ammo ROUGHNESS or CORRUGATED, _ ; ‘ _ _ i UNPERFORATED PLASTIC DRAINAGE meme "heszs forms Degree 0135.3. Wimfié STATE UN :‘w‘j 68301. (MC 19?}. LIBRAR Y Michigan State University ‘ ABSTRACT HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS OF CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC DRAINAGE TUBING BY Gurol Dinc Manning's formula has long been used in the design of drainage systems for clay and concrete tiles. The more extensive use in recent years of corrugated plastics has develOped the need for an investigation on the hydraulic properties of corrugated plastic tubing. This study was made to investigate the effect of corrugation spacings and types, variation of diameters, and the slope of the tile lines with respect to the hydraulic characteristics of plastic tubing. Two experimental tubing lines were set up, one for small diameters and the other for large diameters. The hydraulic properties of the tubing were investigated under full-flow conditions. Experimental data showed that fluctuations of Manning's n resulted from a) corrugation spacings and b) types of corrugations. Gurol Dinc For slopes less than .008 ft/ft coefficient n of Manning formula became a function of slope. For slopes greater than .008 ft/ft the coefficient n was close to being constant. Approved Major Professor [flaunt Department Chairman HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS OF CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC DRAINAGE TUBING BY Gurol Dinc A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Engineering 1971 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author expresses his great appreciation to Dr. George Merva and Professor E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering Department, for their unfailing guidance and encouragement throughout this research. Their experience and ideas were a constant source of assistance during this study. It has been a great privilege to work with them. Appreciation is also extended to Professor Leo V. Nothstine, Civil Engineering Department, for his coopera- tion and assistance. Grateful acknowledgment is due to Professor Theodore I. Hedricks, Food Science Department, for the use of the Dairy Plant, and for his understanding during the period of its use. The author wishes to express his thanks to Mr. William Fishback, City Board of Water and Light of Lansing, and to Mr. Arthur Weaver, American Marsh Pumps, Inc. for their cooperation in the loan of needed equipment. Sincere appreciation is also extended to Advance Drainage Systems, Inc. for financing the required funds to complete the second part of this project and to ii Michigan Vitrified Tile Co., Springfield Plastics, Inc. and Canada Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd. for donating the tubing used in the experiment. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . I. Development of Plastics in the Use of Drainage Systems . . . . . . II. Hydraulic Properties of Flow in Drainage Tiles . . . . . . . EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE . . . . . I. Experimental Set Up for Tubing Up to 5 Inches Nominal Diameter . . . II. The Calibration of 90° V-notch Weir . III. Experimental Set Up for Tubing 6 and 8 Inch in Diameter . . . . . . IV. Tubing . . . . . . . . . . DISCUSSION OF RESULTS . . . . . . . . . CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK . . . . . . . RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FIELD INSTALLATIONS . . . REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX C O O O O O O O O O O O 0 iv Page ii vi 10 10 14 15 19 20 49 50 51 52 53 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Tubing companies and products used . . . . l9 2. Recommended Manning n values for slopes greater than .008 ft/ft. . . . . . . 51 Figure 1. LIST OF FIGURES System installation under operation. Water falling into the reservoir is pumped back into the head tank for recycling . . . . . . . . . Pumping unit. Pressure control valve on the left, feedback control valve on the right . . . . . . . . Head tank in the foreground connected to the lower tank by 8 inch plastic tubing 0 O O O O O O O O 0 Eight inch nipple is welded to the head tank for connection of the plastic tubing . . . . . . . . . . Parallel connection of the flowmeters. Control valve is in background on the left 0 O O O O O C I 0 Variation of discharge with respect to SIOpe for unperforated corrugated plastic drain tubing (Michigan Vitri- fied Tile CO. 4-ino ID) a o o 0 Variation of discharge with respect to slope for unperforated corrugated plastic drain tubing (Canada and Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd. 4-in. ID) Variation of discharge with respect to slope for unperforated corrugated plastic drain tubing (Advance Drain- age Systems Inc. 4-in. ID) . . . Variation of discharge with respect to slope for unperforated corrugated plastic drain tubing (Michigan Vitrified Tile Co. S-in. ID) . . vi Page 11 13 16 16 17 21 22 23 24 Figure 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Variation of discharge with respect to slope for unperforated corrugated plastic drain tubing (Springfield Plastics Inc. 5.7-in. ID) . . . . Variation of discharge with respect to slope for unperforated corrugated plastic drain tubing (Advance Drain- age Systems Inc. 6-in. ID) . . . . Variation of discharge with respect to slope for unperforated corrugated plastic drain tubing (Advance Drain- age Systems Inc. Set 1 8-in. ID) . . Variation of discharge with respect to slope for unperforated corrugated plastic drain tubing (Advance Drain- age Systems Inc. Set 11 8-in. ID) . . The effect of slope on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Michigan Vitrified Tile Co. 4-in. ID) The effect of slope on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Canada and Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd. 4-in. ID) . . . . . . . . . . The effect of slope on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Advance Drainage Systems Inc. 4-in ID) The effect of slope on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Michigan Vitrified Tile Co. 5-in. ID) The effect of slope on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Springfield Plastics Inc. 5.7-in. ID) The effect of slope on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Advance Drainage Systems Inc. 6-in ID) The effect of slope on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Advance Drainage Systems Inc. Set 1 8-in. ID) . . . . . . . . . . vii Page 25 26 27 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Figure Page 21. The effect of slope on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Advance Drainage Systems Inc. Set 11 8-in. ID) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 22. The effect of discharge on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Michigan Vitrified Tile Co. 4-in. ID) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 23. The effect of discharge on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Canada and Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd. 4-ino ID) 0 a o o o o o 42 24. The effect of discharge on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Advance Drainage Systems Inc. 4-in. ID) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 25. The effect of discharge on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Michigan Vitrified Tile Co. S-in. ID) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 26. The effect of discharge on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Springfield Plastics Inc. 5.7 in. ID) . . . . . . . . . . . 