PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record.
TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
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DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5/08 K:lProjIAcc&Pres/ClRC/Dateoue.indd

 

EVALUATION AND PROPOSAL FOR AGRICULTURAL

MECHANIZATION RESEARCH IN CHILE

By

Omar Ulloa

An AB 811

TECHNICAL PROBLEM REPORT

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Agricultural Engineering

Summer 1969

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express sincere thanks to Dr.
Chester J. Mackson for his guidance and suggestions
which made this report possible. He also wishes to thank
Professor Howard F. McColly for suggesting the subject
and his initial guidance.

Special thanks are expressed to my friend and
colleague Edgardo Ossandon (Agricultural Research
Institute) for the sending of valuable information.

The author is indebted to the Agricultural Research
Institute,Chile and to The Rockefeller Foundation which
provided for my stay in this country.

To all those who have contributed to the mechaniza-
tion of Chilean agriculture, to whom is this report

dedicated.

Approve

 

or P ofessor

Approved C a}; DJ M

Department Chairman

 

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter
I. GENERAL CONDITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Location and TOpography. . . . . . . .
l. 2 Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Human Resources. . . . . . . . . . . .
.M Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. AGRICULTURE IN CHILE . . . . . . . . . . . .

III.

IV.

2.1 Agricultural Zones . . . .

2 Land Capability. . . . . . .

3 Land Distribution. . . . . . . . . .
A The Rural People . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Agricultural Production. . . . . .

AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN CHILE. . .

3.1 Historical Development

3.2 Extent of Machinery. . . .

3.3 Importation. . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.“ National Production. . . . . .

3.5 Mechanization Level and Projections.

3.6 Institutions Related to Agricultural
Mechanization. . . . . . . . . . . .

AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION RESEARCH IN CHILE

“.1 Present Stage. . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.2 Need of a Research Project . . . . . .

“.3 Essentials for the Success of the
Research in Agricultural Mechanization

iii

Page
iv
vi

HGDUTUT U1

13
14
18
18
20

23
23
2H
25
28
31
39

39
M2

"3

Chapter Page
v. PROPOSAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5.1 Seminar on Agricultural Mechanization

Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “5
5.2 Agricultural Mechanization Research
Committee. . . . . . . . . . . “6

3 Goals of Agricultural Mechanization

Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “7
A Types of Research to be Done . . . . . . . 51
5 Equipment and Facilities . . . . . . . . . 71
6 Personnel Required . . . . . .

5.7 Prospects for the Project. . . . . . . . . 7“
VI. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

iv

Table

1.1

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.“

3.5

3.6

LIST OF TABLES

Annual Rainfall in Selected Stations
in Chile 0 0 O I O O O O O O O O 0

Structure of the POpulation by Age, 1960

Composition of the Working Population by
Occupation (in thousands). . . . .

Use Capacity of the Land in Chile.
Distribution of the Arable Land in 1955.

Distribution of Agricultural Property by
Size of Holding. . . . . .

Agricultural Tractors in Chile .
Machinery and Power Sources in Chile
Importation of Farm Machinery, 1953-1967

Source of Imported Machinery (Percentage
of total per country of origin). . . .

Number of Tractors and Their Relation to
Active Agricultural Populations and
Useable Areas in Nine Latin American
Countries. . . . . . . . . . . .

Prices of Various Types of Tractors in Six
Countries, 196“ (In dollars) . . . .

Page

11
15
l6

l9
23
25
26

27

3O

37

Figure
1.1

5.2

5.3

5.“

LIST OF FIGURES

Climatic and agricultural maps of
Chile. . . . . . . . .

Political map of Chile
Map of land capability. Chile

Organization of the Agricultural
Research Institute . . . .

Flow Chart for the Organization of

the Research for Mechanization of
Agriculture in Chile. . . . .

Goals for Agricultural Mechanization
Research in Chile. . . . . .

Types of Research in Agricultural
Mechanization in Chile . . .

Aspects to be studied by Field
Experiments. . . . . . .

vi

Page

10

17

“l

“8

“9

53

57

INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem

 

In the Latin American panorama, Chile is one of the
countries that have most mechanized their agriculture (15).

But Chile is far below the mechanization level of more
developed countries. In 1965 there were 22,307_tractors,
27“,“50 horses and 291,930 oxen, to work 2,317,800 hectares.
If all the work were done exclusively with tractors, each.
tractor working 28.3 hectares, which is the average rate for
nine developed countries*, and working to the full capacity
of Chile's arable land a total of 1“0,000 tractors would be
required (15). This theoretical figure is impractical,
because of socio-economic reasons, but shows a mechanization
goal for the future.

Like most Latin American countries, Chile depends on
importations for tractors and machinery. Importers have

seldom considered the needs of agriculture, and the main

 

*These countries are: Germany, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
France, Holland, Italy, United States and England. They
have an average of 28.3 cultivated hectares per each
tractor.

criteria has been the initiative of dealers and distributors.
The results have been inadequate equipment and proliferation
of makes and models (15). To counteract this confusion the
National Commission on Agricultural Mechanization was estab—
lished in October, 1967. This Commission has responsibility
of supervising the orderly importation of suitable machinery.

Research in agricultural conditions of Chile is essen—
tial to decide which type of machinery to import or manufac-
ture in Chile and how to use it. The research in agricultural
mechanization has been meager. The Chilean Development
Corporation (CORFO) (5) reports that prior to 1963 not more
than 10 significant experiments related to agricultural
machinery were done. In recent years CORFO has carried out
testing of equipment and some survey studies.

The study presented here makes an evaluation and pro—
posal for agricultural mechanization research in Chile, as
essential for the success of the process of mechanizing

Chilean agriculture.

Objectives of the Study
1. To review the situation of the agricultural
mechanization in Chile;
2. To analyze the research in agricultural
mechanization, and to discuss the main pro-

blems to be solved;

To analyze existing coordination between the
institutions doing research in agricultural
mechanization;

To prepare a proposal for agricultural mechani—

zation research. Goals of this proposal are:

a. To further coordinate research between the
different institutions;

b. To present guidelines for types of necessary
research to be done;

c. To prepare guidelines for the experimental
procedure for the research in agricultural
mechanization;

d. To establish short- and long—term goals

according to government plans.

Importance of the Research Project

 

The organization of a research project in agricultural

mechanization is very important for Chilean agriculture for

the following reasons:

1.

The Government is putting very much emphasis on
programs for the development of agriculture;

The governmental agencies, cooperatives and far—
mers in general share great interest for the use
of machinery;

Most of the machinery is imported; for this

reason the selection of machinery must avoid

I].

waste of money; research is essential to decide
which equipment to import;

The research done so far in agricultural mech-
anization is very limited; no exact information
is available about the most suitable type of
machinery for Chilean conditions and its use
and maintenance;

Good possibilities exist for manufacturing most
of the machinery in Chile; therefore studies to

encourage such activities should be developed.

I. GENERAL CONDITIONS

1.1 Location and Topography

 

Chile is located on the Pacific coast of South America.
It is a narrow, ribbonlike country, averaging 110 miles in
width, and extending 2,650 miles in length, from 17° 30' S
to 55° 59' S. (Figure 1.1.)

The total area of Chile is 292,257 sq. miles (756,9“6
sq. kilometers).

In northern and middle Chile the country is composed
of three parallel strips: The Andes on the east, the coast
range on the west and a series of lowlands between. South
of “2° S there is no central lowland but only a discontinu-
ous island chain standing guard before a fiorded, mountainous
coast. Northern Chile is desert, notable for the production
of copper and nitrates; southern Chile is a wet and cold
region of limited economical potential. Central Chile has
an agreeable climate and is the center of agriculture, live—

stock ranching and industry. (Figure 1.1.)

1.2 Climate
The climate of Chile is characterized by little or no

rainfall in the extreme northern part and an increasing

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amount to the south, with 85 to 200 inches per annum south

of Puerto Montt.

See Table 1.1.

TABLE 1.1.--Annua1 Rainfall in Selected Stations in Chile.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Station Latitude Altitude Annual pre—
South in feet cipitation
in inches
North Chile

Arica 18° 28' 8“ 0.08

Iquique 20° 12' 20 0.0“

Antofagasta 23° 39' 305 0.2“

COpiapo 27° 21' 975 0.96
North—Central Chile

Vallenar 28° 3“' 1,112 2.“

La Serena 29° 5“' 10“ 5.5

Ovalle 30° 27' 715 6.9

Central Chile

Quillota 32° 53' “22 17.6

Santiago 33° 27' 1,690 1“.“
South—Central Chile

Talca 35° 26' 315 30.1

Chillan 36° 36' 370 “2.0

Concepcion 36° 50' 32 52.0

Osorno “0° 55' 88 58.0

Southern Chile
Puerto Octay “0° 59' 130 68.0
Puerto Montt “1° 22' 29 87.2

 

Source: Storie, R. E. & C. Mathews (19)

For all practical purposes, northern Chile can be con-
sidered to have no rainfall. There is no vegetation outside
of the few river valleys.

