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A STUDY OF TWENTY-EIGHT AID TO DEPENDENT
CHILDREN CASES IN INGHAM COUNTY THAT
RECEIVED SUPPLEMENTATION FROM THE
INGHAM COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF

SOCIAL WELFARE

by

Myrtle Mae Louden

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the School of Social Work Michigan State
University of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK

 

June 1958
Approved:Lg7,;;;;4kduhflb¢/6;7
‘Chafrman: Research cc' ttee

x:

7 31m a. 'C‘NYT',» .>--‘~:§-- x "x. c
Darector of school

fHFSIS

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgments are gratefully extended to Dr. Gordon
Aldridge, Mr. Manfred Lilliefors, and Miss Frances Hetznecker
for the helpful assistance which they have given to this
writer.

Sincere thanks and appreciation are-extended to Mr.
Daryl Minnis, Ingham County Director of Social Welfare and
Supervisor of Bureau of Social Aid, and his staff for the
inspiration and encouragement that made this study possible.

Deep appreciation goes to my husband for his under-
standing, consideration, and help while completing this

project.

11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS“
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF CHARTS
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION .

The Problem, Assumptions, and Question.
Setting . .
How Data Were Obtained

II. BACKGROUND AND CURRENT OPINION

General Welfare Background.

The Social Security Act. . . .
The Aid to Dependent Children Program .
Ingham County Department of Social Welfare

III. METHODS AND PROCEDURES.

Scope of the Study .
Methods and Techniques .
Validity of Methods . .

IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA. .

Purchase of Food . . .
Rent, Utilities, and Fuel
Personal and Household Needs
Needs of Children.

Handling of Money.

Budgets . .

Contacts With Social Worker
Integrated Program .

V; SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY. . .
APPENDIX

iii

Page
ii

iv

H

CIDIUH

IO

13
15
18

23
23
26
28

33

38
39
41

as
A9

51
55

LIST OF TABLES

Age Range of 28 Aid to Dependent Children
Mothers in Ingham County, November 1, 1957

Reasons for Absence of 27 Fathers of Children
Receiving Aid to Dependent Children in
Ingham County, November 1, 1957 ._ .

Supplemental Help 28 Aid to Dependent Children
Mothers in Ingham County Received November 1,
1955--November 1, 1956 .

Additional Sources of Income of 1H Aid to
Dependent Children Mothers in Ingham County,
November 1, 1956--November 1, 1957 . . . .

Monthly Food Allowance for Aid to Dependent
Children, October 33, 1957. . . . .

Average Budget, Aid to Dependent Children
Grant, and Supplemental Aid of 28 Aid to
Dependent Children Cases in Ingham County
for November 1, 1955, 1956, and 1957

Number Changes in Aid to Dependent Children
Budgets, Ingham County, Monthly, 1957 . .

iv

Page

28
29
31

33

3M

48

Chart

LIST OF CHARTS

Average Supplementation of 28 Aid to Dependent
Children Mothers in Ingham County as of
November 1, 1955, 1956, and 1957.

Page

A6

GMFERI
INTRODUCTION

In a period when communities evaluate services in
terms of cost and need for expansion there are frequently
the involvements of past and present before the forward
look. That was the experience in Ingham County in 1956
when under the sponsorship of the Ingham County Board of
Supervisors and the United Community Chest of Ingham County,
a study of services to families and children in Ingham
County, Michigan was made.1 Out of the recommendations
regarding more efficient and effective public welfare
services some changes in administration were undertaken in
the Ingham County Department of Social Welfare and the
Bureau of Social Aid.2

Mr. Daryl Minnis, the Director-Supervisor of that
agency followed the recommendations by beginning an inte-
grated service to Aid to Dependent Children cases. In

order to move further in the acceptance of recommendations

 

v. v w i V ._v v fi fi

1Community Research Associates, Inc., New York, in
cooperation with Community Services Council, Lansing, Mich-
igan, A Study of Services to Families and Children in
Ingham Gaunty, Michigan, AprII, I956. ' I BETTE

 

 

2Ibid., pp. 29-33.

W

2
Mr. Minnis expressed interest in an evaluation of the ef-
fectiveness of the changed program which had been operative

for a one year period.

Thefigroblem, Assumptions! andfiQuestion
The problem was studied as follows:
An exploratory investigation of twenty-eight
Aid to Dependent Children cases that received De-
partment of Social Welfare supplementation for at
least one year before November 1, 1956, and since
that time have been under the integrated program.
These assumptions were made:
1. Relief standards are minimal.
2. A11 twenty-eight cases have met categorical
eligibility.
3. Food budgets lag behind cost—of-living increases.
A. There are variations in the abilities of the
recipients to make use of the new program.
While it was the expressed opinion of the Director and
the social workers of the Bureau of Social Aid that the
clients have benefited from this program this was not stated

as a hypotheses but as the question:

Do the clients believe they have benefited from
the new program and in what specific ways?

The amount of assistance which shall be granted
for any dependent child shall be determined with due
regards to the conditions existing in each case, and
shall be sufficient when added to all other income
and support available to the child, to provide such
child with a reasonable subsistence compatible with
decency and health.1

 

fl 7 w i v w fi V v fi—_ a V v a

1State of Michigan, The Social Welfare Act, Act 280,
P.A. 1939, Sec. AOO.l--AOO.9O of Compiled Laws, 1948, as
amended.

3

The preceeding statement underlies the policy and
procedures of the Michigan State Department of Social
Welfare. The money appropriated by the Legislature is
intended to serve this purpose. However, there are times
when the maximum allowable grants of one hundred and ten
dollars for a mother and one child with an additional ten
dollars for each additional child is not sufficient to
cover the entire budgetary needs of a specific needy family
so they may have "reasonable subsistence compatible with

.n1 This means that the additional needs

decency and health.
of the family are not met unless the County Department of
Social Welfare is willing to assume the responsibility of
supplementing the maximum grant.

The Ingham County Board of Social Welfare has assumed
this responsibility under Act 146, Public Acts 1925, State
of Michigan, which defines "poor person" as

persons who have some means, but who need certain
relief which, if granted, would in the opinion of

the County Department of Social Welfare be conducive
to the welfare of such persons and to the best inter-
ests of the public.

The Ingham County Department of Social Welfare was
supplementing eighty-nine Aid to Dependent Children cases
on October 31, 1956 out of a total Aid to Dependent Children
caseload of three hundred and ninety-six. These families

had needs which were not being met, even on minimum stan-

dards, by their maximum Aid to Dependent Children grants.

 

fl 7 T v ‘

lIb‘i‘d‘ .

The Department of Social Welfare provided medical care when
needed. Vouchers were given to cover food and fuel although
after January 1, 1956 this help might have been granted in

the form of a cash relief" check. The Department of Social
Welfare also provided hospitalization if necessary.

This meant that two separate governmental agencies
were servicing each of these families. ,The Ingham County
Bureau of Social Aid was responsible for dispensing the Aid
to Dependent Children grant. The Bureau of Social Aid had
its own staff which was employed by the State of Michigan.
The Department of Social Welfare was governed by the Ingham
County Board of Social Welfare. They hired their own social
workers. Each agency had its own clerical staff and kept
separate records: The two agencies shared the same building
and had an administrator who served as the director of the
Department of Social Welfare and supervisor of the Bureau
of Social Aid.

The client received a check on the first of each
month from the Michigan State Department of Social Welfare
for the maximum Aid to Dependent Children allowance. In
most cases the additional supplementation was given in the
form of a grocery voucher which could be cashed in one store,
chosen by the client. However, after January 1, 1956 it
was possible for this supplementation to be issued in the
form of a cash relief check. This was at the discretion of

the Department of Social Welfare worker. These vouchers,

or checks, were usually mailed to the client on the fifteenth
of the month. The Department of Social Welfare also took
care of the medical needs of the family.

The department has an agreement with the Ingham County
Medical Society which specifies that the doctors will submit
their bills directly to the Board of Social Welfare by the
fifteenth of each month. They are paid according to a fee
schedule:

A. Office Ca11--$2.00

B. Home Calls~~$3.00

0. Night Calls--$5.00
Medical cards are provided Aid to Dependent recipients if
the need is for temporary medical service, or if continuing
medical service is in excess of the amount that can be
provided in the grant. Each client can choose her doctor
and the usual patient-doctor relationships are maintained.
Glasses for both adults and children may be obtained in the
same way.1

This method of supplementation was changed as of
November 1, 1956 by an agreement between the Michigan State
Department of Social Welfare and the Ingham County Board of

Social Welfare.2 The social worker in the Bureau of Social

 

w fi - fifiw w v a

lIngham County Board of Social Welfare, Annual Report
to the Board of Supervisors 1954 pp. 9-13.

fiaffififiv

 

 

2Ingham County Board of Social Welfare, Annual Report
to the Board of Supervisors, 1957, p. 5. "I"

 

 

Aid is now able to include all of the budgetary needs of
the family in one check that is issued by the State Depart-
ment of Social Welfare. These are handled Just like any
other Aid to Dependent Children check.

The amount above the maximum Aid to Dependent Children
grant is known as an'"over-ceiling grant." From November 1,
1956 to July 1, 1957 the over-ceiling costs were shared
equally by the State and the County. Since July 1, 1957
the ratio is seventy per cent county funds and thirty per
state funds. This increased the cost to the county as the
number of supplemented cases rose from eighty-nine in Nov-
ember 1956 to one hundred and fifty as of July 1957 and
one hundred and seventy-five in December 1957.1

This increase was a result of unfavorable employment
possibilities which made it difficult for Aid to Dependent
Mothers to find employment. Likewise, alimony payments
were irregular or non—existent. Also, the total Aid to

Dependent Children caseload increased twenty-three per cent?

Setting
Act 280 of Public Acts 1939, as amended, State of

Michigan, provided for distribution of public relief in
Michigan. The law set up County Boards of Social Welfare

with directorships for County Departments of Social Welfare

 

a fiV wWfiVfi w a a a v fl

and County Bureaus of Social Aid. The Bureau of Social Aid
handled the categorical programs which were financed by
Federal and State funds. The Department of Social Welfare
handled general relief funds, financed by State and County
monies.