45 27. The effect of discharge on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Advance Drainage Systems Inc. 6-in. ID) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 28. The effect of discharge on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Advance Drainage Systems Inc. Set 1 8-in. ID) . . . . . . . . . . 47 29. The effect of discharge on Manning's n for unperforated corrugated plastic tubing (Advance Drainage Systems Inc. Set 11 8-in. ID) . . . . . . . . . 48 viii INTRODUCTION It is believed that the drainage of irrigated lands began as early as irrigation took place in agriculture. Although it is not known whether Sumerians or Egyptians were the first masters of irrigation and drainage, it is fact that during the Roman Empireera drainage of lands was in practice. The middle ages, which one can identify as the dark centuries of human history, did not bring any strik- ing innovation to the field of irrigation and drainage. This situation prevailed until the beginning of the 19th century when subsurface drain tiles were initiated in England. The mechanization of many agricultural practices, as a result of the industrial revolution, included the installation of drain tiles. The machines were built to facilitate the tiresome job of tile embedding. Advance- ments in technology brought automated tile installing machines and equipment to decrease the higher overall cost of the subsurface drainage systems. However, these developments have not satisfied the demand for low cost. Especially, the cost of draining agricultural lands has been relatively higher in slowly permeable soils and in soils with shallow impervious layers demanding narrow drain spacings. Reducing the high cost of installation of subsur- face drains could be achieved through the development of new techniques in the handling of modern equipment and by lowering the amount of labor involved in placing drains. Through the invention of the polyethylene plastics in the 1940's researchers in the field of drainage considered the possibility of using plastics as a raw material for tiles. Since then there has been extensive research carried on concerning the use of plastic tubing in subsur- face drainage systems. Recent researches have shown that using 200 feet long corrugated polyethylene plastic drains provided sufficient and promising results toward lowering the cost of subsurface drainage of Agricultural lands, even though their prices are comparatively higher than concrete and clay tiles. Despite all of the developments in the use of plastic drain tiles, there was little known about hydraulic characteristics, particularly the tubing of large dia- meters. It was necessary to conduct a hydraulic investi- gation of these tubing, especially to determine the fric- tion factors. Information on the values and variation of "n" was collected for use in the design of subsurface drainage systems. Experiments were conducted on eight different sets of corrugated plastic tubing. The effects of diameter, slope, styles, patterns, shapes, and spacings of corruga- tions were the critical items taken into consideration in the experiments. These factors were evaluated at several flow rates. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Although there has been much research done on flow conditions and the determination of roughness on closed conduits, very little has been done on corrugated plastic tubing used in drainage systems. Information initially used for roughness of plastic tubing were based on extra- polations from previous research done on clay and concrete tiles. The information from clay and concrete tiles could only provide approximate values for the plastic tubing and uncertainty existed about their validity. I. Deve10pment of Plastics in the Use of Drainage Systems Schwab (1955) succeeded in installing smooth plas- tic tubes into mole drains, and studied the feasibility of perforated plastic tubes as a method of subsurface drainage. After four years of observation, he concluded that pipe diameter, wall thickness and depth of installa- tion had an effect on the deformation of plastic tubes. Contrarily, the size of the mole channel and the type of soil had no effect on the deformation of plastic pipes. Busch (1958) modified a mole installing unit and mounted it on the tool bar of a model D-4 tractor of the Caterpillar Company to install plastic lining into mole channels to prevent future channel clogging by the soil. He concluded that the mole drainage with a plastic lining was feasible and was of low cost compared to the conven- tional subsurface drainage. In the Netherland, De Jager (1960) examined the deformation, sand infiltration, and the discharge of corrugated plastic pipes in a one meter sand tank. He used Hooghaudt's (5*) assumption that the flow of water in the vicinity of the drain can be divided into radial flow and entry flow. For calculating the discharge of perforated plastic pipes, he used Ernst (6*7*) equations which included the radial and entry flow: __9 2 = Ahr — H 1n U and Ahx a W WIIO where, Ahr = hydraulic head for radial flow Ah = hydraulic head for entry flow = permeability (m/day) drain discharge per m. drain (mz/day) UOWX II = height of installation above underlying impermeable layer (m) U = wet surface (m) a = coefficient He installed the perforated plastic pipes into different types of soil and compared them with clay tile * See the author's paper. drains under the same field conditions. He concluded that there were no reliable differences in drainage performance between plastic pipes and clay tiles. Fouss and Donnan (1962) investigated the stability and deformation of zipper-type plastic lining in mole channels. It was observed that zipper-type plastic lining was more