North-Central Chile has an arid or semi—arid climate
with slight rainfall in winter and a warm, dry summer. A
few desert—like shrubs grow in this zone.

Central Chile has a Mediterranean-like climate, with
mild rains in the cool winter and with dry summers, very
much like the coastal area of Southern California.

South-Central Chile has a subhumid climate with wet,
mild, rainy winters; and cool, dry summers. Forests are
the dominant vegetation, although there are some prairie-
1ike areas where the dominant vegetation is grass.

Southern Chile is a humid region of high rainfall,
chiefly forested. Winters are mild and summers cool. There

is no dry season.

1.3 Human Resources

 

The total population in 1965 was 8.6 million inhabi-
tants. In 1970 it is expected to be 9.6 million persons.
The increase of the population between 1960-196“ was 2.8
per cent annually. With this rate of increase, it is esti—
mated that the present (1969) p0pu1ation could be doubled
in 25 years (“).

The origin of the people is mostly EurOpean. The

indigenous p0pulation of the country is very small (2.“

per cent in 1952) and concentrated primarily in the provinces
of Cautin and Valdivia. (Figure 1.2.)

About 90 per cent of the people live in Central Chile
from 30° S to “2° S, where Santiago, the capital of Chile,
is located. The population for Santiago in 1966 was
2,3“6,781 inhabitants.

The composition of the population by age makes Chile
a young country. More than 75 per cent of the population

is less than “0 years. See Table 1.2.

TABLE l.2.--Structure of the Population by Age, 1960.

 

Group of Age Population _ Percentage of Total
(thousands)

 

0— n 1,167 15.1

5- 9 1,035 13.“
10-12 371 “.8
12—1“ 502 6.5
15-19 750 9.7
20—50 3,160 “0.9
55-59 22“ 2.9
60-6“ 193 2.5
over 65 325 “.2
Total 7,727 100.0

 

Source: Economic Geography of Chile (“)

The literacy level was 88 per cent in 1968 and it is
expected to rise to 91 per cent at the end of 1970 (7).

In religion, 90 per cent of the population is Catholic.

10

 

 

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Figure 1.2.--Politica1 map of Chile.

1952 to approximately 73 per cent in recent years.

pOpulation in 1952 and 1960.

TABLE l.3.--Composition of the Working Population by
Occupation (in thousands).

Table 1.3.

11

The urban population has risen from 60 per cent in

shows the main occupations of the working

 

 

 

Occupation 1952 % 1960 %
Agriculture 6“8.0 30.1 6“8.0 27.0
Mining 101.“ “.7 97.3 “.1
Industry “08.7 19.0 “06.0 17.2
Construction 102.3 “.7 l6“.5 7.0
Services “99.“ 23.2 568.“ 2“.1
Commerce 222.9 10.3 225.3 9.6
Transport 95.3 “.“ 120.2 5.1
Miscellaneous 77.3 3.6 126.3 5.“
Total 2,155.3 100.0 2,356.0 100.0
Source: Economic Geography of Chile (“).

1.

Chile has reached the
it is beginning to shed

Economy

The country is on the

point in its history where
the image of a tradition

bound preindustrialized society with a restricted
participatory democracy.
threshold of becoming an industrialized society
with a truly popular democracy, as evidenced by

its level of income and the complexion of its

social structure and economic capacity.

President Eduardo Frei in
his annual address to the
nation, May 21, 1969.

In the same address President Frei indicated that the

Gross National Product was 5.3 per cent between 196“ to

12

1968, and the increase in population was 2.3 per cent in the

same period. This means per-capita growth in national pro-

duction of approximately 3.0 per cent, the highest rate

Chile has attained in many years (7).

II. AGRICULTURE IN CHILE

2.1 Agricultural Zones

 

The agricultural physiognomy of Chile varies greatly

from north to south. A number of classifications based on

physiography, climatic and ecological conditions must

supplement classifications based on production.

The country has been divided in nine forage areas,

according to differences in climate and ecological conditions.

For the CORFO 1961-1970 Agricultural Development Pro-

ject, the country has been divided in six zones, based

primarily on the rainfall and climate (13). These are:

Zone I.

Zone II.

Zone III.

Zone IV.

Tarapaca to Atacama: annual precipitation from
0 to 50 mm. of rainfall. Desert climate.
Coquimbo and Aconcagua: 50 to 300 mm. of rain-
fall. Arid temperate climate.

Valparaiso to Talca: 300 to 1000 mm. in the
Central Valley; 500 to 1000 mm. in the coastal
region; and between “00 to 2000 mm. in the
Andean foothills. Semi-arid temperate climate.
Maule to Malleco: 1000 to 1500 mm. in the

Central Valley; 1500 to 3000 mm. in the Andean

l3

1“

foothills; and 1000 to 3000 mm. in the coastal
region. Temperate climate.

Zone V. Cautin to Chiloé: 1200 to l“00 mm. on the coast;
1500 to 2500 in the Central Valley; and 2500 to
“000 mm. in the Andean foothills. Humid temper-
ate climate.

Zone VI. Aisén and Magallanes: 3000 to 8000 mm. in the
insular cordillera; 300 to 800 mm. in Chilean
Patagonia. Cold temperate climate. (Figure 1.1

and 1.2.)

2.2 Land Capability

The total area of Chile is 7“,176,000 hectares. Of
this total 28 per cent has no agricultural value (see Figure
1.1). The arable land is 6,196,000 hectares or 8.3 per cent
of the total.

Table 2.1 gives a complete picture of the land capa-
bility.

Figure 2.1 shows the distribution of the land. More
than 80 per cent of the farms are located in the Central,
Valley, which has most of the arable land in the country.

Table 2.2 indicates the distribution of the arable

land per crops.

15

TABLE 2.l.--Use Capacity of the Land in Chile.

 

Classification Area in
thousand
hectares

Percentage
of
total

 

Arable land without
serious limitations
Class I and II 6,196

Arable land with
limitations
Class III and IV 5,728

Non-arable land, but

perennial pastures.

Permanent livestock

raising. Class V “,365

Non-arable land, but

annual grasses for

temporary use.

Class VI 16,737

Non-arable land,
woodlands.
Class VII 10,395

Non-agricultural land.

Desert, mountains,

lakes, dunes

Class VIII 20,707

Total 7“,176

22.6

1“.0

27.9

100.0

 

Source: Economic Geography of Chile (“).

16

TABLE 2.2.—-Distribution of the Arable Land in 1955.

 

 

Crop Area in Percentage

thousand

hectares
Cereals 1,0““.5 18.8
Legumes 106.“ 1.9
Tubers and roots 69.7 1.3
Vegetables “2.3 0.8
Industrials 37.8 0.7
Total annual crOps 1,300.7 23.5
Vineyards 99.“ 1.8
Fruits 80.6 1.“
Total fruits and vineyards 180.0 3.2
Forages, artificial “87.“ 8.8
Forages, natural 2,909.9 52 5
Total forage production 3,397.3 61.3
Fallowing 665.“ 12.0
Total arable land 5,5“3.“ 100.0

 

Source: Economic Geography of Chile

(“).

 

 

 

 

    
   
   
  
   

 

CHILE

lAND CAPABILITY

GROUP I TILLAILE LAND

TILLAILE WITHOUT LIMITATIONS
OR WITH SLIGHT LIMITATIONS

TILLAIL! WITH SLIGHT OR
MODERATE LIMITATIONS

TILLARLE WITH MODERATE

LIMITATIONS OR ONLY
OCCASIONALLY TILLAILE

EDI

GROUP 2 LAND FOR PASTURE ONLY

m unmouwo PASTURE
0—
“ OCCASION“. on tmueo
PASTURE

 

GROUP 3 WOODED LANDS
wooo usute ONLY IN PART

GROUP 4 NON-AGRICULTURAL LANDS

WITHOUT PRESENT
AGRICULTURAL VALUE

SCALE
o 100 200 (MS.
L____l_—_J

SOURCE: CHILE: DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION AND FISHING

 

 

I

 

55° —~—

I
I
70° 75°

 

 

 

 

Figure 2.1.--Map of land capability. Chile.

18

2.3 Land Distribution

 

Poor distribution of land is one of the main problems
of Chilean agriculture. The presence of great latifundia
greatly affects the utilization of the land. In 1955, less
than 3 per cent of the proprietors (owning farms of more
than 1000 hectares) owned “1 per cent of the arable land
and 80 per cent of the land used for agricultural purposes
(13). The minifundia or dwarf holdings is another impor-
tant factor; in 1955 more than 50 per cent of the farm had
less than 10 hectares each. Table 2.3 gives the distribu—
tion of the holdings by size.