There were three possible arrangements of these:

1. The dual set-up with the two agencies in
separate quarters and having their own
administration.

2. The integrated plan where they are combined
and one agency administers both categorical
and general relief.

3. A consolidated program” providing for separate
operation of the County Department of Social
Welfare and Bureau of Social Aid but locating
them in the same quarters and under one admin—
istrator.

Ingham County, since 1944, has operated under the
consolidated plan. The director, Mr. Daryl Minnis, admin-
isters the county Bureau of Social Aid and the county De-
partment of Social Welfare. The Bureau of Social Aid is
responsible for the Aid to the Blind, Aid to Dependent
Children, Old Age Assistance, and Aid to the Totally and
Permanently Disabled programs within the county. It inves—
tigates and determines the eligibility of applicants and
recipients for categorical relief as set up under the
Federal Social Security Act of 1935.

The County Department of Social Welfare provides
Direct Relief, Adult Hospitalization, and County Institu-

tional Care. Direct Relief is provided for persons who are

in need but are not eligible for categorical help or need
additional assistance.

The Bureau of Social Aid has its own staff which is
paid by the state and employed under Civil Service regula-
tions. The Department of Social Welfare workers are hired
by the County Board of Social Welfare and paid by the Board

with county funds. They are not under Civil Service.

How Data Were Obtained

 

Aid to Dependent Children families which had received
supplementation for a year and over-ceiling grants for a
year were the basis of this study. Therefore, the payroll
of the State Department of Social Welfare for Ingham County
Aid to Dependent Children recipients was examined. All
eightyenine mothers who received over-ceiling grants on
November 1, 1956 were listed. The Aid to Dependent Children
payroll of November 1, 1955 was then checked to determine
how many of these eightenine mothers received supplementation
from the Department of Social Welfare at that time. This
eliminated some families from the study. The November 1,
1957 payroll was examined to determine how many of these
were still receiving help. This reduced to fifty~six the
number of mothers who had received supplementation for one
full year and over-ceiling grants for one year.

One-half of the fifty-six mothers were chosen for this

study. This was assumed to be adequate to provide a picture

of the program. Case records of these twenty-eight cases
were read covering the time from November 1, 1955 to Nov-
ember 1, 1957.

The ten different social workers who served these
twenty-eight mothers were consulted as were their super-
visors. This was followed by conferences with the Super-
visor of the Bureau of Social Aid. As a result of these
contacts a schedule was developed.1 The twenty-eight
mothers were interviewed and a schedule filled out for each

C386.

 

‘V‘ vv‘v‘vw if Vfi v‘vwvv vv v‘ vfi‘v‘w vvafififwwV

1Appendix-«Questionnaire.

CHAPTER II
BACKGROUND AND CURRENT OPINION

General Welfare Background

 

The concept of help for the needy was expressed in
the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601. The Law established the
responsibility of the government to care for those who
could not care for themselves or be helped by relatives.

It set up "overseers of the poor;" The parish was the
governmental unit charged with this responsibility. Assis-
tance was limited to the parish and this was the beginning
' of "settlement" as a prerequisite to help.1

The American colonists carried these ideas with them
when they left England. Relief was given to families in
their-own homes, "outdoor relief," or, later, "indoor
relief"-a1mshouses that sheltered the old, the sick, the
dependent children, and any others who could not care for
themselves.

' Early in 1800 conditions became so bad in the alms-
houses that private charity societies finally took the

initiative in establishing orphanages. These were usually

 

-wfi fivfi‘fi“ w—— v fiv v w wfififivw w fa fiv

lWalter Friedlander, Introduction to Sec ial' Welfare
(Englewood Cliffs, N. J:: PrenticeZBEJI, Inc.,‘l955),'p}'18.

 

lO

11

associated with churches, fraternal orders, or benevolent
societies. This was also the period when the local com-
munities were not able to care properly for all the needy
and the states began assuming responsibility for the insane,
the feeble-minded, and convicted offenders for whom there
were no adequate local facilities.1
Imi189A Congress passed a bill that would have pro—
vided land for the states to care for the insane and deaf-
mutes. This bill was vetoed by President Pierce on the
theory that the Federal government should not be financially
responsible for any welfare program. This continued to be
the government's attitude until the depression of the 1930s.2
The latter half of the nineteenth century was the
period when the charity organizations began to be influ—
ential and settlement houses were being established. The
American Charity Organization Society was established in
Buffalo in 1877. It tried to organize private means of
helping the poor. '"Friendly Visitors" called upon them
and tried to determine their needs on an individual basis.
Gradually the volunteers were replaced by paid workers.
This was the forerunner of the present Family Service

Association of America.3

111ml. . p. 87.

2H. L. Lurie,'"Development of Social Welfare Programs, "
Social Work Year Book, ed. Russell Kurtz (13th ed.; New York:

NationaI'AssociationTof Social Workers, 1957), p. 25.

 

3I’bi'd. , p. 32.

12

In the period 1900 to 1930 the United States was
rapidly changing from an agricultural to an industrial
economy with the resultant growth of urban areas and large
cities. Half of the states had no minimum age for child
labor, and hours and wages were unregulated.

President Theodore Roosevelt called a conference of
child welfare workers in Washington, D. C. in 1909. It was
known as the White House Conference and was the first of
five that have been held. The emphasis of this meeting
was on "Care of Dependent Children." They found that aid
should be given to maintain family homes and declared that
'"no child should be separated from its parents solely for
reasons of poverty."1

It also made recommendations that resulted in the
establishment of the federal Children's Bureau to collect
and disseminate information regarding the welfare of child-
ren. It also suggested a national voluntary agency in the
field of dependency and neglect which developed into the
formation of the Child Welfare League of America.

The second Conference was called in 1919 by President
Wilson and was concerned with "Child Welfare Standards;"
Emphasis was on employment, protection of health of children
and mothers, and protection of children in need of special

care.

i V V j i V

li-bid .

13

The third Conference was held in 1930 with over 3,000
delegates attending. It studied the health problems and
received reports of what was being done and what needed to
be done. President Franklin Roosevelt called the fourth
Conference in 1940 with sessions devoted to: The Child and
Family, Religion, Educational Service, Child Labor, Youth
Needs, Handicapped Children, and Public Administration and
Financing. President Truman called the Mid-Century Confer-
ence in 1950. The focus was on ways to develop in children
mental, emotional, and spiritual qualities essential to
individual happiness and responsible citizenship.l

This was a period during which many philanthropic
organizations were founded. It was also the beginning of.
the Boy Scout and Girl Scout movements, Home Service within
the American Red Cross, establishment of state and local
health departments, and the Juvenile Courts.

The Depression of the 1930s saw the entrance of the
federal government as the main source of public assistance.
There were many emergency agencies set up from 1933-1935.
Three that specifically stated that funds must be spent
through government agencies and not voluntary ones were
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (F.E.R.A.),
Civilian Conservation Corp (C.C.C.), and the National Youth

Administration (N.Y.A.). These were followed by the Civil

 

v V h V v w f1 v v v a v V v w wfi v *— fi

lI’bi'd‘. , _p. 148.

14.

Works Administration (C.W.A). In 1935 the Federal Emergency
Relief Administration was dissolved and the Works Progress
Administration (W.P.A.) was formed. This agency provided
help from 1935 until 1943 when a man-power shortage due
to World War II made it necessary to discontinue the program.
The Works Progress Administration, later known as the
Work Projects Administration, established policies, admin-
istered the program, and approved of state and local govern-
ment projects. Construction work provided highways, bridges,
roads, and public buildings such as hospitals, schools, and
libraries. Playgrounds and parks were built and refores-
tration undertaken. Workers were all taken from relief
rolls and were certified by the welfare workers. The
materials used in the projects were paid for by state funds
while the wages were paid by the federal government. The
average national wage was fifty-four dollars and twenty-
five cents.l
In Ingham County Work Projects Administration projects
started in 1935 and continued until 1943. The number of
persons engaged in these projects varied from 3,494 in
1938-1939 to 321 in 1942-1943. The average wage in 1937-

1938 was forty-eight dollars.2

fivfi—VVfifi iWi ww aw fivrvw fiww—v fivw vvvvwww

lFriedlander, op. cit., pp. 143-146.

2Ingham County Board of Social Welfare, Annual Report
to the Beard; Offiulzergvifigrs. 1955. p. J. ~ a ,1

 

15

The year 1935 is important as the enactment of the
federal Social Security Act. It has been amended several
times since that date but it was the first time that an
organized effort was made to prevent widespread economic

need.

TheSocialfiSecurity Act

 

The Social Security Act which became law on August 14,
1935 has three main programs:

1. Social Insurance which provides old-age and
survivors insurance and unemployment compen-
sation for workers deprived ofwork through
no fault of their own.

2. Public categorical assistance which includes
grants-in-aid for Old—Age Assistance (0AA), Aid
to the Needy Blind (AB), and Aid to Dependent
Children (ADC). A 1950 amendment added the Aid
to the Totally and Permanently Disability (AD).

3. Health and welfare services that provided for
Maternal and Child Health Services, Crippled
Children, Child Welfare Services, Vocational
Rehabilitation, and Public Health Services.1
This law has undergone several amendments and changes
and has gradually increased the numbers of persons covered

by the law. It has also increased the amount of the payments.

The Aid to_DependentfiChildren Program

 

The Aid to Dependent Children program is most impor-
tant to this study as it involves persons who are receiving

help under this program.

 

a Vfifi Vifivwfi V vw fi‘v‘ fir fi‘vV a fivfifi w w

lFriedlander, op. cit., pp. 151-152.

16

The Act requires a central state agency to administer
the program and to supervise the local administration.
Michigan did not take legal action to become a part of the
program until 1939. Act 280, Public Acts 1939, State of
Michigan state it is

an act to protect the welfare of the people of this
state; to provide for compliance by this state with
the provision of the Social Security Act; . . .