stable than arc-type or overlapping-types of plastic lining. The zipper-type gave an especially better performance in sandy soil than the other types. Myers, Rektorik, and Wolfe's (1967) work included the deflection of polyethylene drain tiles. Laboratory studies showed that plastic drains fail by deflection rather than by rupture of the walls. To provide lateral support for the polyethylene tiles they recommended that a 5-inch diameter cradle should be installed to support 160 degrees of the pipe's circumference. Rektorik and Myers (1967) developed a wheel-type trencher to install continuous perforated polyethylene tubing to depths of 9 feet in a trench only 10 inches wide. This made the cost of an installed plastic subsur- face drainage system 10 to 15 per cent lower than other equivalent systems. They also studied the deflecting characteristics of the polyethylene tubing under various envelope materials. III. Hydraulic Properties of Flow in Drainage Tiles The flow of fluids through pipes has long been computed by the Darcy-Weisbach equation. However, the hydraulic designs of drainage systems are based on the well-known Manning (1889) formula, Q = £L%§g R2/3 S1/2 A where, Q = discharge from the tile lining (cfs) A = cross-section of tile (ftz) R = hydraulic radius of flow (ft) S = slope of the hydraulic grade line (ft/ft) n = the coefficient of roughness (dimensionless) This formula was develOped by Manning from seven different formulas, based on Basin's experimental data, and further verified by 170 observations. Yarnell and Woodward (1920) worked intensively on the flow in drain tiles. Full-scale models for experi- mental investigation under uniform flow assumptions were used. They checked the validity of the Chezy's flow formula and determined the Manning's roughness coefficient as 0.0108 for concrete and clay tiles. This value was based on tests of tiles up to 12 inches in diameter. They also found that the roughness coefficient may be increased to as much as 0.02 for tile in poor alignment. Wesseling and Homma (1967) studied extensively the hydraulic resistance measurements of full flowing drainage pipes under pressure. A straight line relationship between log A and log Re, was found in which, A dimensionless friction factor Re Reynold's number From this relationship they concluded that the R and S exponents in the Manning's formula are higher than the ones normally used. The research showed that for corrugated polyethylene tubing, this relationship did not hold. Therefore they determined the resistance of corru- gated plastic pipes with small diameters from the Manning's formula as n = 0.0142. They also derived a relationship between discharge, hydraulic head, and length of drain for a constant inflow per unit length in the form of: where, 9 = discharge of the line L = length X = the distance from the outlet D = diameter of tile H = hydraulic head a = constant However, they found certain discrepancies between the obtained formula and field data. Full-scale experiments were conducted by Hermsmeir and Willardson (1970) on small diameter corrugated plastic drain tubing. Manning's n and Darcy—Weishbach f were determined on six different tubing ranging from 0.37 inch to 4 inch in nominal diameter. They recommended an aver- age design value of Manning's n of 0.016 for 2 inch through 3 inch diameter corrugated plastic tubing for grades over 0.001. For lower grades an average design value of Manning's n of 0.017 was recommended with these diameters. For corrugated plastic tubing less than 2 inch diameter an average design value of Manning's n of 0.018 was recom- mended. Their studies showed that humps and depressional variations up to two diameters from a uniform grade did not increase head losses in full-flowing lines. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE An experimental model tile line was set up near the Agricultural Engineering Department Annex to determine the hydraulic roughness on 4 and 5 inch diameter corrugated plastic tubing. The installation was later moved into the Dairy Plant and modifications were made to handle larger diameter tubing. I. Experimental Set Up for Tubing Up to 5 Inches NominaI Diameter A platform was built to provide a zero grade for the tiles. This horizontal position was checked frequently during the experimental period. The platform was approxi— mately 60 feet long, 3.5 feet high, and was supported by wooden stilts at 6 foot intervals. The operation of the system installation is shown in Figure l. The water flowed from the head tank through the tile line into the wooden weir flume and from there it was discharged to the collecting reservoir. It was pumped back into the head tank for recirculation. The head tank included a stone baffle to prevent air vortex from going through the tile line. A valve was 10 11 a... 3%. .. fir pumped back into the head tank for Water falling into the reservoir is recycling. l.--System installation under Operation. Figure 12 installed to block flow until a sufficient volume of water was stored in the system. The wooden flume consisted of a stone baffle, a 90° V—Notch weir, and two piezometers. The stone baffle was used to keep the turbulance and the approaching velo- city head on the weir at a minimum. Two piezometers were placed on the side of the flume, two-feet apart from each other. The leading piezometer was 3 feet away from the weir. The collecting reservoir was essentially a mina- ture plastic swimming pool, having a diameter of 7 feet and a depth of 2 feet. The pumping unit (Figure 2) included a suction line, a gasoline engine driven horizontal centrifugal pump, 2 control valves, a feedback hose and a pressure hose. The level of the water in the head tank was main— tained by the two control valves. This was accomplished by operating the valves manually. The pressure hose consisted of a rigid plastic tube of 2% inches nominal diameter with one and connected to the pressure control valve and the other end was attached to the head tank. The feedback hose was a tube of 2 inch nominal diameter with a connection at the feedback control valve and an attachment to the collecting reservoir. Four piezometers were installed at 10 feet inter- \ vals along the tile line. The first piezometer was placed l3 Figure 2.--Pumping unit. Pressure control valve on the left, feedback control valve on the right. 