PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 5/08 K:lProjIAcc&Pres/ClRC/Dateoue.indd EVALUATION AND PROPOSAL FOR AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION RESEARCH IN CHILE By Omar Ulloa An AB 811 TECHNICAL PROBLEM REPORT Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Engineering Summer 1969 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express sincere thanks to Dr. Chester J. Mackson for his guidance and suggestions which made this report possible. He also wishes to thank Professor Howard F. McColly for suggesting the subject and his initial guidance. Special thanks are expressed to my friend and colleague Edgardo Ossandon (Agricultural Research Institute) for the sending of valuable information. The author is indebted to the Agricultural Research Institute,Chile and to The Rockefeller Foundation which provided for my stay in this country. To all those who have contributed to the mechaniza- tion of Chilean agriculture, to whom is this report dedicated. Approve or P ofessor Approved C a}; DJ M Department Chairman ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter I. GENERAL CONDITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Location and TOpography. . . . . . . . l. 2 Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Human Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . .M Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. AGRICULTURE IN CHILE . . . . . . . . . . . . III. IV. 2.1 Agricultural Zones . . . . 2 Land Capability. . . . . . . 3 Land Distribution. . . . . . . . . . A The Rural People . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Agricultural Production. . . . . . AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN CHILE. . . 3.1 Historical Development 3.2 Extent of Machinery. . . . 3.3 Importation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.“ National Production. . . . . . 3.5 Mechanization Level and Projections. 3.6 Institutions Related to Agricultural Mechanization. . . . . . . . . . . . AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION RESEARCH IN CHILE “.1 Present Stage. . . . . . . . . . . . . A.2 Need of a Research Project . . . . . . “.3 Essentials for the Success of the Research in Agricultural Mechanization iii Page iv vi HGDUTUT U1 13 14 18 18 20 23 23 2H 25 28 31 39 39 M2 "3 Chapter Page v. PROPOSAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.1 Seminar on Agricultural Mechanization Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “5 5.2 Agricultural Mechanization Research Committee. . . . . . . . . . . “6 3 Goals of Agricultural Mechanization Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “7 A Types of Research to be Done . . . . . . . 51 5 Equipment and Facilities . . . . . . . . . 71 6 Personnel Required . . . . . . 5.7 Prospects for the Project. . . . . . . . . 7“ VI. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 iv Table 1.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.“ 3.5 3.6 LIST OF TABLES Annual Rainfall in Selected Stations in Chile 0 0 O I O O O O O O O O 0 Structure of the POpulation by Age, 1960 Composition of the Working Population by Occupation (in thousands). . . . . Use Capacity of the Land in Chile. Distribution of the Arable Land in 1955. Distribution of Agricultural Property by Size of Holding. . . . . . Agricultural Tractors in Chile . Machinery and Power Sources in Chile Importation of Farm Machinery, 1953-1967 Source of Imported Machinery (Percentage of total per country of origin). . . . Number of Tractors and Their Relation to Active Agricultural Populations and Useable Areas in Nine Latin American Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . Prices of Various Types of Tractors in Six Countries, 196“ (In dollars) . . . . Page 11 15 l6 l9 23 25 26 27 3O 37 Figure 1.1 5.2 5.3 5.“ LIST OF FIGURES Climatic and agricultural maps of Chile. . . . . . . . . Political map of Chile Map of land capability. Chile Organization of the Agricultural Research Institute . . . . Flow Chart for the Organization of the Research for Mechanization of Agriculture in Chile. . . . . Goals for Agricultural Mechanization Research in Chile. . . . . . Types of Research in Agricultural Mechanization in Chile . . . Aspects to be studied by Field Experiments. . . . . . . vi Page 10 17 “l “8 “9 53 57 INTRODUCTION Statement of the Problem In the Latin American panorama, Chile is one of the countries that have most mechanized their agriculture (15). But Chile is far below the mechanization level of more developed countries. In 1965 there were 22,307_tractors, 27“,“50 horses and 291,930 oxen, to work 2,317,800 hectares. If all the work were done exclusively with tractors, each. tractor working 28.3 hectares, which is the average rate for nine developed countries*, and working to the full capacity of Chile's arable land a total of 1“0,000 tractors would be required (15). This theoretical figure is impractical, because of socio-economic reasons, but shows a mechanization goal for the future. Like most Latin American countries, Chile depends on importations for tractors and machinery. Importers have seldom considered the needs of agriculture, and the main *These countries are: Germany, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Holland, Italy, United States and England. They have an average of 28.3 cultivated hectares per each tractor. criteria has been the initiative of dealers and distributors. The results have been inadequate equipment and proliferation of makes and models (15). To counteract this confusion the National Commission on Agricultural Mechanization was estab— lished in October, 1967. This Commission has responsibility of supervising the orderly importation of suitable machinery. Research in agricultural conditions of Chile is essen— tial to decide which type of machinery to import or manufac- ture in Chile and how to use it. The research in agricultural mechanization has been meager. The Chilean Development Corporation (CORFO) (5) reports that prior to 1963 not more than 10 significant experiments related to agricultural machinery were done. In recent years CORFO has carried out testing of equipment and some survey studies. The study presented here makes an evaluation and pro— posal for agricultural mechanization research in Chile, as essential for the success of the process of mechanizing Chilean agriculture. Objectives of the Study 1. To review the situation of the agricultural mechanization in Chile; 2. To analyze the research in agricultural mechanization, and to discuss the main pro- blems to be solved; To analyze existing coordination between the institutions doing research in agricultural mechanization; To prepare a proposal for agricultural mechani— zation research. Goals of this proposal are: a. To further coordinate research between the different institutions; b. To present guidelines for types of necessary research to be done; c. To prepare guidelines for the experimental procedure for the research in agricultural mechanization; d. To establish short- and long—term goals according to government plans. Importance of the Research Project The organization of a research project in agricultural mechanization is very important for Chilean agriculture for the following reasons: 1. The Government is putting very much emphasis on programs for the development of agriculture; The governmental agencies, cooperatives and far— mers in general share great interest for the use of machinery; Most of the machinery is imported; for this reason the selection of machinery must avoid I]. waste of money; research is essential to decide which equipment to import; The research done so far in agricultural mech- anization is very limited; no exact information is available about the most suitable type of machinery for Chilean conditions and its use and maintenance; Good possibilities exist for manufacturing most of the machinery in Chile; therefore studies to encourage such activities should be developed. I. GENERAL CONDITIONS 1.1 Location and Topography Chile is located on the Pacific coast of South America. It is a narrow, ribbonlike country, averaging 110 miles in width, and extending 2,650 miles in length, from 17° 30' S to 55° 59' S. (Figure 1.1.) The total area of Chile is 292,257 sq. miles (756,9“6 sq. kilometers). In northern and middle Chile the country is composed of three parallel strips: The Andes on the east, the coast range on the west and a series of lowlands between. South of “2° S there is no central lowland but only a discontinu- ous island chain standing guard before a fiorded, mountainous coast. Northern Chile is desert, notable for the production of copper and nitrates; southern Chile is a wet and cold region of limited economical potential. Central Chile has an agreeable climate and is the center of agriculture, live— stock ranching and industry. (Figure 1.1.) 