The overall goal of the Agrarian Reform Law, passed
in November, 1962 (Law 12,020), is to give access to the
land to 200,000 to 300,000 rural families composed of land;
less workers andowners.)f farm too small to support a family.
Besides, the Agrarian Reform must make efforts to increase
the productivity and income of 60,000 families owning farms
of sizes that can support families (3).

The current government has "strongly emphasized
agrarian reform" (7). From 1965 to March 1969, more than
two million hectares were eXprOpriated. A total of “0“
workers settlements, incorporating 1“,59“ families, were

created.

2.“ Rural People

 

The rural population has decreased from 73 per cent

of the total population in 1875 to 39.8 per cent in 1952.

19

 

 

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20

At the present time it is estimated at about 27 per
cent.

According to the 1955 census the total wage-earning
pOpulation engaged in agriculture was 66“,2“0 persons,

classified by occupation as follows:

Farmers and members of family “9.6 %

Permanent workers 23.3 %

Temporary workers 27.1 %
100.0

Interamerican Committee for the Agricultural DevelOp—
ment (CIDA) (3), indicates that the use of the human
resources in the agricultural sector is as poor as the use
of the land. The work force required in 1955 to obtain
needed agricultural production was 363,250 persons. This
figure indicates a surplus of labor of about 1/3 of the
total, and shows the low level of job opportunities and
wages of the agricultural workers and the low standard of
living in the rural areas.

The illiteracy level is higher in the rural areas as
compared with the whole country. In 1961, national illiter-
acy was 17 per cent compared with 3“ per cent in the rural

areas .

2.5 Agricultural Production

 

The increase in agriculture has not matched industrial-
ization and growing urbanization, and has led to greater

imports of food and inflationary pressure.

21

Information from CIDA (3) shows that the agricultural
production in recent years was increasing at a lower rate than
population. Between l9“5 to 1959 the per-capita production
decreased by 5 per cent. The cumulative annual rate of pro—
duction growth of agricultural sector was 1.8 per cent while
the population in Chile had a growth of 2.2 per cent.

Consequently, there is an increasing gap between demand
and internal supply of agricultural products. Agriculture has
not shown an eXport surplus since 1939. The annual net
deficit averaged $82.9 million (U. S.) between 1958 to 1963.
The increase in imports has been in products that Chile could
produce in sufficient quantities like wheat, meat and milk
products.

Although the solution of agriculture problems is a very
difficult and complex task, nearly every commentator on the
Chilean scene has felt that the amount of farm land is great
enough to support agriculture at a higher level than the
present static level.

One of the most important projects of the present admin-
istration is the Agricultural and Livestock Development Plan
for 1965-1980. The program is aimed at tripling the histor-
ical agricultural growth rate. As President Frei told the
nation in May, 1969, this goal is achievable, since produc-
tion between 196“ to 1968 progressed at a rate of “.1 per
cent against a previous 1.8 per cent. .Recently, a credit for

23.5 million dollars was granted by the Inter—American

22

Development Bank to implement this program. Of this amount,
8.5 million is allocated to double rural electrical power use

in the next five years.

III. AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION

IN CHILE

3.1 Historical Development

 

Most of Chile's modern machinery has been imported.
The importation of tractors was initiated more than 30
years ago, but only in the 1950's did it reach a signifi—

cant point as seen in Table 3.1.

TABLE 3.l.—-Agricultura1 Tractors in Chile.

 

 

Year Number
1930 660
1936 1,557
19“0 2.750
19““ 3,882
19“8 5,“00
1955 l“,l77
1965 22,307

 

Source: United Nations CEPAL/FAD Study (15).
The Mechanized Agricultural Equipment Service (SEAM)

has done an excellent job of promoting farmers interest in

the use of machinery.

23

2“

Before the establishment of the Plan Chillan to develop
agriculture in the South—Central part of Chile in 195“ with
the assistance of the U. S. Point “ Program, no governmental
institution had carried on any investigations or extension
work in the use of machinery.

The teaching of agricultural machinery use was started
in 1958 when a course was included in the curriculum for
agronomist engineers at the College of Agronomy, University
of Concepcidn. At the present time there are five univer-
sities which have agronomy faculties where a course is given
in agricultural machinery. Courses in irrigation and drain-
age, engines, hydraulics and farm structures are included
in some institutions. Courses in electrification and pro—
cessing are not yet available.

A curriculum in agricultural engineering is not avail-
able in Chile, but the University of Concepcidn has a
project to open this career. Until now, aspects related to
agricultural engineering have been mainly in hands of

agronomists (Ingeniero Agrdnomo).

3.2 Extent of Machinery
Table 3.2 shows the number of tractors, horses, oxen

and equipment in Chile.

3.3 Importation

 

As already indicated, the agricultural machinery is

largely of foreign origin. This has represented about 2 to

‘\ Q

TABLE 3.2.-—Machlnery and Power Sources in Chile.

 

 

Classification Number of Units
Tractors ' 22,307
Horses (work) 27“,“50
Oxen 291,930
Tractor plows (disc and moldboard) 13,035
Disc harrows 1“,290
Combines 2,636
Balers (mobile) l,“33
Drills and planters 10,257
Mowers (tractor and horse traction) 6,130

 

Source: CORFO, 1963

3 per cent of the total value of all imports into the coun-
try. In the last 12 years, the total value of the importation
in machinery has fluctuated from a maximum of $15 to $17
million to a minimum of $5 million. From “0 to 63 per cent
has been tractors.

Table 3.3 shows a complete picture of the importations
of agricultural machinery since 1953.

Table 3.“ shows the source of the importations and the

shifts in the relative importance since l9“0.

3.“ National Production

 

The national production of machinery has been small,
representing about 5 to 7 per cent of all machinery pur-

chased (15).

26

TABLE 3.3.—-Importation of Farm Machinery, 1953-1967.

 

 

Year All Number Tractors Tractors
Machinery of value in Percentage
(thousand tractors Thousands of total

U- S. $) of dollars value

1953 9.776 1,597 5,022 51-“

195“ 1“,028 2,523 7,337 52.3

1955 17,020 3,577 10,7“3 53.2

1956 9,365 1,017 “,0“2 “3.2

1957 11,92“ 1,728 5,610 “7.0

1958 7,113 1,379 “,01“ 56.“

1959 5,519 “88 2,605 “7.2

1960 11,219 1,295 6,073 5“.1

1961 15,609 1,999 7,325 “6.9

1962 13,196 l,“83 5,225 39.6

1963 12,721 1,90“ 5,959 “1.0

196“ 9,536 1,33“ “,“95 “7.1

1905 11,673 1,571 5,212 ““.7

1966 12,397* 2,393* n/a n/a

1967 n/a 2,“3“* n/a n/a

 

n/a Not available

Source: The use of Agricultural Machinery in Chile.
CEPAL/FAO (15).

* CORFO

27

TABLE 3.“.-—Source of Imported Machinery (Percentage of
total per country of origin).

 

 

 

Year
Country l9“0 l9“5 1950 1955 1960 1966
Argentina 0.37 1.7“ 0.01 0.02 0.35 6.3
Australia —— -— —- -- -- 3.7
Belgium —- -- —- 0.06 1.23 2.3
Canada -- 9.77 0.61 3.31 2.18 0.3
England 0.23 0.31 17.06 6.20 25.57 3“.3
France —- -- 0.“8 0.12 1.0“ 0.7
Germany 0.67 -- 3.80 28.03 11.3“ 1.7
Italy 0.1“ -- —- 2.39 1.97 3.8
U.S.A. 98.“7 88.18 76.17 57.75 53.50 “1.7
Others -- -- -- -- -- 5.2

 

Source: CORFO

Equipment manufactured in small quantities in Chile
includes: plows, harrows, tool-bars, Sprayers, mowers,
ditchers, rakes, lime applicators, manure Spreaders, dryers,
corn shellers, hammer mills and land-leveling equipment.

The engines, gear boxes, bearings and retainers used for

this machinery are imported. The electric motors are pro-
duced in Chile.

CORFO estimates that with adequate production facili-
ties half of all machinery bought, excluding the tractors,
could be produced in Chile. The main obstacles facing these
industries are:

1. Lack of information about types and amounts of

equipment required;

28

Lack of credit to buy Chilean machinery as
compared with credit facilities to purchase
imported machinery;

Poor distribution systems and lack of mechanical
attention for this equipment;

Limited market, which raises the cost of

production.

CORFO has devised a program to increase national pro-

duction.

1.

Some important steps already taken are:

The creation of the National Register of Producers
of Agricultural Machinery;

Surveys related to the markets for plows, narrows,
mowers and sprayers;

Credit for farmers to purchase equipment from
those producers registered in the National
Register.

