuclear phagocytes. In the diaphragmatic lobes

there is congestion and edema but very little cellular exudate.
This is a moderate acute bronchopneumonia.
Ho bacteriological study.

See H g. L.

Autopsy: hlh5

Species: Bovine

Age: 1 week

History: The animal became very emaciated and showed a very
slight diarrhea.

Gross Examination.

The right apical has an irregular line of patchy pneumonia
extending from its union with the cardiac across the lobe to position
2 on chart. Towards the periphery from this line which extends
through to the ventral surface. there is a marked emphysematous condi-
tion. The right cardiac lobe reveals scattered.areas of red.hepatisa~
tion and emphysema. The right diaphragmatic lobe has three areas of
red.hepatisation close to the cardiac. on the dorsal and ventral
surfaces.

The left apical and cardiac reveal involvement of over three-
fourths of their surface with pneumonia in the stage of gray hepatizap

tion.

MicroscOpic Study.

The sections from the diaphragmatic lobes show early congestion
and edema. The lesions of the longest duration are apparently at the
apex of the apical and cardiac lobes. Here we find a pronounced
cellular exudate. mainly polymorphs. in the alveoli. and in the lumen
and.mucosae of the-respiratory bronchioles. The areas where the
respiratory bronchioles are most severely affected. as Judged.by
desquamation of the epithelium. appear markedly atelectatic. The
exudate in the lumen of the bronchioles has degenerated and the

purulent material may be seen even in the large bronchi. Sections

from near the hilus of a cardiac lobe reveal an emphysematous condi-
tion. The pleural capillaries are congested.

This is an acute bronchopneumonia.

Organisms found:

1. Strep. hemolyticus.

2. H. coli.

3. Staph. aureus.

See Pigs. XV. XVI. XXIV. m.

.Autopsy: hl73

Species: Bovine

Age: 1 week

History: The animal was being used for experimental hydro-
cephalus production by the Dairy Department. Injury to the spinal
cord during the inJection caused his death.

Gross Examination.

.A bilateral pneumonia. The right cardiac lobe is almost
completely consolidated with a pneumonic condition in the stages of
red and gray hepatisation. The apical lobe reveals some involvement
at the hilus with emphysematous tissue at the border. a distribution
which is rather unusual in this study.

There is a patchy involvement of the right diaphragmatic
with pneumonia in the stage of red hepatisation. The areas of
involvement in this case also appear to approximate the main bronchi
rather than the borders. The left apical and cardiac lobes are
completely consolidated with gray and red hepatization. The left
diaphragmatic has a triangular distribution of pneumonia at the
anterior apex involving 6. 2 and 1. This consolidates two-thirds of
the lobe. The duration is similar to the above lobes. The lung
tissue approximating the cardiac has more area of involvement than
that further back.

The intermediate shows almost complete consolidation. mainly
of gray hepatisation. There are small areas of red hepatisation at

th‘ hilus

Microscopic Stug.
The sections from the diaphragmatic lobes reveal an early

congestion. with some edema and mononuclear phagocyte exudation. The
sections from the anterior lobes reveal a different picture. The
alveoli are filled with a purulent mass of cells. these are mainly
polymorphs. Some areas show necrosis of the alveolar walls. The
respiratory bronchioles near the apices are completely destroyed. many
of these and as small suppurative foci and there is already signs of a
productive tissue reaction about them. In this region the mucosae of
the bronchi are infiltrated with polymorphs. There is much atelectasis
present in the pneumonic areas. The interlobular lymphatics are
engorged with lymph and polymorphs.

An acute bronchopneumonia with early suppurative lesions.

Organisms found:

1. Strep. hemolyticus.

2. Staph. aureus.

3. I. communior.

See Pigs.XVII. XVIII. XXXIII.

Autopsy: M232

Species: Bovine

Age: 3 months

History: The animal died of an acute pneumonia.

Gross Examination.

A bilateral acute pleuropneumonia.

The right apical is the only lobe showing an involvement
on the right side. There is a patchy consolidation of this lobe in
the stage of red hepatisation with areas of emphysema surrounding
them. Approximately one-eighth of the lobe is involved. The left
apical and left cardiac are consolidated and greatly swollen. There
is an edematous thickening of the interlobular tissue. The stage is
red hepatisation. Both of these lobes and most of the right apical
are covered with a fibrinous membrane.

