THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT METHODS 'OF APPLYING CHLORATES THESIS FOR THE DEGREE III II. s. I William H. Daughtrey 1930 M. MM INI?_# f' ”fly...“yl' IOLN'OIIU‘PI' rl‘ .xmmpmngg. 3.9%? We... 72.2%on IIIIV- _ . I I «I ' V r I I I Q A l I Jr I u l I . r . _ I \ II ‘ I s 1 k I ~ II . I I I . I I II I I l. I I I I I I I u . II M I I . II N . I I I I 0 fi _ I I I I 9%. I . .I . I . I I ’ I . I I I I I I I I I I I o. 0‘ I I III a I (I . I .M .o I I I . - I I. . In I ¢ I I I \lr. . . I l I. I II \ . I J I I \ IIrI \ n I I I I J 5 I I I I I I I I . I II I . . I I- IV' I J h I \ .v I I I I r. . I. In I I I I ~ I. .|.. O I I 1 I I I. l a t ‘ ‘ I- Q n I I II It I I I I . I I I I II I I III I I I . I II I . I I I II I . I I I I . . II II I J ‘ VI . I I Q I . I I IL.. I' I I II“ I I I n I .O I. I I I I I I 0 II I I II I II I I I I4: I I I ' b I t I I . I I II . .VI _ II . I. ~ ‘L. I I I I a I I I . _ I it. 5.. . I I . I I I I I II I. I I .1 I . I . u '1 I .‘ I. I I. I I I I v n I I It. 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Q at , . I‘ - ‘ \ , , .o ‘ I; -_ K I l u I . I . r ,7 . I ‘ . ’ V ”0 '. ' ‘ \ I !‘ bit ’1‘; 1’ "IV.“ fl. I_ J, -f. t 1 P! I , ’ I ‘ ’ .1 ‘.'. L ' ‘ A .1 f I ’.‘ . f l, ‘4‘} ,L I ‘w ‘ ,I' ' 4 I I I ' I I .v . . . I _. . . _. I I. H. W. I M . I . I . Ii'“ '.'.- II~MI 4?“. I‘ -. " I I. l I’j-k‘ r‘ a ”I 6% a}; s I 55:! - «Hf-.5: .c r ,r I ‘ I' III I." . ; '-' ,- ~. I 'F '- '- - .' I} Quay». } 37“? ‘.'. ,'I ‘I’. .,""- ‘I «.I‘ -. ‘59.. .w HILK "fir 'I MIL-'4 ~"'- -f 5.1, 1- "I. M I I. f1 . ”In, .' 53 fl 3.! , I '.'-'r- 11'} ,JJ} ' .- _ If. ' ' j ' , - ‘3 a V- . 5. .'[‘ .~ I I. -_ >' I; ~""\ ‘. I M 4 , II. p ' I I \ :é‘M‘IK-i“ . f I g..." 'I- . .w“. The Relative Effectiveness of Different Methods of Applying Chlorates The Relative Effectiveness of Different methods of Applying chlorates Thesis Respectfully submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science — at Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science ’3 William.H. Daughtrey 1950 Acknowledgment The writer wishes to take this opportunity to eXpress his sincere appreciations to Professor C. R. Megee for helpful advice and guidance throughout this problem.and final review of this paper. 95453 l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Table of Contents Introduction Review of literature Experimental Greenhouse work a. Materials and Method b. Results and discussion Field work a. Materials and Method b. Results and discussion Survey of the use of Chlorates on Michigan farms Summary Conclusions Literature cited Page 18 12 14 ‘3 50 55 432% Introduction Successful agriculture of today demands the economical production of high quality pnaducts. One of the farmer's most serious problems, as he strives to produce high quality products economically, is that of weed control. In spite of the seed laws, which are designed to prevent the spread of noxious weeds, there is a steady migration of troublesome weeds to the state of hichigan. There are many ways in which weeds cause losses to the farmer, such as, reducing the selling value of land; reduc- ing crop yields; increasing the cost of cultivation and har- vesting; reducing the market value of crops; etc. It has been estimated that the average annual loss from weeds alone amounts to one hundred and fifty to two hundred dollars per farm for the state of nichigan. The perennial weeds, such as, quack grass, Agropyron repens, perennial sow thistle, Sonchus arvensis, bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis, and others are especially hard to control because of their mode of propogation. These weeds are easily spread by cultivation because of their extensive underground root stocks. In controlling and eradicating these weeds it is impera- tive that some method be used which will reduce to a minimum fl -2- the chances of spreading the weeds. many methods have been tried out by experiment stations. Cultivation has not proven successful unless very thoroughly done. mothering with cov- er crops and mulches has not proven entirely satisfactory. Common salt has been used, but renders the soil unproductive for a number of years. Sodium arsenite has been used to some extent. It is poisonous and dangerous to handle. Copper sulphate, formaldehyde and other materials have been tried, but their field is limited. Of the many materials tested, chlorates have proven to be the most effective in controlling troublesome weeds. Ex- perimental work with chlorates for the control and eradication of weeds might be said to be in its infancy. Many ways of applying have been recommended, as applying to the soil, applying to the weeds in the dry fonn, spraying on the weeds, etc. Need of further investigation as to the best method of applying chlorates initiated this experiment. It was design- ed to determine the most effective method of applying chlo- rates in weed control under Michigan conditions. l‘ Review of Literature In reviewing the literature published on the use of chlorates for weed control, it was found that no direct work on the different methods of applying chlorates in weed control has been done. However, the following re- view of previous work is given because of its relation to the subject. Stewart and Pittman (1) working with cultural prac- tices and Sprays