14 15 feet from the initial start of the tile line in order to avoid entrance turbulance effects on the monometer. Connections were made by inserting corks, with 4-inch long glass tubes in them. The corks were mounted in the holes in such a way that the end of the monometer openings were the same level as the inside wall of the tile. An industrial cohesive was applied to seal around the corks. The glass tubes were connected by k inch dia- meter tygon tubes to the central monometer board. The monometer board consisted of 5 glass tubes of 0.030 inch inside diameter. Four of them were used to measure the pressure in the tile line. These were the piezometers mentioned previously. The other tube was connected to the head tank to measure the water level. The slope of the hydraulic grade line was varied by changing the water level in the head tank. This was done by throttling down the pressure control valve and by gradually opening the feedback valve. Initially the head tank was filled to a certain level, then lowered an inch at a time. For each inch increment, a set of read— ings were taken from the monometer board and the weir. The water temperature was also recorded. Data for the readings are given in Appendix. II. The Calibration of 90° V-notch Weir The calibration of the V-notch weir was done by 5 \ measuring the discharge over the weir at different heads. 15 In measuring the discharge, a container with a known volume was used. The time required to fill the container was recorded for each head. A fortran computer program was written to determine the coefficients of the weir by the least square method. III. Experimental Set_Up for Tubing 6 and 8 Inch in Diameter The principals of the set up were the same as it was with the 5-inch or smaller diameters. The same mono- meter board and platform were used. Some modifications however, had to be made on the system due to the larger dimensions involved. The set up is shown in Figure 3. The head tank had the dimensions of 5x5x8 feet, and the dimensions of the lower tank were 6x3x12 feet. Eight inch nipples were welded to the sides facing each other. These nipples were used to connect the tanks to the tile line (Figure 4). On the side opposite the nipple in the lower tank, a 4-inch line was constructed. This outlet was connected to the suction line of the pump. Two 2-inch flowmeters (as shown in Figure 5) were connected parallel to the pressure side of the pump. Each flowmeter had a capacity of 160 gallons per minute. A valve was located on the pump side of one of the flowmeters. The valve was used to regulate the flow. At low flow rates the valve was closed and the discharge was measured by only one flowmeter. l6 h plastic 111C to the lower tank by 8 Figure 3.--Head tank in the foreground connected tubing. lded to the 15 we lPP le head tank for connection of the plastic tubing. Figure 4.-—Eight inch n 17 Figure 5.--Parallel connection of the flowmeters. Control valve is in background on the left. 18 The slope of the hydraulic grade line of the system was changed by the same method as mentioned previously for the 4 and 5 inch lines. The calibration of the flowmeters was done by using the facilities of the City Board of Water and Light of Lansing. They were found to be exceptionally accurate to within i0.001. The 8-inch tiles came in lengths of approximately 18 inches. In order to obtain the length of tubing needed, tape was used to splice the pieces together and to form a water seal. Two pumps were connected parallel to the lower tank outlet. Unlike the other systems, the pressure sides were not attached to the head tank. The measurement of discharge was done by photo- graphic method, using a 35 mm camera with high speed film. Initially the system was filled with water. After start- ing the pump, the lower tank started discharging water at a constant rate. The change of the head in the head tank and the pressure changes on the monometer were photo- graphed at 5 second intervals, with 20 pictures for each constant rate of flow. Head drops on the head tank observed at 5 second intervals, were used to calculate the rate of flow coming out from the tubing line. 19 IV. Tubing Tubing used in the experiment were obtained from companies throughout the United States and one company from Canada. The diversity of tubing were examined before the tubing were ordered to get a better representative sampling of various types. The names of the companies and their products used in the experiment are listed in Table 1. TABLE l.--Tubing companies and products used. Nominal Diameter Corrugation Spacing Name of Company Inches (average) Inches Michigan Vitrified Tile Co. 4.0 0.7 Canada Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd. 4.0 0.5 (Helical) Advance Drainage Systems, Inc. 4.0 0.5 Michigan Vitrified Tile Co. 5.0 0.7 Springfield Plastics, Inc. 5.7 0.5 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc. 6.0 0.5 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc. (Set 1) 8.0 1.15 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc. 8.0 0.5 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS A Fortran computer program was written to determine the effect of the following variables: 8, n, F, Q, V, and RE where, s = Slope (ft/ft) n = Manning's coefficient of roughness F = Darcy-Weishbach coefficient Q = Flow rate (cfs) V = Average velocity (fps) RE = Reynolds number All the variables were considered in the analysis with the main emphasis being on Manning's n with respect to S (slope) and Q (flow rate) and their relationships from the standpoint of the validity of Manning's equation for corrugated plastic tubing. The plot of S versus Q for each set of tubing are shown in Figure 6 through 12. The curves were drawn by using second order least square fittings. The flow rates plotted in Figures 6 through 12 were determined by a 90° V-Notch Weir. The actual formula obtained from the calibration of V-notch weir was used for the calculation of the flow rate. This was Q = 2.52H2'54. 20 21 Teas Heuxeui mmonm mm.o mN.o vw.o capo mspo Nine no.0 eo.o P D co. FIGURE 6 .02 .z_-¢ .ou unit om_t2mc2> zacszuzzi oszse zHcmo uHquom omemosxmou oweqmoumwmz: mom mmonw OH Hommwmm reHz moquuwHo no onequ¢> 03‘0 VZ‘O 22 700x HHO\H00 00000 Nm.F0 0N.p0 ¢N.r0 0N..0 07.0 N~..0 00._0 v0._0 00.00 W a, + a -..u a m U i 1PM” 7 it. Zuu E .1 “G W + n0 m .#+ .d F '0] v.3 9:: S x 10 + 0 ++*.* M 1.1% t0 ? 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[0 my 0 000 .z0lb.0 .020 00000040 040000200000 020000 20000 0000040 0000000000 00000000002: 000 00040 00 0000000 1002 000010000 00 20000000> 26 700; 000\000 00040 m: ..0 I .0 2 ._0 0000 00.0 00.0 0000 000 00. 00 W 3 10 m .U Q0 rmfi. r. My R 0 w .d n .o) PXJ 34. Q. 10 r 0 '0 r 8 000 .270 .020 0000005... 00020000 00z0>000 020000 20000 0000040 0000000000 00000000002: 000 00040 00 0000000 1002 000010000 00 20000000> 27 700* 200\000 00040 00.0 0N.0 00.0 ¢Nu0 wwuo 0~u0 00.0 00.0 #0. r n F p - FIGURE 12 200 .20-0 0 000 .020 0000000 00020000 0020>00. 