The left diaphragmatic lobe has a triangular area of pneumonia
involving the area formed by 6. 2 and 1. This is in the stage of early

red hepatisation.

Microscopic Study.

The most recent involvement. which appears to have affected the
diaphragmatic lobes and the hilu‘s tissue of the other lobes. reveals
the alveolar capillaries markedly congested and in some places there is
profuse hemorrhage. The apices of the anterior lobes generally show a
well developed cellular exudation. The lumen of the small respiratory
bronchioles are filled with exuded polymorphs and desquamted epithelial
cells - these are commencing to show a purulent state. The exudate
within the alveoli. mainly polymorphs. does not appear degenerative as yet.

The pleura is greatly thickened by a fibrinous. cellular exudate

and reveals large areas of necrosis.

The most active and severe pneumonic process is seen adjacent
to the pleura. At this point we find necrosis and early signs of
suppuration of the respiratory bronchioles. The lymphatics are
acutely engorged.

This is an acute bronchopneumonia and pleurisy.

Organisms found:

1. Strep. hemolyticus.

(The only one which was isolated on lung puncture).

See Pigs. XIX. XXXIV. xxxv.

AutOpsy: h281

Species: Bovine

Age: 3 months

History: This animal had been ill but before experiment was
started had apparently recovered. The animal was inJected.with
hemolytic streptococci Group C.

Gross Examination.

A.bilateral acute pneumonia with a necrotic pleurisy.

The right apical is completely consolidated.with a very early
red hepatisation. The right cardiac at the apex has also a very early
consolidation. There is some edema and petechial hemorrhages in the
non-consolidated.portions of both lungs. The apex of the left cardiac

lobe is the only portion of the left lung which is consolidated.

‘gdggoscopic Study.

This is an early pneumonia. The anterior lobes show the oldest
type of lesion. Here the respiratory bronchioles contain a purulent
exudate. There is complete loss of the bronchiolar epithelium and a
great exudation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes through the mucosa into
the lumen. The adJacent alveoli are also packed.with a purulent debris.
Farther away from the bronchioles there is congestion of the alveolar
capillaries. some edema and hemorrhage. and a very noticeable infiltra~
tion of mononuclear phagocytes into the alveoli. The pleura shows a
marked.fibrinous exudate on its surface and a cellular exudate contain-
ing mainly polymorphs.

This is an acute experimental bronchopneumonia.

Organisms found:

1. Strep. hemolyticus.

See l'ig. ILII.

Technigue for Bacteriological Examination.

The surface of the lung is seared over a pneumonic area with a
red hot plate 1' x 2'. Two small squares are cut out with sterile
forceps and scissors. Each square of tissue is placed in a Bunsen
burner flame for a few seconds. .A blood agar plate is streaked with
a cut surface of square and then incubated. The other square is
placed in 5 cc. of tryptose broth and incubated eight to ten hours.

A blood agar plate is then streaked from the tryptose broth and
incubated for twenty-four hours. For the obtaining of infective
material while the animal was still alive. the following two pro-
cedures were carried out.

1. Sterile swabs were used for obtaining throat swabs. Care
was taken to exclude the flora of the mouth.

2. .A lung puncture (10) was made over a consolidated portion of
the lung using a sterile syringe and needle after carefully disinfect-
ing the skin. The material obtained is incubated in the same manner
as that above.

Since it is shown. Thorp (26). that streptococci probably play an
important role in calf pneumonia we decided that particular attention
should be paid to these bacteria. The bacteria were studied following
principles set forth by Bergy's Manual (2).

The following cases are those studied bacteriologically by
ordinary methods and are recorded in Table I.

Some Pasteurellae were studied in detail using fermentation
reactions. Table III.

The streptococci were further studied serologically with the

precipitation test and with fermentation reactions. Table II.

Upon cos-unication with Dr. Lancefield. she very kindly sent us
type cultures of streptococci groups and directions for producing the
antisera. using rabbits. She included eight groups of streptococci and
these were used to immunize the rabbits. Type A.was the only one in
which our results were poor. Two animals succumbed and the third animal
has never developed high titre precipitating serum.