1.2 Climate The climate of Chile is characterized by little or no rainfall in the extreme northern part and an increasing .oaano mo mama Hmmzpazofihwm use capmafiaonla.a ohsmfim BI~§M§VN \( VQL HHS~ V \wnik u. fitgvy 03!.ka & .L 33 33. Q95 Nu ztlxé 3443UEQO§\ hgkqxaxg \ 1 kitten \Qflt .H‘QQ‘) . 9,5ka «subs 3.2.3... QNL ‘5 l NtHKK~°§3 L 36..» 3%} 5.9.3: .R 9Q . 0“ astkvgu t‘hzxakwk 5h? g‘bhi O'tsboou L QWWNQ . W‘E ‘it°\t WNQXK. Wk (9“ an ‘ l . .uuq E 23 00.. 03 .k HRH 8° Ox khsc QZNUNN amount to the south, with 85 to 200 inches per annum south of Puerto Montt. See Table 1.1. TABLE 1.1.--Annua1 Rainfall in Selected Stations in Chile. Station Latitude Altitude Annual pre— South in feet cipitation in inches North Chile Arica 18° 28' 8“ 0.08 Iquique 20° 12' 20 0.0“ Antofagasta 23° 39' 305 0.2“ COpiapo 27° 21' 975 0.96 North—Central Chile Vallenar 28° 3“' 1,112 2.“ La Serena 29° 5“' 10“ 5.5 Ovalle 30° 27' 715 6.9 Central Chile Quillota 32° 53' “22 17.6 Santiago 33° 27' 1,690 1“.“ South—Central Chile Talca 35° 26' 315 30.1 Chillan 36° 36' 370 “2.0 Concepcion 36° 50' 32 52.0 Osorno “0° 55' 88 58.0 Southern Chile Puerto Octay “0° 59' 130 68.0 Puerto Montt “1° 22' 29 87.2 Source: Storie, R. E. & C. Mathews (19) For all practical purposes, northern Chile can be con- sidered to have no rainfall. There is no vegetation outside of the few river valleys. North-Central Chile has an arid or semi—arid climate with slight rainfall in winter and a warm, dry summer. A few desert—like shrubs grow in this zone. Central Chile has a Mediterranean-like climate, with mild rains in the cool winter and with dry summers, very much like the coastal area of Southern California. South-Central Chile has a subhumid climate with wet, mild, rainy winters; and cool, dry summers. Forests are the dominant vegetation, although there are some prairie- 1ike areas where the dominant vegetation is grass. Southern Chile is a humid region of high rainfall, chiefly forested. Winters are mild and summers cool. There is no dry season. 1.3 Human Resources The total population in 1965 was 8.6 million inhabi- tants. In 1970 it is expected to be 9.6 million persons. The increase of the population between 1960-196“ was 2.8 per cent annually. With this rate of increase, it is esti— mated that the present (1969) p0pu1ation could be doubled in 25 years (“). The origin of the people is mostly EurOpean. The indigenous p0pulation of the country is very small (2.“ per cent in 1952) and concentrated primarily in the provinces of Cautin and Valdivia. (Figure 1.2.) About 90 per cent of the people live in Central Chile from 30° S to “2° S, where Santiago, the capital of Chile, is located. The population for Santiago in 1966 was 2,3“6,781 inhabitants. The composition of the population by age makes Chile a young country. More than 75 per cent of the population is less than “0 years. See Table 1.2. TABLE l.2.--Structure of the Population by Age, 1960. Group of Age Population _ Percentage of Total (thousands) 0— n 1,167 15.1 5- 9 1,035 13.“ 10-12 371 “.8 12—1“ 502 6.5 15-19 750 9.7 20—50 3,160 “0.9 55-59 22“ 2.9 60-6“ 193 2.5 over 65 325 “.2 Total 7,727 100.0 Source: Economic Geography of Chile (“) The literacy level was 88 per cent in 1968 and it is expected to rise to 91 per cent at the end of 1970 (7). In religion, 90 per cent of the population is Catholic. 10 '____________ _ _ J 70" c , ~ 2 75" ‘ 00”» C 1 L Nous 1 CONC CION N SIOMO 030V" 20°---- MAUECO A mqva .TefiuMO CAUUN l Voldu-O ‘OCV --—# -W - —— __——.—‘r_—_. '5‘ OSORNO D HAN. IHUC ANYOFAGASTA Puovvo Mon" Anlloloooflo POLITICAL ‘ _ scus ‘ o 100 200 KMS 4‘ L__1___J 7;. .— , .- CHILE \qfai’ 55“ Figure 1.2.--Politica1 map of Chile. 1952 to approximately 73 per cent in recent years. pOpulation in 1952 and 1960. TABLE l.3.--Composition of the Working Population by Occupation (in thousands). Table 1.3. 11 The urban population has risen from 60 per cent in shows the main occupations of the working Occupation 1952 % 1960 % Agriculture 6“8.0 30.1 6“8.0 27.0 Mining 101.“ “.7 97.3 “.1 Industry “08.7 19.0 “06.0 17.2 Construction 102.3 “.7 l6“.5 7.0 Services “99.“ 23.2 568.“ 2“.1 Commerce 222.9 10.3 225.3 9.6 Transport 95.3 “.“ 120.2 5.1 Miscellaneous 77.3 3.6 126.3 5.“ Total 2,155.3 100.0 2,356.0 100.0 Source: Economic Geography of Chile (“). 1. Chile has reached the it is beginning to shed Economy The country is on the point in its history where the image of a tradition bound preindustrialized society with a restricted participatory democracy. threshold of becoming an industrialized society with a truly popular democracy, as evidenced by its level of income and the complexion of its social structure and economic capacity. President Eduardo Frei in his annual address to the nation, May 21, 1969. In the same address President Frei indicated that the Gross National Product was 5.3 per cent between 196“ to 12 1968, and the increase in population was 2.3 per cent in the same period. This means per-capita growth in national pro- duction of approximately 3.0 per cent, the highest rate Chile has attained in many years (7). II. AGRICULTURE IN CHILE 2.1 Agricultural Zones The agricultural physiognomy of Chile varies greatly from north to south. A number of classifications based on physiography, climatic and ecological conditions must supplement classifications based on production. The country has been divided in nine forage areas, according to differences in climate and ecological conditions. For the CORFO 1961-1970 Agricultural Development Pro- ject, the country has been divided in six zones, based primarily on the rainfall and climate (13). These are: Zone I. Zone II. Zone III. Zone IV. Tarapaca to Atacama: annual precipitation from 0 to 50 mm. of rainfall. Desert climate. Coquimbo and Aconcagua: 50 to 300 mm. of rain- fall. Arid temperate climate. Valparaiso to Talca: 300 to 1000 mm. in the Central Valley; 500 to 1000 mm. in the coastal region; and between “00 to 2000 mm. in the Andean foothills. Semi-arid temperate climate. Maule to Malleco: 1000 to 1500 mm. in the Central Valley; 1500 to 3000 mm. in the Andean l3 1“ foothills; and 1000 to 3000 mm. in the coastal region. Temperate climate. Zone V. Cautin to Chiloé: 1200 to l“00 mm. on the coast; 1500 to 2500 in the Central Valley; and 2500 to “000 mm. in the Andean foothills. Humid temper- ate climate. Zone VI. Aisén and Magallanes: 3000 to 8000 mm. in the insular cordillera; 300 to 800 mm. in Chilean Patagonia. Cold temperate climate. (Figure 1.1 and 1.2.) 2.2 Land Capability The total area of Chile is 7“,176,000 hectares. Of this total 28 per cent has no agricultural value (see Figure 1.1). The arable land is 6,196,000 hectares or 8.3 per cent of the total. Table 2.1 gives a complete picture of the land capa- bility. Figure 2.1 shows the distribution of the land. More than 80 per cent of the farms are located in the Central, Valley, which has most of the arable land in the country. Table 2.2 indicates the distribution of the arable land per crops. 