A CGMPAMTNE STUDY OF COMMUNITY AND PROJECT 4-H CLUBS m CALHOUN COUNTY, MlCHtGAN Thesis fat Hm Degree af M. S. M‘ECH EGAN STATE UNWERSETY Rebmca K. Johnston 2960 +45an , w... ‘4... ‘A L 18 R A R Y Michigan Sm: Univcrsity _ c. if E:- A COMPARATIVE 3mm: 01“ COWUNITI AND PROJECT 4—H CLUBS IN CALHOUN COUNTI, HICHIGAN By REBECCL x . JOHNSTON A THESIS Submitted to the College of Agriculture of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Beience in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Institute for Extension Personnel Development 1960 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer wishes to express sincere thanks and appreciation to Dr. George H. Axinn, Director of the Institute for Extension Personnel Development of Michigan State University, for the encourage- ment and direction given throughout the preparation of this thesis. The author is also indebted to Dr. Sheldon G. Lowry, Associate ProfesSor of Sociology and Anthropdlogy, for advice and recommendations concerning the study. The cooperation of the comty Extension Staff, 4—H club leaders and members in Calhoun County, Michigan, was valuahle throughout the study. The committee reviewing the thesis consisted of Dr. Axinn; Dr. Lowry; Dr. Russell 0. Mawby, Assistant Director of Extension, 4—H Club work; Wilfred.L. Veenendaal, Assistant Professor in Audio- Visuals; and Mrs. Mariam J'. Kelly, Assistant Director of Extension, Home Economics. Dr. William D. Baten, Professor of Statistics and Agricul- tural EXperiment Station Statistician, provided advice and suggestions regarding the statistical procedures used for this study. A COMPARATIVE sTUDI OF COMMUNITI AND PROJECT 4-H CLUBS IN CALHOUN COUNTI, MICHIGAN By REBECCA K. JOHNSTON AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Agriculture of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Institute for Extension Personnel Development 1960 g/ / - Approved /’ a (‘5 :g‘ T V‘/ 66/»... iv Rebecca K. Johnston AN ABSTRACT 'me future of any society depends upon how sell it prepares its youth to think, to acquire knowledge necessary to make decisions, and to carry out the responsibilities of mature citizenship. Recog- nising that the speed of change has become a well established pattern in our present society, it has become increasingly important that organizations for youth be constantly evaluated. This study was designed to evaluate by comparative methods some characteristics of community and project 4—H clubs. be major theoretical hypothesis of this study was: community 4-H clubs sill be more likely to exhibit certain characteristics; greater range of age in membership, higher mean age, larger percentage of older boys and girls enrolled, longer tenure of membership, greater sex ratio, greater member participation in county-side events, greater evidence of prior group (continued) relationships among members, greater parental support md participation, greater evidence It member parti- cipation in other school and community organisations, meetings include a greater number of social and recreational activities, and meetings include a greater number of educational features (in addition to proj- ects) than project 4-H clubs. The data were obtained from Calhom County, Michigan, partly from county records for the club year of 1958 and 1959 md the remainder from activity invmtory sheets returned from 4-H club members and leaders based on the club year 1959 and 1960. V Rebecca K. Johnston Individually the comparison of characteristics revealed some statistically significant differences between community and project clubs in Calhoun County. Community clubs had a greater range of age in membership, larger proportion of older boys and girls enrolled, longer tenure of membership, and a greater sex ratio. A statistically significant difference was not observed as to the mean age within the two groups. The statistically significant differences as to trends indicated within the clubs which returned member and leader inven- tory blanks were: community club members participated in a greater number of countybwide activities, community Club members received greater parental participation and support. Significant differences were not observed between the two groups with respect to: the evidence of prior group (continued) relationships, member participation in other school and community organizations, social and recreational activities inaluded in club meetings, and educational features (in addition to projects) included in club meetings. This study was not designed to demonstrate that one type of club is of higher quality or is more successful than the other. Although measurements of participation may not be valid in measuring the educational outcomes of 4-H club work, they are, however, tradi- tionally accepted as indicators of progress. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I . ImoDUOTI ON 0 C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Purpose of the Study Definition of Terms Major Hypothesis Sub-hypotheses II. REVIEWOFLITWTURE................. III. monmzOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Population from which Sample Was Drawn Selection of Sample Methods Used to Obtain Data Methods Used to Analyze Data IV. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA . . . . . . . . . . Data Obtained from County Club Records Range of Age in Club Membership Mean Age Club Members Fourteen Tears of Age and Over Tenure of Club Members Sex Ratio Among Members Data Obtained from Member and Leader Inventory Blanks Participation of Club Members in County-wide Activities Evidence of Prior Group or Continued Relationships Participation in and Support of the 4—H Club by Parents of the Members Membership in Community and School Organizations Educational Features of the Clubs Social and Recreational Activities of the Clubs Tenure of Club Members v. SW! AND CONm‘USIONS O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O “PENDIX O C O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O BIBL 100m 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O ’0 °§ S mam» w TECH B 33 53 82 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Difference of Mean Ages in Community and Project 4-H Club Membership, Calhoun County, Michigan, 19% and 1959 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 27 2. Difference Between Mean Tenure of Membership in a Community and Project 4-H Club, Calhoun County, Michigan,1958and1959............... 29 3. Difference in Mean Participation of Community and Project 4—H Club Members in County-wide Activities, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . . . 32 4. Number of Members Met for the First Time Immediately After Joining 4-H Club, Calhoun County, Michigan, 19w.oooooooooooooooooooooooe 33 5. Number of Members Known and Spent a Lot of Time With Before Joining 4-H Club, Calhoun County, Mimi-gen, 19m . O C C O O O C O O O . O O O O O . O 34 6. Number of Members Known Pretty Well but Did Not Spend a Lot of Time With, Calhoun County, Michigan 19w 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 35 7. Number of Members Known but Not as Well as Those Mentioned Previously, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1'9& O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 36 8. Difference of Prior Group Relationships Evidenced Within Membership of Community and Project 4—H Clubs, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1960 . . . . . . . . 37 9. Parents' Attendance at Club Meetings, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 o o o a e e o o s e e 38 10. Parents' Participation in Club Meetings, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . 40 11. Parents' Provision of Transportation to and from Club Meetings, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 'and 19w 0 O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 41 12. Parents' Assistance to Club Members in Flaming or Preparing a Demonstration for Club Meeting, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . . . 42 viii Table Page 13. Assistance Received from Parents by Members in Preparation for Responsibility as a Club Officer, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . . . . . 41+ 14. Assistance Received from Parents by Members in Preparation for Responsibility as Chairman or Member of a Committee, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 Md 19w 0 C C O O O O O O O O C O O C O O O O O O O 45 15. Assistance Given by Parents in Planning Special 4-H Club Activities, Calhoun Comty, Michigan, 1959 and 3-9m 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 46 16. Parents' Attendance at County-wide 4—H Club Activities, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . . . . . 48 17. Parental Assistance Given to Club Members in Preparation for Their Participation in County—wide Events, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . 49 18. Parental Help Given to Member Concerning Selection of Equipment for 4-H Project, Calhoun County, MChigan,19598-nd19weeee00,000.00.seee51 19. Parental Advice Given to Club Member Concerning Project, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . 51 20. Difference in Mean Parent Participation and Support of Community and Project 4—H Clubs, Calhoun County, Michigan,1959and1960................. 52 21. Comparison of the Mean Membership in Community and School Organizations, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 19w 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O 0 53 22. Difference in Mean Educational Features Included in Community and Project 4-H Club Meetings, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.3. Difference in Mean Social and Recreational Activities Included in Community and Project 4-H Club Meetings, cal—how Gomty, MlChlgan, 1959 and 196) o o o o o e o a e 55 24. Comparison of Mean Member Tenure of Community and Project 4-H Clubs as Reported in Inventory Blank, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . . . . . 56 Tables in the Appendix Table Page A. Range of Age in Club Membership, Calhoun County, M10higan,19588nd195900000so...soeeoe & D. Members Who Reported that Their Parents Were Leaders of the Club to Which They Belonged, Calhoun County, Mimi-gm, 1959 and 19$ 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 63 C. Member Participation in County—wide Activities, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . . . . 64 D. Member Participation in School and Community Organi- zations During the Past Year, Calhoun County, mcmgan,l9593ndl9a)oseeeeeeeseeeeoo 66 E. Educational Features Included in Club Meetings, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 . . . . . . . . 68 F. Social and Recreational Activities Included in Club Meetings as Reported by Leaders, Calhoun County, Michigan,l959andl960................ 70 G. Tenure Represented by Club Members Answering Inventory Blank, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 19w 0 O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 74 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION One consistent characteristic of COOperative Extension Work since the beginning of its existence has been the necessity to shift programs and methods to meet the ever changing conditions and demands of society. The rate of change has been accelerated during the past decade and evidence points to an even faster accel- eration in the future.1 The future of any society depends upon how well it prepares its young people to make decisions and to carry out the responsibilities required of mature citizenship. Chance and circumstance cannot be relied upon to provide young people with the experience which will enable them to become useful, well informed, self reliant, responsible adults.2 For this reason the programs provided by organizations for youth should be constantly evaluated. Pour—H club work has made rapid and commendable progress as a youth organization for more than fifty years, and the Cooperative Extension Service has just cause to be proud of its accomplishments. However, with the increasing number of youth living on farms and in rural and suburban areas, it is becoming increasingly important that methods and programs used by the Extension service be evaluated in order that the resources may be more effectively used in serving the needs of youth} 1Subcommittee on SCOpe and Responsibility (Extension Committee on Organisation and Policy) The Coomative Extension Service Today, (1958) , p. 7. 2Task Force Subcommittee (Extension Committee on Organization and Policy), _Ac_Cuide to Extension Pregame for the Future, (1959), p. 29. 3-aoport of National 4-H Evaluation Committee", Jm., 1959, p. 1. PURPOSE OF THE STUD! Four-H clubs are organized in a variety of ways in different states and in different counties within a state. However two types of organisations are used most frequently in Michigan. 'mese are known as community and project 4-H clubs. This study has been designed to compare the two types of club organizations in an effort to answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 5. 