The method of extraction of the streptococcic polysaccharide
first decided on was that of Brown (38). After some uncertain results
we again corresponded with Dr. Lancefield who suggested using the
method of Fuller (11). This procedure was used and found to be very
satisfactory. The manner in which we applied it is as follows:

Iive cc. of a 12-2h hour dextrose broth culture is spun down in
the centrifuge and.the supernatant fluid is removed as completely as
possible. Tryptose broth does not seem to be satisfactory because it
may cause some non-specific precipitation. One-tenth cc. of formamide
is added to the residue and the tube shaken and.placed in an oil bath
at 150.6. for 15 minutes. The tube is allowed to cool and one-fourth cc.
of acid alcohol is added. and the precipitate formed is remeved‘by
centrifuging. ‘

The acid alcohol throws down bacterial debris and partially broken
dcwn proteins while keeping the group antigens in solution.

The supernatant fluid is drawn off by pipette. placed in a small
tube and one-half cc. of acetone is added. The acetone precipitate
is very small in.amcunt but it contains practically all the groups
antigen.

One cc. of saline and.a drop of phenol red indicator are added

to the latter precipitate and the whole neutralized with a trace of

sodium carbonate. This solution is used for the test.

In all fermentation reactions a one per cent solution of the
fermentable substance was made in Dunham's solution, with added
Andrade's indicator. Fermentation tubes were filled and the whole
autoclaved at 15 pounds pressure for ten minutes.

A.five day culture in Dunham's solution was used to demonstrate
indol formation. and the reduction of nitrates to nitrites was

ascertained in Dunham's nitrate broth.

Bacteriological Studies.

Since no reference could.be found in available literature to

 

the experimental production of pneumonia in calves, we attempted this.
using a hemolytic streptococcus. Lancefield Group G, isolated from
AutOpsy “1&5. The growth on a 12 hour tryptose slant culture was
washed off with five cc. of physiological saline solution. Two cc.

of the suspension was inJected intratracheally into a three months old
calf which on autopsy was given the number M281. This calf had
suffered from a peritonitis but was apparently well on the way to
recovery when the ianctions of live streptococci were given. The
temperature at this time was 100.8°F. Twelve hours later the
temperature was 103.2‘r. From this time until the sixth day after

the inJecticn. when animal was destroyed, the temperature varied from
102'?. to 105°r. ‘Upon autopsy the pathology of this case was similar
in many respects to that of the natural infection although it differed
in that there was a marked necrotic pleurisy.

Five-tenths cc. of the streptococcic suspension from Autopsy hlhs,
prepared similarly to the above. was injected intratracheally into
three rabbits. One animal was ill within twelve hours. On the fifth
day it was dead. The autopsy revealed a streptococcic septicemia
rather than a bronchopneumonia.

Six rats were injected with the same amount of suspension and
two died. showing a septicemia condition.

A.filtrate prepared with a Seits filter. using approximately
one gram of lung tissue, was inJected intratracheally into two
rabbits and four rats (.5 cc. each). None were sick and no lesions

were found on autOpsy four weeks later.

The sheep husbandry department at Michigan State College had been
losing lambs from pneumonia in large numbers. From January to April.
sixteen deaths had occurred. These lambs were from four to thirty days
old.when they first showed symptoms. The course of the disease was
usually acute, three to four days in duration, although a few animals
showed.symptoms for thirty to forty days before succumbing. Recoveries
were few.

Cultures isolated from the lungs of animals dead from the acute
form of the disease revealed two prevalent organisms.

l. Pasteurella ovisepticus.

2. Diplococcus of Spray.

These organisms were grown in tryptose broth for twelve hours and
centrifuged. The supernatant poured off. and the residue made up to
approximately No. l McFarland's nephalometer with.physiological saline.
Equal amounts of the suspensions from the two organisms were mixed
together. The suspension was immersed in a water bath at lOO’C. for
five minutes and then placed in the refrigerator at 2°C. and allowed to
chill for four hours. It was then boiled again for three minutes.
Cultures on blood agar were found sterile. This suspension was used
for immunizing the lambs. The injections were commenced as soon after

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Discussion

 

The first point of involvement in a lung is usually the apices of
the anterior lobes. The diaphragmatic lobes are generally last affected
and the anterior apex of these is also affected first. The pneumonic
process appears to spread from the borders toward the hilus of the
anterior lobes and.then involves the bulk of the diaphragmatic lobes.
if the animal survives long enough. .Atelectasie is common enough. to
be seen in every case where there is any degree of consolidation.
Emphysema would appear to be most prevalent in the apical lobe.
especially where a band of consolidated tissue is distal to the apex.

A well marked.pleurisy has been noted in only two cases and both were
calf pneumonias. (Fig. XXXVI).