020000 20000 0000040 0000000000 00000000002: 000 00040 00 0000000 :00: 000020000 00 20000000> 09'0 SS‘D 28 Nm.0 FIGURE I3 #00; l00\000 00040 \\\ 00.0 00.0 owwo mama «Luo 00.0 ¢0u0 F F 200 .z_-0 00 000 .020 0:000>m 00020000 0020>000 020030 20000 0000040 0000030000 000000000023 000 00040 00 0000000 :00: 000010000 00 20000000> 00. SIEJ 29 Figure 8 shows on the plot hysteresis between dis- charge and slope. This was probably due to experimental error on one of the replications. Discharges measured by flowmeters appear in Figure 10 and 11. The curves show a smooth relationship between flow rates and slopes. Widely scattered data points were obtained for two 8-inch tubing as shown in Figures 12 and 13. This was attributed to the method used to determine the rate of flow. This could be explained by the over accuracy of the method. As was mentioned in the experimental procedure section, a picture of the monometer board was taken at 5 seconds intervals. When the picture was snapped this gave an instantaneous location of the water levels in the monometer tubes. In other words, this did not allow con- sideration of fluctuations in the monometers. However, in the procedure of measurement taken by eye, the reading obtained was arrived at after the fluctuations diminished or if the fluctuations were too erratic an average reading was taken. In the original plotting of the data, the data points were more widely scattered than in Figure 12 and 13. Actually these figures show re-evaluated values of the data points. The reevaluation was done to minimize the error on over-accuracy in such a way that the head drops used for each set of measurements, was obtained by considering the head drops on the preceeding and following 30 measurements and taking the average of the two. This pro- cedure was used for all the measurements. Generally speaking, a fairly smooth parabolic relationship was obtained for discharge versus slope data. m This relationship could be expressed as Q = CS . According to Manning's equations, these variable correspond to: Q = Discharge S = Slope m=ls C = 1.489 R2/3 A n where: n = Manning's coefficient R = Hydraulic radius A = Cross-sectional area In order to verify Manning's equation the power m was determined from the data obtained for each set by using the least squares fitting method. This was done by taking the logarithms of both sides of the equation such as log Q = log C + m log S and these values are plotted. Straight lines were obtained for each set and the slope of these lines provided the m values. The values obtained, ranged from m = .5274 to .6132 or in other words the power m differed from the Manning m by .02 to .11. Despite Manning's assumption that n remains con- stant, it was found4that Manning's n coefficient changes with the slope as shbwn in Figures 14-21. Generally, the data points behave as assuming the constant n values on 31 7003 000\000 00000 Nm.o mN.o vw.o ON.0 o0.o N0.o no.0 v0.0 00.9U P p h p p F p P o + M. *7 .7 Mg. 1+th J! + ++ + H. thwnvr +H+t + + ##fln—v .# ++ fifl+++.+ +(v++0.+ + ++ ++ ##Hfi++++ + + + ImU ++ 8N *+ H0 + MN N .# 11 ‘DN 4. run.» F. .Ufiu 0 MW + ad nu 40 H” unfid t. we + .6 it” D nu h + 1. Z * 2U rs Q. 000 .20.0 .00 0000 00000000> 2000:0000 020000 0000000 0000000000 00000000002: 000 2 0.020220: 20 00000 00 000000 010 32 700* 000\000 00000 Nm.0 0N.0 ¢N.0 0N.0 00.0 N0.0 00.0 ¢0.0 00.3! .f P r P P P p r . . 0 + *HH 1.- Lw#.v + .t + + +iffi + . + + ++ ++ + + + .+ ++ .1. ++++A+vv + +. + II # + + + + m. + nhN + + U N + “N + Klmw .b + .Unu qxd .t nu Ru nu + n: m + A F. .IJ0 1. .8 .7 + * + 0. cl. 7v r. AD + .6 + 2% nu AU 000 .20.0 .000 .00 00030 20020200 020 000200. 020000 0000000 0000000000 000000000020 000 2 0.020220: 20 00000 00 000000 000 33 700* 000\000 00000 Nm.0 0N.0 vN.0 0N.0 00.0 N70 00.0 ¢0.0 00.0.! r — P p P [h P r + ++++ ? ++ ++ ++ E .....++++++ ++++ ##++++++++++ ++ mww H N N IN 8 mbnu 63 .t nu R U 3 G 11. F 11: j. 9 L 0.. ++ 0. I .0 U + + S + mu 8 000 .z_-¢ .020 0:00m»m 00020000 muz0>o00 020000 0000000 0000000000 000000000020 000 2 0.020220: 20 00000 00 000000 000 34 700; 000\000 00000 00.mw 00um 00w0 00mm, 00w0 000m 00u0 ¢0u0 ~0.pu m ‘+++++++(T + ++++....++.. + + +++ + + u. + ++ +++++++++ + + + ++ ++++++ 0.0 + ++ I + + 8W N. .N + I ION 7 0.60 1 0 “J M “U U 10 G + J0 H 04. + u. 7.. 70 X no a .7 + rm 7.. 2: .sz .8 00: 0000000; 20005:: 9 020000 0000000 0000000000 000000000020 000 z 0.020z20: 20 00000 00 000000 010 35 FIGURE 18 700; 000x000 00000 00.0 00.0 00.0 0000 0000 00.0 00.0 h {r 000 .z0sp.m .020 00000000 00000020000. 020000 0000000 0000000000 000000000020 000 2 0.020220: 20 00000 00 000000 000 00.0 SS'I I 63'! 29-1 33303 DNINNHN I LQ'I 2,01% I IL'I SL‘I 36 00.0 FIGURE 19 700; 000x000 00000 00.0 00.0 0000 0000 0000 00.0 «0.0 [—l r P PL 000 .20-0 .020 0000000 00020000 0020>000 020000 0000000 0000000000 000000000020 000 2 0.020220: 20 00000 00 000000 010 00. ‘ 33'! I 93'! 1 09'! rr°f° 8"! 33303 ONINNUN you: i9‘1 37 FIGURE 20 #00x A00\000 00000 00.0 00.0 00.0 0000 0000 00.0 00.0 p - + .1. + 000 .20-0 0 000 .020 0200000 00020000 0020>000 020000 0000000 0000000000 000000000020 000 2 0.020220: 20 00000 00 000000 000 I ’9'! 1 ZL'I I DB'I ar-f’ SS°I 33303 ONINNHN 3131* 89'1 38 ?o0§ 000\000 00000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00.0U “a lo HUN UU N N ON I...- finite 2 93 E 0 mm 30 0 J H 10:... Mm a. U a r0 cl no 0 [0 no .6 000 .20-0 00 000 .020 0000000 00020000 00200000 020000 0000000 0000000000 000000000020 000 2 0.020220: 20 00000 00 000000 000 39 higher slopes, but on lower slopes they behave by making a curvature upward. The critical slope, where the data points show transition from a fairly constant n value to a rapidly increasing n value, is found to be between .006 and .008 ft/ft. The behavior of Manning's n with respect to slope, was first thought to be related to the higher exponential values found for slopes in Manning's equation. By observ- ing the data points it was assumed that Manning's n value was an inverse function of some power of the slope as in n = SE-and the exponent a was related to the difference foung on Manning's power for the slopes. In order to verify this! the original computer programming was modi- fied considering the new exponential values found for each set of tubing lines. The new Manning's n values were determined for the corresponding tubing and they were re-plotted in the same manner. All the curves obtained from the re-plotting were essentially similar to the pre- vious curves. This seems to point to the fact that Man- ning's n was not an inverse function of slope. This was verified by using a Calcom plotter to obtain the best fitted curves to the data points. In