This act set up a Michigan Social Welfare Commission
of five members. This commission had the power to adopt
any plan required to receive federal money.

Section 400.22 of the Act created a Bureau of Social
Security of state and county bureaus of Social Aid.

Section 400.56 describes a dependent child as follows:

The term dependent child as used in this act means a
child who has been deprived of parental support or
care by reason of the death, continued absence from
the home, or physical or mental incapacity of a parent.
Provided, that such assistance shall not be

given in the case of any child while it resides with
both of its parents unless the parent is disabled.

Item 318 of the Manual of Policies and Procedures1

 

states:

Food, clothing, incidentals, shelter, utilities,
heating fuel are considered essential to a "reasonable
subsistence." It may include special diets, life
insurance premiums, school expenses, laundry, medical
care, dentures.

 

1State Department of Social Welfare, Manual of Poli-
cies and Procedures for Administration of Old Age Assistance,
Aid to Dependent Children, Aid to Needy Blind, Aid to Totally
and Permanently Disabled (Lansing,IMIEhigan: (State Depart-
ment of SEcial Welfare, as amended).

 

 

 

 

 

e,-

a
in!

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1!-
(l)

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an

a.-.

Ll“ {
D" J

“3"Qy
v"
v.

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”4‘

.I‘

 

17

Ingham County Department of Social Welfare allows
all of these extra needs as applicable.1
Michigan has minimum and maximum grants. The lowest
is three dollars and no case with needs less than three
dollars is eligible. The maximum grant is determined by
the number of children in the family. Mother and one child
receive one hundred and ten dollars with an additional ten
dollars for each additional child. An additional ten
dollars is included if both parents are in the home.
The federal government reimburses the state as follows:
14/17 of the first seventeen dollars and one-half of
the balance up to thirty-two dollars for the first
child and the same for the relative the child is living
with and twenty-three dollars for each additional
child.2
The average monthly Aid to Dependent Children grant
per family in the United States was eighty-nine dollars and
twenty-seven cents in June, 1956 with a range from twenty-
seven dollars and sixty-nine cents in Mississippi to one
hundred forty-four dollars and ninety-six cents in Wisconsin3

The average monthly Aid to Dependent Children grant‘

for the State of Michigan for 1956 was one hundred and

 

1Appendix, Table of Allowances, Item 333.

2Amendment to the Federal Social Security Act,l956.

3Jay L. Roney, "Public Assistance," Social Work Year
Book 1957, ed. Russell Kurtz (13th ed.; New York: National
Association of Social Workers, 1957), p. 445.

 

l8

fourteen dollars and thirty-four cents.l In Ingham County
the average grant was one hundred two dollars and ninety-
four cents.2
Thus, both the State of Michigan with an average
grant of one hundred fourteen dollars and thirty-four cents
and Ingham County with an average grant of one hundred two

dollars and ninety-four cents were above the national

average of eighty-nine dollars and sixty-nine cents.

Ingham County Department offiSocial Welfare

 

The Ingham County Department of Social Welfare is
governed by the County Board of Social Welfare which hires
the director and the social workers. The Board is composed
of three members, two of whom are named by the County Board
of Supervisors and the third appointed by the State Depart-
ment of Social Welfare. They must live within the county
and not be holding an elective office. They serve three
year staggered terms.

The Board, set up under Act 280, Public Acts 1939,
State of Michigan, administers state and county funds to
cover direct relief while it has only county funds to pro-

vide hospitalization to Afflicted Adults. They also, as a

 

lMichigan Social Welfare Commission, Ninth Biennial
Report, July l954--June 1956 (Lansing, Michigan: ‘Michigan
Social welfare Commission, December, 1956), p. 41.

 

 

2Ingham County Board of Social Welfare, Annual Report
to Board of Supervisors, 1956, p.29,

 

 

I‘.

 

 

governing body, make the rules and regulations regarding
eligibility for relief. They have established the following
criteria for help:1
1. Employability.
Availability of employment.
Responsible relative's ability to provide.

2
3
4. Eligibility for some type of compensation.
5 Available source of credit.

6

Urgency of applicant‘s need as regarded in the
light of resources at the agency's disposal.

7. Legal settlement.
Act 146, Public Acts 1925, State of Michigan, defines
"poor persons” as:

l. Unemployable persons with no means of support.

2. Other persons who have some means, but who need
certain relief which, if granted, would in the
opinion of the County Department of Social Welfare
be conducive to the welfare of such ersons and
to the best interests of the public.

The County Department of Social Welfare uses the same

standard budget as the Bureau of Social Aid.3 They try to
give help in cash relief rather than vouchers except for

temporary assistance. Employable men who are unable to get

work are expected to work for the county to earn the amount

 

lIngham County Department of Social Welfare, Manual
of Policies and Procedures, g2. cit., Item 201.

 

2lbid., Item 239.

3Appendix, Table of Allowances, Item 333.

20

of assistance received. The amount of time they work is
dependent upon the amount of assistance their family has
received. They work at the city parks, the Ingham County
Chest Hospital, the Department of Social Welfare building

on East Willow Street, Lansing, and at the Ingham County
Hospital at Okemos, Michigan. During 1957 seven hundred
forty-five men worked two thousand, five hundred and seventy
days for a total of seventeen thousand, nine hundred and

ninety-three hours.

Current Trends and Opinions

 

Jane Hoey in the April 1948 issue of the Journal of

H

Social Casework says in part financial need is not

 

necessarily linked with personal inadequacy, but is to a
great extent rooted in economic disorders over which the
individual may have little control. ."2
Fluctuations in the national economy influence em-

ployment and the need for welfare assistance. Today, how-
ever, many unemployed persons do not require welfare help
as they are eligible for unemployment compensation. The
retired worker, over sixty-five, and his wife, over sixty-

two, are covered by Old Age and Survivors Insurance benefits.

These are not always sufficient to cover their budgetary

 

lIngham County Board of Social Welfare, Annual Report
to Board of Supervisors, 1957, p. 10.

 

 

2Jane Hoey, "Public Assistance in 1948, " Journal of
Social Casework, XXIX, No. 4(April 1948), p. 125.

 

 

21

needs but do reduce the amount of Old Age Assistance
needed.

There are still a large number of persons receiving
assistance because of inability to take advantage of employ-
ment opportunities. These are the aged who cannot qualify
for Old Age and Survivors Insurance at the present time due
to previous limitations of coverage, the disabled, the
blind, and dependent children.

Another trend affecting the welfare picture is the
change in the family composition. The aged and young people
are increasing more rapidly than the total population. The
number of dependent children in the Aid to Dependent Child-
ren program due to the death of the father has been
declining due to the Survivors Insurance. Today over one-
half of the children require Aid to Dependent Children
assistance due to the absence of the parent because of
marital estrangement.1

Ingham County has been making several changes in the
administration of the Bureau of Social Aid and the Depart-
ment of Social Welfare. The Department of Social Welfare,
as of January 1, 1956, adopted the standard budget of the
Bureau of Social Aid for food, fuel, utilities, clothing,
and incidentals. These allowances are determined by the
State Department of Social Welfare and consider the average

cost of these commodities throughout the entire state.

lRoney, opg'cit., p. 445.

22

There has been an integration of the Aid to Dependent
Children, Old Age Assistance, Aid to the Needy Blind, and
the Convalescent home programs. The necessary budgetary
supplementation of these clients are included in their
categorical checks as over-ceiling grants.

This has been more economical and less time consuming
because the case can be closed in the Department of Social
Welfare. This means that only one social worker serves the
client and all clerical work is done by the staff of the
Bureau of Social Aid. In the case of Old Age Assistance
clients who are in convalescent homes, the entire cost is
included in their Old Age Assistance checks. Previously
the operator of the home had to submit a voucher to the
Department of Social Welfarewhich had to be approved by
the Ingham County Board of Social Welfare. This was time
consuming and required extra bookkeeping.

There has been consideration of integrating the Bureau
of Social Aid and the Department of Social Welfare into an
integrated County Welfare Department. This would result in
a merging of the two staffs. There are differences in the
county and state retirement plans that have to be worked

out.

CHAPTER III
METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Scope of Study

 

The study covers twenty-eight Aid to Dependent Children
cases that received categorical aid from the Ingham County
Bureau of Social Aid from November 1, 1955 to November 1,
1957. They also received supplemental aid from the Ingham
County Department of Social Welfare from November 1, 1955
to November 1, 1956. The Department of Social Welfare case
was closed on October 31, 1956 and the client received the
entire assistance in their Aid to Dependent Children check.
The difference between the maximum grant and the total
budgetary needs is called "over-ceiling."

The following hypothetical case illustrates the over-
ceiling grant:

A mother with two children, a boy 14, and a girl

13, has a total budget of $200 a month. This

covers food, rent, utilities, incidentals, and

clothing. The maximum Aid to Dependent Children
grant is $120 a month.. The clothing is $21 a

month.
Total budget $200
A.D.C. grant 120

Deficit $ 80
Clothing deleted 21

Over-ceiling $ 59

23

24

The mother will receive a monthly check of one hundred and
seventy-nine dollars as long as her needs do not change and
she remains eligible for an Aid to Dependent Children grant.
If clothing is later added to the budget she will receive
two hundred dollars a month with an over-ceiling allowance
of eighty dollars.

There were fifty-five mothers who had received Aid to
Dependent Children checks for the entire two years from
November 1, 1955 to November 1, 1957 and had also received
additional assistance from the Ingham County Department of
Social Welfare during this two year period. This help was
given as supplementation from November 1, 1955 to November 1,
1956 and as over-ceiling grants from November 1, 1956 to
November 1, 1957.

The Ingham County Board of Social Welfare and the
Director of the Ingham County Bureau of Social Aid believed
that these-mothers would be better served by having their
entire needs met through one check issued once a month.

This study was designed to evaluate the new program
after it had been in effect for one year. A workable sample

of twenty-eight cases was selected.