9. lhich type of organisation has the greater range of age within club membership? Is there a difference in the mean age of the two types of clubs? Which type of club's membership will contain a greater number of members fourteen years of age and over? flhich type of club will have a longer tenure of individual club membership? Is there a difference in the sex ratio among members of the two types of clubs? lhich type of club will have greater participation of club members in county—wide 4-H activities? Which type of club has greater evidence of prior group or continued relationships among its members? mich type of club will receive more parental participation and support? [ill members from one type of club belong to a larger number of community and school organisations than members from the other type of club? 10. Will one type of club program include more social and recreational activities than the other one? 11. Are educational features more likely to be included in one type of club program than the other? The study was not designed to demonstrate that one type of club is of higher quality or is more succesSful than the other, for measurements of participation are not valid measurements of the educa- tional outcomes of 4+3 club work or any other educational endeavor.‘ These are not the cnly.factors to be considered when analyzing the two clubs, however, for the purpose of this study, the analysis will be limited to those mentioned above. The study is exploratory in nature, and it provides information which will give background for further study as to the success and quality of the two types of organizations. DEFINITION OF TERMS Feurhfl Clubs are a part of the total Cooperative Extension Service Program sponsored by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, the Land.Grant College in each state, and the county in which the clubs are located. These clubs are an educational organization for boys and girls from ten to twentyhone years of age. They meet regularly and with the help of an adult leader the members complete a project or projects in the field of Agriculture, Home Economics or related subject matter, (as forestry, photography, et cetera). In addition to this members learn to plan and take part in the club‘s ABenard D. Joy, Statistical Measurements of 4-H Club work with Special Reference togl9365 Cooperative Extension work in Agri- culture and.Home Economics, Extension Service Circular 270, October, 1937, p. 2. v ‘3 ES 4 program of work for the year, as well as take part in recreational and community activities (for further information see The 4-H Story by Franklyn Beck, p. 159). As pointed out above, 4-H clubs are organized differently in different areas. The two types of organizations which we will be concerned with for the purpose of this study, are community and project 4-H clubs. A Community 4—H Club's membership is composed of both boys and girls who take projects in Agriculture, Home Economics and related subject matter. he membership and projects range from the first year to the more advanced. Range of projects is defined here as the area of subject matter which the club member plans to learn. ‘me membership of most co-unity clubs meet separately in small groups with a leader to receive instruction concerning the specific project which they are taking, (i.e., all club members taking a clothing project, or all club members taking a livestock project). These meetings are in addition to the regular community club meetings. The leader of the community club may or may not be the leader of one of the project groups. Those clubs whose membership does not meet separately for instruction concerning projects receive this during their regular club meetings. A Project Club' s membership may consist of both boys and girls. All members of the clubs are enrolled in the same project and they receive instruction concerning the project which they are taking during the regular club meetings. The range of projects is usually less than that of the conunity club, (i.e., clothing club, forestry club, food preservation club). . .0" i I ‘. § A 4—H project consists of information in Home Economics, Agriculture or related subject matter which has been planned or written in such a way that the leader and boy or girl may use it as a guide for a series cf’lessons on the subject. Community may be defined as: any geographic area in which people interact with each other, interact as groups, and with institu- tions and businesses within the area. The range of age in club membership refers to the age distribution among members. The difference between the oldest and youngest club members. The mean agg'of the sample may be computed by multiplying the number of 4—H members in each age by that age, summarise the results, and divide the sum by the total.number of members.5 The tenure of individual membership'refers to the total number of years which each member of the sample has been enrolled in a.4~B club, including the present.year. Sex ratio refers to the quotient of boys in the sample divided by girls in the sample, and multiplied by 100 to determine the number of males per'lOO females in the sample. County:jide 4-H activities are those designated by the professional staff as being events to which members from all areas of the county are invited to participate, (i.e., exhibit at spring achieve- ment, exhibit at countyhfair, demonstration contests, judging contests, style review, observance of 4-H club Sunday, 443 alub camp, observance of National 443 Club leek, 4+3 talent and fun festival, fall achievement 5111111“ 1). Satin, Experiment Statistician, Michigan Agri- cultural Emperiment Station, from an interview. 6 day, county dairy judging contest, county livestock judging contest, crops and vegetable judging school, county beef club organisation school, tractor operators and plowing contest, county 4-H rifle match, food.prepsration judging and training schocl, food preservation judg— ing school, clothing judging school, and junior 4%! members demon- stration day and others which all members from county are invited to participate in). -Prior groupgor continued relationshipgghas reference to relationships which the boy or girl had before joining a club, as brothers, sisters, and best friends which.are continued within.the club. Participation and Support of the 4—H club by parents of 4j§ club members refers to: parents attendance of 4-H club meetings and county-aide 4-H club activities, parents participation in 4-H club meetings, provision of transportation to and.from the club meetings, assistance given members in preparation for their participatim in club meetings, and.countyewide events, assistance given by parents in planning special activities of the club and advice given concerning the selection and completion of the 4-H project. Participation in schodlgand community_orggpisations refers to the nunber of community and school organisations which the 443 club members belong to now or have been members of during the past year. School organisations (i.e., choir, glee club, math club, pep club, band, F.H.A., F.F.A., or other organisations sponsored by the school). Com- munity organisations refer to youth organisations sponsored by the church, boy scouts, girl scouts, !;M.C.i., I.I.C.i., Camp Fire Girls, and other organizations sponsored by the community. 7 Social and recreational activities. Social activities for the purpose of this study, are defined as activities which emphasize courtesy, conduct, manners, grooming, and boy-girl relationships. Recreational activities refer to games (quiet and active), folk and square dancing, music, dramatics, sports, crafts, hobbies, social dancing and other activities of a.recreationsl nature. Educaticnal features are those in addition to projects which are included in the individual club programs designed to enhance the educaticnal Opportunities offered by the 4-H club's program, (i.e., safety, nature study, tour of farm or farms, tour of home or homes, tour of business establishments, talks or demonstrations given by people other than leaders and members of the club, educational movies or film strips and other features of an educational nature). MUCH HIPOTHESIS The major theoretical hypothesis of this study is: Community 4-H clubs are more likely to exhibit certain characteristics; greater range of age in membership, higher mean agei larger percentage ofwolder boys and _;gi_r_ls enrolled, lager tenure of membership, greater sex ratio, greater member participation in county wide 4-H activitiengggater evidence of priorioup Leontinued) relationships amongjembersL receive greater parental support and participationweater evidence of member participation in other school and community oggizations, meetings include a greater number cfsocial and recreational activities, and meetings include a Easter number of educational features in addition to projects, than project 4-H clubs. These characteristics are generally associated in the literature with the effectiveness of 443 club work. thesis, 2. 3. 5. 9. In an efi'ort to substantiate the major theoretical hypo- the folloning statistical subehypotheses will be tested. SUB—HIPOTHESES The membership of a community club will tend to have a greater range of age than the project club. The membership of a community 4-H club will tend to have a higher mean age than a project club. i community 4-H club's membership will tend to have a larger percentage of older (fourteen and above) 4~H club members than a project club. The tenure of 4A3 club members enrolled in a community club will tend to be longer than the tenure of members enrolled in a project club. Community 4-H clubs tend to have a higher sex ratio than project 4-H clubs. Those 4-H club members enrolled in a community club will tend to take part in a larger number of comty—wide 4-H activities than those enrolled in a project club. Prior group (continued) relationships are more likely to be evidenced.in a community 4-H club than a project club. Community 4-H clubs will tend to receive greater parental participation and support than project 4—H clubs. these boys and girls enrolled in community 443 clubs are more likely to be members of other community and school organisations than those enrolled in a project 4—H club. 10. A community 4-H club will tend to include in its meetings a greater>number of educational features (in addition to project work) than a project club. 11. Community 4~H club meetings will tend to include a.greater number of social and recreational activities than project clubs. During the development of this study, the author reviewed literature which will be presented in the following chapter. It is hoped that this will.give the reader a better understanding concern— ing the basis of this study. .s as CHAPTER II REVIEW 0!" LITERATURE i search of the literature concerning past research in the area of community and project 4-H clubs has not been helpful in terms of providing information concerning community and project 4—H clubs. Specific comparative stlxiies of the two types of clubs were not folnd by this writer. Several studies did however indicate findings which were used as a guide when selecting the variables used for this study. These are cited below in the order in which the sub-hypotheses are listed in Chapter I. Immediately following each is a rationale which offers some support for the statistical sub—hypotheses. The Minnesota 4-H club program cites age distribution as one of the factors to consider when analyzing a 4—H program.6 A study made in the New England States found that when both younger and older 4-H club members are enrolled in the same club, the younger members gain an understanding from the older members of the opportun- ities offered to them as 4—H club members.7 be younger members also learn skills from the older member, either by exasple or by special leadership projects. The club with the greater range of age also offers the older 4-H club member more Opportunity to accept respon— ‘uiueogroph 250, April, 1958, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota, 1958. 7rour—H Club Work and High School tooth, A New Ehlgland Cooperative Extension Publication, issued by the Extension Service, Massachusetts State College, Mar, 1947, p. 7. ll sibility and develop leadership skills, by working with the younger members. As a part of the study which Alton made to determine the "vitality factors" of 443 club work, he named as one of the indicators of high vitality the percentage of the total membership that is four— teen to twenty years of age.8 Community 4-H clubs usually have a membership of both boys and girls. Members may enroll in a variety of projects. Within these projects they are usually encouraged to explore a wide range of sub— ject matter interests. Therefore, age range among members in community 4—H clubs will tend to be greater than in a project club. For these same reasons the community 4-H club will be more likely to have a higher mean age and a larger percentage of Ass club members from four- teen to twenty years of age than a project club. The tenure of individual membership has long been a concern of those working with 4—H clubs. In a study of a group of 2,453 former 4-H club members in eleven states, Shinn reported: "If the greatest values therefore are to be derived from 443 club training and experience the challenge to those responsible for the formulation and execution of the 4-H club program is to exert the greatest effort to secure reenrollment for as many years after the first as possible. "9 Olson found that the various levels of 4-H eXperience showed a significant relationship to the adoption of improved farm practices, and this relationship showed a definite increase as the 8E. W. Alton, "Background and Design for a Study of Vitality Factors in 4-H Club Programs“, Ph.D. dissertation, Education, University of Maryland, 1956, p. 117. 9Erwinfl. Shinn, A Study of a Group of g,45§pFormer LAB - Club Members in Eleven Stateg, Extension Circular 342, September, 1940. 