15 TABLE 2.l.--Use Capacity of the Land in Chile. Classification Area in thousand hectares Percentage of total Arable land without serious limitations Class I and II 6,196 Arable land with limitations Class III and IV 5,728 Non-arable land, but perennial pastures. Permanent livestock raising. Class V “,365 Non-arable land, but annual grasses for temporary use. Class VI 16,737 Non-arable land, woodlands. Class VII 10,395 Non-agricultural land. Desert, mountains, lakes, dunes Class VIII 20,707 Total 7“,176 22.6 1“.0 27.9 100.0 Source: Economic Geography of Chile (“). 16 TABLE 2.2.—-Distribution of the Arable Land in 1955. Crop Area in Percentage thousand hectares Cereals 1,0““.5 18.8 Legumes 106.“ 1.9 Tubers and roots 69.7 1.3 Vegetables “2.3 0.8 Industrials 37.8 0.7 Total annual crOps 1,300.7 23.5 Vineyards 99.“ 1.8 Fruits 80.6 1.“ Total fruits and vineyards 180.0 3.2 Forages, artificial “87.“ 8.8 Forages, natural 2,909.9 52 5 Total forage production 3,397.3 61.3 Fallowing 665.“ 12.0 Total arable land 5,5“3.“ 100.0 Source: Economic Geography of Chile (“). CHILE lAND CAPABILITY GROUP I TILLAILE LAND TILLAILE WITHOUT LIMITATIONS OR WITH SLIGHT LIMITATIONS TILLAIL! WITH SLIGHT OR MODERATE LIMITATIONS TILLARLE WITH MODERATE LIMITATIONS OR ONLY OCCASIONALLY TILLAILE EDI GROUP 2 LAND FOR PASTURE ONLY m unmouwo PASTURE 0— “ OCCASION“. on tmueo PASTURE GROUP 3 WOODED LANDS wooo usute ONLY IN PART GROUP 4 NON-AGRICULTURAL LANDS WITHOUT PRESENT AGRICULTURAL VALUE SCALE o 100 200 (MS. L____l_—_J SOURCE: CHILE: DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND FISHING I 55° —~— I I 70° 75° Figure 2.1.--Map of land capability. Chile. 18 2.3 Land Distribution Poor distribution of land is one of the main problems of Chilean agriculture. The presence of great latifundia greatly affects the utilization of the land. In 1955, less than 3 per cent of the proprietors (owning farms of more than 1000 hectares) owned “1 per cent of the arable land and 80 per cent of the land used for agricultural purposes (13). The minifundia or dwarf holdings is another impor- tant factor; in 1955 more than 50 per cent of the farm had less than 10 hectares each. Table 2.3 gives the distribu— tion of the holdings by size. The overall goal of the Agrarian Reform Law, passed in November, 1962 (Law 12,020), is to give access to the land to 200,000 to 300,000 rural families composed of land; less workers andowners.)f farm too small to support a family. Besides, the Agrarian Reform must make efforts to increase the productivity and income of 60,000 families owning farms of sizes that can support families (3). The current government has "strongly emphasized agrarian reform" (7). From 1965 to March 1969, more than two million hectares were eXprOpriated. A total of “0“ workers settlements, incorporating 1“,59“ families, were created. 2.“ Rural People The rural population has decreased from 73 per cent of the total population in 1875 to 39.8 per cent in 1952. 19 .sz mafizo mo anammwomu oHEocoom "condom o.ooa o.mmo.a 00.00H :.m:m.m o.ooa H.5mo.am 0.00H mmm.oma Hapoe H.NH m.mma m.mH H.3mm m.ss m.mmm.oa m.o was mace sea ooo.m m.:m m.mmm m.:m :.wsm.fi m.om s.mmm.: N.H smm.m m.mmms on o.oooa m.am e.HHs m.Hm :.mma.a m.as m.esm.m m.e mam.m m.mmm on com H.3H m.smH z.ma m.mao.a m.m m.mmw.a m.ma omm.om m.mma on 0.0m m.s 5.6m m.oa H.msm 0.: m.msm 3.5m om:.as m.m: on o.oa 0.: m.m: w.m m.mmH m.o m.mma H.0m www.ms m.m can» mama mmm mo Ammm Ammm Ucmmsocp Bowmsonpv ecmmsonpv oommpzm mwcfieaom mmh< vcmq amps» no AmmLMpoomv m Umpmmfian & manmna m IHSOHhm< m nonesz wcavaom mo muam .mcfieaom co mmam s6 sensuous HatspH30Hhme Lo eofipsnfippmfiaun.m.m names 20 At the present time it is estimated at about 27 per cent. According to the 1955 census the total wage-earning pOpulation engaged in agriculture was 66“,2“0 persons, classified by occupation as follows: Farmers and members of family “9.6 % Permanent workers 23.3 % Temporary workers 27.1 % 100.0 Interamerican Committee for the Agricultural DevelOp— ment (CIDA) (3), indicates that the use of the human resources in the agricultural sector is as poor as the use of the land. The work force required in 1955 to obtain needed agricultural production was 363,250 persons. This figure indicates a surplus of labor of about 1/3 of the total, and shows the low level of job opportunities and wages of the agricultural workers and the low standard of living in the rural areas. The illiteracy level is higher in the rural areas as compared with the whole country. In 1961, national illiter- acy was 17 per cent compared with 3“ per cent in the rural areas . 2.5 Agricultural Production The increase in agriculture has not matched industrial- ization and growing urbanization, and has led to greater imports of food and inflationary pressure. 21 Information from CIDA (3) shows that the agricultural production in recent years was increasing at a lower rate than population. Between l9“5 to 1959 the per-capita production decreased by 5 per cent. The cumulative annual rate of pro— duction growth of agricultural sector was 1.8 per cent while the population in Chile had a growth of 2.2 per cent. Consequently, there is an increasing gap between demand and internal supply of agricultural products. Agriculture has not shown an eXport surplus since 1939. The annual net deficit averaged $82.9 million (U. S.) between 1958 to 1963. The increase in imports has been in products that Chile could produce in sufficient quantities like wheat, meat and milk products. Although the solution of agriculture problems is a very difficult and complex task, nearly every commentator on the Chilean scene has felt that the amount of farm land is great enough to support agriculture at a higher level than the present static level. One of the most important projects of the present admin- istration is the Agricultural and Livestock Development Plan for 1965-1980. The program is aimed at tripling the histor- ical agricultural growth rate. As President Frei told the nation in May, 1969, this goal is achievable, since produc- tion between 196“ to 1968 progressed at a rate of “.1 per cent against a previous 1.8 per cent. .Recently, a credit for 23.5 million dollars was granted by the Inter—American 22 Development Bank to implement this program. Of this amount, 8.5 million is allocated to double rural electrical power use in the next five years. III. AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN CHILE 3.1 Historical Development Most of Chile's modern machinery has been imported. The importation of tractors was initiated more than 30 years ago, but only in the 1950's did it reach a signifi— cant point as seen in Table 3.1. TABLE 3.l.—-Agricultura1 Tractors in Chile. Year Number 1930 660 1936 1,557 19“0 2.750 19““ 3,882 19“8 5,“00 1955 l“,l77 1965 22,307 Source: United Nations CEPAL/FAD Study (15). The Mechanized Agricultural Equipment Service (SEAM) has done an excellent job of promoting farmers interest in the use of machinery. 23 2“ Before the establishment of the Plan Chillan to develop agriculture in the South—Central part of Chile in 195“ with the assistance of the U. S. Point “ Program, no governmental institution had carried on any investigations or extension work in the use of machinery. The teaching of agricultural machinery use was started in 1958 when a course was included in the curriculum for agronomist engineers at the College of Agronomy, University of Concepcidn. At the present time there are five univer- sities which have agronomy faculties where a course is given in agricultural machinery. Courses in irrigation and drain- age, engines, hydraulics and farm structures are included in some institutions. Courses in electrification and pro— cessing are not yet available. A curriculum in agricultural engineering is not avail- able in Chile, but the University of Concepcidn has a project to open this career. Until now, aspects related to agricultural engineering have been mainly in hands of agronomists (Ingeniero Agrdnomo). 