The histological pathology varied. By far the greatest number of
cases were of an acute nature, as the description will indicate. There
were eighteen cases studied, and twelve might well be considered acute
in nature. The remainder fall into the subacute and chronic class. The
dividing line has here been difficult to dogmatically define. Four of
the sheep pneumonias. Aut0psies h236, ”237. ”3&6 and h3h8 would.well
warrant further study but at present it would seem that an infected
infarct was the cause of death. There are some indications that a
pneumonic condition has been present before the large destruction of
tissue has occurred. due to the infected vessels.

The prevalent lesion of a chronic bronchOpneumonia is a productive
tissue reaction about the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. In no
case was there noted any bronchitis.

In six cases of bovine pneumonia, six beta hemolytic streptococci

were isolated.which all proved to be Lancefield group C organisms. The

same organism was almost as important in porcine pneumonia since in
five cases there were four Lancefield Group C streptococci found.

But there were four Pasteurellae isolated from these same five cases.
In ovine pneumonia the Pasteurellae are apparently most significant.
although in the later cases. the diplococcus of Spray may be signifi-
cant. .A bacterin composed of P. ovisepticus and diplococcus of Spray.
broken down almost to a solution by thermal methods. has immunizing

powers against pneumonia when used on young sheep.

Summagz

1. Five cases of calf pneumonia have been studied in gross and
microscopically for pathological alteration. Four of these and two
other cases were studied bacteriologically. Six porcine cases were
anatomically studied in a similar manner to the above and five were
studied bacteriologically. Seven ovine pneumonias were also studied
anatomically and all these bacteriologically. In addition, two others
were studied for the bacterial etiological factor.

2. All cases were bronchopneumonias.

3. There is bilateral involvement with the earliest lesions in
the apical and cardiac lobes.

h. The apex and.border of a lobe is the first affected.

5. The respiratory bronchioles show the first inflammatory
reaction of a cellular nature.

6. .A causative agent of calf pneumonia is a.beta hemolytic
streptococcus. Lancefield Group C.

7. The same Group C streptococcus is found in porcine and ovine
pneumonia bun is generally associated with another organism. the
Pasteurellae being most prevalent.

8. Pasteurellae are the most significant organism in ovine pneup
monia although the diplococcus of Spray may be more significant in laib
pneumonia.

9. A.properly prepared.bacterin composed of P. ovisepticus and the
diplococcus of Spray may have some value for immunizing young sheep

against pneumonia.

1.

2.

7.

1°.

11.

12.

Bibliography

Spray, 3. S. Bacteriologic study of pneumonia in sheep. Jour. Inf.
Dis.. Vol. 33. 1923.

Bergey. D. E. Bergy's manual of determinative bacteriology.
Williams and.vilkins nth edition. 193a.

Haylann. J. and Starr: Experiments on the glomerular distribution
of blood in the mammalian kidney. Jour. Exp. Med., Vol. M2. 1925.
Iittelson, J. A. The postnatal growth of the kidney of the albino
rat with observations on the adult human kidney. Anat. Research,
Vol. 13. 1917.

MacCallum, 13.3. The arterial blood supply of the mammalian kidney.
Am. Jour..Anat.. Vol. 38, 1926.

Benner. J. I. Some swine diseases and attempts at control.

Jour. A.v.n.i.. Vol. 37. No. It. 1931;.

Kelser. R. A. Manual of veterinary bacteriology. Williams and
Wilkins 2nd edition. 1933.

Moore. 1'. C. The unsymmetrical kidney. its compensatory enlarge-

_ment. Jour. Last. and Physiol.. London. Vol. 38, 1901!».

Nelson. B. T. The number of glomeruli in the kidney of the adult
rabbit. Anat. Rec.. Vol. 23. 1922.

Lung punctures on lobar pneumonia. .Lm. Jour. Ned. 80., Vol. 191.
Puller, A. T. The formamide method for the extraction of
polysaccharides from hemolytic streptococci. Brit. Jour. of Exp.
Path.. Vol. 19. 1938.

Traut. A. 1'. The structural unit of the human kidney. Contrib.

to Embsy.. Carnegie Instit. Wash.. Vol. 15. 1932.

13.

1’4.

15.

16.

17s

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

Arataki. 1‘. Experimental researches on the compensatory enlarge-
ment of the surviving kidney after hydronephrosis. Am. Jour.
Anat.. v61. 38. 1926.