12 number of years of participation in the 44H program increased.lo Other early work from Joyll and a recent publication, Facts and Trends,12 show evidence of the importance of member tenure. During the pro-adolescent years, youth develops an interest in the opposite sex.13 Since both boys and girls are more likely to be enrolled in a community club than a project club, their chances for working together on activities are greater in a community club. This will usually promote more interest in club activities and.will enable the club member to express a wider variety of interests. Community clubs also tend to offer more opportunity for club members to parti— cipate in various projects according to their interests and needs. It is the author's contention that they also offer more opportunity for planned recreation, social activities and participation in com— munity activities, for the enrollment is usually larger. Due to the differences in the program opportunities offered by the two types of clubs, the individual club member enrolled in a community club will tend to have longer tenure than the club member enrolled in a project club. Oregon cites a balance between boys and girls in the APE club 10Kenneth S. Olson, "The Relation of Selected Farmer's 448 Experience to Their Adoption of Improved Farm Practices", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1959, p. 4. 11Bcnard D. Joy, Statistical Measurements of 4-H Club Wopg, with Special Reference to l93§g Cooperative Extension Whrk in Agricul— ture and.Home Economics, Extension Service Circular 270, Oct. 1937, p. 23. 12"Minnesota 4—H Club Facts and Trends, 1959 Program", State 4-H Club Office, Agricultural Extension Service, Institute of Agricul- ture, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 1%. T. Martin, 4-H Club Leader's Handbook, (New York; Harper and Brothers), 1956, p. 168. 13 Iembership as one of the factors to be considered when analyzing the county 4—H club program.14 Clark and Morgan also cite the number of boys and girls enrolled as one of the group characteristics to be used as a guide for studying a 4—H club.15 Community 443 clubs will tend to be more equally divided by sex than project clubs because of the differences in program oppor— tunities (indicated above) which may be offered by the two types of clubs. Interests usually develop in both number and variety from early childhood into adolescence.l6 As pointed out by Breckenridge and Vincent, during these years there is a great need for activity, both physical and mental. These years are the ones of greatest range in hobby activities and interests. Objective criticism and a sense of responsibility can be developed because of this eager interest in work. One of the reasons cited for shyness, daydreaming and other retreats from activity among children is the lack of programs which provide enough activity for the child to develop.17 New interests develop during the adolescent years as a result of the changes that have taken 14Mimeograph 0-8937, April, 1960, COOperative Extension Service, Oregon State College, 1960. 15Robert C. Clark and Julia E. Morgan, "Training the 4—H Leaders for More Effective Leadership", p. 68, as reported in Selected ReadingELon Effective Extension work in 4-H Club and I.M.W. Programs, edited by Robert C. Clark, 1955. 16Luella Cole, Psychology of Adolescence, 4th Edition, (New York: Rhinehart and Company), 1954, Chapter 1. 17Marion E. Breckenridge and E. Lee Vincent, Child Developr ment, 3rd Edition, (Philadelphia, London: W. B. Saunders Company), 1956, PP. 431-432. 14 place in the physical and emotional development of the boy or girl.18 They live in a larger community and have wider loyalties and interests, and should be encouraged to take part in county-wide activities as well as those within the community.19 Four—H club members need the Opportunity to participate in worthwhile projects and activities in which they can assume responsi- bility and feel as though they have a part in achieving a goal beyond their selves. By taking part in these activities they increase their skill and abilities and have an opportunity to compare themselves with others.20 Other studies and publications which cite evidence concern- ing the importance of member's participation in county-wide events may be found in Footnotes twenty-one, twenty-two and twenty-three. Based upon personal experience it is the contention of the author that older 4—H club members will participate more often in county—wide activities than younger members. Also there will be a larger percentage of older members enrolled in a community 4-H club ”Elizabeth B. Hurlock, Developmental Psychology, (New York, Toronto, London: McCraw-Hin Book Company, IncJ, 1953, p. 233. 19Robert: 0. Clark and Julie E. Morgan, "Training the 4-H Leader for More Effective Leadership", p. 57, as quoted in Selected Readings on Effective Extension Work in 4—H Club and LMJV. Programs, edited by Robert 0. Clark, May, 1955. 20June Wilkinson and Amilie VasSold, Michigan 4-H Leader's Guide, 4—H Club Bulletin 314A. Michigan State University COOperative Extension Service. almpgovingij—B Clubs, United States Department of Agricul- 1311133, P.‘. 11, J‘lly’ 1950, p. 6. 2Adimeograph 250, April, 1958, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota, 1958. 23Mileograph 4-H - 026, Agricultural Extension Service, University of California, p. 1. 15 than a project club, and usually the younger members will be encour— aged by the older members to take part in these activities. For these reasons 445 club members enrolled in a community club will tend to take part in.a.1arger number of countyawide activities than those enrolled in a project club. According to Martin and Stendler, it is impossible to deter- mine the exact importance of any social agent in the development of children, however it is clear that in the last generation the peer group has exerted more and more influence in the total socialization process.24 Hurlock explains that because it is important to the child to be an accepted member of the group to which he belongs, he becomes very susceptable to the suggestions of its members.‘ Insecure in his status and afraid that he will be rejected by the other club members, he will conform to the standards set by them. If conflict arises be— tween parental standards and those of the club, the child is likely to conform to the standards of the club. For this reason, it is desirable that the club to which the child belongs be composed of other children whose background and training are similar to his in their major aspects. This wd11.not only reduce the amount of friction which might occur in the home, but will increase the child' a feeling of security and belonging.25 In a study made of 203 4~H club members in the western states, Sabroeky reports that: "One fifth of these boys and girls who did not reenroll were in clubs in which their closest or 'best' friends 24William B. Martin and Cecelia Burns Stendler, Child Devel- ogment, (New York: Harcourt Brace and Company), 1953, p. 467. 25fiurlock, o . cit., p. 146. 16 did not belong. In most of the cases where this was true, that was the reason why the boy or girl did not continue. we talk a lot about social grouping in our adult work, in the natural neighborhood, etc., but it might seem that we should consider the friendship pattern in youth work also."26 Additional studies citing evidence as to the importance of prior group (continued) relationships may be found in Footnotes twenty-seven and twenty—eight. Community 4—H clubs encourage the participation of both boys and girls with various project interests as well as a wide range of projects within the club. Therefore, the chances for the club member's brothers, sisters and best friends to belong to the same club to which he belongs are greater in a community club than a project club. It is generally recognized that parent cooperation is help- ful to 4—H club work.29 Four—H‘ers gain a feeling of prestige when their family is interested in their activities. This support also gives them a.feeling of personal security that should give them greater confidence in other activities outside the home.30 26Laurel K. Sabroaky, "4-H Studies and Training", Speech given at the Annual Conference of Wisconsin Extension workers, Sept- ember, 1953, P. 69, as reported.in Selected Readingg_on Effective Extension work in.4-H Club and I.M.W. Programs, edited by Robert W; Clark, Ma, 1955 . 2TJ'amesiH. 000p and Robert C. Clark, Factors AsSOciated with.Reenrollment in 4-H Clubs, Research Bulletin No. 195, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin, 1956, p. 16. 28M. L. Hawes, "Some Factors Involved in.Nonsreenrollment of First'Iear Club Members in Baltimore, Hartford, Howard and Montgomery Counties, Maryland”, Thesis M.A., University of Maryland, 1952, sum- marized in Review of Extensiog;Studies, Washington D.C., U.S.D.A., 1953, p. 27. 29Parents and 4-H Club Work, U.S.D.A., Washington, 13.0., P.A. 95, March, 1950, p. 10. 3°“ng thejBasic Needs of First Year 4—H Club Members, U.S.D.A., Federal Extension Service, P.A. 203, November, 1957, p. 6. 17 A study made by Coop and Clark shows that involvement of the parents in.4—H activities with some degree of behaviorial support seems to be a necessity if the club member is to meet the membership expectations.31 The findings from the Western Region.4-H study of first year members found that one-half of the 203 boys and girls study ied who did not reenroll did not have adequate parent assistance.32 From the foregoing studies and.the studies and evaluation measures listed below in Footnotes thirty—three and thirtyefour, it appears that parent participation and support are of vital importance to the 4-H club program. It is the contention of the writer that more members of the same family will tend to be enrolled in a community 4-H club than a project club due to the fact that club members may take projects according to their needs and interests; also due to the likelihood of other program differences. For these reasons the chances that the parents will participate in and support the community 443 club are greater than the chances that they will participate in and support the project clubs for all of their children. Therefore community 4-H clubs will tend to receive greater parental participaticn and support than project clubs. According to Conzemiusl ”The primary 4*! goal, like that of many agencies is to contribute to the over—all emotional and social 31000p and Clark, op, cit., p. 16. 32Sabros‘ky, op. cit., p. 66. 33Four—H Club work and High School Iouth, op. cit., p. 8. 34Mimeograph 250, University of Minnesota, op, cit., p. l. 18 develoPment of the individual in order that he may be a capable, mature and happily adjusted citizen, sizcfiztpzrzigipz;englgd accept responsibility in a This may be accomplished in part by the 4-H club program, but it seems desirable that club members take part in other school and community organizatims as well,to contribute to their social and emotional growth. Minnesota cites participation in community and school activities as one of the criteria to be used when ana— lyzing the youth phase of the extension program}6 Because of the likelihood of differences in program oppor- tunities of the two types of clubs, and the fact that a community 4-H club's membership is usually larger than a project club, the club member may gain confidence in joining other organizations. It is the writer's contention that these differences will encourage the social development of the child and his ability to accept responsibility. Hence it seems logical that boys and girls enrolled in a community 4-H club are more likely to be members of other school and commmity organizaticns than members of a project club. Any educational organizaticn for children should provide activities in its plan of work that will help meet some of the basic needs and interests of the child.37 In order to meet these needs, the 35Rosesary Conzenius, "Building a Sense of Conmmity in Rural Areas", p. 52, as presented at the Eighty-third Annual Forum of the National Conference of Social Work. GrouLWork and Community Oggani— zation, (New Iorkc Columbia University Press), 1956. 36Mimeograph 350, April, 1958, p. 1, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota. 37Murray Lee and Doris MacLee, The Child and His Curriculum, (New Iork, London: D. Appleton, Century Company), 1940, p. 168. “’st 19 activities of the organization should be diversified to give periods of change and help fulfill the needs at his maturation level. According to Kelsey and flame, leadership development is part of the fmdamental aim of extension work.38 Children differ in leadership qualities according to the skills they develop throughout childhood.39 In order to further develop those leadership qualities through 4-H club work, it would seem desirable that the club' s programs be as diversified as possible. This would give the person possessing the greatest skill. or knowledge concerning the activity at hand an opportunity to lead. Also, diversified activities help the child develop skills along the lines in which he is interested and capable, which may be used to improve his leadership possibilities. A community club usually has an organizational leader whose major responsibility is to help the club organize and plan club acti- vities. For this reason more attention will usually be give: to plan- ning a diversified club program in a community 4—H club. A great deal of the project work is done during the club meetings in a project club, whereas project work is not usually done during the combined commimity 4—H club meetings. For this reason there is usually more time available for activities of a speial, recreational and educational and educational nature in a community club. Therefore the chances are greater that social, educational and recreational features will be included in a community club. As previously discussed, measurements of participation are 38Lincoln David Kelsey and Cannon Charles Hearne, Cooperative Extension Work, (New York: Comstock Publishing Associates), 1955, p. 199. 