3.2 Extent of Machinery Table 3.2 shows the number of tractors, horses, oxen and equipment in Chile. 3.3 Importation As already indicated, the agricultural machinery is largely of foreign origin. This has represented about 2 to ‘\ Q TABLE 3.2.-—Machlnery and Power Sources in Chile. Classification Number of Units Tractors ' 22,307 Horses (work) 27“,“50 Oxen 291,930 Tractor plows (disc and moldboard) 13,035 Disc harrows 1“,290 Combines 2,636 Balers (mobile) l,“33 Drills and planters 10,257 Mowers (tractor and horse traction) 6,130 Source: CORFO, 1963 3 per cent of the total value of all imports into the coun- try. In the last 12 years, the total value of the importation in machinery has fluctuated from a maximum of $15 to $17 million to a minimum of $5 million. From “0 to 63 per cent has been tractors. Table 3.3 shows a complete picture of the importations of agricultural machinery since 1953. Table 3.“ shows the source of the importations and the shifts in the relative importance since l9“0. 3.“ National Production The national production of machinery has been small, representing about 5 to 7 per cent of all machinery pur- chased (15). 26 TABLE 3.3.—-Importation of Farm Machinery, 1953-1967. Year All Number Tractors Tractors Machinery of value in Percentage (thousand tractors Thousands of total U- S. $) of dollars value 1953 9.776 1,597 5,022 51-“ 195“ 1“,028 2,523 7,337 52.3 1955 17,020 3,577 10,7“3 53.2 1956 9,365 1,017 “,0“2 “3.2 1957 11,92“ 1,728 5,610 “7.0 1958 7,113 1,379 “,01“ 56.“ 1959 5,519 “88 2,605 “7.2 1960 11,219 1,295 6,073 5“.1 1961 15,609 1,999 7,325 “6.9 1962 13,196 l,“83 5,225 39.6 1963 12,721 1,90“ 5,959 “1.0 196“ 9,536 1,33“ “,“95 “7.1 1905 11,673 1,571 5,212 ““.7 1966 12,397* 2,393* n/a n/a 1967 n/a 2,“3“* n/a n/a n/a Not available Source: The use of Agricultural Machinery in Chile. CEPAL/FAO (15). * CORFO 27 TABLE 3.“.-—Source of Imported Machinery (Percentage of total per country of origin). Year Country l9“0 l9“5 1950 1955 1960 1966 Argentina 0.37 1.7“ 0.01 0.02 0.35 6.3 Australia —— -— —- -- -- 3.7 Belgium —- -- —- 0.06 1.23 2.3 Canada -- 9.77 0.61 3.31 2.18 0.3 England 0.23 0.31 17.06 6.20 25.57 3“.3 France —- -- 0.“8 0.12 1.0“ 0.7 Germany 0.67 -- 3.80 28.03 11.3“ 1.7 Italy 0.1“ -- —- 2.39 1.97 3.8 U.S.A. 98.“7 88.18 76.17 57.75 53.50 “1.7 Others -- -- -- -- -- 5.2 Source: CORFO Equipment manufactured in small quantities in Chile includes: plows, harrows, tool-bars, Sprayers, mowers, ditchers, rakes, lime applicators, manure Spreaders, dryers, corn shellers, hammer mills and land-leveling equipment. The engines, gear boxes, bearings and retainers used for this machinery are imported. The electric motors are pro- duced in Chile. CORFO estimates that with adequate production facili- ties half of all machinery bought, excluding the tractors, could be produced in Chile. The main obstacles facing these industries are: 1. Lack of information about types and amounts of equipment required; 28 Lack of credit to buy Chilean machinery as compared with credit facilities to purchase imported machinery; Poor distribution systems and lack of mechanical attention for this equipment; Limited market, which raises the cost of production. CORFO has devised a program to increase national pro- duction. 1. Some important steps already taken are: The creation of the National Register of Producers of Agricultural Machinery; Surveys related to the markets for plows, narrows, mowers and sprayers; Credit for farmers to purchase equipment from those producers registered in the National Register. 3.5 Mechanization Level and Projections The National Planning Office (ODEPLAN) indicates that the total investment in agricultural machinery was $120 million in 1959, and $150 million in 1965. These figures include an investment in machinery of $20 to $30 per arable hectare, and of $150 to $200 per agricultural worker. Compared with these figures, France in 1958 had an investment of $3200 million or $150 per arable hectare, and $900 per agricultural worker. Holland in 1952 had an 29 investment of $200 per hectare of useable agricultural land. Those figures show the low level of mechanization for Chile as compared with European countries. Among the Latin American countries, Chile is a coun— try with high mechanization level. Considering that there is a close relation between number of tractors and the general degree of mechanization of a particular country it is possible to compare the mechanization level of different countries (15). Table 3.5 shows a comparison of nine Latin American countries. Chile is in third place in active population in agriculture, and in second place in the number of tractors per 1000 hectares of useable agricultural land. In relation to the estimated requirements of machinery, Stenstrom (12), 1959, in his very complete report to the Chilean Government indicated that one tractor for each 100 hectares under cultivation is an adequate ratio when used mainly for the heavy farm work. Increasing the mechaniza— tion level to include the rest of the work--on the farm one tractor could work 50 hectares. According to the last figure a total of 58,000 trac- tors were required for Chilean agriculture. The same author indicated that 55,000 planters, 3“,000 mowers, 3“,000 rakes, 2,700 balers and 5,200 combines were required. .Amav scammHEEoo O¢m\q H.HH mma mmm.m mma mm seamen: m.m s mma.m osm.H m spam m.m a aam.mm ooa.o mm coaxwz o.H m Hmo.m 0mm m poeasom 0.: mm Ham.: mam mm mafino m.: w 5:0.m oom.m Hm mansoaoo m.m HH ooo.ms oom.m sea Haaanm H.m ma oms.mm om:.H sea weascompa .m.mm oooax oooax Amecmmsoepv mops .nmm mcompmd monm coapmasdoa maOpompp mammoms o>apom .oanwm .oanwm mo .m.mm coca coca magmas: 6>Hpo< 066252 manages "pod whosompp mo nonesz .mmappcsoo cesapme< :Humq mcfiz CH mmmn< maommma cam meowumasdom HMLSpHBOpr¢ m>auo¢ on soapmaom gamma new mnouompe mo nonfi:zun.m.m mqmpmm Ledsm cemsmpom om: owmpo>< chofimeEOOCH cowesom mommm: pamfimmsz mppcsoo mLOpomLB A.mpmHHoe :HV .qmma .wowppcsoo xfim CH whosompm m mmdze mSOHpm> mo mmowhmll.w.m mqm¢e 38 The evolution of mechanization in Chile will depend more on the agricultural development policies of the government than it has in the past. The latest achievements give an optimistic promise for the future. IV. AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION RESEARCH IN CHILE “.1 Present Stage Only sporadic efforts have been made in the aspects of research in agricultural mechanization in Chile, speci- ally at the universities and some governmental and private institutions. CORFO (5) indicate that, before 1963 not more than ten research projects of importance had been done. The first attempts to initiate research in agricul- tural mechanization were made in 1957 when an Agricultural Mechanization Center was created at the Agronomy Faculty of the University of Concepcion. Until 196“ this was the only institution which carried out organized experiments in agricultural mechanization. There are four other universities with Agronomy Facul- ties but they have only sporadically carried out research related to mechanization. After 196“ CORFO started a research program aimed mainly at finding guidelines for importation and for national production of machinery. With the cooperation of importers various kinds of machinery were tested to find their 39 “0 adaptability to Chilean agricultural conditions. CORFO has also been doing experiments on tillage, harvesting methods and mechanization studies of some specific crops. These experiments have been develOped in collaboration with the National Sugar Industry (IANSA), The Oil Seeds Industry (COMARSA) and the Agricultural Development Institute (INDAP). The