Methods and Techniques

 

The Ingham County Aid to Dependent Children payrolls
of the State of Michigan, Department of Social Welfare for
November 1, 1955, November 1, 1956, and November 1, 1957

were checked. Eighty-nine cases out of a total of three

25

hundred and ninety-Six Aid to Dependent Children cases were
found to be receiving supplementation as of October 31,
1955. Sixty-seven of these eighty-nine cases received this
additional help from November 1, 1955 until November 1,
1956. The payroll for November 1, 1957 showed that fifty-
five of these sixty-seven cases were still receiving Aid to
Dependent Children maximum allowances and over—ceiling
grants.

These fifty-five cases were then listed as they
appeared on the Ingham County Aid to Dependent Children
payroll. Every other case, beginning with the second name,
was chosen as the sample. One additional case was added
to make a total of twenty-eight.

A letter of introduction was sent to each mother who

1 The letter stressed the fact that the

was in the study.
Ingham County Bureau of Social Aid was interested in
learning if the new program was helpful to the client. It
also assured the mothers that they would not be quoted
directly and their comments were desired. They were also
told that the interviewer would have an identification card.
The letter was written on the Ingham County Department of
Social Welfare stationary and signed by the Supervisor of
the Bureau of Social Aid and mailed from his office.

A detailed questionnaire was designed for interviewing

the Aid to Dependent Children clients chosen for the

 

lAppendix, Letter to Client.

26

l The questions were arranged in sequence with the

study.
first ones relating to the period of November 1, 1955 to
November 1, 1956. The second group covered the time from
November 1, 1956 to November 1, 1957. The third group
allowed the client to express likes and dislikes of the
integrated program.

The social workers were interviewed to obtain infor-
mation on the selected clients. The workers also made
pertinent suggestions regarding questions to be included
in the questionnaire.

The Bureau of Social Aid records for the period of
November 1, 1955 to November 1, 1957 were read. The budgets,
with all changes in allowances, were recorded. Any help
from the Department of Social Welfare in addition to the
over-ceiling grant was noted as was the reason for such
help. The Department of Social Welfare records for Nov—
ember l, 1955 to November 1, 1956 were read and budgets and
supplementation noted. The Department of Social Welfare

records were closed at this time so only this period was

checked.

Validity of Methods

 

The study covered one-half of the Aid to Dependent
Children clients whose maximum grants were insufficient to

meet their needs. Ten out of thirteen social workers

 

1Appendix, Questionnaire.

27

serviced these clients. The area covered both urban and
rural sections of the county. The family composition
ranged from two to nine children. The study included both
white and Negro mothers. These ranged from those who could
not even speak English to high school graduates. It also
included both renters and householders. This range was
representative of the entire Aid to Dependent Children

caseload.-

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS OF DATA

There were twenty-eight Aid to Dependent Children
mothers in the study of whom nine were Negro and nineteen
were white. Four of the nineteen were Mexican. They lived
in all sections of the city of Lansing, city of Mason, and
Lansing, Delhi, and Meridan townships. Twenty mothers were
renting while eight were buying their homes. These families
comprised part of the caseload of ten different social
‘workers. The twenty—eight mothers varied in age from
twenty-one to fifty-six on November 1, 1957. The age dis-

tribution was as follows:

TABLE 1
AGE RANGE OF 28 AID TO DEPENDENT
CHILDREN MOTHERS IN INGHAM COUNTY
NOVEMBER 1, 1957
A89 Mothers

Total. 28

 

21 through 25

26 through 30 . . . . .
31 through 35 . . . . .
36 through 40 . . . . .
41 through 45 . . . . .
46 through 50 . . . . .
51 through 55 . . . . .
56 through 60

l'-‘ OUUUINH CDLU

28

29

Of the twenty-eight caSes studied only one father
resided in the home. Eligibility for Aid to Dependent
Children was established because of his incapacity. The
remaining twenty-seven cases were eligible on the basis of
deprivation of parental support. The reasons for this
deprivation were divorce, separation, imprisonment,
desertion, and decease. These were divided as shown in the

following table.

TABLE 2

REASONS FOR ABSENCE OF 27 FATHERS OF CHILDREN
RECEIVING AID T0 DEPENDENT CHILDREN
IN INGHAM COUNTY, NOVEMBER 1, 1957

 

Reason for Absence Fathers
Total 27
Divorce . . . . . . . . . . 10
Separation. 5
Imprisonment. 5
Desertion 4
Decease 3

The Aid to Dependent Children grant, which was maximum
for these families, did not meet their budgetary require-
ments on Bureau of Social Aid allowances. From November 1,
1955 to November 1, 1956 they received, in addition to these
grants, assistance from the Ingham County Department of
Social Welfare to cover the budget needs not met by their
Aid to Dependent Children check. The additional assistance
Covered groceries, fuel, utilities, clothing, and medical

care. Some of the mothers received more than one form of

30

help. They were all eligible to receive surplus food in
addition to their cash grants after October 1, 1956.

At this time the Ingham County Board of Social Welfare
made an agreement with the Commodities Distribution Section,
State of Michigan, Department of Administration, to distri-
bute surplus food once a month to recipients of public
assistance. These commodities are a gift from the United
States Department of Agriculture to the State of Michigan
and to the County of Ingham. The county pays all of the
distribution costs. The families received red and pinto
beans, rice, butter, cheese, flour, dry milk, lard, and
corn meal.1

Five clients said they were unable to get the surplus
food because they lacked transportation. The replies to
these questions were checked against the case records and
were found to be correct in twenty-seven of the twenty-
eight Cases.

Seventeen mothers received their supplementation in
the form of vouchers while eleven received cash relief
checks. The doctors, dentists, and druggists were paid
directly by the Ingham County Department of Social Welfare.2

Table 3 shows the kind of supplementation received

and the number of families receiving each kind of help.

 

lIngham County Board of Social Welfare, Annual Report
to Beard of Supervisors, 1956, pp. 7-8.

2Ibid., p. 3.

31

TABLE 3

SUPPLEMENTAL HELP 28 AID TO DEPENDENT
CHILDREN MOTHERS IN INGHAM COUNTY
RECEIVED Nov. 1, 1955--NOV.1,1956

 

Form of Help Mothers

Total 28
Surpuls foods. . . .i. . 23
Groceries. . . . . . . . 22
Medicall . . . . . . . . 18
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . 6
Clothing . . . . . . . . 3
Utilities. . . . . . . . 2

1Includes dental

Twenty-four of the twenty—eight mothers interviewed
stated that the amount of money they received in their Aid
to Dependent Children checks was larger on November 1, 1956
than the amount received from November 1, 1955 to November 1,
1956. Four received the same amount of money but they had
one less in the family as of that date.

Nineteen of the twenty-eight mothers intervrawed
received assistance from the Department of Social Welfare
in addition to their Aid to Dependent Children check after
November 1, 1956. This covered many forms of relief with
thirteen receiving help with medical expense. Four got
glasses for themselves or their children. Two others were
given cash relief checks to purchase clothing for their
children. One mother received a coal order and one a
grocery voucher. One mother, who was buying her home with

very low payments, had the roof repaired. She was

32

also given money to purchase a new heating stove as her old
one had been condemned by the utility company. One mother
had to have her cooking stove repaired. Another mother and
-her two children required hospitalization.

The county is responsible for the entire cost of
hOSpitalization of adults. The Ingham County Board of
Social Welfare has a contract with Sparrow and St. Lawrence
Hospitals for a flat rate of nineteen dollars a day. The
rate is eighteen dollars a day at McLaughlin Hospital in
Lansing, and the Mason Hospital in Mason, Michigan. Child-
ren‘s care in Sparrow and St. Lawrence Hospitals may be
paid by the State of Michigan through the Crippled and
Afflicted Children's Act. If the Child is hospitalized in
any other hospital in Ingham County, the Ingham County
Board of Social Welfare must pay the cost. Only Sparrow
and St. Lawrence Hospitals are approved for payment by
the Crippled Children's Commission.

Fourteen mothers were receiving money from sources
other than Aid to Dependent Children or the Department of
Social Welfare. Six were receiving alimony while two each
were getting veteran or allotment checks from family mem—
bers in military service. Two mothers had grown children
living at home. One paid ten dollars a weekfor a room
for herself and her husband. The second mother had two
grown, single sons who paid a total of seventy-eight dollars

a month for room and board. This was figured on the

33

established rate of seventy-eight dollars per month for
roOm and board with an allowance of thirty-nine dollars per
month to cover the standard expenses involved in providing
said room and board.1 The two sons also made contributions
of twenty-two dollars a month.

One mother worked two half—days per week. One client
received a Social Security check as a death benefit from
her deceased husband. Another mother was eligible for
Social Security but had not received her first check before
November 1, 1957.

This income was considered when figuring their budget

and the amount of assistance needed.

TABLE 4
ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INCOME OF 14 AID TO
DEPENDENT CHILDREN MOTHERS IN INGHAM_
COUNTY, Nov. 1, 1956--NOV. 1, 1957

Source of Income No. Receiving

Total 14

 

Alimony. . . . . . . . .
Veteran's check. . . . .
Allotment. . . . .

Room and board . . . .
Survivor‘s benefits. . .
Own earnings

l—‘I—‘mmmm

Purchase of Food

 

As food represents one-fourth to one-third of the

average family's expense of living, an effort was made to

 

1State Department of Social Welfare, Manual of
Policies andProcedures, op. cit., Item 320.I8} RI

 

 

34

learn how the clients allocated their money on food. Twenty
of the twenty-eight mothers bought the bulk of their groc-
eries as soon as they received their Aid to Dependent
Children checks. Twelve of these mothers were white and
eight were Negro. Four of the white mothers were Mexican.
They stated that transportation was a problem so they
bought all they could at one time. They watched for "good
buys" and often went to different stores to get the best
bargains. Most of them traded at the large supermarkets
because the prices were lower and they got trading stamps
with their purchases. They then bought bread, meat when
they could afford it, and perishables as needed during the

month.