39Breckenridge and Vincent, op, cit., p. 269. Jfl‘E ,4. n I a . l . O ,u a u n P ' I s s i . . ‘ s s l s a ' . A I ' . , , ‘ . s i ' v s v 0 u , . ' w s s . 20 not valid in evaluating the outcomes of 4-H club work, however the review of literature has indicated that they are traditionally ac- cepted as "indicators of progress".l’0 It is reasonable to assume that other variables will be felt in the results of the study, such as leader tenure, geographic distance, traditions within the popula- tion, economic conditions, social conditions and many others. This review of literature provides a background for the information and findings presented in the following chapters. AoJoy, op. cit. p. 2. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Population from Which Sample Was Drawp The data for this study were secured from Calhoun County, Michigan, located in the south central section of Michigan. The total pOpulation in Calhoun County was 120,813, with sixty-eight percent classified as urban, twenty and four-tenths percent as rural non-farm and eleven and five—tenths percent as rural farm.41 The largest popue lation center was Battle Creek located in the northwest section of the county with a population of [8,666.42 The total 4—H club enrollment in the county during 1958-59 was 1,462 members, with.forth—eight percent of the members classified as rural farm, thirty-one percent as rural non-farm and twentyhone percent as urban. The 1,462 club members were enrolled in sixtyeftve clubs, consisting of twentyanine project 4—H clubs and thirty-six community 43 clubs. Selection of the Sample A comparative approach was used for the study since emphasis was to be placed on some of the differences within the two types of AlMichiggn Statistical Abstract, 2nd Edition, compiled by John P. Henderson, Michigan State University, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, P. 158, pp. 5-15. AaMichigan Statistical Abstract, op. cit., p. 18. ABA-H Club Enrollment Cards, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1958-59. 22 clubs. A stratified random sample was obtained consisting of twenty commity 4-H clubs and twenty project clubs selected from the sixty- five clubs in the county as recorded in the 1958—59 club records. The twenty project clubs selected had a total enrollment of three hmdred thirty-eight members, and the community clubs selected had an enroll- ment of six hundred seventy—nine members. This sample was used to test the first five statistical sub-hypotheses presented in Chapter 1. Data obtained from a mail questionnaire were used to test the remaining statistical sub—hypotheses. These data, as explained below, were based on the 1959-60 4-H club enrollment. Methods Used to Obtain Data To test the first five statistical sub-hypotheses, data were secured from the county 4—H club records in the following form: 1. Number of members enrolled for each year of member age within the two groups. 2. Total number of members enrolled within each of the two groups. 3. Number of boys enrolled in each of the two groups. 4. Number of girls enrolled in each of the two groups. 5. Number of years of tenure represented by the individual members alrolled in clubs of each group. To obtain data to test the remaining sub-hypotheses, mail questionnaires (4-H club activity inventory blanks) were developed for club members and leaders based on the 1959-60 4—H club enrollment. The mail questionnaire was chosen as the most efficient means of ob- taining the information needed from a representative number of members and leaders in terms of time and money available. The inventory blanks were developed with the following determinants in mind: 1. Information desired for study. 2. Expediency in filling out the questionnaire. 3. Appearance of the questionnaire. 4. Readability for the various ages of the club members. The questions developed could be answered by filling in a number, a combination of answering yes or no in addition to circling a number on an index scale, answering questions with yes or no, and checking a special feature indicated on the inventory blank. Blanks were indicated for club members to add additional features. After the initial activity inventory blanks were developed they were pro-tested informally by first year club members, a group of former club members and county extension agents. After pre—testing, the questions were refined and additions made as it was thought desir- ’ able in accordance with the observations and suggestions made by those pro—testing them. The inventory blanks for both members and leaders appear in the Appendix. The inventory blanks and an instruction sheet for each leader were mailed to one leader representing each club, from the county ex- tension office in Calhoun County, May the second, 1960. They accom- panied the 4-H News Letter which is mailed to 4-H leaders each month. The agent included an article in the News Letter urging leaders cooper- ation in filling in and helping members to fill in the inventory blanks during their regular club meetings in May. Leaders were requested to return these to the county extension office not later than May twentieth, or immediately following their next club meeting. Stammd addressed envelope were enclosed for return. 24 A follow-up letter was sent from the county office on May the twentybfourth. The combined response from the clubs and leaders were: Community 4—H Clubs Number of clubs returning questionnaire ————- 18 Number of club members represented -——-— 264 Number of leaders returning questionnaire -—-——' 17 Project 4—H Clubs Number of clubs returning questionnaire -———- 12 Number of club members represented ——--'l40 Number of leaders returning questionnaire ——-- 11 The fact that the response from the questionnaire was not as high as the author had hoped may be attributed in part to the fact that they were mailed to leaders during a time in which the clubs were in transition from winter to summer programs, and many of the project clubs change leadership or discontinue for the year. Tests were run on the data available and will be reported on in Chapter 4. Methods Used to Analyize Data The data were analyzed by comparing the numbers in the various categories within the two sample groups, in terms of percentages and means. After consultation with Dr. William D. Batin,44 the application of the statistical "t" test for significance was selected for testing statistical sub-hypotheses two, four, six, seven, eight, nine, ten and AAIilliam D. Batin, Experiment Statistician, Michigan Agri- cultural Experiment Station, from an interview. 25 eleven. The ”t” test used for comparing the two sample groups was 't' =%% where i - mean of one sample and 4,, = mean of the other sample and Q». = the standard error of the difference between two uncorrelated means. The degrees of freedom were determined from formula/V, . 41 - 1 , where W. = number in the first sample and ML : number in the second sample. .- The formula used for the chi squareI‘f‘i-rfy where q = actual frequency of cases in any category, f, = expected frequency of cases in any category and z = the direction given to the sum overall categories. The degrees of freedom may be obtained from formula K - l where K is the number of categories you have.“ The chi square was used to test hypotheses three and five. The five percent level of significance was used as the con- fidence level for accepting or rejecting the statistical sub-hypotheses. [’5J‘. Stanley Ahmann, Charles 0. Neidt and James E. Wert, Statistical Methods in Educational and Psychological Research, (New Iork: Appleton, Century, Crafts, Inc.), 1954, pp.l47-l48. 26 CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA Data Obtained from County Club Records As indicated in Chapter Three, the data to test the first five statistical subahypotheses were obtained from the 1958 and 1959 4-H records in Calhoun County, Michigan. These are presented below. Range of Age in Club Membership_ The data obtained from the twenty project clubs concerning age of membership showed a range from ten to nineteen years of age, with eighty-nine club members enrolled ten years of age and under to one club member nineteen years of age. The corresponding data for community clubs showed a range of age within membership from ten to twenty years, with 124 members ten years of age and under and two members twenty years of age. A complete range of age according to membership of both project and community'4éfi clubs is presented in Table A in the Appendix. The data presented tends to support the statistical sub- hypothesis that the membership_of a community;4—H club willgtend to have gpeater range of agggthan a project club. 112.289.5253. A comparison of the mean ages of members enrolled in the twenty project and community 4—H clubs was made by applying the stan- dard "t” test. A significant difference was not revealed as recorded in Table l. TABLE 1 Differences of Mean Ages in Community and Project 4—H Club Membership, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1958 and 1959 Standard Standard Error Clubs Mean Deviation of the Mean "t” Community Clubs 12.83 110.48 4.24 N = 679 .110 Project Clubs 12.11 92.48 5.05 N : 338 "t" needed for significance at the 51 level of confidence when N = 1,015 - 1.960. The lack of a significant result leads to acceptance of the null hypothesis that there are no differences between the mean ages of those members enrolled in community 4—H clubs and those enrolled in project clubs. Therefore, it becomes necessary to reject the statis- tical sub-hypothesis that the membership of a communitylr-H club will tend to have a higher mean age than a project club. Club Members Fourteen Tears of Age and Over The next step was to determine if the percentage of older 4-H club members (fourteen years of age and over) enrolled in community and project 4-H clubs differed significantly. It was assumed that the sample of community and project clubs would have the same percentage of older 4-H club members enrolled as the total 4-H population, as shom in the Annual. Report for County Extension Agents in Calhoun County, 1958-59. The percentage of older 4-H club members in the total 4-H population was .315. Thus it was found that the number of older 28 4-H club members expected in the project club sample consisting of 338 members was 106, and the number expected in the community elub sample of 6T9 was 213. The actual number observed in the project club sample was seventy—four, and the actual number observed in the community clubs was 336. The chi square test for significance was applied to the eXpected and actual numbers observed in the sample. It was found that X ‘= 12.79 when the critical value at the five percent level of con- fidence where K equalled one was 3.84. The significant result leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the percentage of older 4—H club members enrolled in community and project 4-H clubs. This tends to support the statistical subéhypothesis that a community 44H club's membership will tend to have a larger_per~ centgge of olderg(fourteen ygars and above) 4-H club members than a project club. Tenure of Club Members The means of the tenure represented by the membership of the twenty community and twenty project 4—H clubs were compared. To make the comparison a standard "t" test was used with the provision for the inclusion of F (frequency) of average tenure found within the two groups. The test revealed a significant difference in the tenure of membership as recorded in Table 2. TABLE 2 Difference Between Mean Tenure of Membership in a Community and Project 4-H Club, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1958 and 1959 “W t“ Standard Standard Error Clubs Mean Deviation of the Mean "t" Community Clubs 2.900 .748 .028 N = 679 12.633 Project Clubs 2.310 .679 .036 N13 338 ”t" needed for significance at 5% level of confidence when N = 1,015 - 1.960. Since the obtained value of "t" was greater than the critical value of 1.960, there is cause for rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no difference in tenure of members enrolled in a commun- ity and project 4—H club. This in turn would tend to support the statistical sub-hypothesis that the tenure of 4—H club members enrolled in a community 4-H club will tend to be longer than the tenure of members enrolled in a project club. Sex Ratio Among Members It was found from the data that the sex ratio for community 4-H clubs was 61.6 and the sex ratio for project clubs was 22.9. To determine if there was a significant difference between the sex ratios of the two groups, it was assumed that the sample of community and project clubs would be expected to have the same sex ratio as the total 4-H population in the county. Based upon the Annual Report of County 30 Extension Agents for Calhoun County, 1958-59, the sex ratio for the total population was 51.0. The chi square test for significance was applied to the expected and observed ratios. It was found thatarfj=217.50. The critical value at the five percent level of confidence when X : l was found to be 