of crude oil, kerosene, salt brine, gas- cline and ”weed-killer" for the eradication of wild morn- ing glory report that none of the sprays were as success- ful as tillage for eradication. "Weed-killer”, whose analysis showed to carry a high percent of sodium.arsenite, was most effective of the sprays. Thorough tillage gave best results regardless of depth of plowing. _ Call and Getty (2) report that applications of 20 to 28 tons of salt per acre killed most of the bindweeds, but left the land useless for several years. Xslander (3) reports that when a solution of sulphuric acid was sprayed on.mustard plants under greenhouse condi- tions, the plants were killed under all conditions of humid- ity. However, best results were obtained in dry air. According to Gray (4) sodium arsenite is effective in -4- eradicating wild morning glory in the fog belt of California. It should be applied in October, as a spray in sufficient quantities to moisten all of the leaves. The quantity of spray required will vary with the density of the infesta- tion. Heavy infestations will require about three hundred gallons per acre. Sodium.arsenite is poisonous. Pammel and King (5) Sprayed thirty-one different weeds and cultivated plants with copper sulphate, sulphuric acid, sodium chloride, carbolic acid, slacked lime, formaldehyde, corrosive sublimate and other chemicals. Top growth was killed by all of them, but iron sulphate at the rate of two pounds per gallon of water and fifty gallons per acre gave best results. Clark (6) reports that grain fields infested with wild mustard, wild radish, small ragweed, pepper grass, pigweed, shepherd's purse, etc., may be freed from.these weeds to a large extent by the use of a 20% solution of iron sulphate applied as a fine mist. The value of the treatment is great- ly reduced if followed in a day or two by rain. .A 4% solur tion of cOpper sulphate was found to be as effective as a 20% solution of iron sulphate. Clark(6) also reports that iron sulphate may be used to eradicate weeds in lawns. Needs in driveways, tennis courts, along fences, etc., may be eradicated by spraying with arsen- ite of soda, one to two pounds to ten gallons of water per square rod. Salt brine at the rate of thirty pounds of salt to ten gallons of water was successfully used along fences. Rogers and Entrield (7).report that carbon disulphide has been.successfully used to eradicate perennial weeds. It should be injected in holes two feet apart each way, with the depth of holes ranging fraa twelve inches to eighteen inches for the different soils. Two ounces of carbon.disulphide is applied to each hole, and an indicator used to determine whether or not the soil is penetrated at all points. so injurious effect to the soil was noted. It had a tendency to stimulate crop growth after the temporary effect was over. Letshaw and Zahnley (8) report that salt used at the rate of twenty tons per acre destroys nearly all bindweed plants. It is too expensive and ruins the land for crop production for an indefinite period. It is also destructive to trees, shrubs and other plants. Various methods of treatment have been tried including spraying with solutions of sodiun arsenite, copper sulphate, zinc chloride, sodiun.hypachlorite, and a collsreial prepara- tion known as I1.11.3." weed killer. rallow test has also been made, but no other'mcthcd proved as successful al.8prny- ins with sodiul.chlorate. . One hundred pounds of sodiul.chlorate dissolved in one hundred gallons of water is sufficient to treat one acre. The first application should not be made before the plants have come into full bloen, which in central Kansas is about June first. The time of application of the second spray will -6- depend upon the recurrence of normal growth, usually four to six weeks later. Usually three applications will kill all growing plants, but sometimes a fourth application is necess- ary where plants are very vigorous. . Xslander (9) working with sodium chlorate, NaClos; pot- assium.chlorate, KClos; sodium thiocyanate, NaCNS; sodium cyanide, NaCN; and sodium.arsenite NaHAsos; in test for the eradication of Canada thistle, reports that an application of 200 Kgm. per hectare of sodium chlorate, or 250 Kgm. of potassium chlorate per hectare as a dry salt on the ground late in autumn killed the roots of Canada thistle during the winter. An application made early in the spring was less effective. other herbicides used had practically no effect on Canada thistle under field conditions. The effectiveness of chlorates is due to their rapid penetration through the. soil and their slow decomposition, especially at low temper- atures. ,Aocording to Hansen (10) tests indicate that patches of quack grass can be eradicated by mowing and saturating a month later with sodium.chlorate used at the rate of one pound per gallon of water. Best results were obtained when tops were mowed and sprouts saturated when from.six to eight inches high. ,Willard (11) reports that quack grass and Canada thistle may be effectively controlled by spraying with sodium chlorate. It requires from one hundred and fifty to three hundred pounds -7- of sodium.chlorate to kill quack grass. The best time to apply being Just before or during full bloom. Megee and Hudson (12) report that at the Michigan Experi- ment