TABLE 5

MONTHLY FOOD ALLOWANCES FOR AID TO
DEPENDENT CHILDREN, OCT. 30,1957

Client Allowence
Adult (19 yrs. & over)

Living alone. . . . . . . $29.

With others . . . . . . . 24.
Boy 13-18 . ... . . . . . . . 29.
Girl 1 -l8 . . . . . . . . . 24.
Child -12 . . . . . . . . . 22.
Adult eating in restaurant. . 43.
Pregnant woman. . . . . . . . 29.

Six women bought groceries once a week. Two had
alimony payments and used this money to buy their groceries
while three others had means of regular weekly transpor-

tation. One of these mothers put aside four twenty dollar

35

bills and used one each week. Her actual food allowance for
a month was ninety-seven dollars. One Negro mother bought
her food at a nearby store once a week. One mother, who

had a small baby and no transportation, charged the groc-
eries at a corner store and bought as needed. She purchased
carefully early in the month for fear she would spend too
much and so she usually had sufficient allowance for the
last week of the month. One Mexican mother bought her bulk
groceries every two weeks because her sons paid their room
and board bi-weekly.

Twenty-two of the twenty—eight mothers purchased
their groceries in the same way from November 1, 1955 to
November 1, 1956 but used grocery vouchers or their-cash
relief Checks. Four of the remaining six bought their
groceries as they needed them while one bought once a week.
One mother bought what she could when she had the money.

Twenty-four of the twenty-eight mothers were able to
buy staple supplies on sale. They particularly mentioned
watching for the "ten for one dollar" sales and then buying
several varieties of vegetables. They went from store to
store for these when they had the money. The four who could
not buy at sales were living a considerable distance from
large stores and had to depend on other persons for trans-
portation. That prevented them from buying when sales were

available.

36

Eighteen of the mothers were not able to provide a
proper diet for the family during the last week of the
month. Some paid rent, which was more than the allowable
amount of sixty dollars and so they were forced to use
their grocery allowance to supplement it. Others showed
their bills to prove that the fuel and utility bills were
always higher than the amount allowed in the budget.1 This
was partly due to the fact that the utility allowance was
pro-rated over the entire year and the client was expected
to save the allowance during the summer months, however,
none Of them did so. As a result, they again used food
allowance to pay these bills.

Ten mothers had a good diet all during the month.
Some did this by carefully alloting grocery money and
planning menus. Some managed because they had their addi-
tional income available each week and could plan accordingly?
A few were able to manage except for lunches for school-age
children.

Three of the twenty—eight preferred a voucher for
food. One mother could buy an extra twenty-five pound
sack of flour (She baked her own bread) with the money she
saved by not having to pay the three per cent sales tax.

Public relief receipients do not have to pay the three per

 

a v V V v v Vfi fifiv v—Vfi—Vfi—vfi

lAppendix, Table of Allowances, Item 333.

2See Table 4, p. 33.

37

cent sales tax on their groceries if they have a grocery
voucher. Two mothers remarked that it was not possible to
purchase anything but groceries on their food voucher.
Therefore, they used the entire food allowance for food
rather than paying other bills with part of the money that

was intended for their food budget.

Rent, Utilities, and Fuel

 

Rent, utility bills, and fuel needs do not always
come due on the first of the month so each client was asked
how she managed to have the money to pay them. Twenty-six
of the twenty—eight mothers paid their rent or house pay-
ments as soon as they cashed their Aid to Dependent Children
checks. They commented that if they had to move they
arranged to do so on the first of the month so they would
have the money to pay their rent in advance. One mother
saved the money and paid her rent on the fifteenth when it
was due while one mother paid her rent from other income.1
Five mothers live in an area where theludlities were due on
the first of the month. Twenty mothers were unable to pay
the bill when due and had to pay the gross bill on the
first of the month. All bills were higher than the allow-
ance in the budget.2 Three saved money to pay the bill

when due in order to have benefit of the discount.

fi—V V‘ w w wVw ii a V

1See Table 4, p. 33.

2See p. 36.

38

Twenty mothers paid their fuel bills on the first of
the month. Some of these had gas heat and it was included
in their utility bills. The others charged the bill for
either coal or fuel oil and paid for it when they received
their Aid to Dependent Children check. They usually paid
their bill while ordering a new supply of fuel. However,
six saved the money and paid for it when they got it while
one mother used her other income to pay for it.1 One client

paid a regular amount every week on a fuel contract.

Personalfiagd Household Needs

fi‘fi

 

The majority of the mothers, twenty-one, were unable
to purchase personal items such as deodorant, tooth-paste,
shampoo, and powder. However, six bought some of these
things when they purchased their groceries at a supermarket.-
One mother replied that her boy friend helped her with these
needs.

Household supplies such as bath towels, wash cloths,
sheets, and pillow cases wear out. Sixteen mothers were
unable to purchase these even though they needed them.

Three mothers did not need any at the present time. The
others figured out various ways of buying replacements.
Five saved trading stamps and used these to buy the most
necessary household supplies including linens. Two planned

to buy what they had to have during the summer when they

 

fifi v Vwfi a v w ~ ii i

1See Table A, p. 33.

39

were not buying heating fuel. Two other mothers saved a
little money when they could and paid for these on a lay-
away plan.

Several mothers were unable to take advantage of
month-end sales as they always came just when they were
very low on money and could hardly buy enough groceries
to last through the month.

Approximately one-half, fifteen out of twenty-eight
mothers, reported that they had been able to buy groceries
on sale when they had had cash relief checks. Those who
had received grocery vouchers took advantage of any sales
that were available at the store where they took their
voucher. Most often they went to small stores where prices

were higher than in the large supermarkets.

Needs of Childreg

 

All but three of the mothers were now less able tO'
provide all the needs Of their Children than they had been
two years ago. They referred most frequently to their need
for clothing. This was due to the fact that the clothing
allowance had been deleted from the over-ceiling grants of
twenty-two of the twenty-eight mothers according to their
Aid to Dependent Children budget records. They particularly
stated that it was almost impossible to keep the children
in shoes. Also, due to the fact that the children were
older and often required a different size range the clothing

allowance when granted, was not sufficient to cover the cost

40

due to the fact that the clothing allowances do not change
from the time a child is four until he or she is thirteen.
However, clothing sizes usually run from three to six-x

and seven to fourteen with the latter size costing more

for all items of apparel. The school allowance did not
cover the actual school expenses. This was emphasized by
the mothers whose children were entering junior and senior
high schools. These mothers were faced with the need for
money to buy books, pay locker and towel fees, buy gym suits
and shoes, and even swimming suits for the girls in addition
to school supplies. This again meant that money intended
for food was used to pay these bills. They called it
"Robbing Peter to pay Paul."

Twenty-six mothers were able to provide for the
medical needs of their children although only seventeen
mothers had medical cards or an allowance in their Aid to
Dependent Children check for chronic medical expenses.
Others went without something else to pay for medical care.
One mother commented "a child could die before I could get
through the red tape of getting an approval for care."

What has been said regarding medical care also applies
to dental care, although only eighteen out of twenty-eight
Inothers reported that they had received dental care.

The mothers were evenly divided in the matter of
giving;an allowance to their children. Some were unable

to do so some weeks but did so whenever possible. One

41

mother related how she made it a point to do this because
she had never had any money when she was a child. Some
wished they could do so but they could not spare the money.
There were only two or three who brushed the matter aside
as being of no importance and not even to be considered.
Nearly all of the mothers were able to provide some
form of recreation for their children who were old enough
to take part in activities. The most common source of
recreation was church and Sunday School activities followed
by school interests. Some Of the boys belonged to the Cubs
or Boy Scouts if they could manage to pay the dues. There
were also a few girls who were Brownies or Girl Scouts.
In some instances grandparents, or other relatives, paid
for those expenses. Several tried to save a few cents
from time to time and when they had saved enough they would
let the older children go to a movie. One mother always
made an occasion of a child's birthday even if she had to

do without something else.

Handling of Money

 

Twenty-five of the mothers set aside whatever money
they had left after paying their bills and buying groceries.
Several different methods of distribution of the remaining
money were employed. Seven mothers separated their money
into amounts for groceries, incidentals, and emergencies
and carried it, thus separated, in their purses. Nine

other mothers put the entire amount in a secret compartment

42

of their billfold and only took out what was needed. Three
mothers put budgeted amounts in labeled envelopes and used
this money as required. Three others divided the money
into amounts for each week's expense and kept it in a
dresser drawer. Two kept it at home because they were
afraid of losing it. Two other mothers put the money in a
jar and took out whatever they needed. One mother hid it.
One mother told of giving the money to her mother who
"doled it out" as she needed it. They could not put the
money in a checking account because they could not afford
to pay the service charge. They all commented that there
never was much money left and they had to be very careful

how they used what they had.

Budgets
The financial records show that, while the budgets

increased for most of the Aid to Dependent Children families,
the increase in the maximum Aid to Dependent Children grants
combined with the deletion of clothing allowances in twenty-
two of the twenty—eight cases studied kept the average
supplemental grant near the same figure in November 1955,
November 1956, and November 1957. The monthly clothing
allowances were five dollars for a child up to four years

of age; six dollars for a child from four years to twelve
years of age, and seven dollars for older children and

adults.

43

Four mothers, with two children each, had monthly
budgets of $117, $123, $135, and $148 for an average grant
of $131 as of November 1, 1955. With the Aid to Dependent
Children allowance of $110 then granted for two children
this resulted in an average monthly supplementation of
twenty—one dollars. These same four families received
$128, $128, $137, and $155, respectively, for an average
monthly grant of $137, as of November 1, 1956.~ The Aid
to Dependent Children allowance as of this date was $120
and resulted in an average monthly supplementation of
seventeen dollars. They received $125, $126, $132, and
$156 as of November 1, 1957 for an average monthly grant of
$135. The Aid to Dependent Children allowance was still
$120. Thus the average over-ceiling grant was fifteen
dollars. This means that the average monthly supplemental
grants were twenty-one dollars, seventeen dollars, and
fifteen dollars as of November 1, 1955, November 1, 1956,
and November 1, 1957, respectively.