3.5 Mechanization Level
and Projections

 

 

The National Planning Office (ODEPLAN) indicates that

the total investment in agricultural machinery was $120

million in 1959, and $150 million in 1965. These figures

include an investment in machinery of $20 to $30 per arable

hectare, and of $150 to $200 per agricultural worker.

Compared with these figures, France in 1958 had an

investment of $3200 million or $150 per arable hectare, and

$900 per agricultural worker. Holland in 1952 had an

29

investment of $200 per hectare of useable agricultural
land.

Those figures show the low level of mechanization for
Chile as compared with European countries.

Among the Latin American countries, Chile is a coun—
try with high mechanization level. Considering that there
is a close relation between number of tractors and the
general degree of mechanization of a particular country it
is possible to compare the mechanization level of different
countries (15).

Table 3.5 shows a comparison of nine Latin American
countries. Chile is in third place in active population in
agriculture, and in second place in the number of tractors
per 1000 hectares of useable agricultural land.

In relation to the estimated requirements of machinery,
Stenstrom (12), 1959, in his very complete report to the
Chilean Government indicated that one tractor for each 100
hectares under cultivation is an adequate ratio when used
mainly for the heavy farm work. Increasing the mechaniza—
tion level to include the rest of the work--on the farm one
tractor could work 50 hectares.

According to the last figure a total of 58,000 trac-
tors were required for Chilean agriculture.

The same author indicated that 55,000 planters, 3“,000
mowers, 3“,000 rakes, 2,700 balers and 5,200 combines were

required.

.Amav scammHEEoo O¢m\q<mmo "condom

 

30

 

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31

A study prepared by Economic Commission for Latin
America (CEPAL) and FAQ in 1968 indicates that:

a. To work all the land presently under cultivation,
replacing all work animals by tractors, a total
of 39,000 tractors will be required;

b. If, at the same time, the total potential arable
land is to be worked with tractors only, a total
of 66,500 tractors will be necessary;

c. To achieve the mechanization level of nine
develOped countries, the useable land will
require 1“0,000 units, which is six times the
present number.

3.6 Institutions Related to
AgriculturaI_Mechanization

 

 

The main institutions through which agricultural mech—
anization has to be implemented in Chile are:

Corporacidn de Fomento de la Produccidn or Chilean

 

Development Corporation (CORFO), founded in 1939, is an
institution with diverse functions. It is a development bank,
an investment agency, an organization for study and researCh
of natural resources and certain aspects of Chile's economic
development and a financing agency.

CORFO has been the main source of credit to import
machinery. In 1963 a complete analysis of the problems
affecting agricultural mechanization in Chile was made by

CORFO, which has been the guide for the programs in recent

years.

32

CORFO has an Agricultural Machinery Division with

experienced specialists in this area. The main responsibili-

ties are:

CORFO

a.

b.

To determine the types of machinery to be
imported;

To promote and give economic support for the
local agricultural machinery industries;

To promote creation of commercial mechanization
enterprises, like tractor-hire services;

To test equipment to beimported;

To make survey studies related to agricultural

mechanization.

Other activities related to mechanization in which

is involved are:

a.

Since l9“2 with the collaboration of the Chilean
Army, they have Operated programs for the train—
ing of tractor drivers and Operators. Until
1965, 5,000 soldiers were trained.

Since 1963, The Technical Cooperation Service
(Servicio de Cooperacidn Técnica) of CORFO has
had programs to train farm workers with mobile
units on the farms. The permanent units prepare
specialized mechanics for the farms, mechanics
for local shops, mechanics for specialized shOps,

and agricultural machinery instructors.

LA.
LC

0. CORFO also has an extensionprogram which assists
the farmers.

Serviciode Equipos Agricolas Mecanizados or Mechanized

 

Agricultural Equipment Service (SEAM) has basically three
functions:
a. To do mechanized work at low prices for farmers
with small holdings;
b. To do mechanized work for medium and larger
farms--at the cost of operation;
0. To do heavy work--like farm roads, dams, clearing
land, earth-moving and land-leveling.
The equipment of SEAM consists of 383 tractors, 231
self-propelled combines and a variety of equipment and imple—
ments. In recent years, a reorganization Of SEAM has been

made because of its high costs of Operation.

 

Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario or Agricultural
Development Institute (INDAP) is an autonomous governmental
enterprise established to give technical assistance and
credit to small and medium size farmers; to promote the
organization of cooperatives and the construction and
utilization of storage facilities, slaughterhouses, dairy
plants, canning factories, packing houses and other indus-
trial establishment of benefit to farmers or fishermen.

Corporacidn de la Reforma Agraria or Agrarian Reform
Corporation (CORA). This institution has to do with the

division by grants of large rural properties, consolidation

3“

of minifundia, formation of small agricultural villages and
provision of technical assistance and credit to the farmers
to whom the parcels of land are granted.

Ministerio de Agricultura (Ministry of Agriculture).

 

As an executive agency, the Division of Agriculture works in
the provinces of Chile (see Figure 1.2) through five admin-
istrative offices. It is composed of the following depart—
ments: Economics, Research, Stock Raising, Soil Conservation
and Extension and Agricultural Defense.

Other organizations that have played important parts
or which will have important roles in the future are:

Distributors of agricultural machinery. Their main

 

contribution has been importation of machinery and occasion—
ally some training courses for operators and sales personnel.
They must now service machinery and maintain stocks of parts
for the equipment they sell; these responsibilities were
established very clearly in the Oecrete 637, of October 2“,
1967.

The distributors and dealers can assume an extremely
important role in the future, especially in training per-
sonnel, assistance to the farmers in demonstrating the best
use of machinery and through supporting research to link
the kinds of machinery they import to the agricultural con—
ditions of Chile.

Local manufacturers have now a limited importance but,

 

in the future, they must assume the responsibility to

35

manufacture most of the machinery to be required in the
agriculture, to carry out experiments and testing or to
support the research, to give assistance to farmers who
buy their machinery.

The role of the universities, research institutions
and other institutions related to research will be dis—
cussed later.

Favorable and unfavorable conditions for mechanization.

wi'vi'

 

In Chile there are many favorable factors for the mechani-
zation of the agriculture such as:

1. Land distribution. There are about 13,000
holdings larger than 200 hectares, where
mechanization could easily be intensified.

2. The climate in general is favorable for the
mechanization. In the north and central region
the irrigated land can be worked through all the
year; in the south the rains restrict work, but
in most of the cases it is possible to have ten
work months.

3. Varieties of crops. This allows a better dis—
tribution of the works through the year.

“. Mechanization can improve the quality of farm
work, besides the saving of labor.

5. Mechanization improves the social level of the
farm workers if they can receive training for

jobs with modern machinery.

36

The main unfavorable condition is the high price of
the machinery and parts. However, labor is abundant and
cheap. For these reasons, in some periods, farmers who
used tractors returned to the use of hand— and animal—power
because these were more economical (16, 18).

Table 3.6 shows a comparison of prices for some types
of tractors in different countries, in 196“. It can be
seen that Chile's prices for tractors are the highest. This
situation is similar for the rest of the machinery and for
the parts.

Fortunately, legislation in recent years reduced the
price of a tractor from $5,770 in 1965 to $3,250 in 1969.
The prices of parts were decreased by 35 per cent (5).
CORFO estimates that this is only a first stage because a
larger decrease can be achieved.

Other very serious obstacles that mechanization still
has to overcome are:

1. Lack of trained personnel: agricultural mech-

anization specialists, technicians, mechanics
and operators;

2. Lack of experiment and testing in agricultural

mechanization;

3. Lack of extension work in agricultural mech-

anization;

“. Insufficient use of machinery in cooperatives.

37

 

 

 

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mLOpomLB

 

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mmdze mSOHpm> mo

mmowhmll.w.m mqm¢e

38

The evolution of mechanization in Chile will depend more
on the agricultural development policies of the government
than it has in the past. The latest achievements give an

optimistic promise for the future.

IV. AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION

RESEARCH IN CHILE

“.1 Present Stage

 

Only sporadic efforts have been made in the aspects
of research in agricultural mechanization in Chile, speci-
ally at the universities and some governmental and private
institutions. CORFO (5) indicate that, before 1963 not
more than ten research projects of importance had been done.

The first attempts to initiate research in agricul-
tural mechanization were made in 1957 when an Agricultural
Mechanization Center was created at the Agronomy Faculty
of the University of Concepcion. Until 196“ this was the
only institution which carried out organized experiments
in agricultural mechanization.

There are four other universities with Agronomy Facul-
ties but they have only sporadically carried out research
related to mechanization.