3.84. Since the): 'obtained was significant, the null hypothesis that there was no difference in the sex ratio of the two groups was rejected. Thus the data tends to support the statistical sub-hypothesis that community 4-H clubs tend to have a higher sex ratio than project 4-H clubs. Data Obtained from Member and.Leader Inventory‘Sheets In Chapter Three it was reported that 264 club member invenp tory sheets were returned from eighteen community clubs and.140 inven- tory sheets were returned from twelve project clubs. or the 264 in— ventory sheets returned from community club members, twelve were not useable due to the fact that they were incomplete, and eight of the inventory sheets returned from project club members were not complete and therefore unuseable. Thus the sample consisted of 252 inventory sheets from community'ArH club members and 132 inventory sheets from project club members. The 0 category was not supplied in question.numbar two of the activity inventory sheet for club members due to an oversight of the writer, if no organizations were checked.in answer to this question, the data were tabulated on the basis that member filling in the inven- tory sheet belonged to no organizations. The information from this section of the inventory sheet was used to test statistical subéhypo- thesis number nine. 31 In an effort to eliminate some possibility of bias, those first year members who had not been enrolled for a sufficient length of time to take part in county-wide activities during the previous summer and.fa11 were eliminated.from the section of the inventory sheet concerning countyawide activities, and parent participation. Thus twentybone members were eliminated from project clubs and eighteen were eliminated from community clubs. The information from these sections was used to test statis— tical sub—hypotheses six and eight. In addition, those club members who indicated that their parents were leaders of the club to which they belonged were eliminated from the section of the inventory sheet concerning parent participation. Fiftyenine members from community clubs and twentyasix members from project clubs indicated that their parents were leaders. This is recorded in Table B in the Appendix. The information from this section was used to test statistical sub- hypothesis number eight. The information obtained from the inventory blanks from club members was used to test statistical sub—hypotheses six, seven, eight and nine. The information obtained from the seventeen leader activity inventory sheets returned.from the community 4—H clubs, and the eleven activity inventory sheets returned from the project clubs was used to test hypotheses ten and eleven. Due to an oversight of the writer the 0 category was not supplied in question number one of the leader invenr tory sheet. If no activities were reported the datawere tabulated on the basis that the club did not include these in their program. The data obtained from the member and leader activity inventory A a» 32 blanks is presented below. Participation of Club Members in County—wide Activities The number of county-wide activities in which community and project 4-H club members had participated during the past year as reported on the member inventory blanks were tabulated, according to member participation in each activity. This is recorded in Table C in the Appendix. 2 The mean number of county—wide activities in which community and project 4-H club members had participated were compared with a "ti test. A significant difference was revealed. The results are recorded in Table 3. TABLE 3 Difference in Mean Participatim of Community and Project 4-H Club Members in County-wide Activities, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 ‘ Standard Standard Error Clubs Mean Deviation of the Mean fltfl Community Clubs 3.81 2.16 .141 N : 234 2.948 Project Clubs 3.12 1.86 .185 N = 1.11 't' needed for significance at the 5% level of cmfidence when N = 343 - 109a). The significant result leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the participation in county-wide activities of members enrolled in community and project O . . . I l n _ . . p . n . . . .. v\ 0 s n . . e e . _ . . . , . A . o r n . . e w 4 f‘ 33 4-H clubs. This tends to support the statistical subéhypothesis that those 4-H club members enrolled in a community club will tend to takegpart in a greater'number of countyawide 44H activities than those enrolled in a project club. Evidence of Prior Group or Continued Relationships, Evidence of prior group or continued relationships among members of community and project 4-H clubs was determined by asking members to answer the following questions: 1. Immediately after you joined this 4+3 club, how many of its members did you meet for the first time? 2. Before you joined this 4-H club, how many of the members did you.know'well and Spend.a.lot of time with? 3. How many members did you know pretty well but not spend a lot of time with? 4. How many members did you.kn0w before you joined but not as well as mentioned above? The data were tabulated and recorded in Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7. TABLE 4 Number of Members Met for the First Time Immediately After Joining 4—H Club Calhoun County, Michigan, 1960 Community Club Project Club Total Number of Members No. i No. I No. $ 0 68 27.0 46 34.8 114 29.7 1 - 5 as 34.9 45 34.1 133 34.6 Over 5 96 38.0 41 31.1 137 35.7 Total 252 99.9 132 100.1 384 100.0 34 Slight differences were revealed in the number of members met for the first time within both types of clubs. Both reported that approximately one-third of the members met between one and five mem— bers for the first time with a slightly higher percentage (.9) reported by community club members. Approximately one-third of the members also reported having met over five members for the first time with community clubs indicating a larger percentage (7.9). The data also revealed that a large percentage of members within both types of clubs met no members for the first time, with a somewhat higher percentage (7.) reported by members of project clubs. This indicates that community club members met a larger percentage of club members for the first the after joining the club than project club members. TABLE 5 Number of Members Knom and Spent a Lot of Time With Before Joining 4—H Club Calhoun County, Michigan, 1960 Community Club Project Club TotaL Number of Members No. % No. S No. i 0 - 2 61 24.2 49 37.1 110 28.6 3 - 6 94 37.3 40 30.3 134 34.9 Over 6 97 38.5 43 32.6 140 36.5 Total 252 100.0 132 100.0 384 100.0 Some differences in the two groups were revealed as to the percentage of club members known well and spent a lot of time with be- fore joining the club (Table 5). A higher percentage (12.9) of project 35 club members reported knowing a range of zero to two members within their clubs than community club members. Whereas a higher percentage (7.) of community club members reported knowing a range of three; to six of the members and a larger percentage (6.1) of the club members know- ing over six members. This indicates that community club members knew and spent a lot of time with a somewhat larger percentage of members before joining the club than those enrolled in a project club. TABLE 6 Number of Members Known Pretty Well but Did Not Spend a Lot of Time With, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1960 Mgfif.‘ W fl __ WW Community Club 1 Project Club Total Number of Members No. - % No. % No. 1 O - 2 58 23.0 37 28.0 95 24.7 3 - 6 84 33.3 44 33 .3 128 33 .3 7 - 15 92 36.5 35 26.5 127 33.0 Over 15 18 7.1 16 12.1 34 8.9 Total 252 99.9 132 99.9 384 99.9 As indicated in Table 6 some differences were revealed be- tween the two groups, concerning the percentage of members known pretty well, but did not spend a lot of time with. A larger percentage (5.) of project club members reported knowing between zero to two members than members of community clubs. Members of community clubs reported knowing a higher percentage (10.) ranging from seven to fifteen members. Of those knowing over fifteen members within the club, project clubs 36 reported a higher percentage (5.). This indicates that members of community 4—H cltbs knew but did not spend a lot of time with a slightly higher percentage of its membership than did members en— rolled in project clubs. TABLE 7 Number of Members Known But Not as Well As Those Mentioned Previously Calhoun County, Michigan, 1960 wCommunity Club Project Club Total Number of Members No. % No. 1 No. % O 50 19.8 48 36.3 98 25.5 Over 5 93 37.0 36 ‘ 27.3 129 33.6 Total 252 100.0 132 99.9 384 100.0 Considerable differences were revealed as to the percentage of members lmown but not reported in the previous questions (Table 7). Project club members reported a higher percentage (16.5) of members knowing no members which had not been previously mentioned than commun- ity club members. Commmity club members reported knowing a higher percentage (6.9) of members ranging from one to five which had not been mentioned previously than members of project clubs. Also a higher percentage (9.9) of community club members reported knowing over five members. This indicates that project club members knew a smaller percentage of members not reported in the previous questions than mem— bers of community clubs. 37 To determine if there was as significant difference of prior group (continued) relationships evidenced in community and project 4-H clubs, the mean number of members known well and spent a lot of time with (as reported by the members of the two groups) were compared with a "t" test. A significant difference was not observed. Results are reported in Table 8. TABLE 8 Difference of Prior Group Relationships Evidenced Within Membership of Community and Project 4~H Clubs, Calhoun County, Michigan, 1960 Clubs Mean Standard Standard Error Deviation of the Mean 't' Community Clubs 6.734 5.480 .346 N a 252 1.720 Project Clubs 5.454 7.530 .659 N'-?132 't" needed for significance at the 5% level of confidence when N 3 382 - 1.960. Since the "t" obtained was not significant, the null hypo- thesis that there is no difference in prior group relationships evi- denced within the membership of community and project 4-H clubs is accepted. Therefore the statistical subéhypothesis that priorégroup_ (continued)_relationships will tend to be evidenced more often within the membership of a community 4~H club than a project club is rejected. Participation in and Support of the 4-H Club by Parents of the Members To test the statistical sub-hypothesis relating to parental 38 participation and support, questions were included in the member inventory blank concerning: parents' attendance at 4-H club meet— ings and county-wide activities, parents' participation in 4-H club meetings, provision of transportation to and from the club meetings, asSistance given to club members in preparation for their partici- pation in club meetings and county-wide events, assistance given by parents in planning special activities of the club and advice given concerning the selection and completion of the 4—H project. The data obtained from the inventory blanks relating to parent participation over a period of one year is presented below in Tables 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, l4, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20. TABLE 9 Parents' Attendance at Club Meetings Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 W Member Community Clubs Project Clubs Indication No . i No . S Ies 128 73 .1 53 62.3 No 47 26.9 32 37.6 Total 175 100.0 85 99.9 Number of Times 0 47 26.9 32 37 .6 l 24 13.7 17 20.0 2 25 14.3 12 14.1 3 34 19.4 11 12.9 ”From-1 I 3’ .1, , h w*““““-“ I 39 TABLE 9 (Continued) Communitnglubs Pro ect Clubs Number of times No. $ “9' % 4 16 9.1 6 7.0 5 6 3.4 2 2.3 Over 5 23 13.1 5 5.9 Total 175 99.9 85 99.9 Median 2.2 1.1 The chi square test for significance was applied to the number of members indicating yes and no as to parents' attendance of club meetings. This did not reveal a significant difference in the number of different parents attending community and project 44H clubs. Data showed some differences as to percentage of parents attending the meetings of the two types of clubs as brought out in Table 9 which may imply that a larger percentage of the same parents attend community club meetings than parents of project club members. Also a 10.7 larger percentage of members of project clubs reported no attendance by parents. Some difference was shown as to the median.number of times parents attend the two types of clubs (2.2 for community club meetings and.l.l for project clubs). TABLE 10 Parents' Participation in Club Meetings Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 ”»~.-MM .e-Ao -fi.‘ Member Community Clubs Project Clubs Indication No. 1 No. % Yes 104 59.4 49 57.6 NC. 71 40.5 36 42.3 - a ‘7 W . i Total 175 99.9 85 99.9 g Number of Times i.“ 0 71 40.3 36 42.3 i 1 43 24.5 25 29.5 2 24 13.8 19 22.3 3 13 7.4 2 2.3 4 1.7 O .0 5 4 2.9 l 1.1 Over 5 17 9.7 2 2.3 Total 175 100.0 85 99.9 Median .9 .8 The number answering yes or no as to parent participation in club meetings was tested for significance by application of the chi square test for significance. A significant difference was not revealed as to the number of different parents participating in com— munity and project 4-H clubs. {'1' s-.