Agricultural Research Institute started a project (n1 agricultural machinery research in 1965 at its three rnain experimental stations to determine suitable methods aluimachinery for tillage, but this project was discontinued 'because two of the three agricultural-machinery specialists Inere granted scholarships to study in the U. S. in 1967. The Agricultural Research Institute with a personnel of‘1“7 professionals and 58 technicians (12) has the respon— sibility for the whole research in agriculture in Chile. Figure “.1 shows the technical and administrative organiza— tion of the institute. The line of agricultural engineering is not organized, .nor has a coordinator. There are two specialists in irri- gation and three specialists in agricultural machinery. The research project presented in this report is aimed Inainly at organizing the research in agricultural mechaniza— ‘tion at the Agricultural Research Institute, and to coordi- nate Institute work with that of related governmental and private institutions. “1 TECHNICAL ORGANIZATION COUNCIL I 7 ‘— ASSESOR COMMITTEE IDIRECTIONI I I I I I CROP ANIMAL SOILS FRUITS AGR. AGR. PROD. OF EXTENSION SCIENCE SCIENCE ENGR. ECONOM. SEEDS \ V 1\ 'f Lines of Research Lines of Promotion EXPERIMENT STATIoNS E l I DIR“CTIOI I _ I I *1 Main LA PLATINA CHILLAN CARILLANCA s . EXP. STA. EXP. STA. EXP. STA. tatlons (SANTIAGO) (CHILLAN) (TEMUCO) IVALLENAR] LVICUNA] I CAUQUENESI OSORNOI Sub , Stations ILA CREE] I PAINEJ Figure “.l.--Organization of the Agricultural Research Institute. I Los ANGELESI “2 “.2 Need of a Research Project The facts in the preceding chapters Show that Chilean agriculture has good prOSpects of improvement in the next decade. Officials and technical personnel, as well as farmers recognize the importance of mechanization for the success of the developing of agriculture. The necessity of research in agricultural mechaniza— tion is evident, since information in all aspects must be obtained to successfully implement the mechanization pro- cess. Many experts have insisted that each country has to develOp its own research. There have been many cases of failures in the use of imported machinery in developing countries because different conditions exist than those for which the machinery was originally designed (16). Obviously researchers will need a solid knowledge of the basic findings already available in develOped countries, and they have to keep up to date in related publications. In this way more advanced research can be adapted to local conditions. This adaptation should be the main goal in the research in agricultural mechanization in Chile for the first five or ten years. The coordination of the research is very important to avoid having different institutions do their own research separately, and solve only their immediate problems. Co— Operation between the institutions responsibles or inter- ested, with specialists working together will be of more 13 benefit to the country as a whole. At the present time there are few specialists in agricultural mechanization and the facilities and equipment are limited and difficult to obtain; The research results obtained so far should be analyzed by all specialists and the future research must be coordinated in a way that can lead to complete solutions of mechanization problems. “.3 Essentials for the Success I OTIthe REsearchIin Agricultural Mechanization The following points can be considered as essentials for the success of a project in agricultural mechanization in Chile: 1. The active collaboration between all governmental and private institutions, dealers and distribu- tors of machinery. The support of the industries related will be extremely beneficial. 2. The training in mechanization given by the facul— ties of agronomy is very limited, more training must be available to the specialists involved in research. 3. Technical assistance to organize or develop specific types of research should be encouraged, Specially until a coordinated team of researchers and leaders is organized. ““ Technical exchange between Specialists of different institutions, with specialists of all Latin American countries and those of countries carrying out similar projects are also important. The establishment of an agricultural engineer- ing curriculum is an urgent necessity in Chile, because the agronomy curriculum cannot prepare Specialists for all aspects of agricultural engineering needs. Extension work in agricultural mechanization aspects has to be increased. Here again the necessity of an agricultural engineering curriculum is felt, because the lack of trained personnel can be a major obstacle to the application of new techniques or machinery recommended by the research. V. PROPOSAL 5.1 Seminar on Agricultural Mechanization Research The first step to establish an agricultural mechani— zation research project is to organize a seminar for all the specialists who are working in research in agricultural mechanization at the present time and representatives of all related or interested instutions. The seminar Should be organized by the Agricultural Research Institute and CORFO, and held in Santiago or Chillan. The program for this seminar Should consider the following basic points: 1. Presentation and discussion of the research and studies being done by all institutions; 2. Panel on the future needs of research in agricultural mechanization; and 3. Election of a working committee on study and coordination for agricultural mechanization research. “5 “6 5.2 Agricultural Mechanization Research Cemmittee This committee should have the following responsibilities: 1. To prepare a study of the present stage of research in agricultural mechanization. 2. To coordinate all research in agricultural mechani— zation that can be done in Chile; to establish exchanges with other Latin American research institutions. 3. To organize courses and seminars at national and international levels on aspects related to research in agricultural mechanization. At least five specialists Should constitute this Committee, and should be: A representative of Agricultural Research Institute, A representative of CORFO A representative of the Universities, A representative of Chilean distributors and industries, A representative of the Ministry of Agriculture. At least three of the five members of the committee Should work directly in research on agricultural mechaniza— tion. Not less than six Committee meetings a year should be held. It would be best that the Committee Operate for at least four years, to have enough time to complete the “7 organization and coordination of the research. Research will continue through all stages. Figure 5.1 shows how the research in agricultural mechanization could be established in Chile. 5.3 Goals of Agricultural MeChanization‘Research 5.3.1 Immediate Goals (should be achievediin‘flrst or second year). 8.. 0. To determine the state of agricultural mechanization research to date. To evaluate the future needs of research in agricul- tural mechanization. To run preliminary eXperiments in areas where no information is available. To secure financing, technical assistance and training of the research personnel. After one or two years, to plan specific experi— ments for the next three years, as indicated in Figure 5.2. 5.3.2 Intermediate Goals (should be achieved in fourth or fifth year). After three years of specific eXperiments including one or two years of preliminary experiments, recommendations in the following areas must be made: “8 SEMINAR ON RESEARCH IN AGR. MECHANIZATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AGR. RESEARCH INSTITUTE 6 TO ESTABLISH THE CORFO, AGR. AGR. MECHANIZATION MACHINERY RESEARCH COMMITTEE DIVISION UNIVERSITIES DISTRIBUTORS AND ’ INDUSTRIES To COORDINATE PROJECTS IN AGRICULTURAL MECHA- NIZATION RESEARCH . I 6* v .