the fitting process, the nth order polynomial least square fitting was used. The fourth order equations gave the best fitted curves as shown on Figures 14 through 22. The same phenomenon of the behavior of Manning's n can also be seen on the plots of discharge versus 4O Manning's coefficient for each set as shown in Figure 22 through Figure 29. In the same manner, Manning's n values are fairly constant on higher flow rates and sharply increases on lower discharges. For each set, Reynolds numbers strictly defines the turbulent flow for the criti- cal velocities. This implies that even though the range of validity of Manning's equation is satisfied, the equa- tion itself does not hold true for values of discharge beyond the critical discharges. This might be due to effects of corrugations on the flow of water through the tubing. When the curves representing the same diameter of tubing are superimposed, the wider corrugated tubes reflect a higher value of Manning's n than the tubes with a narrower corrugation spacing. The varying diameters of the tubes showed no sig- nificant effects on Manning's n coefficient for the same type of corrugation pattern (Figures 14 and 17). It was observed that the type of corrugation had an effect on Manning's n coefficient. The helical corru- gated tubing displayed higher n values than the regular corrugated tubing as seen in Figures 15 and 16. 41 00000 0000:0000 0000 00.00 00.r0 0000 00.00 00.00 0000 00. 00.00 0. 41+ 9 ti}? . + +0.00%? + + ++ t..+++ + + ++ .17... + + ++ nU sift + + I ++ mm + ”U N N + 1 UN -. 0 2 70 n .3 D m 3 G 4. H r01: 0 7... X nu T0 h. a .7 + + r0 0 000 .270 .00 00: 0000000; 20005:: 9 020030 0000000 0000000000 00000000002: 000 2 0.020250: 20 000010000 00 000000 020 42 00000 0000:0000 00.0 00.0 ¢N.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.91 P 0 h P b P r P Q. +# +++ ++ D + ++ +++ ‘: + + + ++.. .+ .7 ++ . + + + + + ++++ r1. .7 + + + m3 9“ H ++ ”U N + mm + 1m Q. + flUnu 9. F0 .3fiu n... m 3 nu + J0 n” .;40 0. 0' + x I U a fuel. 70 m. .6 + r70 00 “U 000 .20-¢ .000 .00 00000 20020000 020 0002000 020000 0000000 0000000000 000000000020 000 2 0.020220: 20 000010000 00 000000 010 43 00.0 FIGURE 24 0000 000000000 00.0 00.0 0.0.00 00.00 ++ t+++++ + + + + + + g+++ .7... 000 .anv .020 0200000 00020000 002¢>0¢0 00.0 .0sz00 0000000 0000000000 0000000000020 000 2 0.020220: 20 000010000 00 000000 010 00.0 Ef'l I 19'! .11.-1303 ONINNUN T BS'I 1 LS'I all” j SL‘I 88‘1 44 Ammo. mommzuwHo o«.o mm.o mm.o mugs ¢Nuo ow.o md.o -.o mo. FIGURE 25 no“ .zH‘m .ou ~4HH ouflugmhfl> zcofizqu. oszDH quw¢4m auhcozxmou omhcmommumz: mom 2 w.oszz¢: zo mommzuwHo mo pummmm mzh 91°d° 81'0 33303 ONINNHH OZ'O ZZ'D “DU! #Z'U QZ'O 45 Ammo“ momczumHo om.o mm.o om.o mN.o ON.O m~.o 0701. P P P h ‘1” b P o 3 4. + S + + Tnl + * + my.” .7 + ”U + N + + N IN ‘0 0 m w 3 r. nu W 1.... nu 44 r 34. 9 L * O I h. i. In (W L S “a“ .zH-p.m .UZH wquchm DJuHu¢z_mmm. ozfimsp quw¢4m omhqoammou omquommmmz: mom 2 w.oszz¢: zo moquuwHo mo Hummmm mzp 46 Ammo. momczuwHo om.ro Sue Ewe mmwo onus mums 36 five 35. ..r .7 MN" ”U N N IN m «.0 E .63 m D G 3 r 1....“ + Q“ *’ + a. II 7v 9 0 runlp an: .276 .uzg wtmhwrm maczgamo wuz¢>o¢. my. OszDH quwaqm Dupacsmmou Dupcmommmmz: mom 2 w.Oszz¢: zo mcmcruwfio no Puwmmm mzh 47 Ammuu momcruwHo om.o mm.o ~m.o ovuo ¢¢uo ov.o mm.o mm.o ow. % - FIGURE 28 + Hog .zH-m g Hum .uz_ m2u~m>m maazacmo muzc>o¢. oszDP QHPw¢Jm DUquammou oupmmommmmz: mom 2 w.oszz¢: zo mommzuwfio mo Hummmm mrp r U ZL‘I I 08'1 er°f3 I *9'1 99'! 33303 ONINNUN a- on * 38° 48 Ammo” mommruwHo um.ro mv .re 3. .po 07% mm.ro Nm..o meo cNHo ON. 00 ”m + + + 10 ”nun + no t W + + ++ + H + + + + I + .J.+ + + + ION 9 + + g 0 2 + m E + 3 D m 3 G J mm 104.. “M fl 0 mo 0 :0 mo 3 no“ .zH-m a“ Hum .uzg wzupm>m wongamo muz¢>oa. oszap uflpwcqm ompaosmmou awhcmommmmz: mom 2 m.oszz¢: zo momczuwfio mo Pummmu mzp CONCLUS ION l. The coefficient of Manning's formula became a dependent function of slope beyond the slope of .006 and .008 ft/ft. 2. The corrugation spacing had an effect on Manning's n coefficient with the wider spacing giving a higher n value. 3. The varying diameters of the tubing with the same type of corrugation showed no significant effect on Manning's n. 4. The varying types of corrugation had an effect on Manning's coefficient with the helical corrugated tub- ing giving a higher n value than the regular corrugated tiles. 49 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 1. Further studies should be continued to deter- mine the exact behavior of the Manning's n on lower slopes. 2. The same experiment should be repeated under partly full conditions. 3. An experiment should be conducted on perfor—V ated corrugated plastic tiles under water intake condition through the tile line as an objective of determining the behavior of Manning's n under field inflow conditions. 50 _ ”sinus? RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FIELD INSTALLATIONS Recommended Manning n values are tabulated in Table 2 for each set of tile lines. These n values should be used on slopes greater than .008 ft/ft for design purposes. In designing drainage systems with slopes less than -008 ft/ft, the designer should refer to Darcy-Weishbach equa- tion for basic calculations. TABLE 2.--Recommended Manning n values than .008 ft/ft. for slopes greater Type of Tiles Average Michigan Vitrified Tile Co., 4-in. Canada Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd., 4-in. Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 4-in. Michigan Vitrified Tile Co., 5-in. Springfield Plastics Inc. Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 6-in. Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-in. (Set I) Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-in. (Set II) .0178 .0169 .0151 .0178 .0159 .0150 .0180 .0150 51 ‘r _ ‘L—A— M--—a ‘ | - 1 n ’ REFERENCES Busch, C. D. 1958. Low cost subsurface drainage. Agricultural Engineering. 39:92-93, 97, 103. De Jager, A. W. 1960. Review of plastic drainage in the Netherlands. Netherland Jor. of Agr. Sc. V01. 8: 261-270, NO. 40 Fouss, J. L. and Donnan, W. W. 1962. Plastic-lined mole drains. Agricultural Engineering. 43:512-515. Hermsmeier, L. F. and Willardson, L. S. 1970. Friction factors for corrugated plastic tubing. Jour. of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings of ASCE. Vol. 96:265-271. Manning, M. R. 1888-1890. On the flow of water in open channels and pipes. Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland. Transactions. 20:161-207. Myers, V. 1.; Rektorik, R. J.; and WOlf, C. A., Jr. 1967. Deflection tests and trench conditions for plastic drain pipe. Transactions of ASAE. 48:454-457. Rektorik, R. J. and Myers, V. I. 1967. Polyethylene drainage pipe installation techniques and field performance. Transactions of ASEA. 48:458-459, 461. Schwab, G. O. 1958. Plastic tubing for subsurface drainage. Agricultural Engineering. 