-- . '“l 41 As shown in Table 10, 21.7% of the parents in community clubs participated in three or more meetings whereas only 5.7% of the parents of project club members participated in three or more meetings. The difference in median number of times parents parti- cipated was .1 higher in commlmity clubs. TABLE 11 Parents' Provision of Transportation to and.from Club Meetings Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 | -4194; - l L" l when" .i I... fim. .u.’ .;W I Member Community Clubs Pro Ject Clubs Indication No . $ No. % Ies 139 79.4 64 75.3 No 36 20.5 21 24.7 Total 175 99 .9 85 100.0 Number of Times O 36 20.5 22 25.9 1 17 9.7 5 5.9 2 17 9.7 14 16.5 3 16 9.1 9 10.5 4 10 5.7 7 8.2 5 14 8.0 4 4.7 Over 5 65 37.1 24 28.2 Total 175 99.8 85 99.9 Median 3.7 2.7 42 The number of members indicating yes and no as to parents' provision of transportation were compared for significance by appli- cation of the chi square test, a significant difference as to the number of different parents furnishing transportation to and from club meetings was not revealed. The data indicated slight differences in percentages as to transportation fm'nished by parents, mich may be observed from Table 11. Parents of project club members indicated a slightly larger per- cent who failed to furnish any transportation. The median number of times mich parents furnished transpor- tation is slightly higher in the community club (3.? as compared to 2.7). TABLE 12 Parents' Assistance to Club Members in Planning or Preparing a Demonstration for Club Meeting Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 W Member Community Clubs Project Clubs Indication No . i No . S Tea 60 34.3 33 38 .8 No 115 65 .7 52 61.2 Total 175 100.0 85 100.0 Number of Times 0 115 65.7 52 61.2 1 20 11.4 20 23.5 2 12 6.9 5 5.9 ‘ 3 4 2.3 0 .0 43 TABLE 12 (Continued) Community;Clubs Project Clubs Number of Times No. % N0. i 4 2 1.1 4 4.7 5 9 5.1 l 1.1 Over 5 13 7.4 3 3.5 Total 175 99.9 85 99.9 Median 03 03 The chi square test for significance was applied to the num- ber answering yes and no as to receiving help from parents when pre— paring a demonstration for a club meeting. A significant difference was not revealed as to number of different club members receiving parental help, when planning or preparing a demonstration for a club meeting. As presented in Table 12, the data.indicated little differ- ence between the two groups in the percentage of club members receive ing help from parents when planning or preparing a demonstration. It should be noted that over 50% of both groups reported receiving no help. The median in both groups was less than 1 (.3). .I'a‘li thSm-i -1 I.‘ w. ’ ., TABLE 13 Assistance Received from Parents by Members in Preparation for Responsibility as a Club Officer Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Member Communit Clubs Pro ect Clubs Indication No. i No. 7 Ice 41 23.4 27 31.7 No 134 76.5 58 68.2 Total 175 99.9 85 99.9 Number of times 0 134 76.5 58 68.3 1 10 5.7 10 11.8 2 9 5.1 9 10.5 3 1 .5 1 1.2 4 4 2.3 2 2.3 5 4 2.3 1 1.1 Over 5 13 7.4 4 4.7 Total 175 99.8 85 99.9 Median .3 .2 Number of members indicating yes or no as to parents' assis- tance in preparation for responsibility as a club officer of the two groups were compared for significance by application of a chi square test. ‘A significant difference was not revealed concerning the number of different parents assisting. 1,5 Slight difference was revealed concerning the number of different members receiving assistance from parents, concerning their duties as club officers. Over 601 received no help in both groups as shall in Table 13. here was very little difference observed in the median number of times (.1) which club members had received assistance. TABLE 14 Assistance Received from Parents by Members in Preparation for Responsibility as Chairman or Member of a Committee Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Member 1:5 t: Club Lrgject Qub Indication No. 1 No. 1 IQ. & 38 e9 3 27 so No 107 61.1 62 73 .0 Total 175 100.0 85 100 .0 Number of times 0 107 61.1 62 73.0 1 22 12.5 17 20.0 2 15 8.5 4 4.7 3 16 9.1 O .0 4 2 1.1 o .0 5 0 .0 0 .0 Over 5 13 7.4 2 2.3 Total 175 99.7 85 100 .0 Median .3 .2 ..... 46 The chi square test for significance was applied to the num- ber answering yes and no concerning assistance received from parents in preparation for committee responsibility. This revealed no signi— ficant difference within the two groups, relating to the number of different members which had received parental help concerning their responsibilities as chairman or member of a committee. The data revealed that a large percentage of the members of both community (6L.1) and project clubs (73.0) had received no parental help when preparing for club responsibilities. Very little difference (.1) is shoan in the median number of times parents had helped members prepare for committee reaponsibility. TABLE 15 Assistance Given by Parents in Planning Special 4—H Club Activities Calhom County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 L‘T- r W Member CommunitLgLubs Pro ,1 ect Clubs Indication No . % No . % Ies 58 3.3 .1 26 30.5 No 1.17 66.9 59 69.4 Total 175 100.0 85 99 .9 Number of times 0 117 66.9 59 69.9 1 16 9.1 16 18.9 2 13 7.4 2 2.3 3 9 5.1 2 2.3 4 6 3.4 4 4.8 47 TABLE 15 (Continued) Number of times Community Clubs Project Clubs No. % NO. x 5 3 1.? 1 1.1 Over 5 11 6.3 1 1.1 Total 175 99.9 85 99.9 Median .2 .2 Number of members in sample of community and project 4—H clubs who indicated yes or no as to parents' assistance in planning special activities for the club to which they belonged were compared by application of a chi square test. A significant difference was not revealed, concerning the number of different parents who had assisted in planning special activities for the two types of clubs. One important trend revealed was the fact that over two- thirds of the parents in both groups had not served on any committees to plan special activities. No difference between the two groups was observed in the median number serving on committees to plan special club activities. r into an..- v TABLE 16 Parents' Attendance at Countyawide 44H Club Activities Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Member Community;Clubs Project Clubs Indication No. % No. i % Yes 134 76.6 57 67.1 No 41 23.4 28 32.9 Total 175 100.0 85 100.0 .4 Number of times o 41 23 .4 28 32.9 1 34 19.4 30 35.3 2 33 18.9 13 15.3 3 17 9.7 3 9.4 4 9 5 .1 2 2.3 5 7 4.0 o .0 Over 5 34 19.4 4 4.7 Total 175 99.9 85 99.9 ”Galen 1.9 10 The chi square test for significance was applied to the num— ber answering yes and no concerning parents' attendance of county-wide 4—H club activities. A significant difference between community and project 4—H clubs was not revealed in the number of different parents attending county-wide 4-H club activities. 0 r. “ill-:14 {I l was“; :31 13.-W... ian 49 As presented in Table 16 the data revealed some differences as to the percentage of parents attending county-wide 4—H club acti- vities. Parents of project club members were reported to have a larger percentage attending one activity, whereas parents of community clubs were reported as attending a larger percentage ranging from two to over five activities. The median number of activities attended by parents of com- munity club members was slightly higher (.9) than the median number of activities attended by project club members. TABLE 17 Parental Assistance Given to Club Members in Preparation for hair Participation in County-wide Events Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Member ‘ Community Clubs Pro je gt Clubs Indication lo . 1 No . S Isa 95 54.3 46 54.1 '0 80 45 o 7 39 45 09 Number of times 0 so 45.7 39 45.9 1 ' 23 13 .1 21 24. 7 2 27 15.4 9 10.5 3 12 6.9 10 11 . 7 4 11 6.3 2 2.4 5 6 3 .4 3 3 . 5 50 TABLE 17 (Continued) Community Clubs Proje,t Clubs Number of times No. % No. % Over 5 16 9.1 1 1.2 Total 175 99.9 85 99.9 Median .8 .7 Number of members in the sample of community and project 4—H clubs who indicated.yes or no as to parental assistance received in preparation for county-wide events were compared by application of a chi square test for significance. A significant difference was not revealed between the two types of clubs as to the number of different members receiving parental assistance. As presented in Table 17 the data revealed that parents of project 4—H club members were reported to have a larger percentage of parental assistance given to club members in preparation for one and two county—wide events than community club members. This consisted of 35.1% for project club members as compared to 28.5% for community club members. Whereas community club members reported receiving a larger percentage of parental assistance ranging from three to over five countybwide events (25.7%) than project clubs (18.6%). It should also be noted that approximately 451 of the members of both groups were reported as receiving no parental assistance. The median for community clubs was .8 as compared to .7 for project clubs. WHEE- TABLE 18 Parental Help Given to Member Concerning Selection of Equipment for 4—H Project Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Member Community Clubs Project Clubs Indication No. S No. % Yes 153 87.4 66 77.6 No 22 12.5 19 22.3 Total 175 99.9 85 99.9 A chi square test for significance was applied to the number Wmmm‘vw v-‘ufif m answering yes and no within the two groups as to parental help given in selection of equipment for 44H project. A significant result was obtained which revealed that the community club members in the sample reported receiving significantly more help from parents concerning selection of equipment for their project than project 44H club members. TABLE 19 Parental Advice Given to Club Member Concerning Project Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Member Community Clubs Project Clubs Indication No. % No. % Yes 167 99.4 73 85.9 No 8 4.5 12 14.1 Total 175 99.9 85 100.0 .-'--- -- - .o .c .. — V . 1 m- t- '» x u m.-. P U a O ' l I s | I u A . ,- ._.-.. - - >r - .o “- h v ~1--- ”a--- -.-._ ----um-- ~- . .7 “v. P" __ L ‘ a . _- g -- . . . 1, a C . . — . I . , . V n . . I a 52 A chi square test for significance was applied to the number indicating yes and no within the two groups, as to parental advice given concerning their project. The data revealed that the community club members in the sample had received significantly more advice from parents concerning their project than project 4—H club members. To test the statistical sub-hypothesis concerning parent participation and support the replies to all questions included in the member inventory blank relating to this were combined. A comparison of the mean parent participaticn and support as reported by the eighteen community clubs and twelve project clubs was made by application of the "t" test. A significant difference was observed and is reported in Table 20. TABLE 20 Difference in.Mean Parent Participation and Support of Community and Project 4-H Clubs Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Standard Standard Error Clubs Mean Deviation of the Mean "t” Community Clubs 16.800 9.700 .734 N = 175 4.21? Project Clubs 12.329 7.106 .775 N = 85 "t" needed for significance at the 5% level of confidence when N - 258 - 1.9a). The significant result leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the parent participation 53 and support in community and project 4+H clubs. The data gives some support to the statistical sub—hypothesis that community'4HH clubs will tend to receive greater parental participation and support than project 4-H clubs. Membership in Community and School Organizations Memberahip in community and school organizations during the past year as reported by the sample of community and project 4-H club; members was tabulated according to individual membership in both types of organizations. This is recorded in Table D in the Appendix. Mean number of school and community organizations in which community and project 44H club members had indicated membership were compared with a "t" test. A significant difference was not revealed as recorded in Table 21. TABLE 21 Comparison of the Mean Membership in Community and School Organizations Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Standard Standard Error Clubs Mean Deviation of the Mean 't" Community Clubs 2.269 1.790 .113 N I 252 1.531 Project Clubs 1.954 2.010 .176 N = 132 "t" needed for significance at the 5% level of confidence when N =- 382 - 1.960. 1’ ’ ' WEI) i’V.‘ .m ‘llfi‘ 7r _ mfg"- .3!) i. 54 Since the ”t” obtained was not significant the null hypo- thesis, that the community club's membership in community and school organizatims is equal to the project club's membership in community and school organizations is accepted, which leads to the rejection of the statistical sub—hypothesis that the members of a community: 4—H club will tend to be members of other community and school organiza- tions more often than members of a project 4—H club. Educational Features of Clubs The number of educational features included in.meetings of com— munity and project 4—H clubs during the past year, as reported in the 4—H club activity inventory leader blank, were tabulated according to the number indicated in each category. This is recorded in.Table E in :g the Appendix. The number of times indicated in each category were combined and the mean number of educational features included in community and project clubs were compared with a "t" test. A significant difference was not revealed. The results are recorded in Table 22. TABLE 22 Difference in Mean Educational Features Included in Community and Project 4—H Club Meetings Galhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 m ——L— “! w! Standard Standard Error Clubs Mean Deviation of the Mean "t" Community Clubs 5.05 4.57 1.14 N - 17 .726 Project Clubs 3.63 5.04 1.59 N = 11 "t" needed for significance at the 5% level of confidence when 55 Since the "t" obtained was not significant the null hypo— thesis that there is no difference in the educational features included in community and project 4—H club meetings is accepted. Therefore the statistical sub—hypothesis that a community. 