Vintrup, B. J. On the number. shape and structure and surface area
of the glomeruli in the kidneys of man and animal. Am. Jour. of
Anat.. 1928.

floors. 3. A. and Lukianoff, G. I. The effect of unilateral
nephrectonw on the total number of open glomeruli in the rabbit.
Jour. Exp. Med” Vol. 51. 1929.

Moore, 3. A. and Hellman. L. M. The effect of unilateral
nephrectomy on the senile atrophy of the kidney in the white rat.
Jour. hp. Med... Vol. 51. 1930.

floors. R. A. Number of glomeruli in kidney of adult white rat
unilaterally nephrectomised in early life. J our. Exp. Med..

Vol. 50. 1929.

Scott, E. and Moore. R. A. Vascular injection in pathology.
Jour. Lab. and Olin. lied., Vol. 13. 1928.

HcGregor. L. The finer histology of the norml glomerulus.

AI. Jour. of Path.. Vol. 5. 1929.

Moore. R. A. The total number of glomeruli in the norml human
kidney. Anat. Rec.. Vol. ‘48. 1931.

Arataki. ll. Postnatal growth of the kidney with special reference
to number and sise of glomeruli (albino rat). Am. Jour. Anat.,
Vol. 36. 1926. .

lewsom and Cross. Bipolar organisms found in pneumonia in sheep.
Jour. A.V.IE.A., 80 n.s., Vol. 33. 1932.

Smith and Orcutt. Bacteriology of intestinal tract of calves.

Jour. lxp. Med” Vol. ll1. 1925.

2h.

25.

27.

28.

3o.

31-

32.
33.
33-

Smith. T. A pleomorphic bacillus from pneumonic lungs of calves
simulating actinomyces. Jour. Exp. Med.. Vol. 37. 1917.

Hallman. I. T.. Shell. L. B. and.Delez. A. L. Observation on the
pathology of bacterium abortus infections. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Tech. Bul. 93.

Tharp. Wm. The etiology and pathology of calf pneumonia. Thesis
for the degree of M.S.. 1937.

Bell. 1. T. Pathology and pathogenesis of clinical acute nephritis.
Am. Jour. Path.. Vol. 13. 1937.

Boyd. Wm. Textbook of Pathology. 3rd edition. Lea and Febiger. 1938.
laximow and Bloom. Textbook of Histology. 2nd edition. Saunders
and Company. A

McBride. C. I. A study of hog losses at the Decles Bench of the
Tontana Farms Company. Fontana. California. Report to A.B. Miller.
1932.

McBride. C. II. Acute enteritis in young pigs due to infection with
the colon group. Jour. A.V.M.A.. n.s.. Vol. 37. No. 1. 19311.
Hecard. Ann de 18 Inst. Pasteur. 1887.

Preiss. Guinard. Jour. de Med.‘Vet.. 1891.

Montgomerie. R. 1., Bosworth. R. J. and Glover. R. E. Enzootic
Pneumonia in Sheep. Jour. A.V.MMA.. 8O n.s.. Vol. 33. 1932.
Langham. R. I. The bovine kidney in health and disease. .A thesis
for the degree of M.S.. Michigan State College. 1937.

Smith. T. Pneumonia associated with Br. abortus in fetuses and

new born calves. Jour. hp. lied.. Vol. ‘41. 1925.

Carpenter. G. M. and Gilman. H. L. Studies in pneumonia in calves.

Cornell Vet.. V01. 11. 1921.

Bosenbusch and Merchant. I. A. A study of the hemorrhagic septi-
cemia pasteurellae. Jour. of Bacty.. Vol. 37. No. l. 1939.

Brown. J. H. A simplified method for grouping hemolytic streptococci
by the precipitin reaction. Jour. 1.11.1). Vol. 110, No. 26. 1938.

Mallory. 1'. B. Pathological technique. I. B. Saunders Company. 1938.

All photographs of the lung in gross are approxi-

mately one-third of the natural size.

’13. I. Autop" I“1.160
Ventral view. Hots the emphysematous condition
in the right apical distal to the narrow sons

of consolidation.

 

 

rig. II. Autopsy l4117.
Dorsal view. Iote the very early type of
pneumonia. especially of the right apical

and sardine lobes.

 

 

 

Ventral view. late the intermediate lobe
has probably the oldest lesion.

 

 

Pig. :1. Autopsy 14230.
Ventral view. lots complete consolidation of

anterior lobes.