39:92-93, 97, 103. Wesseling, J. and Homma F. 1967. Hydraulic resistance of drain pipes. Netherland Jour. of Agr. Sc. Yarnell, D. L. and Woodward, S. M. 1970. The flow of water in drain tile. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 854. 52 APPENDIX 53 MANOMETER, WEIR AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COLLECTED DURING ROUGHNESS FLOW TESTS ON CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC TUBING Advance Drainage Systems, Inc. 4-inch ID Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 weir* h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 1 14.32 11.50 8.63 5.61 10.61 68 2 14.06 11.27 8.55 5.57 10.60 68 3 13.80 11.13 8.49 5.54 10.59 68 4 13.55 10.92 8.33 5.51 10.58 68 5 13.30 10.72 8.24 5.48 10.57 68 6 13.03 10.53 8.11 5.45 10.56 68 7 12.71 10.32 7.94 5.41 10.54 69 8 12.46 10.11 7.82 5.37 10.52 69 9 12.15 9.97 7.71 5.33 10.50 70 10 11.96 9.77 7.60 5.29 10.48 70 11 11.73 9.58 7.47 5.24 10.46 70 12 11.49 9.40 7.34 5.19 10.44 71 13 11.23 9.21 7.22 5.14 10.41 71 14 10.99 9.01 7.08 5.09 10.38 71 15 10.71 8.80 6.96 5.05 10.35 72 16 10.42 8.60 6.84 5.00 10.31 72 17 10.20 8.42 6.73 4.95 10.27 72 18 9.92 8.24 6.61 4.90 10.23 72 *h values correspond to heads measured on the weir with respect to a datum. Value of h - 5.85" gives head causing flow over the weir. 54 wn‘u’m it, 55 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 4-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 19 9.62 8.05 6.50 4.85 10.19 72 20 9.38 7.86 6.39 4.80 10.15 72 21 9.13 7.62 6.20 4.70 10.11 72 22 8.82 7.44 6.08 4.65 10.07 72 23 8.54 7.23 5.92 4.60 10.03 72 24 8.28 7.04 5.79 4.55 9.99 72 25 8.03 6.83 5.65 4.48 9.95 72 26 7.76 6.65 5.55 4.42 9.91 72 27 7.49 6.48 5.42 4.36 9.86 72 28 7.23 6.29 5.29 4.30 9.81 72 29 6.94 6.03 5.11 4.20 9.76 72 30 6.68 5.86 5.01 4.10 9.70 72 31 6.41 5.68 4.89 4.02 9.64 72 32 6.16 5.47 4.75 3.94 9.59 73 33 5.89 5.28 4.64 3.86 9.51 73 34 5.63 5.09 4.50 3.75 9.43 73 35 5.36 4.88 4.32 3.64 9.33 73 36 5.10 4.69 4.16 3.52 9.23 73 37 4.83 4.43 3.92 3.36 9.12 73 38 4.55 4.20 3.73 3.22 9.00 73 39 14.32 11.49 8.71 5.62 10.61 73 40 14.07 11.38 8.57 5.58 10.60 73 41 13.80 11.07 8.62 5.54 10.59 73 42 13.52 10.87 8.30 5.48 10.58 74 43 13.26 10.69 8.16 5.44 10.57 74 44 13.04 10.50 8.06 5.40 10.56 74 45 12.74 10.30 7.94 5.36 10.55 74 46 12.50 10.16 7.82 5.32 10.32 74 47 12.20 9.87 7.70 5.28 10.51 74 48 12.01 9.76 7.57 5.24 10.48 74 49 11.72 9.60 7.45 5.20 10.45 74 56 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 4-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 50 11.51 9.39 7.36 5.16 10.42 74 51 11.21 9.18 7.21 5.12 10.39 74 52 10.90 8.87 7.08 5.08 10.36 74 53 10.65 8.75 6.96 5.02 10.32 74 54 10.40 8.59 6.84 4.98 10.28 74 55 10.15 8.40 6.72 4.93 10.24 74 56 10.02 8.30 6.61 4.88 10.20 50 57 9.81 8.13 6.46 4.73 10.16 50 58 9.55 7.92 6.33 4.66 10.07 50 59 9.24 7.73 6.22 4.61 10.01 50 60 8.98 7.51 6.08 4.55 9.96 50 61 8.69 7.29 5.93 4.48 9.91 50 62 8.39 7.09 5.82 4.43 9.86 50 63 8.14 6.90 5.68 4.38 9.83 50 64 7.87 6.70 5.52 4.32 9.78 51 65 7.60 6.50 5.41 4.27 9.74 51 66 7.30 6.30 5.30 4.22 9.70 51 67 7.02 6.10 5.17 4.12 9.65 51 68 6.85 5.88 5.00 4.00 9.59 51 69 6.48 5.68 4.85 3.95 .9.53 51 70 8.19 5.47 4.74 3.88 9.48 51 71 5.91 5.26 4.60 3.79 9.41 51 72 5.64 5.05 4.46 3.66 9.33 51 73 5.37 4.86 4.29 3.57 9.26 52 74 5.09 4.66 4.14 3.46 9.18 52 75 4.82 4.43 3.95 3.33 9.07 52 76 4.55 4.25 3.73 3.18 8.97 52 77 14.31 14.51 8.64 5.57 10.62 54 78 14.20 11.41 8.55 5.52 10.61 54 79 14.10 11.30 8.47 5.48 10.60 54 80 14.02 11.23 8.42 5.44 10.59 54 57 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 4-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 81 13.80 11.11 8.39 5.43 10.58 54 82 13.73 11.04 8.34 5.41 10.57 54 83 13.61 10.92 8.25 5.39 10.56 54 84 13.32 10.70 8.12 5.35 10.55 54 85 13.20 10.60 8.07 5.31 10.53 54 86 13.02 10.50 8.01 5.28 10.51 54 87 12.87 10.40 7.94 5.26 10.49 54 88 12.71 10.30 7.87 5.24 10.47 54 89 12.60 10.20 7.81 5.22 10.45 54 90 12.35 10.04 7.72 5.20 10.43 54 91 12.20 9.90 7.64 5.17 10.42 54 92 12.05 9.79 7.56 5.15 10.41 54 93 11.89 9.67 7.48 5.13 10.40 54 94 11.67 9.50 7.36 5.09 10.38 55 95 11.56 9.40 7.28 5.06 10.37 55 96 11.36 9.29 7.21 5.03 10.36 55 97 11.16 9.15 7.15 5.01 10.35 55 98 11.01 9.02 7.08 4.99 10.33 55 99 10.87 8.93 7.00 4.96 10.31 55 100 10.66 8.77 6.87 4.91 10.29 55 101 10.50 8.66 6.81 4.88 10.27 55 102 10.35 8.52 6.75 4.85 10.25 55 103 10.13 8.40 6.65 4.82 10.23 55 104 10.01 8.31 6.58 4.79 10.21 55 105 9.82 8.18 6.50 4.76 10.19 55 106 9.62 8.01 6.42 4.73 10.17 55 107 9.48 7.90 6.37 4.71 10.15 55 108 9.32 7.81 6.30 4.69 10.13 55 109 9.11 7.64 6.20 4.64 10.11 55 110 8.94 7.50 6.12 4.60 10.09 55 111 8.76 7.39 6.03 4.57 10.07 55 58 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 4-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 112 8.45 7.22 5.92 4.53 10.04 55 113 8.38 7.12 5.87 4.50 10.01 55 114 8.22 7.00 5.78 4.47 9.98 55 115 8.05 6.88 5.70 4.44 9.95 55 116 7.87 6.73 5.60 4.40 9.92 55 117 7.71 6.62 5.51 4.36 9.89 55 118 7.48 6.41 5.39 4.31 9.85 55 119 7.34 6.32 5.32 4.27 9.82 55 120 7.17 6.20 5.24 4.23 9.79 55 121 6.96 6.05 5.12 4.19 9.75 55 122 6.79 5.94 5.06 4.13 9.71 55 123 6.62 5.80 4.97 4.07 9.68 55 124 6.41 5.66 4.86 3.99 9.63 56 125 6.27 5.53 4.79 3.93 9.59 55 126 6.11 5.41 4.72 3.88 9.54 56 127 5.88 5.34 6.41 3.81 9.48 56 128 5.69 5.12 4.54 3.75 9.43 56 129 5.51 5.00 4.42 3.68 9.37 56 130 5.35 4.88 4.34 3.59 9.31 56 131 5.20 4.76 4.23 3.53 9.26 56 132 5.04 4.64 4.12 3.46 9.19 56 133 4.93 4.43 3.96 3.31 9.09 56 134 4.56 4.70 3.78 3.20 8.98 56 4....- ‘ 21:11-13: MANOMETER, WEIR.AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COLLECTED DURING ROUGHNESS FLOW TESTS ON CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC TUBING Canada Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd., 4-inch ID Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 1 14.87 11.73 8.66 5.46 10.52 54 2 14.51 11.48 8.49 5.39 10.50 54 3 14.21 11.23 8.38 5.35 10.48 54 4 13.89 11.04 8.76 5.32 10.46 55 5 13.62 10.81 8.17 5.29 10.44 55 6 13.37 10.66 8.07 5.27 10.41 55 7 13.16 10.50 7.91 5.24 10.39 56 8 12.90 10.31 7.86 5.21 10.37 56 9 12.65 10.09 7.68 5.17 10.34 56 10 12.38 9.80 7.59 5.14 10.31 57 11 12.08 9.71 7.45 5.08 10.27 57 12 11.80 9.52 7.31 5.02 10.27 57 13 11.52 9.34 7.19 4.99 10.24 58 14 11.22 9.10 7.07 4.97 10.21 58 15 10.94 8.88 6.92 4.85 10.18 58 16 10.70 8.70 6.81 4.85 10.15 58 17 10.41 8.50 6.70 4.81 10.12 58 18 10.10 8.29 6.51 4.76 10.09 58 19 9.82 8.18 6.41 4.69 10.05 58 20 9.55 7.90 6.29 4.64 10.01 58 59 60 Canada Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd., 4-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 21 9.26 7.70 6.17 4.59 9.97 58 22 8.98 7.49 6.02 4.51 9.94 58 23 8.70 7.30 5.90 4.46 9.90 59 24 8.42 7.08 5.78 4.40 9.86 59 25 8.12 6.90 5.64 4.36 9.82 59 26 7.88 6.69 5.52 4.30 9.78 59 27 7.61 6.51 5.41 4.25 9.73 59 28 7.32 6.30 5.29 4.20 9.68 59 29 7.04 6.08 5.14 4.10 9.63 59 30 6.76 5.87 5.02 4.00 9.58 59 31 6.50 5.79 4.90 3.92 9.52 59 32 6.20 5.42 4.74 3.83 9.47 59 33 5.91 5.20 4.59 3.75 9.39 59 34 5.66 5.08 4.50 3.67 9.30 59 35 5.38 4.88 4.35 3.56 9.21 59 35 5.10 4.65. 