Station, quack grass sprayed with sodium chlorate during May and again during middle June in 1928, was very effective- ly controlled, the spray being about 99 per cent efficient. Preliminary tests indicate that the first application should be fairly heavy and that this should be followed with a lighter second application when the quack has resumed growth. Good results have been secured by dissolving sodium chlorate at the rate of one pound to a gallon of water and applying this solu- tion at the rate of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty gallons per acre for the first application and one hundred gallons per acre for the second application. In some of the tests, two applications have been very effective, but in other tests three or more applications were necessary. Megee and Hudson (12) also report that a method that has given very good satisfaction at the Michigan State College consists of deep fall plowing nine to ten inches, followed with shallow spring plowing four or five inches. The work must be carefully done so that all land will be turned or balks and poorly turned furrows will form bases from which the quack grass will continue to spread. After good plowing, the seed bed is carefully and thoroughly fitted for corn or any other clean-cultivated crop. oats seeded to alfalfa follow the corn crop. The alfalfa is allowed to remain four or five years. I. -8- This method does not always entirely rid the land of quack grass but it does control it so that good yields of field crops may be secured. ‘ A method which combines spray treatments and cultivation has been tried only in a preliminary way but is thought to have possibilities. A portion of one field was sprayed with sodium chlorate and then both the sprayed and unsprayed parts plowed. The quack was far more vigorous on the unsprayed portion. The smothering of quack grass with tarred paper, boards, or canvas is sometimes successful. Usually, however, he paper becomes torn and the boards spparate so that the quack grass soon finds a place to creep through and resume growth. Hudson (13) divided a fifty acre field of sandy nature and well sodded over with quack into eight areas upon which differ- ent cultural methods were used. The following conclusions were drawn from the work; 1. Summer fallowing on fall plowed land is a more reliable method for eradicating quack than summer fallowing on spring plowed land. 2. Seeding a crop before the quack is entirely dead will result in failure in ridding a farm of quack grass. 3. Fall plowing and seeding to a spring crop, either cultivated or uncultivated, will not eradicate quack. 4. Special tools are not necessary. Thorough use of a plow, spring tooth drag or disc harrow will kill quack grass. 5. Success in the destruction of quack grass requires frequent and thorough cultivation, no matter which method is used. Megee (14) reports that chlorates are proving effective for he control of quack grass, bindweed, creeping sow thistle, Canada thistle, poison ivy, and other weeds which are diffi- cult to eradicate. There are several kinds of chlorates, such as Atlacide, sodium chlorate, magnesium chlorate and potassium chlorate. Atlacide and sodium chlorate are the only chlorates which are being used at the present time for weed control. atlacide is considered safe to handle. Sodium chlorate is dangerous to handle unless proper precautions are taken. Dissolve from one to one and one-half pounds of chlorate in one gallon of water and spray on one square rod of area. guack grass, bindweed and creeping sow thistle usually reqitre three applications about thirty days apart. The application should be repeated when the quack grass has made new top growth and when the bindweed has come into bloom. Repeat the application until the weeds fail to produce top growth. Satisfactory results have been secured by applying chlorates at any time the veeds were making a vigorous growth. It is likely that the best tine to make the first application will prove to he at or near the bloom stage. -10- Hulbert et al (15) report that the commercial use of chlorates for weed control purposes in Idaho has met with gratifying success. In order that best results be obtained, the areas should not be cultivated Just prior to the appli- cation of chlorates. The underground root system should be represented by an appropriate amount of top growth. The effectiveness of the treatments increases as the plant approaches maturity. Complete eradication does not follow with sufficient frequency to warrant the statement that a single applica- tion is sufficient. Under irrigation, dissolve the chemical in water at the rate of one pound per gallon. Apply to plants in un- disturbed areas after full bloom.stage and in sufficient quantity to moisten all vegetation. Repeat the application the following season if necessary. In non-irrigated areas, for all perennial weeds apply a 10% solution in sufficient amount to wet the weeds thoroughly. Harper (16) studying effect of the time, rate, and method of application of sodium chlorate and certain other materials in controlling Johnson grass, found that two or three sprays would eradicate the grass. If viable seed were present in the soil, however, a new crop of plants would appear the following season, and unless the area was