The figures for mothers having three children can be
similarly averaged. The ten mothers having three children
had budgets Of $136, $161, $166, $170, $176, $177.$180,
$183, $201, and $201 for an average of $175 monthly as of
November 1, 1955. The Aid to Dependent Children maximum
grant was $124 with a resultant average supplementation
of fifty-one dollars a month. The average budget for these

ten mothers as of November 1, 1956 was $177 while the Aid

44

to Dependent Children grant was $130. Thus the average
monthly supplementation was forty—seven dollars. As of
November 1, 1957 the average monthly budget for these ten
mothers was $170 with an Aid to Dependent Children grant
of $130. Hence the supplemental over-ceiling average was
forty dollars. The average supplemental grants as of
November 1, 1955, November 1, 1956, and November 1, 1957,
respectively, were fifty-one dollars, forty-seven dollars,
and forty dollars.

Mothers of four children as of November 1, 1955 had
an average monthly budget of $204 while the maximum.Aid to
Dependent Children allowance was only $134. Thus they
required an average supplementation of seventy dollars
a month. The average budget for these mothers as of Nov-
ember 1, 1956 was $208 while the maximum Aid to Dependent
Children grant was $140. This left Sixty-eight dollars to
be supplemented monthly. The average budget as of Novem-
ber l, 1957 rose to $220 a month with an Aid to Dependent
Children allowance of $140. The resultant average over-
ceiling supplementation was eighty-two dollars. Thus the
average supplemental grants as of November 1, 1955, Nov-
ember 1, 1956, and November 1, 1957 respectively, were
seventy dollars, sixty-eight dollars, and eighty-two dollars.

There was only one mother with five children. Her
supplemental aid per month above her maximum Aid to Depen-

dent Children grant was sixty-nine dollars as of November 1,

45

1955, sixty-six dollars as of November 1, 1956, and fifty-
seven dollars as of November 1, 1957.

There were three mothers who had Six children. Their
average budgets were $266 as of November 1, 1955, $292 as
of November 1, 1956, and $290 as of November 1, 1957. The
maximum allowances for these dates were $150, $160, and
$160. This resulted in average supplementation of $116,
$132, and $130 for the respective years.

The one family of nine children needed an additional
$164 as of November 1, 1955, $156 as of November 1, 1956,
and $179 as of November 1, 1957. However, due to a sixty-
six dollar clothing deletion, the actual supplementation
was only $113 as of November 1, 1957..

The monthly supplementation of the twenty-eight Aid
to Dependent Children mothers from November 1, 1955 to
November 1, 1956 ranged from eight dollars to $137 with a
mean average of sixty-three dollars and twenty-one cents.
The over-ceiling grants for the same mothers from November 1,
1956 to November 1, 1957 ranged from fourteen dollars to
$153 with a mean average of sixty-seven dollars and fifteen
cents. Therefore, the average over-ceiling grant for these
twenty-eight mothers was three dollars and ninety-four

cents larger than the average supplemental allowances.

(See Table 6.)

46

 

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48

Contacts With Social Worker

Twenty-one of the twenty-eight mothers did not miss
seeing the social worker from the Department of Social
Welfare. Nine of these twenty-one mothers had seen
their social worker once and no more as their vouchers were
mailed regularly. The case records verified this. The
seven mothers who did miss the Department of Social Welfare
social worker liked their particular social worker.

Twenty-four of the twenty—eight mothers did not con-
tact their Aid to Dependent Children social worker any
more frequently from November 1, 1956 to November 1, 1957
than during the period from November 1, 1955 to November 1,
1956. This was contradictory to the statements of the
social workers. They had many more phone calls than when
there were two workers. Records of changes in over—ceiling

grants verified that.

TABLE 7

NUMBER CHANGES IN AID TO DEPENDENT CHILDREN
BUDGETS, INGHAM COUNTY, MONTHLY, 1957

 

a fi w v fl

 

ii fiv VV fivvfivw

 

Month Total Changesl Over-Ceiling Changes
January 113 26
February 108 35
March 88 22
April 87 24
May 105 35
June 119 38
July 130 43
August 123 38
September 120 34
October 110 30
November 127 31
December 125 24

1Includes over?ceiling changes.

49

The remaining four mothers gave specific reasons for
calling their Aid to Dependent Children social worker. Two
mothers asked for additional money because they had not
received the alimony payments that had been applied to
their budgets. Two others had personal problems which
they wanted to discuss with someone and they preferred to
talk to their social worker. Some of the mothers did not
"bother" their worker because they knew their worker could
not help them.

Twenty mothers reported a preference for one worker
while six did not have any preference. Two liked two
workers because the Department of Social Welfare worker
called more frequently and they liked to have someone to
talk to. Twelve mothers preferred one worker because then
that worker knew all about them and it was not necessary
to answer questions and make the same explanations to two
different workers. Ten other mothers did not see any need
for two workers. Four declared that they preferred one
worker but they could not give any reason for their prefer-

ence .

Integrated Program

 

All twenty-eight mothers reported a preference for
the integrated program. Nine of them stressed their prob-
lem of transportation. The present system makes it
possible for them to pay all of their bills at one time.

One mother commented that it cost her one dollar for bus

50

fare down town and back home and she could not spare that
much more than once a month. Eight other mothers commented
that now they could buy more food because they could buy
when and where there were bargains. Previously they had
had to take their vouchers to one store. The remaining
eleven mothers confirmed these things but gave additional
reasons for their preference. Two of the eleven mothers
preferred having cash instead of vouchers to purchase
groceries. Two other mothers found it helpful to have a
grocery voucher in the middle of the month when the money
from their Aid to Dependent Children check was nearly ex-
hausted. However, they would not want to go back to
vouchers. Three other mothers couldtflmnlmeet emergency
expenses if necessary. These often happened on a week-end
when itvfifisnot possible to contact their soCial worker.
Two mothers, who did not have medical cards, were able to
get prescriptions filled if they needed them. One mother
found that it was more convenient while another mother
considered it spending money that she had earned.

There was no one who had any adverse comments or
eaxpressed any indifference to the program. Some commented
'that their social workers had told them that it might be

ciiscontinued. They all hoped this would not happen.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This study covered twenty-eight Aid to Dependent
Children mothers who received maximum Aid to Dependent
Children grants and needed additional supplementation to
meet their budgetary needs. Their budgets were figured
on the standard budget allowances determined by the Michigan
State Department of Social Welfare.

All twenty-eight mothers were contacted and inter-
viewed in their own homes. These mothers represented a
wide range in age, being from twenty-one to fifty-six years.
They had from two to nine children each. Race was also
‘representative as there were nineteen white mothers, of whom
.four were Mexican, and nine Negro mothers. They lived in
all.sections of the city of Lansing and in the rural areas

(of Lansing, Delhi, and Meridan townships. One mother lived

111 the county seat. This meant that they lived under varied

euuvironmental conditions. Two Mexican mothers could not
spreak English. They are representative of the mothers

Iweceiving Aid to Dependent Children grants.

The replies to the questionnaire were very consistent
diespite the wide range of age, environment, and education.
TWdey had devised practical ways of paying their bills and

51

52

buying food. The majority had solved these problems in the
same manner. They had learned they could get monegroceries
for their food allowance by buying in the large supermarkets.

They all reported being unable to restrict their
utility bills to the amount allowed in their budgets. They
did not save money from their grants for this purpose during
the summer months. Several of the mothers were unable to
find living facilities within the sixty dollars allowed for
shelter. However, eight of the twenty-eight mothers were
buying their homes.

The mothers managed by adjusting their income to
meet the particular expenses of the month. They were able
to do that because they had money to cover all of their
budgeted needs except clothing.

The mothers were unable to provide proper clothing
for themselves or their children. Twenty-two of the twenty-
(eight mothers had had the clothing allowance deleted from
“their budget. They cut their food allowance to buy essential
<31othing, especially shoes.

The mothers also described their problems with school
zallowances. The amount allowed in the budget is insuffici-
errt to cover the additional costs of books, towel and locker
fees, gym clothes, and swimming suits.

The mothers were faced with transportation difficul-
tzies. Many lived considerable distance from stores and had

‘t<> depend on other persons for transportation. This was

53

one of the main reasons why they preferred having all of
their allowance in one check. It enabled them to pay all
of their bills and buy a large quantity of food as soon as
they received their check.

Fourteen of the twenty-eight mothers had income from
sources other than Aid to Dependent Children grants and De-
partment of Social Welfare supplementation. These resources
included alimony payments, survivor's benefits, veteran's
checks, room and board payments, and own earnings. These
sources of income resulted in some variations in the way
these mothers bought food. It did not affect the manner
in which they all paid their shelter, utility, and fuel
bills.

The records showed that the average supplemental
allowance for the twenty-eight Aid to Dependent Children
families had been decreasing, with one exception, from
November 1, 1955 to November 1, 1957. The average supple-
Inentation decreased from twenty—one dollars per month as of
INovember 1, 1955 to fifteen dollars a month as of November 1,
11957 for families with two children. The average decreased
:flrom fifty—one dollars as of November 1, 1955 to forty
ciollars per month as of November 1, 1957 for families of
three children .

The mothers of four children had average supplemental
garants of seventy dollars as of November 1, 1955 and eighty-

‘tvvo dollars as of November 1, 1957. This was the only size

54

family showing an increase in supplementation. The one
fmnily of five children had supplemental grants of sixty-
nine dollars as of November 1, 1955 and fifty-seven dollars
as of November 1, 1957.

There were no families in the study with seven or
eight children. There was one family with nine children.
The additional help for this family was $164 as of Novem-
ber 1, 1955. The family had a budget deficiency of $179
but with the clothing allowance of sixty-six dollars deleted,
the actual supplementation was $113 as of November 1, 1957.