 

 

 

 

rig. Y. Autopsy i+230.
Dorsal view. Iote patchy distribution of

pneumonia in posterior lobes.

 

 

 

 

Pig. VIa. Autopsy 11236.
Dorsal view. Hate the early generalised

pneumonia.

’15. 71b. AutOpsy 1:237.
Dorsal view. lots the massive consolidation

and the suppurative lesions.

 

 

 

 

 

11;. VII. Autopsy 11133.
Dorsal view. lots edematous condition

throughout both lungs.

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. VIII. .Autopsy hl33.
Ventral view. Note that many adJacent lobules

are in different stages of pneumonia.

rig. 1x. Autopsy 14131;.
Dorsal view. Iote nssive consolidation with
the oldest lesions apparently at the spices of

the apical lobes.

 

Pig. 1. Autopsy M314.

Ventral view. Note massive consolidation.

’1‘. no Autopl' "151‘s
Dorsal view. Note the narrow sons of

consolidation across the right cardiac lobe.

 

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fig. 111. Autopsy M176.
Dorsal view. lots the distribution of

pneumonia in the right lung.

 

 

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11;. 1111. Autopsy h179.
Dorsal view. ‘lote the scattered type of

pneumonia in the diaphragmatic lobes.

 

 

Pig. XIV. Autopsy b.179.
Ventral‘view. lots the massive involvement

of the right apical and cardiac lobes.

rig. XV. Autopsy lill-t5.

Dorsal view. Note patchy type of pneumonia.

 

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rig. m. Autopsy tins.

Ventral view. Note patchy type of pneumonia.

 

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rig. XVII. Autopsy I$173.
Dorsal view. lote the emphysematous condition
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Fig. XVIII. Autopsy 9.173.
Ventral view. Note most of the consolidated

portion is in 'the stage of red hepatisation.

 

Pig. XIX. Autopsy M32.
Ventral view. lots the greatly swollen left

apicaland left cardiac. Interlobular ed‘

is conspicuous.

115. n. AutOpsy mu.
Dorsal View. Sheep pneumonia. late the
consolidated portion in the stage of red

and early red hepatisstion.

 

 

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Fig. 111. Antopey'ulZH.
Ventral view. Sheep pneumonic. Iote that the
involvesent in more extensive on the ventral

surface.

 

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113. m1. Lnt0psy "127.
Dorsal View. Calf pneulonie. lote extensive

consolidation.

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. XXIII. Autopsy u127.
Ventral View. Calf pneumonia. Note that the

condition is more patchy here than that of

dorsal View.

rigs. III? to mu have a unification of
approximately lhOZ.

Fig. XXIV. Autopsy hlhfi.
Note the distended lymphatics in the

interlobular septum.

11;. m. Autopsy MR5.
Note emphysen and the lowering of the
bronchiole epithelium.

 

Fig. XXVI. Lutepsy 111115.
An interesting anomaly in that mucous glands
are eeen in the cartilage platen of a

bronchus.

rig. m1. AutoPey IRIS.
Note round celled node which is perivasoular

in di stri'button.

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Note atelectasis and deequanaticn of bronchiole

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11¢. nu. Autopsy R133.

lote oonplete lore of bronchiole epithelial
and great thickening of the mecca with
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1‘13. 31". Au‘OD" “2320
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rig. MI. Autopsy ”188.
Note the small chronic abscess commenting
with the bronchiole.

rig. mm. Autopsy M76.

Note the enlarged lysph node like structures
surrounding the bronchiole. There is also
thickening of the moose due to an increased

nnnber of nononuclear phagocytes.

 

 

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Fig. rownl. Autopsy 14236.

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rig. mu. Autopsy IM237.

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figs. :1. to 11.? and Figs. 11.711. 11.11. 1.. 1.1.
1.11 and L111 have an aprroxinate unification
of 9OOX.

Tic. XL?! has an approximate magnification

of 1100!.

fig. 11.7111 has an approximate magnification
of 10003.

 

11;. XL. AutOpsy 1.116.
Hots atelectasis and large numbers of

mononuclear phagocytes.

Hg. 31. Autopsy 3133.
note hemorrhage and necrosis of alveolar walls.

 

 

Fig. 11.11. Autopsy “13,4.
Note hemorrhage. necrosis and nononuclear

phagocytes.

rig. 11.111. AntOpsy M30.

Chronic productive tissue.

l",-’ "' - ' '

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i s.