under cultivation another spray would be required to kill the young plants. -11- Where the Johnson grass can be cut with a mower, the first crop should be out Just as the heads begin to appear and the spray should be applied to the second growth when it is about twelve to ei;hteen inches high. The rate of application should be at least one hundred gallons per acre, and each gallon of solution should contain one pound of sodium chlo- rate. Sulphuric acid did not give as good results as sodium chlorate in the control of Johnson grass. '12- Experimental Experiments were conducted to determine the most effect- ive method of applying chlorates in the control and eradica- tion of troublesome weeds. The exleritenta vork was divid- ed into three parts, namely greenhouse work, field work and a survey of the use of chlorates on Michigan farms. Greenhouse Work Materials and Methods This work was conducted during the fall and winter of 1929 and 1950. It was divided into two series, the first of which was a study of the application of chlorates to differ- ent parts of the plant. The second was a study of the effect~ iveness of chlorates when washed off the plants at different intervals after application. I For the work of series I, four different plants were used, namely beans, corn, Bermuda grass and quack grass. These were grown in eight inch pots, and each kept under con- trolled conditions at all times. Sodium.chlorate was used in this work. The beans and corn received an initial application at the rate of one hun- dred pounds per acre, and the grasses an initial application at the rate of one hundred and fifty pounds per acre. Two weeks after the initial application, a second application of the same strength as the first was made. Each treatment was made in duplicate, ‘with each fifth -13- pot a check, (that is, received no treatment). The following treatments were made to each kind of plant: 1. Sodium chlorate applied to the foliage only. 2. Sodium chlorate applied to the stem only. 3. Sodium chlorate applied to the roots at the base of the plants. 4. Sodium chlorate applied to the soil through the bottom of the pot. The foliage and stem applications were made as a spray, and the root and soil applications were applied as a solu- tion. In making the treatments, the portions of the plants not to be treated were so protected that none of the material came in contact with them. Corn was used entirely in making the study in series II. This was divided into two parts. In one set the chlorate was applied to the leaves and the plants washed at different intervals allowing the material to enter the soil. The second set received the same treatment as the first set, except the pots were so protected that none of the material entered the soil. An initial application at the rate of one hundred pounds per acre of sodium.chlorate Was made, and two weeks later the treatment was repeated. The following treatments were made: -14- 1. Sodium chlorate sprayed on and the plants washed immediately. 2. Sodium chlorate sprayed on and the plants washed after ten minutes. 3. Sodium chlorate sprayed on and the plants washed after thirty minutes. 4. Sodium chlorate sprayed on and the plants washed after one and one half hours. 5. Sodium chlorate sprayed on and the plants washed after six hours. 6. Sodium chlorate sprayed on and the plants washed after twenty-four hours. Observations and notes were made regularly as to the condi- tion of the plants. Results and Discussion Beans were the most sensitive plants used and were the first to show any signs of failing after the application was made. One day after application the beans receiving the foliage treatment were showing evidence of chlorophyll loss. The stem, root and soil applications were showing a retarded growth two days after the application was made and chlorophyll loss on the third day. With corn the foliage application began to show up on the third day and the stan, root and soil applications were retarded in growth but showed no chlorophyll loss until six days after the treatment was made. With the grasses, both Bermuda and quack responded alike. r13. 1. Bean plante treated with eedim chlorate. Left, applied to the foliage only; center, ne treatment; right, applied to stem only. - 4 Fig. 2. Bean plants treated with sodium chlorate. Left, applied to roots at the base or the plants; center, no treatment; right, applied to the coil through the bottom.of the pot. 6" .——q 113. 3. Bean plants treated with sodium chlorate. Left and right, applied to the foliage only; center, no treatment e ~18- A slight loss of chlorophyll was noted four days after treat- ment from the foliage application. On the same date, a re- tarded growth was noted from the stem application, and the same condition was noted in the root and soil applications two days later. No loss of chlorophyll from the last three treatments was noted until nine days after the treatment, except for very slight evidence with the stem treatment on the seventh day. Throughout the experiment, the plants receiving the fol- iage application failed more rapidly and consistently than any of the other treatments. There was at no time any indica- tion of revival of the plants which was not the case with the stem, root and soil treatments. On the eighteenth day after