____i___ AGR. RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES CORFO I F— INSTITUTE I ////g Institutions Who Will Be Responsible For Doing The Research Figure 5.l.--Flow Chart for the Organization of the Research for Mechanization of Agriculture in Chile. 9 U. mwH .HHH .HH fl mom . ENTERPRIZE I VEGETABLES HANDLING ' . 0F MARKET IOIL SEEDSI__1 AGR. PRODUCTS SITUATION I VINEYARDS OTHERS Figure 5.“.--Aspects to be studied by Field Experiments. PROJECT TITLE: Subproject Departments Cooperating agencies Date of initiati Date of revision Probable duratio Personnel Leaders Cooperators Location Main Experiment 58 PROJECT OUTLINE Tillage Methods and Machinery Wheat Agricultural EngineeringI Soil Science Agricultural Crop Science I Research Institute University of Concepcidn University of Chile INDAP CORA on: December, 1969 June, each year n : 5 years. To continue after this 5-year period, after a complete reorganization. l farm machinery specialist 1 soil science specialist l crop science (wheat) Specialist To be selected from the 3 specialists in charge in each one of the 3 main experi- ment stations. Agriculture economics specialist; weed control specialist; soil science labor- atorist; extensionists. Santiago (Centra Chillan (South C Temuco (South) (Chile) Stations Substations 1 Zone) Vallenar (North Central) Paine (Central Zone) entral) Cauquenes (Coast Range) LOS Angeles Osorno importance: 1. Wheat is the most important crop in Chile. 2. Tillage is one of the basic operations for wheat production. 3. There is not enough information about tillage methods, machinery, efficience and cost of the different till- age operations. “. Most of the farmers use methods of tillage based on their own experience. In many cases this implies excessive tillage with severe damage to the soil, and high waste of power and money. 5. There is very much interest on the part of exten— sionists, cooperatives, governmental agencies and farmers to know the adequate methods of tillage and machinery for their conditions. Objectives: 1. To find most adequate methods of tillage for wheat and other cereals in the main regions where it is grown. 2. To be able to select the most adequate tillage machinery for wheat production. 3. To find most economic tillage methods. “. To obtain guidelines for governmental and private agencies about what kind of equipment to import or to manufacture in Chile. 60 5. To standardize the experimental procedure. Resume of Previous Investigations: In general there has been no organized research. Some experiments especially at the universities as thesis for stu- dents of agronomy have been done. The rest has been demon— strative types of experiments carried out by some governmental or private agencies. The University of Concepcion at the eXperiment station of the Faculty of Agronomy has made some eXperiments in tillage for wheat which could answer the problem in their area. These experiments deal with tillage methods and cost of operation. The Agricultural Research Institute started experiments in tillage for wheat and there are results of two years. Tillage methods, types of machinery, cost of Operation and tIme to initiate the tillage were compared. 'Mcthod of Procedure: 1. Experimental Design. a. Randomized Complete Blocks: This will be the most common design to compare various tillage methods. The plot size will depend upon the size of the tillage implements. In general the plots will be 10 meters (30 ft) in width by a minimum of 20 m. (60 ft). Sufficient headland for the free movement of equipment is necessary. Four replications should be the minimum. 61 b. Split Plot Design: This design could be used when studying more than one factor, as for example: (1) tillage methods and date to initiate the operations; (2) tillage and type of weed control; (3) tillage methods, week control and fertilization. c. Incomplete Blocks or Incomplete Blocks with frac- tional replications could be used when comparing two or more factors at various levels and the number of treatment com— binations is too big. This type of design could be used after having collected information in which to base the decision about what treatment combinations and what interac- tions could be neglected. 2. Tillage Machinery. It is necessary to consider that many farmers own some type of tillage machinery, many of which probably should not be used. If a large number of farmers own certain pieces of equipment they should be included in the experiments in order to know the less harm- ful way to use it until the farmer could afford the purchase of better equipment. One example is the rotary tiller that some farmers use excessively and probably should not be used in many of the cases. At least some of the following tillage equipment should be included: 1. Moldboard plows. To compare different types of bottoms. 2. Disc plows. The most commonly used in Chile. 62 3. Rotary tiller. “. Chisel plows. Offset disc harrow. Very much used in Chile. \J-I o 6. Field cultivators. 7. Double action disc harrow. 8. Spring tooth harrow. 9. Spike tooth harrow. 10. Rollers, packers, mulchers. 3. Treatments. In each region the farmers are using a large variety of tillage methods and tillage implements. In those areas where no previous experimentation has been done it would be convenient to start the first year with a preliminary experiment comparing all possible tillage methods or combination of methods. This could include up to 20 treatments without any replication. This will permit to watch the work of each implement, to define what measure— ments are more convenient, to prepare the personnel, and to observe the effect of soil moisture, date to initiate the plowing, velocity of the equipment, etc. The definite design will be established after knowing the results of the first year. In areas where previous eXperimentation has been done, the definite design could be done without running a prelimi- nary experiment. 63 The treatments that could be compared in Chile are: 1. Conventional method in the particular area. 2. Disc plow + secondary tillage. 3. Disc plow and plant. “. Moldboard plow + secondary tillage + plant. 5. Moldboard plow and plant. 6. Plow plant (moldboard plow with drill, one operation). 7. Offset harrow + moldboard plow + secondary tillage + plant. 8. Offset harrow + moldboard plow + plant. 9. Offset harrow + plant. 10. Offset harrow and plant (one operation). 11. Rotary tiller + plowing + secondary tillage + plant. 12. Rotary tiller + plowing + plant. 13. Rotary tiller + plant. 1“. Rotary tiller and plant (one operation). 15. Chisel plow + secondary tillage + plant. 16. Chisel plow + plant. 17. Chisel plow and plant in one operation. 18. Field cultivator + secondary tillage + plant. 19. Field cultivator + plant. 20. Field cultivator and plant in one Operation. Not all of these 20 methods have to be compared in all regions, but only these that seem more adequate. 6“ For the definite design a maximum of eight treatments should be compared. Perferable “ to 6 treatments with four or more replications. For experiments including two or more factors, not more than four tillage methods have to be included. It is likely that the definite design could include the following treatments or some of them: 1. Conventional (generally will have excessive tillage). 2. Moldboard plow + secondary tillage + plant. 3. Moldboard plow + plant. “. Disc plow + plant. 5. Rotary tiller or offset harrow + plant. 6. Chisel plow or field cultivator + plant. “. Measurements. Soil measurements Mechanical analysis Fertility level Bulk density Permeability Agregate size Soil moisture Photographs Implement measurementg Depth and width of work Forward speed Draft PTO requirements Turning time Cost of operation 65 5. Report of the Results. The most common type of statistical analysis will be analysis of variance to the yields of the crOp to find if there are significative differences between the treatments. Simple regression analysis between any factors that could affect the yield could be done. Also multiple regression analysis between the yield and the most impor— tant of the many factors that affect the yields could be done. The computer facilities that the Agricultural Research Institute has available should be used. Studies of correlation between the different factors affecting the yields could also be done. 5.