4-H club will tend to include in its meetings a_greater number of educational features (in addition to project worg) than a project 4—H club is rejected. Social and Recreational Activities of the Club The social and recreational activities included in the meet— ings of community and project 44H clubs during the past year, as re— ported in the 4—H club activity inventory blank for leaders, were tabulated according to the number of times each activity had been included in the meetings of the two types of clubs. This is recorded in Table F in the Appendix. Then the number of times reported in each catagory were com- bined and the mean number reported for community and project 4—H clubs were compared with a "t" test. A significant difference was not revealed. The results are recorded in Table 23. TABLE 23 Difference in Mean Social and Recreational Activities Included in Community and Project 448 Club Meetings Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Standard Standard Error Clubs Mean Deviation of the Mean "t" Community Clubs 15.941 8.467 2.116 N = 17 1.340 Project Clubs 11.368 8.476 2.682 N = 11 "t" needed.for significance at the 5% level of confidence when N " 26 - 2.779. :11 £1.14?” . .f .' '0’ “1g lint Kifl'omwm n _ .l e‘ - i 56 Since the "t" obtained was not significant the null hypo— thesis that there is no difference in the number of social and recrea- tional activities included in meetings of community and project clubs is accepted. Therefore the statistical sub-hypothesis that community 4—H club meetings will tend to include a greater number of social and recreational activities than project club meetings is rejected. Tenure of Club Members FM; The tenure of community and project 44H club members as A reported on the member inventory blank may be found in.Table G in the Appendix. The mean tenure of the two groups was compared by application of the "t" test. The test revealed that the community .TJ‘ club members had a significantly higher tenure than the project club members. TABLE 24 Comparison of Mean Member Tenure of Community and Project 4AM Clubs as Reported in.Member Inventory Blanks Calhoun County, Michigan, 1959 and 1960 Standard Standard Error Clubs Mean Deviation of the Mean "t" Community Clubs 3.391 2.147 .137 N = 245 4.308 Project Clubs 2.568 1.526 .132 N = 132 "t" needed for significance at the 5% level of confidence when N = 377 - 1.960. 57 The test was applied to determine if the sample returning the member inventory sheets differed from the sample obtained from the county records. A difference may be noted in that the "t” obtained from the office records was 12.633 whereas the "t" obtained from the inventory sheets was 4.308. The test also gives further support to the hypothesis that members enrolled in a community club will tend to have longer tenure than members enrolled in a project club. CHAPTER V SUMMAR! AND CONCLUSIONS This study was exploratory in nature and designed to evaluate by comparative methods some of the characteristics of community and project 4~H clubs. The major theoretical hypothesis of this study has been: Community 4AM clubs will be morg:;ikely to exhibit certain characteristics; ggeater range of age in member- ship,ghigher mean age, larger percentage of older boys andggirls enrolledmglonger tenure of membership, greater sex ratio._greater member participation in countybwide 448 activitiesiwgggater evidence of prior group (continued) relationships among_members, receive greater parental support and participation,_greater evidence of gember participation in other school and community organizationg, meetings include a greater number of social and recreational acti- vities. and meetings include a greater’number of educational features Lin addition to projects), than jrokct 4-H clubs. As stated earlier, this study was not designed to demonstrate that one type of club is of higher quality or is more successful than the other, for measurements of participation may not be valid as criteria which evaluate educational outcomes of 4—H club work. They are, however, traditionally accepted as indicators of progress. The data were obtained from Calhoun County, Michigan. Part was secured from the 1958-59 44H club records in the county. This data consisted of a stratified sample with twenty community and project 4-H clubs selected randomly from the twentyanine project clubs and ‘61- “. .n. in. 59 thirty-six community clubs in the county. The remainder of the data were obtained from activity inventory blanks returned from 44H club members and leaders based on the 1959 and 1960 4—H club program. The data obtained from the 1958 and.1959 4—H club records in the county revealed that the range of age among members of community and project clubs in Galhoun County was slightly higher in community clubs. The mean age of community club members was somewhat higher than the mean age of project club members, however when they were compared statistically, there was not a significant difference. The data also revealed that tenure of members enrolled in community clubs was signi- ficantly higher than tenure of members enrolled in project clubs. The sex ratio of members, and the percentage of older 4—H club members (14 and above) enrolled in community clubs was found to be significantly higher statistically, than members enrolled in project clubs. In light of the limited response to the activity inventory blanks of both members and leaders, statements made concerning the remaining characteristics are not generalized to the entire 4-H club population in Calhoun County. They are confined to trends indicated within the eighteen community and twelve project 4—H clubs returning the blanks. This data was based on the 1959 and 1960 club year. The data revealed that members of community 4—H clubs had participated in a significantly larger number of county—wide activi— ties during 1959 and 1960 than members of project clubs. A signifi- cant difference between the two types of clubs as to prior group (continued) relationships or member participation in community and school organizations during 1959 and 1960 was not evidenced. Parents' participation in and support of clubs was reported by members to be significantly higher in community clubs than project clubs. The social and recreational activities included in the meetings of the two types of clubs (as reported by leaders of seven- teen community clubs and eleven project clubs) was someWhat higher in community clubs, however a significant difference between the two types of clubs was not revealed. Leaders also reported a slightly higher number of educational features included in community club meetings, but the difference was not statistically significant. The generalizations made refer only to Calhoun County and trends revealed in some clubs within the county. The writer suggests that similar studies be made in other counties in order that the data might be compared. The writer also suggests that research be done as (to why these characteristics appear more often in one type of club than the other. Recognizing that situations will vary from county to county, which may determine to a.large extent the type of organization used for 4—H club work, if these characteristics which.have shown significant differences are desirable, this study indicates that the organization of community clubs might well be encouraged. ' fir - APPENDIX TABLE A RANGE OF AGE IN CLUB MEMBERSHIP CALHOUN COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1958 AND 1959 Community Project Age Club Club 10 & under 124 89 11 12]. 64 12 115 75 13 83 36 14 68 23 15 54 21 16 47 18 17 40 7 18 16 4 l9 9 l 20 2 Total 6T9 338 F 1...... L I mlzmwn-‘smr-t 63 TABLE B MEMBERS WHO REPORTED THAT THEIR PARENTS WERE LEADERS OF THE CLUB TO WHICH THE! BELONGED CALHOUN COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1959 AND 1960 Members Community Club Project Club Reporting NO . 1 NO . % Yes 59 23.4 26 19.6 No 193 76.5 106 80.3 Total 252 99.9 132 99.9 TABLE C MEMBER PARTICIPATION IN COUNTY-WIDE ACTIVITIES CALHOUN COUNTI, MICHIGAN, 1959 AND 1960 Community Club Project Club Total Activities N = 234 N = 111 N = 345 No. i No. S No. S Exhibit at Spring Achievemait 171 73.0 70 63 .0 241 69.9 Exhibit, County Fair 198 84.6 60 54.0 258 74.7 Other Activities 138 58.9 57 51.4 195 53.6 Number 25 10.7 15 13.5 40 11.8 Observance, 4-H Club Sunday 39 16.6 23 20.7 62 17.9 Attend 4-H Club Camp 45 19.2 11 9.9 56 16.2 Activities during Nat.4-H Club lock 9 .4 20 18.0 29 8.4 4—H Talent and Fun Festival 20 8.5 7 6.3 27 7.8 Fall AchievementDay 95 40.5 38 34.2 133 38.5 Dairy Judging Contest 12 5.1 3 2.7 15 4.3 Livestock Judging Contest 8 3.4. 2 1.8 10 2.9 Crops and Vegetable Judging School 7 3.0 2 1.8 9 2.6 County Beef Club 01'- ganizational Sch'l. 3 1.3 O .0 3 .9 Tractor Operators 8: Plowing Contest 6 2.6 0 .0 6 1.7 4-E Rifle Match 9 3.8 1 .9 10 2.9 TABLE 0 (Continued) Community Club Pra ject 0141b T01593- Activities N = 234 N = 111 N = 345 No. i No. i No. i Food Preparation Jud- ging 8t Traininngh, 33 14.1 6 5.4 39 11.3 Food Preservation Judging School 15 6.4 4 3.6 19 5.5 Clothing Judging School 28 11.9 20 18 .0 48 13.9 Junior Demonstra- tion Day 13 5.5 6 5.4 19 5.5 Horse aiow 2 1.8 2 .5 Beef Tour 6 2.5 6 1.7 Horse Judging 3 1.3 3 .9 Tour of Dairy 5 2.1 5 1.4 Garden Tour 4 1.7 4 1.1 TABLE D mm PARTICIPATION IN scaoa. 11m comma: onemwious mama PAST nun amour 00mm, 1110310117, 1959 11m 1960 School Organizations Number of ,. Community Club A Pr0 ect Club A Total Organizations No. S No. S No. S None 97 38.5 69 52.2 166 43.2 1 80 31.7 32 24.2 112 29.1 Over 1 75 29.7 31 23.5 106 27.7 Total 252 99.9 132 99.9 384 100.0 Community Org animations Organizations Community Club ”0:133?- Club Total Checked N = 252 N = .132 = $84 No. A S No. S No. S Checked no Organi- zation 73 3 .9 52 39 .3 125 32. 5 Iouth Organisation sponsored byChurch 97 38.4 52 39.3 149 38.8 Other Church Group 53 21.0 42 31.8 95 24.7 Boy scout, 11 4.3 2 1e5 13 303 Girl Scouts 5 1.9 3 2.3 8 2.1 !.M.C.A. 1 .7 l .3 I.N.C.A. 3 1.1 5 3.7 8 2.1 Camp Fire Girls 20 7.9 20 15.1 40 10.0 TABLE D (Continued) 67 Organizations ‘ Community Club Prgfect Club TOtll Checked N : 252 N =7 132 N I 384 No. S No. A S No. S French Club 2 1.5 2 .5 Junior D.H.I .A. 1 .3 1 .3 LP. Farm Bureau 1 .3 1 .3 Music Club 1 .3 1 .3 Junior Orange 4 1.6 4 1.0 Girls'Soft Ball League 4 1.6 4 1.0 Little League Baseball 3 1.1 3 .7 Cub Scouts 1 .3 1 .3 American Legion Junior Girls 1 .3 1 .3 TABLE E EDUCATIONAL FEATURES INCLUDED IN CLUB MEETINGS CALHOUN COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1959 AND 1960 Activity Community Club Project Club Total Type No. No. No. No. Safety Reported 0 Features 13 8 21 l 1 l 2 2 2 2 3 1 l 2 4 5 1 1 Over 5 Total 17 11 28 ——————————————— A — — — — — — -— — 1— —- -— —- - —- -— .41- — u— — Nature Reported 0 Features 16 , 9 25 Study 1 1 1 2 l 1 2 Over 2 Total 17 11 28 ' — — - —. -—A —————————— fit ———————— A... —————— .H- — _. .— Farm Reported 0 Features 6 8 14 Tours 1 8 2 10 2 2 2 3 1 l 4 1 1 Over 4 Total 17 ll 28 — — —. _ _( —————————— fit ———————— I— —————— 11. — .— — Home Reported 0 Features 13 8 2]. Tours 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 4 5 1 1 Over 5 Total 17 11 28 TABLE E (Continued) Activity Community Club Project Club Total Type A No. No. No. No. Business Reported 0 Features 12 8 20 Tours 1 3 1 4 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 Over 3 Total 17 ll 28 ————-(L —————————— J) ———————— dy- —————— 'T-_- Talks or Reported 0 Features 5 8 l3 Demons- 1 6 l 7 tration 2 4 1 5 3 1 l 2 4 1 1 Over 4 Total 17 11 28 --—----4A ---------- 4) ———————— -A~ ------ -Ar--- Reported 0 Features 7 5 12 Educati- 1 6 4 10 onal 2 2 2 Movies 3 2 2 or Film 4 2 2 Strips Over 4 Total 17 11 28 — - - -- dA ——————————— A ———————— J)- —————— -dr — - — 70 TABLE F SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN CLUB MEETINGS AS REPORTED BY LEADERS CALHOUN COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1959 AND 1960 WM Activity Community'Club Project Club Total Incltxled in Club Meetings No. No. No. Always 4 3 7 Usually 10 5 15 Sometimes 3 2 5 Never 1 1 Total 17 ll 28 Type No. Games 0 3 3 1 l 1 2 3 4 1 5 4 1 1 5 6 3 9 Over 5 6 3 9 Total 17 11 28 _____________ 1............_._._ _._._._._._._.1._._._._._ Folk and Square 0 14 9 23 Dancing 1 1 l 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 Over 3 Total 17 11 28 ________ F—__—--1.-_—.____—L__—______——_—. Music 0 4 6 10 1 3 3 6 2 4 4 3 1 1 2 TABLE F (Continued) Activity; Community_Club Project Club Total Type No. No. No. No. Music 4 1 (Continued) 5 Over 5 4 l 5 Total 17 ll 28 ______________ s..__..____.(r.__-_____.._.._ Dramatics 0 15 10 25 l 1 l 2 l l 2 Over 2 Tbtal 17 ll 28 ———————— b—n—n—c-a-n—————————-fl-———————-1————— Sports 0 6 4 10 1 2 l 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 4 2 2 5 3 1 4 Over 5 2 l 3 Total 17 11 28 ———————— L.