the initial application, the beans receiving the foliage treatment were dead, while those receiving the stem, root and soil applications were showing a tendency to put out new growth and still had considerable chlorophyll present. There was no distinguishable difference in the loss of chlorophyll and stunting of growth between those to which sodium chlorate had been applied to the stem, to the roots at the base of the plant or to the soil through the bottom of the pot. Six weeks after the initial application, the corn plants which received the foliage treatment were dead, while the plants receiving the stem, root and soil application were in a very weakened condition but still showed a good deal of life. Likewise, the bean plants which received the stem, root and soil applications were showing signs of life and flhnmnfl "A...“ tgnflgnnv tn remnze z‘irowth as they had Just before I' __,7, _ ,_ ,— ris. d. Corn plants treated with sodium chlorate. Left, applied to the stem only; center, no treatment; right, applied to the foliage only. -so- Fig. 5. Corn plants treated with sodium chlorate. Left, applied to soil through bottom of pot; center, no treatment; right, applied to the roots at the base of the plants. ‘\‘\. - / finite" 1 an / T SSSSE 16; Am / . T , £113. 6 Quack grass treated with sodium chlorate. ‘Left, applied to the stem only; center, no treatment; right, applied to the foliage only. 1'13. 7. -28- W Quack grass treated 11th sodium chlorate. 'Lcrt, applied to the coil through.the bottom.of the pot; center, no treatment; right, applied to the roots at the base of the plants. -23- lie. 8. Bermuda grass treated with sodium chlorate. Left, applied to the stem only, center, no treatment; right, applied to the foliage only. '24- 313. 9. Bermuda grase treated with sodium chlorate. Left, applied to soil through the bottom of the pot; center, no treatment; right, applied to the roots at the base of the plants. -25- the second application of sodium chlorate was made. on the same date, that is, six weeks after the initial application, both the Bermuda grass and quack grass receiv- ing sodium chlorate spray on the foliagevvere apparently dead, the chlorophyll having disappeared and the plants showed no indications of recovery. The grasses receiv- ing their treatment by the stem, root and soil methods mentioned had recovered somewhat and had only a very limited amount of dead or brown material present. There was some indication of resumed growth. No difference could be detected between the stem application, root application and soil application. No effect was noted until the third day after appli- cation in series II in which the leaves of corn were sprayed with sodium chlorate and the plants washed at different intervals, at which time evidence of chlorophyll loss and retarded growth was shown by all treatments. After a few days there was a decided difference between the different treatments. The plants which received sodium chlorate spray and were washed immediately showed only slight effect from the chlorate, and the harmful effect of the other treatments increasing in direct proportion with the length of time the chlorate remained in contact with the plant, up to the six hour period. There was very little difference in the plants on which sodium chlorate spray was allowed to 1‘18. 100 Corn plants treated with sodium chlorate and washed at different intervals. Material allowed to so into the soil. Left, washed immediately; center, no treatment; right, washed after ten minutes. -27- ‘I Fig. 11. Born plants treated with sodium chlorate and washed at different intervals. material allowed to so into the soil. Left, washed after thirty minutes; center, no treatment; right, washed after one and one half h0111'3e fig. 13. Corn plants treated with sodium chlorate and washed at different intervals. Material allowed to go in soil. Bight, washed after six hours; center, no treatment; right, washed after twenty-four hours. 1'18. 13e Corn.plants treated with sodium chlorate and washed at different intervals. Esterial kept out of the soil. Left, washed after ten minutes; center, no treatment; right, washed immediately, Fig. 14. i 1. I ( 1.1K / -5» ts ~ I -‘ . :, 1’" A r v Corn plants treated with sodium chlorate and washed at different intervals. Haterial kept out of the soil. Left, washed off after thirty minutes; center, no treatment; right, washed after one and one half hOUISe Fig. 16. Corn.plants treated with sodium.chlorate and washed at different intervals. Material kept out of the soil. ‘Left, washed after ten minutes; center, no treatment; right, washed after 24 hours. fig. 1?. Corn plants treated with sodium chlorate. Left, washed off after twenty-four hours and material allowed to go into the soil; center, no treatment; right, washed after twenty-four hours and mater- ial kept out of the soil. Corn plants treated with sodium chlorate. Left, washed immediately and material kept out of the soil; center, no treatment, right, washed immed- iately and material allowed to go into the soil. remain six hours and those on which it was allowed to remain twenty-four hours. For a while, the plants which were washed and the chlo- rate material allowed to enter the soil failed a little faster than did those which were protected and the material