The twenty—eight mothers were unanimous in their
preference for the integrated program. They were able to
buy more food by having cash and being able to shop when
and where there were sales. They also remarked that they
were able to make adjustments as needed and meet emergencies
if they occurred. Several mothers expressed concern over
the possibility that the program might be discontinued.

The clothing allowance should be replaced in the
'budget as soon as possible. If the entire allowance can
110t be given one-half of the amount would enable these
rnothers to manage some clothing. Likewise, the age range
for the clothing grant should be changed to more nearly
conform to the size range of children's clothing.

Food budgets should be re—evaluated to determine if
'they are in line with current prices.

The integrated program.should be continued.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

 

Abbott, Grace. From Relief to Social Security. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1941.

Breckinridge, Sophonisba P. PublicfiWelfare Administration
in the United States: SeleCt'Documents. Revised.
Chicago: lUniversity of Chicago Press, 1938.

Bruno, Frank J. Trends in Social Work as Reflected in the
Proceedings'offithe‘NafiIOnal Cdnference e? SOcial'WEFk,
1874-1946. ‘New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.

 

Burns, Eveline. The American Social Security System.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1949. I' III

. Social Security and Public Policy. New York:
McGraw-Hill BoOk Co., Inc., 1956.

 

de Schweinitz, Karl. People and Process in Social Security.
Washington, D. C.: American COuncil on Education,

1948.

Friedlander, Walter A. Introduction to Social Welfare.
New York: Prentice-HaIl, Inc. 1955. ‘

Kurtz, Russell H. (ed.). Social Work Year Book 1957.
13th edition. New York: National Association of

Social Workers, 1957.

Leyendecker, Hillary. Problems and Policy in Public
Assistance, New Ybrk: VHarper and Brothers, 1955.

 

lflcMillan, Wayne. Communitngr anization for SocialfiWelfare.
Chicago: University of C icago Press, 1945.

Ddiles, Arthur P. An Introduction to Public Welfare.
Boston:‘ D. C. ‘Heath and Co., 1949. I
Articles andfiPeriodicals

(Zohen, Wilbur. '"Current Trends and Future Trends in Public
Welfare," Social Servicengview, September 1955.

55

56

Hoey, Jane. '"Public Assistance in 1948," Journal of Social
Casework, April 1954. ‘ ‘

 

Roney, Jay L., and Others. "Goals and Methods in Public
Assistance," Family Service Association of America,
1956. (Reprinted articles from Social CasewofiE.II

Schottland, Charles Q, Christgan Victor, Roney, J. L., and
Elliott, Martha M. "The Social Security Act: The
First Twenty Years," Social Service Review, August,

1955.

Public Documents

 

State of Michigan. Social Welfare Act. Act No. 280, P.A.
1939, being 400.1 to 400190 of the Compiled Laws of
1948, as amended.

U. S. Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means.
Amendments to the Social Security Act, Hearings.
79th Congress752d Sessf dd Sodial Security Legisla-
tion, 1946. ‘

U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Compilation of the Social Security Laws Including
the Social Security ACt,Yas Amended, andHRelated”
EnaCtments through Decemberfil3, 1954. Senate'Doc.
l57,‘83d5Congress, 2nd'seesy, 1955-

U. S. Department of Labor. White House Conference, 1909.
Proceedings of the Conference Held at Washington,
DT’C.y January 25-26, 1909. ‘Washington: UK S}
Government Printing Office, 1909.

- . White House Conference, 1919. Standards of

'_ Child Welfare: A Report of the Children'S”Bur€au
' CEnferences, May and‘June, 1919f'LWaShingtofi,—DT'C.:
U. S. Government Printing'OffiEe, 1919.

 

. White House Conference on Child Health and
‘Protectiony,washingtofi,"Dh'C. 193OEPVAddressesfiahd
AbsEFacts of Committee Reports. ‘New Yofk:515C
'A'plp‘letolfi-IC'entuYy , T9 31 . ‘ ‘ E I

 

 

II. S, Department of Labor, Children's Bureau. White House
Conference, 1940. Final Report. No. 272. Washing-
ton, D. C.: U. S. G5vernmeht’Printing Office, 1942.

 

II. S. Department of Labor. White House Conference, 1940.
Proceedings Including the General Report Adopted by
tEeVCohference. 8N0. 266f"Washingtofier.C.f‘UC S.
Government'Printing Office, 1940.

 

57

Witmer, Helen Leland and Kotinsky, Ruth (eds.). White
House Conference, 1950. Personality in the Making:
The Fact-Finding Report of the Mid-CentfiryLWhite"
HauseiConference on Children and Youth. NewfiYork:
Harper and Brothers, 1952.

 

 

 

Unpublished Material

 

Community Research Associates, Inc., New York, in cooperation
with Community Services Council, Lansing, Michigan,
and Sponsored by the Ingham County Board of Super-'
visors and the United Community Chest of Ingham.County.
A Study of Services to Families and Children in Ingham
County, MiChigan. April, 1956.

 

 

Ingham County Board of Social Welfare. Annual Report to
Board of Supervisors, 1954. '

 

 

Annual Report to Board of Supervisors, 1955.

 

Annual Report to Board of Supervisors, 1956.

 

 

Annual Report to Board of Supervisors, 1957.

 

 

fi

Ingham County Department of Social Welfare. Manual of
Procedures, as revised. 5

 

 

State of Michigan, Department of Social Welfare. Manual
of Policies and Procedures for the Administration
of Old AgéfiAssistance, Aid to Dependent Children,
Aid to the Blind, Aid to the Totally and Permanently
Disabled, as revised. 5

 

 

 

 

Michigan Social Welfare Commission. Ninth Biennial Report,
July 1954::June 1956. Lansing, Michigan: December,

1956.

 

 

APPENDIX

58

59

INGHAM COUNTY BUREAU OF SOCIAL AID
101 E. Willow Street
Lansing 6, Michigan

January 2, 1958

Mrs. Mary Doe
City Hall
Lansing, Michigan

Dear Mrs. Doe:

You have been receiving one check each month since
November 1, 1956 which includes your Aid to Dependent
Children grant and your help from the Department of Social
Welfare. This was intended to be helpful, and we would
like to know if you have found it so.

I have asked Mrs. Myrtle Louden to call on you soon to talk
about it. Will you please answer the questions she will
ask? Your answers will not be directly reported so feel
free to answer them.

Mrs. Louden will have a card of introduction so that you
will be able to identify her. Thank you for your help and
cooperation.

Sincerely yours,

D. V. Minnis, Supervisor
Ingham County Bureau of Social Aid

ML/re

60

SCHEDULE FOR INTERVIEWING CLIENTS

Client‘s name: fiCase Non__ Worker

 

 

Address

 

v ‘ -.. w

Family Members Names & Birthdays:

 

 

 

rVfi—v fifijvw w ‘Vfi a

 

Race: ' ‘ " Amount of Checks
A.D.C. D.S.W.

 

 

Education of Mother:r

 

 

 

 

 

Reason for Elig.: ' -~ ~ - I . .. .v

 

 

 

—- ---—-‘------------- .-—---------_---—---------------------

I. What help did you get from D.S.W. before Nov. 1956?

Groceries Fuel fly, Surplus Goods

 

 

Rent ' Clothing Others

 

Utilities Medical -

 

II. A. How did you get this help?
Vouchers Cash Relief Direct payment
B. Did you manage better on cash relief or vouchers?

Vouchers Cash Relief

III. Has there been a difference in the amount of the checks

you have received from the State since Nov. 1, 1956?

IV. A. Have you received any help from the welfare since

Nov. 1956? Yes No

*— M

If yes, what?

 

61

B. Do you have any other income?

a. Alimony d. Working

 

 

b. Social Security e. Others

 

c. Veteran‘s checks

* v v a v

 

V. A. How do you manage your grocery buying for the month?

a. Buy everything as needed

 

b. Buy staple groceries as needed

 

fiv—

c. Buy staple groceries l§t_of month, others as
needed
d. Others
B. Did you buy this way when receiving help from D.S.W.?

Yes? No.

,fi

 

If No, How? - - - - y
C. Do you have enough money during the last week of
the month to provide a proper diet for your family?

Yes No

 

D. Would you like a voucher for groceries?

Yes No

 

 

a v vfi V a

VI. Rent and utilities may not be due at the time you
receive your check. How do you make sure you have the
money when needed for:

a. Rent
b. Utilities

fiwfiiwfi

c. Fuel

62

'VII. A. Are you able to purchase such things as:

a. Personal items

 

b. Household supplies

c. Others

 

B. Are you able to shop when and where there are

sales? Yes ' No

 

 

a. Could you before Nov. 1956?

Yes No

 

 

VIII. A. Do the children need more things than before

Nov. 1956? Yesfi No

 

 

B. If Yes. Why do they?

 

What do they?‘y

 

C. Can you meet these needs?

a. Medical Yes No _;_4;
b. Dental Yes NO ____4
c. Allowance Yes No _____
d. Recreation Yes No______
e. School Yes No ___44
If. Others Yes No ________

If Yes. How?

 

 

w V wvfivvvvwvfi

IX. Do you have any special way of setting aside your money
for your various needs during the month?
Yes No

If Yes. What ways?

 

 

 

63

X. A. Do you miss seeing your D.S.W. worker?

Yes No

 

 

If yes, Why?

 

 

B. Do you contact your A.D.C. worker more often than
you did when you had two workers?

Yes' No

 

 

If yes. Why?

 

For What?

 

fl fifi fiva fifi

C. Would you rather have one or two workers?
a. One worker
b. Two workers

Why?

 

XI. What do you think about the new program:

a. Like it Why?fi_

 

 

 

b. Don't like it ‘ Why?

 

a v Wfi fi fi W

c. Indifferent Why?