——--——1-———————-1p———————————— Crafts 0 15 11 26 l 2 2 2 Over 2 Total 17 11 28 ———————— r——-—-!P———————4P———-——----—-- Hobbies 0 16 10 26 l 1 1 2 2 Over 2 Tbtal 17 11 28 ———————— h—-————-—b————————-r-———————1————— Social Dancing 0 12 18 20 1 1 l 2 2 2 4 TABLE F (Continued) 72 Activity Community Club Project Club Total Type No. No. No. No. Social Dancing 3 l 1 2 (Continued) 4 5 1 1 Over 5 Tbtal 17 ll 28 ———————— b-_—-——_—-_'----A-___---'+-'""""""'- Courtesy 0 9 5 14 1 1 4 5 2 4 4 3 l 1 2 4 2 2 5 Over 5 1 1 Total 17 11 28 ———————— _—————————————v-—-—--——-d——--—— Conduct 0 7 5 12 1 3 2 5 2 3 2 5 3 2 l 3 4 2 2 5 Over 5 1 1 Total 17 ll 28 -------- +—-—-——-—-----p——-———+-———- Manners O 11 4 15 1 1 4 5 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 5 Over 5 l 1 Total 17 ll 28 —————————————————————— _————-s—fib-—-—— Grooming O 10 7 17 1 3 3 6 2 l 1 2 TABLE F (Continued) 73 Activity Community Club Project Club Total Type No. No. No. No. Grooming 3 3 3 (Continued) Over 3 Total 17 ll 28 Boy-Girl O 15 11 26 RelationShips 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 Over‘3 Total 17 11 28 ———————— ——————h—-———_—¢I———————J————— {F _ _ as; 74 'mumE a TENURE REPRESENTED BY CLUB WEBB ANSWERING QUESTIONNAIRE CALHOUN COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1959 AND 1960 Number of Members Community Club Project Club No. S No. % l 58 23.0 37 28.0 2 45 17.9 40 30.3 3 50 ‘ 19.8 26 19.7 4 28 11.1 13 9.8 5 27 10.7 7 5.3 6 12 4.8 6 4.5 7 12 4.8 2 1.5 8 7 2.7 9 2 .8 1 .7 10 3 1.2 _ Over 10 l .3 Nonprespondents 7 2.8 Total 252 99.9 132 99.8 Median based on 245 total 2.9 2 75 Instruction Sheet for Leaders You will find enclosed two types of inventory sheets, one for you and one for each of your club members. The colored ones are for your club members and the white one is for you“ You will notice that I have enclosed only one white activity inventory (leader blank). If your club has more than one leader perhaps you can fill this out together. Please read the questions carefully before filling out the inventory. Please fill in all questions. It will not be necessary for you or your club members to write your names on the questionnaires as they will not be identified with your club. Will you please fill these out during your next club meeting, or at your earliest convenience, and mail bake to Mr. Mom-timers, in the enclosed envelope not later than May 20. It will take you and ymr club members approximately fifteen minutes to fill these out. VT ,- ‘fi\‘ 11”. ‘j ":H fr ‘3 : _ V—m vi.“ I. 76 Leader Blank h-H Club Activity Inventor! A. Are recreational activities included in the meetings of the b-H Club you lead? (a) always (b) usually (c)sometimes (d)never If you checked (a), (b), or (c), please check the recreational activities listed below which your club has used as a part of its regular club prograu during the past year and circle or fill in the blank as to number of times used (numbers listed at the right of each activity). .- A . v ,. ,. ulna-5:33.31 Example: _ Sport8123®5 overS "f ******* Games (quiet and active) 1 2 3 h 5 over 5 "‘ tie-g Folk and square dancing 1 2 3 l: 5 over 5 I Music (group singing or others) 1 2 3 h 5 over 5 Dramatics l 2 3 h 5 over S Sport9123h50ver5 CraftslzahSoverS Hobbies 1 2 3 h S overS ISocialdancing 1 2 3 h 5 overS If your club has used other recreational activities during club meetings than those mentioned above, please list. 123hSover5 123hSoverS lZBhSoverS 123h5over5 _2__ 77 B. If you have included any instruction on the followin topics in your club program during the past year (May 1959-May 1960 , please circle the appropriate number. CourtesylZBhSoverS Conduct 1 2 3 h 5 over5 Manners l 2 3 h 5 over 5 Grooming123h50ver5 Boy, Girl relationships (dating) 1 2 3 h 5 over 5 II. If you have included any ecial educational features in your club meetings, such as those mentioned B'e'Iow, pIease circle the number which indicates the number of times used. Safety0123h50ver5 Naturestudy o 1 2 3 h 5 overs Tourofafarmcrfarms 0 l 2 3 h 5 over5 Tourofhomeorhomes O l 2 3 h 5 over5 Tour of business establishments (as a grocery store, department store, or other establishment) O l 2 3 h 5 over 5 Talks or demonstrations given by people other than leaders and members of your club (as representatives of the police departnent, agriculture teacher, Extension Agent, Home Economics teacher, farmer, etc.) 0 1 2 3 h 5 overS Educational movies or 111m strips 0 1 2 3 h 5 over 5 Please list any other educational feaimres (not mentioned above) which have been included in your club program. 123h50ver5 3h50ver5 over 5 1 1 l NNN w 5' 3h50ver5 78 Member Blank h-I-I Club Activity Inventogy I. Please fill in the blanks to the left of the question with the appropriate number . 1. 2o 3. '3? Immediately after you joined this h-H club how many of its members did you meet for the first time? Before you joined this h-H club how many of the members did you know well and spend a lot of time with? How many members did you know pretty well but did not spend a lot of time with? How many members did you know before you joined but not as well as those mentioned above? 11. Number of other organizations you belong to in addition to yhur h-H club. Please fill in the blank with the number of organizations. 1. School organizations (choir, glee club, math club, pep club, band, FHA, FFA, any others) Check other organizations listed below of which you are now a member or have been a member during the past year. 5. |O\| 7. Youth organization sponsored by your church Other church group Boy Scouts Girl Scouts Y.M.C.A. Y.W.C .A. Camp Fire Girls If you belong to other clubs or organizations than those mentioned above, please list these below. page 2 III. Please check the following county-wide h-H club activities in which you took part during the past year (May 1959-May 1960). a.___Exhibit at spring achievemait b.____Exhibit at county fair 0. Other activities, as demonstration contests, judging contests, style review and others in thich you took part. If so , how many? d.___Observance of h-H club Sunday 8. Attend h-H club camp (as member or councilor) f.____Activities during National 11,-}! Club Week g.___h-H Talent and Fun Festival h.____Fall achievement day i.___County Dairy judging contest j.____County Livestock judging contest k.___Crops and vegetable judging school 1. m. n. 0. County Beef Club Organization school Tractor operatcrs and plowing contest County h-H rifle match Food preparation judging and training school p.____Food preservation judging school q.____Clothing judging school re So Junior h-H members demonstration day If you took part in other county wide events, please list. page 3 8.} IV. Club and County-Wide activities in which your parents have taken part during the past year. A. Please check yes or no to the following questions. If your answer is yes, circle the number to show the number of times. Example : Have your parents furnished transportation for you and other club members, either to or from a club meeting? If you checked yes, how many times? Lyes ___no 1 2 Q h 5 over 5 1. Have your parents attended meetings of your h-H club during the past 12 months? as ____no If yes, how many times? 1 2 3 h 5 over S 2. Did your parents take part in any of the meetings of your h-H club, such as helping with recreation, helping plan any part of the club meeting, or any other club activities? ____yes ____no If yes, how many times? 1 2 3 h 5 over S 3. Have your parents furnished transportation for you and other club members, either to or from a club meeting? es no If you checked yes, how many times? 1 2 3 h over—5— ’4. Do your parents help you get ready for your part in h-H club meetings? (a) Have they helped you plan or prepare a demonstration which you have given at a club meeting? yes no . If you checked yes, how many times? l 21 h T over 5 (b) Have your parents helped you get ready for your club duties as a club officer? yes no If yes, how many times? 1 2 3 h 5 over (c) Have your parents helped you prepare for your duties as ‘ chairman or member of a committee either, planning, recreationak, or other type of committee work? yes ____no If yes, how many times? 1 2 3 h 5 over 5 5. Have either or both of your parents served on a committee to help plan special activities for your club? yes ____no 1 2 3 h 5 over S page it B. County Wide activities which your parents have attended or taken part in during the past year. Please check yes or no to answer the following questions. If your answer is yes circle the number to show the number of times. 1. 2. V. Did your parents attend any county wide h-H club activities (as fair, achievement days, Teen and talent and or others). yes no How many times? 12 3 h 5 over 5 Have your parents helped you get ready for County Wide events, as leading a song, leading a game, presiding over a meeting preparing a project for exhibition and others? yes no If yes, how many times? 1 2 3 h 5 over 5. Please amwer yes or 5.12 to the following questions. Did your parent help you select equipment for your project? Has your parent given you advice concerning your project ? Are either of your parents leaders of the h-H club to which you belong? How many years have you been a Lu-H club member? LC ['6' BIBLIOGRAPHY 82 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY Public Documents Coop, James H. and Clark, Robert C. Factors Associated with Reenrollment in 4-H Clubs. University of Wisconsin, Agricul- tural Experiment Station , Research Bulletin, 1956. Federal Extension Service. Meeting‘the Basic Needs of First Year 4—H Club Members. U.S.D.A., P.A. 23, November, 1957. Federal Extension Service. Parents and 4-H Club work. U.S.D.A., P.A. 95, March, 1950. Federal Extension Service. Improving 44H Clubs. U.S.D.A., P.A. 11, April, 1950. -—-—-. Four-H Club work and High School Youth. A New England COOperative Extension Publication,issued by the Extension Service, Massachusetts State College, 1947. Hawes, M. L. "Some Factors Involved in.Non—Reenrollment of First Year Club Members in Baltimore, Hartford, Howard and Montgomery Counties, Maryland". As summarized in Extension Service Review, 1953, M.A. Thesis at University of Maryland, 1952. Henderson, John P. (ed.). Michigan Statistical Abstract. Michigan State University, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, 1958. Joy, Benard D. Statistical Measurements of 44H Club work, with Special Reference to 1936. U.S.D.A., Extension Service Circus lar 270, October, 1937. Shinn, Erwin H. A Study of a Group of 2,453 Former 4—H Club Members in Eleven States - 1940. U.S.D.A., Extension Service Circular 342, September, 1940. Subcommittee on Scope and Responsibility, (Extension Committee on Organization and Policy). The Cooperative Extension Service Task Force Subcommittee (Extension Committee on Organization and Pol— icy). A Guide to Extension Programs for the Future. 1959. Nassuld, Ami‘iie and Wilkinson, June. Michigan 4—I-I Leader's Guide. 4—H Club Bulletin 314A, Michigan State University, Cooperative Extension Service, 1959. ‘ I ' --iflfl.’_4_" l)‘ I Beoks Ahman, Stanley J., Neidt, Charles and Wert, James E. Statistical Methods in Educational and Psychological Research. New York: Appleton, Century, Crafts, Inc., 1954. Breckenridge, Marion E. and Vincent, Lee E. Child Development. Philadblphia, London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1956. Cole, Luella. ngchology of Adolescence. New York: Rhinehart and Company, 1954. -—-——-. Group Wbrk and Community Organization, 1956. Collection of Papers Presented at the 83rd.Annual Forum of the National Conference of Social work, New York: Columbia University PreSS, 1956. Hearne, Cannon Charles and Kelsey, David.Lincoln. Cooperative Extension Work. New York: Comstock Publishing Associates, 1955 . Hurlock, Elizabeth B. Developmental Psychology. New York, Toronto, London: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., 1953. Lee, Murray and MacLee, Doris. The Child and His Curriculum. New York, London: D. Appleton, Century and Company, 1940. Martin, T. T. The 44H Club Leader's Handbook. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956. Martin, William B. and Stendler, Cecelia Burns. Child Development. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1953. Unpublished Material Aiton, E. W. "Background and Design for a Study of Vitality Factors In 448 Club Programs". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Univer- sity of Maryland, 1956. California Cooperative Extension Service. "4—H Club Ranks". Univer— sity of California, September, 1958. (Mimeograph 4—H G.26.) Clark, Robert C. (ed.). "Selected.Readings on Effective Extension work in 44H Club and Y.M.W. Programs". May, 1955. (Mimeographed.) Michigan Cooperative Extension Service. "44H Club Enrollment Cards". Calhoun County, Michigan, 1958-59. Minnesota Cooperative Extension Service. "Minnesota 4-H Club Facts and Trends, 1959 Program". State 4-H Club Office, University of Minnesota. (Mimeographed) '{4 .1e-pq-‘1. ~ 3, 85 Minnesota Cooperative Extension Service. "Factors to Consider in Analyzing the County 4—H Club Program". University of Minne- sota, April, 1958. (Mimeographed.) Olson, Kenneth S. "The Relation of Selected Farmer's 44H Experience to Their Adoption of Improved Farm Practices". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1959. Oregon Cooperative Extension Service. "Analyzing the County 4+3 Club Program". Oregon State College, 0-8937, April 6, 1960. (Mimeographed.) "Report of National 4—H Evaluation Development Committee". January, 1959. -5 “I. - J I V I “ml-.235, Other Sources Baten, William D. Experiment Statistician, Michigan Agricultural A EXperiment Station. r 2i USE 033'“ goo stew“ 62 3098 I. III! I‘ll I'll IIII AIIII || | | I | l | I l II' || || | III | l Ill II III III ll I III I‘ I'll Ill III | Ill III l | I ll I|II| I'- III I .IIll‘ I III 3 1293 030