After 196“ CORFO started a research program aimed
mainly at finding guidelines for importation and for national
production of machinery. With the cooperation of importers

various kinds of machinery were tested to find their

39

“0

adaptability to Chilean agricultural conditions. CORFO has
also been doing experiments on tillage, harvesting methods
and mechanization studies of some specific crops. These
experiments have been develOped in collaboration with the
National Sugar Industry (IANSA), The Oil Seeds Industry
(COMARSA) and the Agricultural Development Institute (INDAP).

The Agricultural Research Institute started a project
(n1 agricultural machinery research in 1965 at its three
rnain experimental stations to determine suitable methods
aluimachinery for tillage, but this project was discontinued
'because two of the three agricultural-machinery specialists
Inere granted scholarships to study in the U. S. in 1967.

The Agricultural Research Institute with a personnel
of‘1“7 professionals and 58 technicians (12) has the respon—
sibility for the whole research in agriculture in Chile.
Figure “.1 shows the technical and administrative organiza—
tion of the institute.

The line of agricultural engineering is not organized,
.nor has a coordinator. There are two specialists in irri-
gation and three specialists in agricultural machinery.

The research project presented in this report is aimed
Inainly at organizing the research in agricultural mechaniza—
‘tion at the Agricultural Research Institute, and to coordi-
nate Institute work with that of related governmental and

private institutions.

“1

TECHNICAL ORGANIZATION

 

COUNCIL

I

7

‘—

 

 

ASSESOR
COMMITTEE

 

 

IDIRECTIONI

 

 

I I I

I

I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CROP ANIMAL SOILS FRUITS AGR. AGR. PROD. OF EXTENSION
SCIENCE SCIENCE ENGR. ECONOM. SEEDS
\ V 1\ 'f
Lines of Research Lines of
Promotion
EXPERIMENT STATIoNS
E l
I DIR“CTIOI
I _
I I *1
Main LA PLATINA CHILLAN CARILLANCA
s . EXP. STA. EXP. STA. EXP. STA.
tatlons
(SANTIAGO) (CHILLAN) (TEMUCO)
IVALLENAR] LVICUNA] I CAUQUENESI OSORNOI
Sub ,
Stations

 

 

 

ILA CREE] I PAINEJ

Figure “.l.--Organization of the Agricultural Research Institute.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I Los ANGELESI

 

 

 

 

 

 

“2

“.2 Need of a Research Project

 

The facts in the preceding chapters Show that Chilean
agriculture has good prOSpects of improvement in the next
decade. Officials and technical personnel, as well as
farmers recognize the importance of mechanization for the
success of the developing of agriculture.

The necessity of research in agricultural mechaniza—
tion is evident, since information in all aspects must be
obtained to successfully implement the mechanization pro-
cess. Many experts have insisted that each country has to
develOp its own research. There have been many cases of
failures in the use of imported machinery in developing
countries because different conditions exist than those for
which the machinery was originally designed (16).

Obviously researchers will need a solid knowledge of
the basic findings already available in develOped countries,
and they have to keep up to date in related publications.
In this way more advanced research can be adapted to local
conditions. This adaptation should be the main goal in the
research in agricultural mechanization in Chile for the
first five or ten years.

The coordination of the research is very important to
avoid having different institutions do their own research
separately, and solve only their immediate problems. Co—
Operation between the institutions responsibles or inter-

ested, with specialists working together will be of more

13

benefit to the country as a whole. At the present time
there are few specialists in agricultural mechanization and
the facilities and equipment are limited and difficult to
obtain;

The research results obtained so far should be
analyzed by all specialists and the future research must be
coordinated in a way that can lead to complete solutions of
mechanization problems.

“.3 Essentials for the Success

I OTIthe REsearchIin
Agricultural Mechanization

 

 

 

The following points can be considered as essentials
for the success of a project in agricultural mechanization
in Chile:

1. The active collaboration between all governmental
and private institutions, dealers and distribu-
tors of machinery. The support of the industries
related will be extremely beneficial.

2. The training in mechanization given by the facul—
ties of agronomy is very limited, more training
must be available to the specialists involved in
research.

3. Technical assistance to organize or develop
specific types of research should be encouraged,
Specially until a coordinated team of researchers

and leaders is organized.

““

Technical exchange between Specialists of
different institutions, with specialists of
all Latin American countries and those of
countries carrying out similar projects are
also important.

The establishment of an agricultural engineer-
ing curriculum is an urgent necessity in Chile,
because the agronomy curriculum cannot prepare
Specialists for all aspects of agricultural
engineering needs.

Extension work in agricultural mechanization
aspects has to be increased. Here again the
necessity of an agricultural engineering
curriculum is felt, because the lack of
trained personnel can be a major obstacle to
the application of new techniques or machinery

recommended by the research.

V. PROPOSAL

5.1 Seminar on Agricultural
Mechanization Research

 

 

The first step to establish an agricultural mechani—
zation research project is to organize a seminar for all
the specialists who are working in research in agricultural
mechanization at the present time and representatives of all
related or interested instutions.

The seminar Should be organized by the Agricultural
Research Institute and CORFO, and held in Santiago or
Chillan. The program for this seminar Should consider the
following basic points:

1. Presentation and discussion of the research

and studies being done by all institutions;

2. Panel on the future needs of research in

agricultural mechanization; and

3. Election of a working committee on study and

coordination for agricultural mechanization

research.

“5

“6
5.2 Agricultural Mechanization
Research Cemmittee

This committee should have the following responsibilities:

1. To prepare a study of the present stage of research
in agricultural mechanization.

2. To coordinate all research in agricultural mechani—
zation that can be done in Chile; to establish
exchanges with other Latin American research
institutions.

3. To organize courses and seminars at national and
international levels on aspects related to
research in agricultural mechanization.

At least five specialists Should constitute this

Committee, and should be:

A representative of Agricultural Research Institute,

A representative of CORFO

A representative of the Universities,

A representative of Chilean distributors and industries,

A representative of the Ministry of Agriculture.

At least three of the five members of the committee
Should work directly in research on agricultural mechaniza—
tion. Not less than six Committee meetings a year should be
held.

It would be best that the Committee Operate for at

least four years, to have enough time to complete the

“7

organization and coordination of the research. Research will

continue through all stages.

Figure 5.1 shows how the research in agricultural

mechanization could be established in Chile.

5.3 Goals of Agricultural
MeChanization‘Research

 

 

5.3.1 Immediate Goals (should be

 

achievediin‘flrst or
second year).

8..

0.

To determine the state of agricultural mechanization
research to date.

To evaluate the future needs of research in agricul-
tural mechanization.

To run preliminary eXperiments in areas where no
information is available.

To secure financing, technical assistance and
training of the research personnel.

After one or two years, to plan specific experi—
ments for the next three years, as indicated in

Figure 5.2.

5.3.2 Intermediate Goals (should be

 

achieved in fourth or fifth
year).

After three years of specific eXperiments including one

or two years of preliminary experiments, recommendations in

the following areas must be made:

“8

 

SEMINAR ON
RESEARCH IN
AGR. MECHANIZATION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MINISTRY OF
AGRICULTURE
AGR. RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
6
TO ESTABLISH THE CORFO, AGR.
AGR. MECHANIZATION MACHINERY
RESEARCH COMMITTEE DIVISION
UNIVERSITIES
DISTRIBUTORS
AND ’
INDUSTRIES
To COORDINATE PROJECTS
IN AGRICULTURAL MECHA-
NIZATION RESEARCH
. I
6* v .____i___

 

AGR. RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES CORFO I

F—

 

 

 

 

 

 

INSTITUTE I ////g

Institutions Who Will Be Responsible
For Doing The Research

 

 

 

 

Figure 5.l.--Flow Chart for the Organization of the Research for
Mechanization of Agriculture in Chile.

9
U.

 

 

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5.15.3

a. Better methods for using machinery.

0. Which types of machinery should be imported,
and which should be manufactured in Chile.

c. 'Most economical and efficient ways to use
the machinery.

d. Specific plans to reorganize and extend the
areas of research for the final 5—year period,

as indicated in Figure 5.2.

Long-Term Goals

 

After eight or ten years of having operated the research

project, full information should be available and all the most

important aspects of agricultural mechanization studied, and

recommendations in the following aspects should be available:

5.3.“

a. The most appropriate methods for using machinery.

b. Types of machinery and equipment suitable to
Chilean conditions, imported or to be made in
Chile.

c. Economic aspects involved in the use of machinery.

d. Most important aspects in design of machinery and
implements for Chile.

e. Adequate information on methods and equipment for
processing, rural electrification, and handling

and storage equipment.

Follow-up Project

 

a. At the end of eight or ten years that this project

will require, plans Should be made to reorganize

51

the research by establishing a new project called
Agricultural Engineering Research Project, to
consider separately the areas of power and
machinery, processing and handling, electric power,
farm structures and irrigation and drainage. See
Figure 5.2. I

b. Advanced studies should be initiated at this point

on design of machinery, and in basic research.