 

 

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MONTHLY ASSISTANCE ALLOWANCES

FOR 0AA, ADC, AB, AND AD

TABLE I. FOOD, CLOTHING, AND INCIDENTALS

Item 333

 

 

 

 

 

CLIENT FOOD 2 CLOTHING 2 INCIDENTALs COMBINED

Adult (I9 years and over)

Living alone I .. . . . . . $29.“) $ 7.“) $ 4.00 $40.“)

With others I . . _ . . 24.00 7.00 4.00 35.00
Boy I3-I8 - .. . . ....... 29.“) 7.00 4.00 40.“)
Girl I3-I8 -.- ... . . . . . .. 24.00 7.00 4.00 35.00
Child 4-I2.. ................ 22.00 6.00 4.00 ‘ 32.00
C'Iild 0-3 .. . . . . I4.00 5.00 4.00 23.00
Adult eating in restaurant 43.“) 7.00 4.00 54.00
Pregnant woman . . . . .....-... . .. 29.00 7.00 4.00 40.00

 

 

 

I These terms relate to the number of persons “At table" as shown on Line 1 of budget sheet, SB-2D, which is
presumed to include all persons eating in the home unless it can be established that food and culinary supplies
are purchased, stored, and prepared separately.

2 If a child’s age will change within three months from the date the budget is being set up, the food and clothing

allowances for the age at next birthdg are to be used.

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE II. SPECIAL DIET ALLOWANCES
TYPE OF DIET ALLOWANCE TYPE OF DIET ALLOWANCE
Low-fibre-bland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 8.80 Tubercqusis . . . . .... . . . . $ 8. IO
Diabetic: Malnutrition:
(I) 70 grams protein (P-70) I.00 (High calorie, high vitamin, high
(2) 80 grams protein (P-80) 4.I0 mineral, high protein) . . . . 6.00
(3) 90 yams protein (P-90) 7.70 Low sodium (500-800 mgm approx.) ...... 2.50

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE III. HEATING FUEL ALLOWANCES -- Zone II
COAL GAS (From SB-IO3B)
"U”BER 0F “0°” TONs MONTHLY BFgTE-TLLELLGOES WITH OTHER No OTHER
ANNUALLY ALLOWANCE GAS USAGE GAS USAGE
I - 2 Room House S $ $ $
I 3 4.25 5.70 .3, 6 7
2 5 7.05 9.50 6. 6/
3 or more room house I
I 2 2.80 3.80 3.67
2 4 5.65 7.60 6.6/
3 5 7.55 I0.I5 8. 20
4 7 9.45 I2.75 9.53
5 8 ”.35 I5.30 l0)?
6 9 I3.25 I7.85 I 2. 03
7 II I6.05 2I.65 J7.27
8 I2 I8.00 24.20 /5. 76'
9 I4 19.90 26.80 x 7. 2:
I0 I5 2I.80 29.35 [9,57
Each room over I0 I L90 2.55 139

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Revised 9-7-56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

"'m 333(2) 530' 0‘ WM 3. ‘7' TABLE Iv. ELECTRICITY c.» (0'
NUMBER ‘ 473. 27:. 175. 17:. 275. 2 7'3. .475- 173.
01- ONLY 2 a. 3:6. or may & I? tut-'6'. &
PERSONS (:6. Coal. Coon! AVG. Cock. (0 or.
I 5 /.0/ $ [.80 $ 3.17 $ 3.73 $ $ $ /.36' $ 2.27 5.3.(l $ 7.07
2 /.J/ 2/6 «3.33 9.09 /.97 2.43 3.90 9.88
3 /.9/ 2,50 3,87 9.93 £3.37 2.97 7./5 9.52
4 2/6' 2 .9/ 7 ,5? 5 .23 a .63 3 .27 7.75 45’ .26
5 2 .37 a .09 5,20 5.79 2.9.3 3.5: 5.27 6'. ea
6 2 .52 ,3 .135 5 .69 (.09 2.99 3. 7‘ 6262 6. 29
7 2.68 3.68 6".8‘6' 6,83 3.09 3. 95 5.92 6.63
8 2.70 3 .79 6 ,oo 6 .57 3./7 5’. // 6J5 7.0/
9 2,76 3,97 6J0 6.7/ 3,22 9. as 6.3/ 7.29
I0 2.9/ 9J2 6 ./9 5 .35 3.27 9.38 6.75 7.57
II 2 ,313 5’ .25 {.27 6 . 99 3.30 9.78 (.58 7.7/
I2 or more 2 .94 ‘J’ .35 {.85 7 .07 3.33 7.54 5 .70 7-90
Enter appropriate column headings and amounts from SB-102 as priced locally.
6‘63 156.? 036W£ II .80 771:0 6395 I
TABLE V. GAS, KEROSENE, BOTTLED GAS
NUMBER ‘ Coax. Coax. MAJ/- cad/I. Coax. We“ (‘40! 000.? Mal/-
or owzy & any any a. way way As Mlt’
PERSONS [Mi ML my.
1 $ 239 5 my 5 2.39 $ .97 $ /.39 $ .87 $ /./7 $ /.97 $ //7 5
2 £57 2. 25 /. t 7 AM A79 /. or /.99 3 .04 /. 89
3 2. as 3 . 02' 2,26 /. 22 2. d9 /. 22 3. 06 7. 23 3. 06'
4 3.73 3.66 2.73 /.39 8.97 2.37 3.79 .5- .w 3.7:
5 3.35 7.25 3-3‘3 /.~57 3.79 [‘57 7.57 (.98 9.37
6 3.79 7.7/ 3.79 /.75’ .3./3 [7” 3.90 7.4.3 5.90
7 7.0/ 6.59 1.0/ /.9/ 3.79 /.9/ 4.12 8.56 5/2
8 5'. .39 5' ,5‘5 5'. 39 2.69 3.83 2. a9 (.89 9.59 6 .8!
9 7.40 05.94 7.50 7.27 /J.35' 7.29
I0 7.89 d/J ‘5’ .67 7. ‘5 /c,8a 7. {J
H .5 48 6. .50 6208 6’.M // as 8 /0
I2 or more .5‘. 3/ 6 79 5.3! 3 55' // .70 6’. 55
Enter column headings and amounts for gas from SB-103B or 38- 103C, for kerosene and bottled gas from -104, as
priced locally.
TABLE VI. MISCELLANEOUS ALLOWANCES
ISCHOOL EXPENSES (PER CHILD) UPKEEP J NUMBER . WATER
BOOKS BOOK A AL LAUNDRY
SCHOOL UN” INCL. EXCLS. 55$??be US A:33;2:Zfil PESSFONS 09”- 5 [M ‘vaa
2.01
Grade School $ I.00 $ 0.25 Up to $500 $ I.00 I S 3.“) $ [09 5 [‘9' $0» 1.3::
Junior High 1.25 0.50 5501- 52000 2.00 2 5.00 7.3: 2.52 . 5255
Senior High 1.50 0.75 Over 52000 3.00 3 6.00 2?: 3.27 5:53
a.“
Kerosene for liduts $ I.00 4 6'50 2J3 8'60 3 1,2
Gasoline or Electricity for water pump 5 I.00 5 7'00 8'3, 33‘ “:3;
Garbage disposal . . . Minimum rate $ ..50 6 or more add '50 2'66 1'35“! ”
Ice for refrigeration. .250 lbs. per month $ 2 .30 Sum fl
Enter column headings (locality or company) and amounts for water from SB- 104 as priced locally. For policy on

 

other allowances, refer to appropriate manual items, e. g., Ice, under Utilities, 3184.

 

 

* “Number of

P vi sud 9-7-56

persons’

’is the “Household” figure from Line I of the budget sheet, and is the number in the
category household as defined in Items 318. 46 and 318.5.

.. __ .— 1‘ 2‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BUDGET SHEET
State of Michigan
Department of Social Welfare
1 Cross Index __ __ -
Case No. _-_ _ __ ___
A-INDIVIDUAL REQUIREMENTS OF PERSONS IN ASSISTANCE BUDGET - (ADC)
hm. Birth Food or Cloth- lnci- School Food or Cloth- Inci- School Food or Cloth- lnci- School
_ngg___ ' d inn dentols Expense Combined ing dentals Expense Combined ing dentals Expense;
.eTO'LAL _.__
B. ASSISTANCE BUDGET C - SHELTER EXPENSES
roi Persons: Item Montth As Monthly As Monthly As Monthly
;.‘nold [At Table] Divisor Billed Amount Billed Amount Billed Amount
iombined 3I. Taxes -:- 12
19 _ 32. Insurance -é- 36
ml: 33. Repair: —:-
Mointenonce 34. Indebt. —I- _
illy: L C R 35. Eguipment +
l WH 36- Principal 8: Interest
bGas: C WH 37. Upkeep: Assessed
l.- Coal/Oil/Gos Vol. 5
Rooms 38.
: Cool/Kerosene ____ 39, Rent
'91-: C°°l/K"°° _..___. 40. Monthly Total
4I. County Maximum
42. Supervisor __
:xpenm 1=. REMARKS
Care _
PEA—..____ .E-.. .__
uzation
S‘lE’LLQMM‘
1Line 48 or 60)
'ant
lead
37
:3 Date

 

 

 

 

 

anBD\

  
     
   

43. Person

D - SNCOME

       
 
      
    
    

45. Gross

46. Expenses
ltemize in Part

    

47. Net Income

     
   

      
      
   
  
 
   
 

48. Total Income to be Budgeted
Enter in Line 2] or Line

Total Income to be Budgeted
Enter in L. 21 or L. 58)

E - REQUIREMENTS OF LEGAL DEPENDENTS

Total Income to be Budgeted
(Enter in L. 2] or L. 58)

      

  
     

     

otal ine Total Income ine 48 Total Income ine 48)

. Total R l

. Income to Assistance Budget
(Enter in Line 2l

   

       
   

      

        
  
 

       
 

irements of Total Reqmts. of Leg. Dpts. Total Reqmts. of Leg. Dpts.

1»

(.3

Income to Assistance Budget I

(Enter in Line 2])

Income to Assistance Budget
(Enter in Line 2”

   

G - REMARKS

 

 

I)

“EVE"? Back