kept out of the soil. However, after about eighteen days, no difference could be detected between the two sets. The plants receiving corresponding treatments showed the same results. The plants which the chlorate remained in contact with for six and twenty-four hours were dead at the end of twenty- four days. The other plants were in a very weakened condi- tion, were falling over and a large part of the chlorophyll had disappeared. It seems, therefore, that when sodium _ chlorate is sprayed on the plant it is probably absorbed, at least to some extent rather rapidly. Results obtained in a preliminary test in which the foliage on different parts of the bean plant was treated and the rest of the plant protected indicate that sodium Chlorate is transmitted frcm.one part of the plant to another. The chlorate seems to be transmitted more rapidly when the bottom leaves are sprayed than when the top or side leaves are sprayed. Results obtained from treating two bean plants in a pot and leaving two untreated indicate that sodium chlorate might have been transmitted through the plant into the soil. 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Bodim chlorate, (males), and ltlacide, a commercial cc‘poundanalysing approxinately 39 percent «1011:: chloride, 60 percent sodim chlorate and lpercent zinc chloride, were used in different ferns. Different nethods of applying were also studied in this experiment. the follo'ing treatments were made: 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bodiun chlorate spray using a concentrated solution. Sodim chlorate spray using a dilute solution. Plots sprayed Iith water and sodium chlorate crystals applied. Sodium chlorate crystals applied on dry grass. Sodim chlorate crystals applied and raked into the soil. Check -- no treatment Atlacide dusted on grass. Bodim chlorate crystals applied and one inch of water added. ‘ Sedim chlorate spray using a solution of etr-gth, not reeomnended by the Michigan merinent Station. 10. Sodim chlorate crystals applied and sprayed with water. 11. Atlacide spray using a man-ended solution. 18. Atlacide dusted on grass and sprayed with water. The term, recomended solution, when used refers to a solution containing one pound of material per gallon of water. In the concentrated and dilute solutions, the same amount of uterial was used, but in different quantities of water. In the former. Just enough water was used to dissolve the hater- 1.1, and latter was dissolved at the rate of one pound to two and one half gallons of water. This experiment was conducted on a heavy sod of quack grass and plots ten feet square used. Each treatment was replicated twice, with checks located systematically through the series. since it was not desired to completely kill all the plants, but rather to study the comparative effectiveness of the different treatmmte, sodim chlorate was used at the rate of two hundred and fifty pounds per acre and . Atlacide at the rate of five hundred pounds per acre. for applying sprays, a five gallon knap-sack sprayer was used, and a sun with a perforated top used for applying Ltlacide dust and sodium chlorate crystals. Applications of these naterials were ads on October 14, 1989, and notes have been taken during the experiment as to the condition of the grass in each plot. Results and Discussion The results of this experiment are given in table II. It will be noted that the sprays gave the best results throughout. The number of plants sm'viving on November 14, to go through the winter were fewer on the plots which were sprayed than on any of the other pits. 'fhe Atlacide spray showed a twenty per cent survival of vegetative growth, which was the highest for the sprays, as conpared with forty-five per cent survival on these plots receiving sodius chlorate crystals raked into the soil. Plots treated with sodius chlorate crystals on the dry grass shoved forty-tn per cent survival. and . those treated with Atlacide dust and sprayed with water showed tIenty-three per cent survival on Rovenber 14. the remaining treatnaits showed about the sale . anount of vegetative growth surviving in the fall. the range was only five per cent between the high and low plots of this group, being thirty-five and thirty per cent respectively. fhere seeud to be a slight difference in favor of the concentrated spray when considering the survival of vege- -51- tative growth in Nevnber. In comparing it with the other sprays, this difference is not great enough to consider really significant. There was, however, a significant diff- erence between the sprays and other treatments, with the exception of plots dusted with ltlacide and sprayed with wqter. The difference here was not so great. the plots were observed closely in the spring frcls the time growth began. The anount of growth or percent survival of plants after going through the winter should be the best criterion by which to Judge the effectiveness of the diff- erent treatments. It will be noted from the table that the plots which showed the lowest percent survival in the fall were, in general, the ones to show the lowest per cent survival the following spring. The plots sprayed with concentrated and dilute solu- tiens of sedius chlorate showed a small increase in the percent of vegetative growth surviving when conpared with the percent survival in November. The reeomended solution spray of soditas chlorate and Atlaeide showed a slight decrease in the survival of vegetative growth. this seems to indicate that the last two are a little more effective in killing the root stock than the first two. The plots which received scdim chlorate crystals on the dry grass and sodium chlorate crystals raked into the “'52.