5.“ Types of Research to be Done

It has been indicated that after four or five years of
study, new research in all aspects of agricultural mechaniza-
tion should be initiated, and after eight or ten years a more
detailed research program named agricultural engineering
research Should be established.

The research project presented here will consider mainly
the aspects of power and machinery, but most of the guidelines
presented can be applied to the rest of the areas of agricul-
tural mechanization.

Types of research in agricultural mechanization that
have to be considered are:

5.“.1 Field experiments

5.“.2 Testing of machinery

5.“.3 Economic studies

5.“.“ Design and adaptation of machinery

5.“.5 Basic research

52

This classification is considered suitable for the

following reasons:

1.

It gives an idea of the different types of experi-
ments and tests that could be done in the area of

power and machinery.

It could make easier the establishment of priori—

ties for the future research; if some aspects are

delayed information will continue to be recorded
to start that type of experiment later on a

better basis.

Future needs of equipment and facilities, and
types of training required for the personnel can
be better visualized.

The work of the different institutions can be
better coordinated and complemented knowing the
related problems that have to be solved. Each
institution can put more emphasis in particular
areas, knowing that this is part of a total

program.

Many experiments will fall into more than one category

specially in the first few years of work. For example, the

field experiments will consider both economic aspects and

testing of the equipment.

Figure 5.3 shows a general picture of the aspects of

agricultural mechanization that should be considered now or

in the future in Chile.

 

FIELD

553

~———I_TILLA0E .
PLANTING .
DIFFERENT

 

 

 

 

EXPERIMENTS

 

 

 

 

TESTING OF

 

 

 

 

ECONOMIC

STUDIES

 

 

 

8‘ MACHINERY T

._______§

 

DESIGN AND
D. ADAPTATION OF
MACHINERY

 

a,

 

 

 

BASIC
RESEARCH

 

 

 

 

~————ICULTIvATIONI———— CROPS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

—————{PEST CONTROL} DIFFERENT
SOILS

DIFFERENT
W REGIONS

 

 

 

Laboratory Testing of

 

Prototypes

 

 

 

Field Testing of Machinery

 

 

 

 

 

Standardization of Testing Procedures I

I

 

 

Minimum Requirements for MachineryI

 

11

Cost of OperationJ

 

 

 

A

Farm Machinery ManagementI

 

 

 

Selection of Machinery I

 

Survey Studies]

 

 

 

 

Agricultural Machinery Enterprises

 

 

 

 

 

 

————I Adaptation of Imported Machinery I

Design of Machinery for National Production]

 

 

Design of Implements and Tools for National

 

 

Production

 

 

 

 

To find Relationships Machine—Plants-Soils

 

for Local Conditions

_———I Test New Ideas from Abroad]
I

 

 

 

 

 

 

DevelOp Theories About Specific Local

 

 

 

Problems

 

Figure 5.3,-—Types of Research in Agricultural Mechanization in Chile.

5.“.1 Field EXperiments

 

The field experiments must have first priority during
the first four or five years of the research project, be-
cause they are designed to solve the immediate problems of
the farmers, and because the lack of information in this
area is delaying more extensive and efficient use of
machinery.

These experiments should be directed to finding better
methods of using machinery more efficiently and economically.
The main crops, types of soils, topography, climate and
cropping systems used in the different regions of the coun-
try have to be analyzed before planning specific programs.

Three types of experiments can be considered:

1. Preliminary experiments. These experiments should

 

be done when no previous information about agricultural pro-
blems is available, and the methods and types of machinery
used or useable in Chile is large.

For example, if tillage is studied, there is a large
variety of machinery, and the possible combinations of
machinery and tillage methods are many.

The preliminary experiments can compare all possible
treatments without a specific design, and with no replica-
tions. The other possibility is to use an experimental
design and to make a statistical analysis using a low power

to find significant differences.

55

These experiments can be especially useful in agricul-
tural mechanization research because large plots are used,
the cost of the machinery is expensive and the experiment
may be too large to handle. A preliminary would identify
the most promising factors, and allow reduction of eXperi-
ments to a Workable size.

2. Specific experiments. These eXperiments would be

 

designed for testing particular crOps, work methods and
machinery prior to any specific recommendations to farmers.

An eXperimental design adequate to the purposes of
the project must be used. At least four replications have
to be used, and a statistical analysis of the results is
necessary. These experiments should be repeated over at
least three years to counteract any effect of climatic
variations through the years.

The standardization of eXperimental design conducted
in all research institutions is essential. IElectronic
computation can be used for the statistical analysis.

3. Demonstration egperiments. These experiments should

 

be done mainly on farms, central to agricultural production
areas where farmers can observe the process and compare the
results of the different treatments.

It would be best to delay these experiments until
results are obtained in the earlier specific experiments.
In these cases only two or three of the most promising

treatments can be compared with the traditional method.

56

o

The different Operations, crOps and other conditions
that should be studied in field experiments are shown in
Figure 5.“.

A project outline for methods and machinery for a field

experiment in wheat production is presented starting on page

58.

57

 

 

FIELD EXPERIMENTSI

 

    
   

       
     

  

MECHANICAL
OPERATIONS

DIFFERENT
AGRICULTURAL
ITUATION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WHEAT
CORN
TILLAGE .
SUGAR BEETS AGRICULTURAL
PLANTING ZONES
POTATOES
, CROP SOIL
FORAGES PROTECTION TYPES
‘____ 1
FRUITS HARVEST SIZE OF
‘ —---—> . ENTERPRIZE
I VEGETABLES HANDLING
' . 0F MARKET
IOIL SEEDSI__1 AGR. PRODUCTS SITUATION
I VINEYARDS

 

 

 

 

OTHERS

Figure 5.“.--Aspects to be studied by Field Experiments.

PROJECT TITLE:
Subproject

Departments

Cooperating
agencies

Date of initiati

Date of revision

Probable duratio

Personnel

Leaders

Cooperators

Location

Main Experiment

58
PROJECT OUTLINE

Tillage Methods and Machinery
Wheat

Agricultural EngineeringI

Soil Science Agricultural

Crop Science I Research
Institute

University of Concepcidn
University of Chile
INDAP

CORA

on: December, 1969
June, each year

n : 5 years. To continue after this 5-year
period, after a complete
reorganization.

l farm machinery specialist
1 soil science specialist
l crop science (wheat) Specialist

To be selected from the 3 specialists in
charge in each one of the 3 main experi-
ment stations.

Agriculture economics specialist; weed
control specialist; soil science labor-
atorist; extensionists.

 

 

Santiago (Centra

Chillan (South C

Temuco (South)

(Chile)
Stations Substations
1 Zone) Vallenar (North Central)
Paine (Central Zone)
entral) Cauquenes (Coast Range)

LOS Angeles

Osorno

importance:

1. Wheat is the most important crop in Chile.

2. Tillage is one of the basic operations for wheat
production.

3. There is not enough information about tillage methods,
machinery, efficience and cost of the different till-
age operations.

“. Most of the farmers use methods of tillage based on
their own experience. In many cases this implies
excessive tillage with severe damage to the soil,
and high waste of power and money.

5. There is very much interest on the part of exten—
sionists, cooperatives, governmental agencies and
farmers to know the adequate methods of tillage and
machinery for their conditions.

Objectives:

1. To find most adequate methods of tillage for wheat
and other cereals in the main regions where it is
grown.

2. To be able to select the most adequate tillage
machinery for wheat production.

3. To find most economic tillage methods.

“. To obtain guidelines for governmental and private

agencies about what kind of equipment to import or

to manufacture in Chile.

60

5. To standardize the experimental procedure.
Resume of Previous Investigations:

In general there has been no organized research. Some
experiments especially at the universities as thesis for stu-
dents of agronomy have been done. The rest has been demon—
strative types of experiments carried out by some governmental
or private agencies.

The University of Concepcion at the eXperiment station
of the Faculty of Agronomy has made some eXperiments in
tillage for wheat which could answer the problem in their
area. These experiments deal with tillage methods and cost
of operation.

The Agricultural Research Institute started experiments
in tillage for wheat and there are results of two years.
Tillage methods, types of machinery, cost of Operation and

tIme to initiate the tillage were compared.

'Mcthod of Procedure:

1. Experimental Design.

 

a. Randomized Complete Blocks: This will be the most
common design to compare various tillage methods. The plot
size will depend upon the size of the tillage implements.

In general the plots will be 10 meters (30 ft) in width by
a minimum of 20 m. (60 ft). Sufficient headland for the
free movement of equipment is necessary. Four replications

should be the minimum.

61

b. Split Plot Design: This design could be used when
studying more than one factor, as for example: (1) tillage
methods and date to initiate the operations; (2) tillage and
type of weed control; (3) tillage methods, week control and
fertilization.

c. Incomplete Blocks or Incomplete Blocks with frac-
tional replications could be used when comparing two or more
factors at various levels and the number of treatment com—
binations is too big. This type of design could be used
after having collected information in which to base the
decision about what treatment combinations and what interac-
tions could be neglected.