Fig. XLIV. Autopsy M73.
Note the mononuclear phagocytes and early

productive tissue in the mucosa of s bronchiole.

Fig. XLV. Autopsy 14188.
Snell abscess communicating with a bronchiole.

 

Fig. XLVI. Autopw I$176.
note the fibroblasts and the eosincphilic

myelocyte.

Fig. XLVII. Autopsy t1.236.
Note the great thickening of the intima of
this artery with a narrowing of the lanes.

 

 

 

mete fine memo-I ed: a: eo‘ebuxe ‘Jgeiu'mq s 1531?!

.eeooms ed: to

Fig. XLVIII. Autopsy'hZSl.
Note congestion of alveolar capillaries with

hemorrhage and mononuclear phagocytes in the

alveoli.

r13. 11.11. Autopsy heal.
lote desquanation of bronchiolar epithelium
with a purulent exudate in the lunen and eds-e.

of the noose.

 

 

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Fig. L. Autopsy !$071.
A respiratory bronchiole showing infection
and an early suppurative condition of the

mucosa.

”Ge 11. “tOPC’ h15he
lote eere-fibrinone exudate in the lunge.

 

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rig. LII. Autopsy 18,46.
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pykno 31 .e

. 113. L111. Antopey M36.
lote prodnctive reaction about thie respiratory

bronchiole.

 

 

 

 

usoumz Imcrrons ...

9%

mi. study of the vascular tree in whole organs has bash"
atteapted any tines. Most methods have consisted of the injection
of gelatinous substances colored with dyes and then cutting the . _
organ in serial sections along the course of min arteries. Used
Lray plates have been dissolved and injected in a warm state. when
the solution cooled off it solidified and the tissue was then
digested off. The viscosity of these fluids were such that the
caller vessels could not be injected and results have therefore
been quite unsatisfactory.

A solution of resin in acetone was obtained and injections
were commenced using this solution. The resin used is insoluble in
301 and a perfect cast of the circulatory systea is obtained upon
injection with the acetone-resin solution and digestion of the
remaining tissue with the 801.

Since ay method has proven satisfactory and has not pre-
viously been used for this purpose. I will outline the procedure used.

1. i'he organ is removed from a freshly killed animal. leaving
the slain arteries and veins intact.

2. !he Iain artery is cannulated and the organ is washed out
with water until the flow from the veins is perfectly clear. The
injection pressure should be about l$00 ms. fig.

3. The organ is now placed in a refrigerator for 214 hours to
allow rigor nortis to pass off and to allow the water to drain away.

ll. Ihe artery is cannulated again and the acetone-resin
solution is injected at 500 -. Hg. pressure. No air is allowed to

enter the injection apparatus. The pressure is held at 500 II. for

two hours and is then allowed to drop to 100 mm. Hg. pressure. The
artery is then tied off to prevent the solution from flowing out when
the cannula is removed.

5. !he vein is next cannulated and.the injection mass is
forced into the venous system at 300 mm. Hg; pressure. The pressure
is maintained for two hours. the vein then tied off. the cannula
removed and the organ is immersed in concentrated‘HCl until the tissue
is completely dissolved. Upon removing the organ, we find.that the
arteries and.veins are present in a perfect cast of their normal

condition and location.

Notes on the Gross Angiology of the Bovine Kidney

The renal artery enters at the hilus and breaks up into four
main branches - the first branch supplies the posterior three to four
lobes. The second branch supplies the adjacent four to five lobes.
Ill'he third branch is distributed to the next four to five lobes. The
anterior branch. which is the largest. supplies the greater amount
of kidney tissue which is apparently five large lobes. The primary
branch divides into three to five secondary branches which correspond
to the interlobar and the arcuate vessels of text book descriptions.
These arcuate vessels do not have the curved appearance which they
are supposed to assume. he branching of the interlobar vessel into
interlobular resembles very closely that of a tree or plant which is
pedicle in nature. Only in a few instances can the vessel be seen
transversing the outer medulla. and even in these cases it ends up
with bushy-like branchings of the interlobulars. The afferent
arterioles are not completely injected. They are extremely numerous.
The glomerular capillaries are not injected in any of n cases. The

veins follow closely the course of the arteries.

 

   
  
  
  
 
   
   
 
 
    
 
   
 
 
  

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GAIN STATE UNIVIERSITY LI‘BRHIARIES

'I’I'III III III II III II