- seil showed the highest percent survival of vegetative growth wi th forty-seven and sixty-five percent respect- ively. The plots dusted with Atlacide showed thirty- three percent survival on may 23, as compared with thirtrtwa percent on Revenber 14. ‘fhe plots dusted with ltlacide and sprayed with water showed the cane aneunt of vegetative growth surviving on Hey 33, as on novel-her 14. the plots sprayed with water and eedim chlorate crystals applied showed thirty-five percent survival of vegetative growth on m 85, against thirty percent on leveuber 14. the plots treated with sodiul chlorate crystals and sprayed with water and those treated with sediu chlerate crystals and ene inch of water added showed thirty-five and thirty-tn percent survival of vegetative growth respectively on lay 83, as compared Iith thirty-five percent on lcvnber ld. Ihen considering the amount of vegetative growth surviving during the spring, the sprays are the most effective in eradicating the grass. the sail treatment was least effective and sodim chlorate crystals applied to the dry grass next in order. ltlacide dusted on and 0m with water was the nest effective treatment after eliminating the sprays. However, it must be renumbered that Ltlacide was used at the rate of five hundred pounds- '53- per acre. there was very little difference between any of the ruining treatments. this field work tends to bear out the results secured under greenhouse conditions. he sprays, applied to the foliage of plants, are nere effective than soil applica- tions or other treatments in which the material does not remain in contact with the foliage. '54- esoHpooHHnon HHs non thHpnne vsoonen emsnepds «no no... man «no no as. no» no... «on no» 2 2.34 {Eel WW. 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I -. . .[r I u n a . . . . . . ' ’ , .. c .. n . .1 i .. . . 1 I . 'v' I A a. a a I. I ' a. I ’ - n I O u. . 1 " s I r 9 .y .lv ' .. . fl ! I - l s. . I i O . . . o . I . .Isl. . . a .... I if- .0. a I s... .t. .t . . . a .r .a ‘ , .. - . . . ‘., . i v a p. ‘ w . . C I .It I s - v e . 'I 1 n ‘ .I I - 'I ' state .0ea an. .I qr ‘ O yd / .l Dials. er I s. I VOoleI.l Survey of Use of Chlorates on lichigan rams lethod of Collecting Information the purpose of this survey was to determine the reaction of farmers, who used either sodium chlorate or Atlacide in weed control, to this method of weed control. A list of the dealers handling sodium chlorate or Atlacide in the state was secured frcn the Ilichigan term Bureau. A list of the farmers to whom chlorates had been sold was obtained from these dealers. the names and addresses of one hundred and fifty faners were secured by this method, and a questionaire sent to these farmers. Results: the following gives the questionaire sent out and a summary of the answers received for each question. 1. Did you use sodium chlorate or atlacidet a. .number using sodium chlerate 8 b. masher using Atlacide 38 8. How much did you use per square red? a. Average amount used per square red 3 lbs. 3. How applied, as a spray or dry font a. Number applying as spray 30 b. mnber applying in dry form 11 -56- d. that weeds were you trying to kill? a. Kinds of weeds used on: quack grass, perennial sow thistle, Canada thistle, bindweed, poison ivy, and wild carrot. 5. How many applications did you make? a. lit-bar making a application 15 b. Ember making two applications 18 c. Ember making three applications ll 6. Ihat results did you obtain? a. number replying “good" as b. [timber replying 5fairi' 10 c. Imaber replying 'peer" l 7. Ihat do you think of the effectiveness and cost of this method as compared with other methods? a. Huber replying favorable 88 b. number replying unfavorable 5 8. Do you consider this method practical? a. lumber replying yes 51 b. lumber replying ne 8 It will be noted from the above that all questions were not answered by each farmer. Only about one third of the questionaires sent out were returned, but these seem to show the trend of the subject. It will also be noted from the above that the farmers are not following the recommendation of the experiment station very closely in making applications of chlorates. they are not following up the initial application with the second and third treatment as they should for best results. those farmers following the recommendation of the experiment stati on are reporting excellent results in control and eradication of weeds. farmers who did not follow the recommenda- tion of the station, as a whole, did not report such good results. However, all farmers replying are looking with fever on this method of controlling and eradicating troublesome weeds. they consider that the cost of eradicating weeds by the use of chlorates compares _ favorably with other methods. they also consider it a practical method of eradicating woods on small W's a. 58- 8m hperiments were conducted to determine the most effective method of applying chlorates in weed control. 