2. Tillage Machinery. It is necessary to consider

 

that many farmers own some type of tillage machinery, many
of which probably should not be used. If a large number of
farmers own certain pieces of equipment they should be
included in the experiments in order to know the less harm-
ful way to use it until the farmer could afford the purchase
of better equipment. One example is the rotary tiller that
some farmers use excessively and probably should not be
used in many of the cases.

At least some of the following tillage equipment should
be included:

1. Moldboard plows. To compare different types of

bottoms.

2. Disc plows. The most commonly used in Chile.

62

3. Rotary tiller.
“. Chisel plows.

Offset disc harrow. Very much used in Chile.

\J-I
o

6. Field cultivators.

7. Double action disc harrow.
8. Spring tooth harrow.

9. Spike tooth harrow.
10. Rollers, packers, mulchers.

3. Treatments. In each region the farmers are using

 

a large variety of tillage methods and tillage implements.
In those areas where no previous experimentation has been
done it would be convenient to start the first year with a
preliminary experiment comparing all possible tillage
methods or combination of methods. This could include up
to 20 treatments without any replication. This will permit
to watch the work of each implement, to define what measure—
ments are more convenient, to prepare the personnel, and
to observe the effect of soil moisture, date to initiate the
plowing, velocity of the equipment, etc.

The definite design will be established after knowing
the results of the first year.

In areas where previous eXperimentation has been done,
the definite design could be done without running a prelimi-

nary experiment.

63

The treatments that could be compared in Chile are:
1. Conventional method in the particular area.
2. Disc plow + secondary tillage.
3. Disc plow and plant.
“. Moldboard plow + secondary tillage + plant.
5. Moldboard plow and plant.
6. Plow plant (moldboard plow with drill, one
operation).
7. Offset harrow + moldboard plow + secondary
tillage + plant.
8. Offset harrow + moldboard plow + plant.
9. Offset harrow + plant.
10. Offset harrow and plant (one operation).
11. Rotary tiller + plowing + secondary tillage +
plant.
12. Rotary tiller + plowing + plant.
13. Rotary tiller + plant.
1“. Rotary tiller and plant (one operation).
15. Chisel plow + secondary tillage + plant.
16. Chisel plow + plant.
17. Chisel plow and plant in one operation.
18. Field cultivator + secondary tillage + plant.
19. Field cultivator + plant.
20. Field cultivator and plant in one Operation.
Not all of these 20 methods have to be compared in all

regions, but only these that seem more adequate.

6“

For the definite design a maximum of eight treatments
should be compared. Perferable “ to 6 treatments with four
or more replications.

For experiments including two or more factors, not more
than four tillage methods have to be included.

It is likely that the definite design could include the
following treatments or some of them:

1. Conventional (generally will have excessive

tillage).

2. Moldboard plow + secondary tillage + plant.

3. Moldboard plow + plant.

“. Disc plow + plant.
5. Rotary tiller or offset harrow + plant.
6. Chisel plow or field cultivator + plant.

“. Measurements.

 

Soil measurements
Mechanical analysis
Fertility level
Bulk density
Permeability
Agregate size
Soil moisture
Photographs

 

Implement measurementg
Depth and width of work
Forward speed
Draft
PTO requirements
Turning time
Cost of operation

 

65

5. Report of the Results. The most common type of

statistical analysis will be analysis of variance to the
yields of the crOp to find if there are significative
differences between the treatments.

Simple regression analysis between any factors that
could affect the yield could be done. Also multiple
regression analysis between the yield and the most impor—
tant of the many factors that affect the yields could be
done. The computer facilities that the Agricultural
Research Institute has available should be used.

Studies of correlation between the different factors

affecting the yields could also be done.

5.“.2 Testingfiof Machinegy

 

This experiment will also have priority because of the
importance of having standard methods to test the machinery
to be imported and that from national precedence. CORFO
has already a program for testing imported and national
machinery.

It would be necessary to establish at least two cen—
ters for testing machinery: one at Santiago run by CORFO
and the other could be at the University of Concepcidn where
agricultural engineering may be established. These centers
should be adequately equipped and staffed; the technical
assistants from countries where this kind of program has
been donetku'many years have to be obtained for the best

organization of these centers.

66

The collaboration of importers and industries related,
and the exchange with foreign testing centers Should be
encouraged.

The main aspects to be studied at these centers will
be the mechanical characteristics of the machinery, such
as: simplicity of the design, size, mechanical efficiency,
materials used, field efficiency, facility in the use and
maintenance, power requirements under different agricultural
situations, etc.

The personnel at each center should at least include:

An agricultural engineer,

An agricultural mechanization specialist,

A technician,

mechanics, and

operators.

SAMPLE PROJECT OUTLINE

Project title: Testing of machinery. Planters.

Institution : CORFO. Machinery Testing Center.

Cooperating agencies: Universities, distributors of
machinery

Date to start: 1970

Duration : 3 years

Leaders : l agricultural engineer

1 agricultural mechanization specialist
Collaborators: agricultural economists
agronomists

farmers

67

Objectives:
1. To standardize testing procedures for planting
machinery;

To compare functional, mechanical and structural

I‘d

characteristics of planters;

3. To know draft requirements and power consumption
under local conditions;

“. To encourage importers and national industry to
sell suitable machinery for Chilean agricultural

conditions.

Previous information:

CORFO is the only institution carrying out testing of
machinery. The results of such tests should be available to
‘all farmers and persons interested.

The literature from abroad is abundant and has to be
carefully reviewed, especially that from the United States

and Europe.

Procedure:

The testing procedure for planters should be established
first. This has to be obtained from the literature and adapted
to local facilities and personnel available.

Laboratory tests should be preferred. One simple
method which has been extensively used is to mount the hopper
and metering device on a stand, and passing a recollection

board beneath. The distribution of the seeds over the board

68

can be analyzed statistically to have an idea of the per—
formance in the field. Field studies to observe the final
stand would be necessary initially, and regression analysis
of laboratOry and field data can be made to find laboratory
procedures which give the highest correlation with field
performance.

The aspects of structural characterisitcs, quality
of materials, simplicity of the design, care and maintenance
required should also be recorded under field or laboratory
conditions.

The experimental equipment can be installed with
available resources, but efforts should be made to obtain

all necessary equipment later on.

Report of the results:

The results of the tests must be published and made
available to specialists in machinery, extension personnel
and farmers. The format used for the report could be like
that in the Red Book published by Implement and Tractor
(U.S.A.), or like the reports of the National Institute of

Agricultural Engineering (NIAE), England.

 

5.“.3 Econgmic Studies

This study Should also have priority because the econo—
mic aspects are extremely decisive for the present and future
development of agricultural mechanization in Chile. Also the
social implications of mechanization (replace labor) have to

be considered.

69

Some of the aspects that have to be studied are:

l.

2.

Cost of operation of farm machinery;

Capacity and efficiency of machinery;

Optimum mechanization level for given Size—farm;
Possibilities and procedures for establishing
cooperatives for buying and/or using agricultural
machinery;

Governmental and/or commercial agencies for hired
machinery;

Rural labor situation and its implications for
the mechanization process;

Cost studies of mechanizing a given crop for
different regions of the country;

Comparative cost studies of using hand power,
animal power, and tractors for a given operation;
Survey studies of the situation of national pro—
duction of machinery, market situation for various

kinds of machinery, etc.

The use of electronic computation, which is available

in Chile, would be very convenient for processing all the

information obtained from this type of study.

5.“.“ Designgnd Adaptation of Machinery

These studies will be essential for the success of the

national production of machinery.

.70

During the first years of the project more emphasis on
adaptation is preferable so that machinery already owned
by farmers can be used at its full capacity.

Strong cooperation between agricultural engineers from
universities and industries, and specialists in mechanization
will be required to initiate this type of experiment. After
the creation of an agricultural engineering curriculum these
professionals will be incorporated to the research project,
and the design of machinery for Chilean conditions can be
strongly improved.

In this report it is suggested that adaptation studies
can be initiated first. Design of machinery can wait until
trained personnel would be available, which could mean four
to eight years after the initiation ofthe project.

in the future the agricultural engineers should design
manual implements, animal drawn machinery and tractor

machinery for Chilean agricultural conditions.

5,“,5 Basic Research

 

This type of research can be considered after the eight-
year period, at the end of the proposed research project, and
when the agricultural engineering project could be organized.

During the first two stages no time should be spent in
this type of research; during the last stage (from the fifth
to eighth year) the recording of information related to basic
aspects should be considered so that this information could

be the basis for initiating definite research later on.