“.2 Testingfiof Machinegy This experiment will also have priority because of the importance of having standard methods to test the machinery to be imported and that from national precedence. CORFO has already a program for testing imported and national machinery. It would be necessary to establish at least two cen— ters for testing machinery: one at Santiago run by CORFO and the other could be at the University of Concepcidn where agricultural engineering may be established. These centers should be adequately equipped and staffed; the technical assistants from countries where this kind of program has been donetku'many years have to be obtained for the best organization of these centers. 66 The collaboration of importers and industries related, and the exchange with foreign testing centers Should be encouraged. The main aspects to be studied at these centers will be the mechanical characteristics of the machinery, such as: simplicity of the design, size, mechanical efficiency, materials used, field efficiency, facility in the use and maintenance, power requirements under different agricultural situations, etc. The personnel at each center should at least include: An agricultural engineer, An agricultural mechanization specialist, A technician, mechanics, and operators. SAMPLE PROJECT OUTLINE Project title: Testing of machinery. Planters. Institution : CORFO. Machinery Testing Center. Cooperating agencies: Universities, distributors of machinery Date to start: 1970 Duration : 3 years Leaders : l agricultural engineer 1 agricultural mechanization specialist Collaborators: agricultural economists agronomists farmers 67 Objectives: 1. To standardize testing procedures for planting machinery; To compare functional, mechanical and structural I‘d characteristics of planters; 3. To know draft requirements and power consumption under local conditions; “. To encourage importers and national industry to sell suitable machinery for Chilean agricultural conditions. Previous information: CORFO is the only institution carrying out testing of machinery. The results of such tests should be available to ‘all farmers and persons interested. The literature from abroad is abundant and has to be carefully reviewed, especially that from the United States and Europe. Procedure: The testing procedure for planters should be established first. This has to be obtained from the literature and adapted to local facilities and personnel available. Laboratory tests should be preferred. One simple method which has been extensively used is to mount the hopper and metering device on a stand, and passing a recollection board beneath. The distribution of the seeds over the board 68 can be analyzed statistically to have an idea of the per— formance in the field. Field studies to observe the final stand would be necessary initially, and regression analysis of laboratOry and field data can be made to find laboratory procedures which give the highest correlation with field performance. The aspects of structural characterisitcs, quality of materials, simplicity of the design, care and maintenance required should also be recorded under field or laboratory conditions. The experimental equipment can be installed with available resources, but efforts should be made to obtain all necessary equipment later on. Report of the results: The results of the tests must be published and made available to specialists in machinery, extension personnel and farmers. The format used for the report could be like that in the Red Book published by Implement and Tractor (U.S.A.), or like the reports of the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering (NIAE), England. 5.“.3 Econgmic Studies This study Should also have priority because the econo— mic aspects are extremely decisive for the present and future development of agricultural mechanization in Chile. Also the social implications of mechanization (replace labor) have to be considered. 69 Some of the aspects that have to be studied are: l. 2. Cost of operation of farm machinery; Capacity and efficiency of machinery; Optimum mechanization level for given Size—farm; Possibilities and procedures for establishing cooperatives for buying and/or using agricultural machinery; Governmental and/or commercial agencies for hired machinery; Rural labor situation and its implications for the mechanization process; Cost studies of mechanizing a given crop for different regions of the country; Comparative cost studies of using hand power, animal power, and tractors for a given operation; Survey studies of the situation of national pro— duction of machinery, market situation for various kinds of machinery, etc. The use of electronic computation, which is available in Chile, would be very convenient for processing all the information obtained from this type of study. 5.“.“ Designgnd Adaptation of Machinery These studies will be essential for the success of the national production of machinery. .70 During the first years of the project more emphasis on adaptation is preferable so that machinery already owned by farmers can be used at its full capacity. Strong cooperation between agricultural engineers from universities and industries, and specialists in mechanization will be required to initiate this type of experiment. After the creation of an agricultural engineering curriculum these professionals will be incorporated to the research project, and the design of machinery for Chilean conditions can be strongly improved. In this report it is suggested that adaptation studies can be initiated first. Design of machinery can wait until trained personnel would be available, which could mean four to eight years after the initiation ofthe project. in the future the agricultural engineers should design manual implements, animal drawn machinery and tractor machinery for Chilean agricultural conditions. 5,“,5 Basic Research This type of research can be considered after the eight- year period, at the end of the proposed research project, and when the agricultural engineering project could be organized. During the first two stages no time should be spent in this type of research; during the last stage (from the fifth to eighth year) the recording of information related to basic aspects should be considered so that this information could be the basis for initiating definite research later on. 71 It is also recommended that the researchers can keep up to date on the research that has been done in other countries. The exchange of information with other research institutions should be enforced and the participation of researchers in national and international meetings should be encouraged. These exchanges and keeping up to date will be valuable to initiate basic research, probably at the agricultural engineering departments, as theses for students to get their professional degrees as agricultural engineers. Because this type of research could be initiated only after six or eight years from now, the preparation of a project outline would not be worthwhile at this time. 5.5 Equipment and Facilities Prototypes of agricultural machinery will be necessary for any type of research, with the only exception of survey studies. The most important equipment and facilities will be: 1. Field experiments: Manual implements Animal drawn implements All kinds of tractor machinery Tractors, fuels and lubricants Self-prOpelled machinery Arable land, fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, etc. Laboratory instrumental 72 Measurement instrumental Plot equipment Photographic equipment Transportation facilities ShOp facilities Electronic computing facilities Expensive facilities such as shop facilities, field and laboratory equipment, computing facilities should be Shared whenever possible. 