1. B. 3. 4. 5. sodium chlorate applied to the foliage, in the fans of a spray, was most effective in killing the plants. there was no significant difference in effectiveness of control between apply- ing chlorates to the stem only, to the roots at the base of the plants, and to the soil. Bodim chlorate showed some effect on corn plants, even though the plants were washed immediately. the harmful effect increased directly with the length of time the material romai nod in contact with the plants. Bodim chlorate remaining in contact with corn plants for six and twenty- four hours completely killed the plants. Chlorates applied as a spray were most effective in controlling weeds 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. under field conditions. the recommended solution sprays gave slightly better results than did the concentrated and dilute solution sprays. Atlacide dusted on the grass at the rate of five hundred pounds per acre and sprayed with water gave very good results. there was no significant difference betwun the effectiveness of spraying plots with water and applying sedit- chlcrate crystals, applying sedim chlorate crystals and adding one inch ofsater, dusting Ltlacide on the dry grass, and applying sedim chlorate crystals and spraying with water. Sodium chlerate crystals applied to the dry grass and sodium chlorate crystals applied and raked into the soil were least effective in control respectively. the field and greenhouse work tend to bear out the can. results. PC 11. -60- the farmers who have used chlorates in weed control are looking with fever on this method of eradication and con- trolling troublesmne weeds. 1. 8. d. -61- conclusi one the most effective method of applying chlorates ‘ in weed control is to apply to the foliage of the plants as a spray. A solution of approx- imately one pound per gallon of water should be used. If spray equipment is not available and dry chlorates are used, they should be applied . immediately following a rain rather than on the dry weeds. If chlorates are applied to the soil and parts of the plant other than the foliage, much larger quantities of material are necessary for the same results. then sodium chlorate is sprayed on the foliage of the plants, it will have some effect even though rain falls inediately after the application is made. If rain does not fall within one and a half or two hours, the chlo- rate will be much more effective, and if an interval of six hours exists between the time of application and rain, the chlorate will be nearly one hundred percent effective. l. 3. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. Literature Cited Stewart, G. and Pittman, D. I. Studies in the Indication of Iild Horning Glory. Jr. Am. s... lei-om, ld: soc-sis. 1.... call, L. I. and Getty, B. I. the tradieaticn of Bindweed. Kansas Agri. Exp. Sta. Cir., 101: 1-18. 1983. Asiander, A. Sulphuric Acid as a seed Killer. Jr. Agri. Research, as: ices-aces. 1927. . Bray, G. P. Spraying for the control of Iild Earning Glory Iithin the reg Belt. Calif. Agri. up. on. (312., ice: 7 p. 1917. Panel, L. H. and King, 0. ll. Notes on trad- ication cf Iceds with Experiments lads in ' 1907 and 1908. Iowa Agri. Exp. Sta. Bill. 105: see-coo. 1906. ' Clark, 0. L. control of Needs by dhuisal heatment. lass. Agri. ht. Leaflet, 78: d p. Rogers, c. t. and Hatfield,” I. carbon Disul- phide for the tradication cf Perennial-seeds. Gels. up. Ste. 3111., 547: 3.9.1.... Latshaw, I. L. and Zahnley, J. I. Killing Field Bindweed lith Sodium chlorate. Kansas Agri. up. Sta. Gir., 13c: 15p. 1988. f‘ 9. 10. 11. 18. 13. 14. 15. 1's :slander, A. lxperiments on the Eradicat ion of Canada thistle, Cirsim mouse, Iith Chlorates and Other Herbicides. Jr. Agri. Research, 3C: 915-95z. 1938. Hanson, A. A. Eradicating Quack Grass with Sodium Chlorate. Jr. Am. Soc. Agron, so: 1180-1183. 1928. Iillard, C. .1. An Easier Iay to Kill Quack Grass Iith Scdima Chlorate. Ohio Agri. txp. Sta. Bul., 14: 181-185. 1989. liegee, C. B. and Hudson, 8. S. Sodiu Chlo- rate Spray Controls Quack Grass. Mich. Agri. 3x9. Sta. Quart. ML, 11: 189-132. Feb. 1989. Hudson, 3. S. quack Grass Indication. Mich. Agri. up. Sta. Quart. 3111., 8: 39-40. August 1939. logos, C. h. Chloratcs for Iced Control. farm Crops Department, Michigan State College, Himse- graphed Circular: 3p. 1950. Hulbert, H. I. , Remsberg, I. D. and Spence, H. L. Controlling Perennial Iceds Iith Chlorates. .Tr. Amer. Soc. Agron., 28: 483-458. l930. Harper, H. .T. the Ice of Soditn Chlorate in the Control of Johnson Grass. Jr. Amer. Soc. Agron.. as: 417-488. 1930. ROOM USE ONLY , . .. .I. .. u . 7‘. -.1 ...J|Q1>1l.a.x.h«. &.e\‘v.v.1.\a . I. . -J. . ,. .m. oath-.. . foams: ..\ :70 .W.) . _\ Nea‘v .iiij ‘.4 . . 1m. n“. t . J .a e a s . .‘u. _ . fi. ”a v .. 4“ .(M. . .. in. .3... on. - o . \R 10 . . -, ind! - . Elwin . :5“. . .M - . .0.” at ‘4’)..flshh .3 ting... .u . .. 7 WW. no. .3... 3...... . 4...... a....,. V ‘M .. J9 2.5.. . n. _. . . . o. . v .. u . . . . . r. a n . 4 | _ 4 l . ‘ . . . y . u. \.. 3 o . s . . e . .l .. I .a. n . as y . . . v v . 3" ' '~ S'i‘1&1;s", .‘ .cue , r. a . . . “I. .’M’. ll.‘ . , . .. . .. vol...\ 5. .. a! £031..- .43.}: .J1. .V Inve . .K. I 3. uni . 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