71

It is also recommended that the researchers can keep
up to date on the research that has been done in other
countries. The exchange of information with other research
institutions should be enforced and the participation of
researchers in national and international meetings should
be encouraged. These exchanges and keeping up to date will
be valuable to initiate basic research, probably at the
agricultural engineering departments, as theses for students
to get their professional degrees as agricultural engineers.

Because this type of research could be initiated only
after six or eight years from now, the preparation of a

project outline would not be worthwhile at this time.

5.5 Equipment and Facilities

 

Prototypes of agricultural machinery will be necessary
for any type of research, with the only exception of survey
studies. The most important equipment and facilities will
be:

1. Field experiments:

 

Manual implements

Animal drawn implements

All kinds of tractor machinery

Tractors, fuels and lubricants

Self-prOpelled machinery

Arable land, fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, etc.

Laboratory instrumental

72

Measurement instrumental

Plot equipment

Photographic equipment

Transportation facilities

ShOp facilities

Electronic computing facilities

Expensive facilities such as shop facilities, field

and laboratory equipment, computing facilities should be
Shared whenever possible.

2. Testing of machinery. All kinds of prototypes of

 

the machinery sold in the country should be tested. Important
facilities Should include:

All kinds of testing instrumentsl

Reports from other testing centers

Electronic computing facilities

3. Design and adaptation of machinerywill require

 

laboratory and experimental shop facilities. Research instru—
mentsl and equipment should be obtained.

Complete lists of instruments, equipment and materials
have to be prepared according to the research projects to be
developed.

“. The basic research will require more SOphisticated

 

measurement instruments and laboratory facilities. Most of
these will probably have to be imported.
Simulated models of machinery, the reproduction of

field situations in the laboratory, simulated agricultural

73

products could be used in this type of research, and the
correlation between prototypes and models can be estab—
lished. The use of computers would be essential in most
of these eXperiments.

5. The economic studies will require mainly transpor-

 

tation, survey personnel and computing facilities. Most of
the studies should be planned in such a way that the data

can be processed by means of computers.

5.6 Personnel Required
Many peOple are required for the accomplishment of the
complete research project. It will be necessary, however,
to start with the personnel already available, and incor-
porate new specialists whenever possible.

The kinds of personnel required for the first few years

are:

1. Agronomists with specialization in agricultural
mechanization. Post—graduate studies in agri—
cultural mechanization or agricultural engineering
are essential.

2. Agricultural engineers forthe testing of machinery.
At least one in each testing center is needed.

3. Agricultural economists to carry on economic and
survey studies.

“. Technical advisers from countries with established
research programs, mainly the United States and

European countries.

7“

Mechanical engineers with proper orientation can be
substituted for agricultural engineers until such time
agricultural engineers are available in sufficient numbers.
Agricultural engineers should take the main responsibilities
in the research, with the cooperation from other disciplines.

The most important task for research personnel in
agricultural mechanization is the undertaking of further
specialization, because the personnel that will be working
for the first six to eight year will not have received
complete training in all aspects of agricultural mechaniZa-
tion. These advanced studies must be taken in foreign
countries until such time as an agricultural engineering

curriculum is provided in Chile.

5.7 Prospects for the Project

 

There are excellent possibilities for the success of
the project for research in agricultural mechanization pro-
posed. With the personnel, equipment and facilities avail—
able at the present time it is possible to complete in one
or two years the first stage which consists mainly of evalu-
ating all the research done, analyzing the results, and
carrying out preliminary eXperiments in the areas lacking
information. The main need for a successful start and final
achievement of all the goals of the project is full coordi-
nation and collaboration between the institutions.

It is believed that the necessary conditions for full

cooperation exist, especially because of the current

75

recognition among government officials, technicians and
farmers of the importance of mechanization in Chile.

Another encouraging fact is that many institutions
already have initiated research dealing with agricultural
mechanization.

If other essential aspects for agricultural mechani—
zation are improved, as eXpected, like education (creation
of curricula of agricultural engineering), extension work,
industrialization, national production of machinery, and
training for dealers, mechanics, drivers and Operators, etc.,
then the possibilities of achieving the total goals of the
proposed project are excellent. In fact, when the cited
conditions exist, exchanges of information between research
programs will be a necessary adjunct.

The financing during the first years will not be a
problem because the first stage will involve mainly the
personnel, facilities and equipment already available.
After two years, when definite programs are established, an
increment of the monetary support will be needed. This has
to be secured before initiating specific experiments and
tests.

In the future the main sources of financing the
research in agricultural mechanization should be:

1. The institutions responsible for the research,

mainly Agricultural Research Institute, CORFO

and the Universities.

76

2. Collaborating agencies (governmental and private)
such as COMARSA, IANSA, INDAP, CORA.

3. Economic support from distributors of imported
machinery, and from the developing national
industry.

A. Support from international agencies, especially
for technical assistance, the establishment of
laboratories and purchasing of experimental
equipment, and for the training of personnel.

The Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation,
FAO, AID are the most important for this
purpose.

It is very important that the future programs be pre—

pared in accordance with available funds. The project
proposal presented in this report helps to visualize short-

and long—term financing requirements.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

Among Latin American countries, Chile has a high level
of agricultural mechanization, but this level is low
when compared with EurOpean countries or the United
States.

The research for mechanization of agriculture has been

limited and scattered. Only in the last few years has

interest been demonstrated in the area of field experi—
ments and testing of machinery.

The necessity of organizing the research for the next

ten years is essential, because much information is

needed in all aspects of agricultural mechanization to
fully implement the National Agricultural Development

Plan (1965-1980).

A proposal for research in agricultural mechanization is

presented here. The most important goals of this pro-

posal are:

a. In the initial stage, efforts must be concentrated
in the analysis of the existing situation, securing
the financing and preparing specific eXperiments.

b. During the intermediate stage specific tests and
experiments in the most urgent aspects should be

started.

77

78

c. During the third stage a more expanded program,
involving all the aspects of agricultural
mechanization should be developed.

d. At the end of the first stage, which means after
eight or ten years of research, a project named
Agricultural Engineering Research Project should
be established.

5. If essential factors necessary for the improvements of
mechanization such as education, industrialization, extension
and training and general economic improvement are achieved,
and if coordination between the institutions working in
research with the support of the industries, importers of
machinery and national producers of machinery is obtained,

the chances of achieving the goals indicated in this pro-

posed project are excellent.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

79

PO

U7

Chang, C.

1966

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

w.

Agricultural Research. An example of practical
approach. In Selected Readings to Accompany
Getting Agriculture Moving. Edited by R. E.
Borton. The Agricultural Development Council:
New York. pp. 210-221.

 

1966

Chile.
1966

Research planning and coordination. In
Selected Readings to Accompany Getting Agri—
culture Moving. Edited by R. E. Borton. The
Agricultural Development Council: New York.
Pp- 705-715.

Tenencia de la Tierra y Desarrollo Socio—
Economico del Sector Agricola. CIDA (Comite
Interamericano de Desarrollo Agricola), 2da.
edicion, Santiago. p. “05.

CORFO, Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion.

1965

Geografia Economica de Chile. Texto Refundido.
Santiago, Chile. p. 885.

 

Participacion de la Corporacion de Fomento de
la Produccion en el Proceso de Mecanizacion
Agricola. Cuenta para el Comite Ejecutive.
(Mimeographed report.) p. 17. n.d.

 

196H

ECONOMIC
1969

Elgueta,
1965.

Ministerio de Agricultura & Universidad de
Chile. Insumos Fisicos en la Agricultura,
Ano 1961—1962. Santiago, Chile. p. 572.

Highlights of the Fifth State of Nation Address
by President Frei on May 21, 1969. Chile,
Economic Notes N0. “5. Issued by CORFO,
Chilean DeveIOpment Corporation, June 13,

p. 1“.

Manuel. -

El Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias.
Agricultura Tecnica 25:(l), Santiago, Chile,
Enero-Marzo. pp. 1-8.

80

9.

10.

ll.

13.

l”.

l').

16.

81

Giles, G. W.

1966 The First Step in Advancing Mechanization. In
Selected Readings to Accompany Getting Agri-
culture Moving. Edited by R. E. Borton. The
Agricultural DevelOpment Council: New York.

pp. 722-731.
Gill, John L.
1969 STT A23, Statistic 3 and ANS 854, Design of

Animal Experiments. Notes from Classes.
Michigan State University, East Lansing.

Hansen, E. L., H. F. McColly, A. A. Stone and J. B.
Davidson
l9H9 Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China.
Chicago, Illinois. pp. 61-108, 159—197.

Instituto de lnvestigaciones Agropecuarias. Tercera
1967 Memoria Annual, 1966-1967. Editorial Univer—
sitaria, Santiago, Chile. Diciembre. p- 170-

Inventory of Information Basic to the Planning of
196“ Agricultural Development in Latin America,
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