2. Testing of machinery. All kinds of prototypes of the machinery sold in the country should be tested. Important facilities Should include: All kinds of testing instrumentsl Reports from other testing centers Electronic computing facilities 3. Design and adaptation of machinerywill require laboratory and experimental shop facilities. Research instru— mentsl and equipment should be obtained. Complete lists of instruments, equipment and materials have to be prepared according to the research projects to be developed. “. The basic research will require more SOphisticated measurement instruments and laboratory facilities. Most of these will probably have to be imported. Simulated models of machinery, the reproduction of field situations in the laboratory, simulated agricultural 73 products could be used in this type of research, and the correlation between prototypes and models can be estab— lished. The use of computers would be essential in most of these eXperiments. 5. The economic studies will require mainly transpor- tation, survey personnel and computing facilities. Most of the studies should be planned in such a way that the data can be processed by means of computers. 5.6 Personnel Required Many peOple are required for the accomplishment of the complete research project. It will be necessary, however, to start with the personnel already available, and incor- porate new specialists whenever possible. The kinds of personnel required for the first few years are: 1. Agronomists with specialization in agricultural mechanization. Post—graduate studies in agri— cultural mechanization or agricultural engineering are essential. 2. Agricultural engineers forthe testing of machinery. At least one in each testing center is needed. 3. Agricultural economists to carry on economic and survey studies. “. Technical advisers from countries with established research programs, mainly the United States and European countries. 7“ Mechanical engineers with proper orientation can be substituted for agricultural engineers until such time agricultural engineers are available in sufficient numbers. Agricultural engineers should take the main responsibilities in the research, with the cooperation from other disciplines. The most important task for research personnel in agricultural mechanization is the undertaking of further specialization, because the personnel that will be working for the first six to eight year will not have received complete training in all aspects of agricultural mechaniZa- tion. These advanced studies must be taken in foreign countries until such time as an agricultural engineering curriculum is provided in Chile. 5.7 Prospects for the Project There are excellent possibilities for the success of the project for research in agricultural mechanization pro- posed. With the personnel, equipment and facilities avail— able at the present time it is possible to complete in one or two years the first stage which consists mainly of evalu- ating all the research done, analyzing the results, and carrying out preliminary eXperiments in the areas lacking information. The main need for a successful start and final achievement of all the goals of the project is full coordi- nation and collaboration between the institutions. It is believed that the necessary conditions for full cooperation exist, especially because of the current 75 recognition among government officials, technicians and farmers of the importance of mechanization in Chile. Another encouraging fact is that many institutions already have initiated research dealing with agricultural mechanization. If other essential aspects for agricultural mechani— zation are improved, as eXpected, like education (creation of curricula of agricultural engineering), extension work, industrialization, national production of machinery, and training for dealers, mechanics, drivers and Operators, etc., then the possibilities of achieving the total goals of the proposed project are excellent. In fact, when the cited conditions exist, exchanges of information between research programs will be a necessary adjunct. The financing during the first years will not be a problem because the first stage will involve mainly the personnel, facilities and equipment already available. After two years, when definite programs are established, an increment of the monetary support will be needed. This has to be secured before initiating specific experiments and tests. In the future the main sources of financing the research in agricultural mechanization should be: 1. The institutions responsible for the research, mainly Agricultural Research Institute, CORFO and the Universities. 76 2. Collaborating agencies (governmental and private) such as COMARSA, IANSA, INDAP, CORA. 3. Economic support from distributors of imported machinery, and from the developing national industry. A. Support from international agencies, especially for technical assistance, the establishment of laboratories and purchasing of experimental equipment, and for the training of personnel. The Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, FAO, AID are the most important for this purpose. It is very important that the future programs be pre— pared in accordance with available funds. The project proposal presented in this report helps to visualize short- and long—term financing requirements. VI. CONCLUSIONS Among Latin American countries, Chile has a high level of agricultural mechanization, but this level is low when compared with EurOpean countries or the United States. The research for mechanization of agriculture has been limited and scattered. Only in the last few years has interest been demonstrated in the area of field experi— ments and testing of machinery. The necessity of organizing the research for the next ten years is essential, because much information is needed in all aspects of agricultural mechanization to fully implement the National Agricultural Development Plan (1965-1980). A proposal for research in agricultural mechanization is presented here. The most important goals of this pro- posal are: a. In the initial stage, efforts must be concentrated in the analysis of the existing situation, securing the financing and preparing specific eXperiments. b. During the intermediate stage specific tests and experiments in the most urgent aspects should be started. 77 78 c. During the third stage a more expanded program, involving all the aspects of agricultural mechanization should be developed. d. At the end of the first stage, which means after eight or ten years of research, a project named Agricultural Engineering Research Project should be established. 5. If essential factors necessary for the improvements of mechanization such as education, industrialization, extension and training and general economic improvement are achieved, and if coordination between the institutions working in research with the support of the industries, importers of machinery and national producers of machinery is obtained, the chances of achieving the goals indicated in this pro- posed project are excellent. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 79 PO U7 Chang, C. 1966 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES w. Agricultural Research. An example of practical approach. In Selected Readings to Accompany Getting Agriculture Moving. Edited by R. E. Borton. The Agricultural Development Council: New York. pp. 210-221. 1966 Chile. 1966 Research planning and coordination. 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