4.24 3.42 9.12 59 37 4.80 4.46 3.95 3.30 9.01 59 38 4.52 4.19 3.87 3.17 8.90 59 39 4.25 3.93 3.59 3.00 8.79 59 40 3.90 3.65 3.34 2.82 8.60 59 41 3.54 3.34 3.05 2.62 8.39 59 42 14.89 11.72 8.69 5.52 10.52 58 43 14.58 11.40 8.51 5.43 10.51 58 44 14.26 11.28 8.40 5.38 10.49 58 45 14.02 11.06 8.30 5.35 10.47 58 46 13.74 10.88 8.19 5.32 10.45 58 47 13.52 10.73 8.08 5.29 10.42 58 48 13.20 10.49 7.94 5.26 10.39 58 49 12.98 1p.28 7.83 5.21 10.36 58 50 12.63 10.08 7.69 5.18 10.33 58 51 12.40 9.91 7.58 5.14 10.30 58 61 Canada Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd., 4- inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 52 12.10 9.71 7.43 5.09 10.28 58 53 11.88 9.56 7.33 5.04 10.25 58 54 11.53 9.33 7.19 4.99 10.22 59 55 11.30 9.11 7.09 4.95 10.19 59 56 11.00 8.91 6.95 4.90 10.16 59 57 10.69 8.70 6.75 4.82 10.13 59 58 10.38 8.50 6.66 4.78 10.10 59 59 10.09 8.31 6.53 4.73 10.07 59 60 9.80 8.09 6.41 4.69 10.04 59 61 9.59 7.87 6.30 4.64 10.01 59 62 9.30 7.70 6.18 4.59 9.98 60 63 9.00 7.50 6.05 4.53 9.94 60 64 8.78 7.32 5.95 4.48 9.90 60 65 8.46 7.14 5.81 4.43 9.86 60 66 8.17 6.89 5.67 4.38 9.81 60 67 7.90 6.69 5.53 4.33 9.77 60 68 7.61 6.50 5.40 4.27 9.72 60 69 7.33 6.31 5.30 4.22 9.67 60 70 7.07 6.09 5.14 4.13 9.62 61 71 6.78 5.87 4.99 4.00 9.57 61 72 6.50 5.67 4.86 3.93 9.51 61 73 6.19 5.48 4.74 3.86 9.44 61 74 5.92 5.27 4.61 3.77 9.37 61 75 5.68 5.05 4.49 3.64 9.28 61 76 5.34 4.84 4.25 3.48 9.18 61 77 5.11 4.69 4.17 3.40 9.08 61 78 4.83 4.48 3.96 3.29 8.98 61 79 4.54 4.18 3.75 3.16 8.87 61 '80 4.22 3.89 3.53 2.98 8.73 61 81 3.91 3.75 3.34 2.82 8.58 61 82 14.92 11.74 8.69 5.50 10.52 63 62 Canada Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd., 4-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 . 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 83 14.60 11.44 8.52 5.44 10.51 63 84 14.30 11.29 8.42 5.40 10.50 63 85 14.05 11.09 8.33 5.36 10.48 63 86 13.84 10.91 8.22 5.32 10.46 63 87 13.53 10.70 8.06 5.28 10.43 63 88 13.19 10.50 7.94 5.24 10.40 63 89 12.96 10.31 7.83 5.70 10.38 63 90 12.68 10.12 7.69 5.17 10.35 63 91 12.90 9.90 7.58 5.14 10.32 63 92 12.09 9.70 5.44 5.09 10.29 63 93 11.90 9.60 5.36 5.04 10.28 63 94 11.60 9.36 7.22 5.00 10.26 63 95 11.50 9.27 7.17 4.96 10.24 63 96 11.38 9.17 7.12 4.92 10.22 63 97 11.25 9.08 7.05 4.89 10.20 63 98 11.00 8.91 6.93 4.86 10.18 63 99 10.82 8.80 6.87 4.83 10.16 63 100 10.62 8.70 6.80 4.81 10.14 63 101 10.35 8.50 6.68 4.77 10.12 63 102 10.18 8.37 6.59 4.73 10.09 63 103 10.04 8.26 6.51 4.70 10.08 63 104 9.81 8.09 6.43 4.67 10.06 63 105 9.67 7.97 6.35 4.64 10.04 63 106 9.53 7.88 6.28 4.60 10.02 63 107 9.29 7.71 6.17 4.56 9.99 63 108 9.16 7.60 6.09 4.53 9.97 63 109 9.00 7.50 6.02 4.50 9.95 63 110 8.80 7.32 5.93 4.47 9.92 63 111 8.46 7.12 5.79 4.42 9.88 63 112 8.17 6.90 5.67 4.36 9.83 63 113 7.91 6.69 5.54 4.30 9.78 63 63 Canada Dominion Sugar Co., Ltd., 4-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 114 7.60 6.49 5.36 4.25 9.73 63 115 7.33 6.28 5.26 4.20 9.67 63 116 7.04 6.10 5.15 4.10 9.62 63 117 6.81 5.90 5.00 4.00 9.57 63 118 6.51 5.69 4.88 3.92 9.51 63 119 6.22 5.50 4.78 3.84 9.45 63 120 5.95 5.28 4.63 3.76 9.37 63 121 5.69 5.07 4.49 3.65 9.29 63 122 5.38 4.95 3.27 3.52 9.20 63 123 5.10 4.67 3.16 3.40 9.12 63 124 4.81 4.48 3.94 3.29 9.01 63 125 4.53 4.19 3.74 3.14 8.90 63 126 4.22 3.90 3.56 3.00 8.75 63 127 3.89 3.64 3.34 2.81 8.59 63 ‘9' “-4- “4 .— MANOMETER, WEIR AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COLLECTED DURING ROUGHNESS FLOW TESTS ON CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC TUBING Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, 4-inch ID Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 1 13.50 10.45 7.70 5.30 10.28 77 2 13.20 10.30 7.55 5.16 10.26 77 3 13.15 10.44 7.55 5.30 10.27 78 4 13.00 10.30 7.40 5.20 10.25 78 5 12.80 10.10 7.32 5.12 10.23 78 6 12.50 9.95 7.25 5.06 10.21 78 7 12.30 9.85 7.18 5.00 10.19 78 8 12.10 9.70 7.10 4.95 10.17 78 9 11.90 9.54 7.02 4.94 10.15 78 10 11.70 9.38 6.95 4.93 10.13 78 11 11.30 9.18 6.80 4.92 10.11 78 12 11.10 8.90 6.70 4.90 10.10 78 13 10.80 8.78 6.60 4.80 10.08 78 14 10.50 8.50 6.50 4.75 10.06 78 15 10.20 8.30 6.40 4.70 10.04 78 16 9.90 8.10 6.30 4.65 10.02 78 .17 9.70 7.90 6.20 4.60 10.00 78 18 9.40 7.70 6.05 4.55 9.92 78 19 9.00 7.50 5.85 4.45 9.88 78 20 8.80 7.30 5.70 4.40 9.85 78 64 we“ '72—‘— .. :— Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, 4-inch ID.--Continued. 65 Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 21 8.55 7.10 6.60 3.35 9.81 78 22 8.20 6.90 5.40 4/30 9.76 78 23 8.00 6.75 5.35 4.25 9.70 78 24 7.70 6.50 5.25 4.15 9.65 76 25 7.40 6.30 5.10 4.10 9.61 76 26 7.20 6.15 5.00 4.05 9.56 76 27 6.94 5.92 4.90 4.00 9.52 76 28 6.60 5.72 4.70 3.90 9.47 76 29 6.40 5.42 4.60 3.80 9.40 76 30 6.1 5.33 4.50 3.70 9.35 76 31 5.80 5.14 4.35 3.62 9.28 77 32 5.55 4.94 4.20 3.55 9.20 77 33 5.30 4.70 4.10 3.44 9.14 77 34 5.00 4.55 3.96 3.30 9.05 77 35 4.70 4.38 3.75 3.20 8.94 77 36 4.55 4.20 3.60 3.10 8.86 77 37 4.45 4.11 3.52 3.03 8.80 78 38 4.35 4.00 3.40 2.95 8.74 78 39 4.21 3.86 3.34 2.87 8.69 78 40 4.06 3.72 3.20 2.78 8.60 78 41 3.90 3.58 3.15 2.70 8.55 78 42 3.72 3.48 3.03 2.65 8.48 78 43 3.56 3.35 2.94 2.59 8.42 78 44 3.40 3.23 2.88 2.50 8.35 78 45 3.21 3.06 2.70 2.38 8.22 78 46 3.00 2.85 2.55 2.20 8.08 78 47 13.85 10.85 7.80 5.16 10.35 66 48 13.60 10.62 7.65 5.10 10.33 66 49 13.36 10.50 7.53 5.05 10.31 66 50 13.11 10.28 7.41 5.00 10.29 67 51 12.82 10.05 7.31 4.95 10.27 68 Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, 4-inch ID.--Continued. 66 Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 52 12.60 9.86 7.20 4.92 10.25 68 53 12.35 9.69 7.11 4.89 10.23 68.5 54 12.10 9.52 7.02 4.86 10.21 68.5 55 11.81 9.35 6.93 4.83 10.18 69 56 11.60 9.24 6.88 4.81 10.16 69 57 11.37 9.15 6.82 4.78 10.13 70 58 11.10 8.94 6.78 4.75 10.10 70 59 10.78 8.73 6.70 4.73 10.08 70.5 60 10.60 8.59 6.61 4.71 10.05 70.5 61 10.35 8.42 6.49 4.68 10.03 71 62 10.05 8.18 6.32 4.64 10.00 71 63 9.78 8.02 6.21 4.60 9.98 71.5 64 9.40 7.83 6.05 4.56 9.95 71.5 65 9.28 7.65 5.93 4.51 9.92 71.5 66 9.00 7.42 5.81 4.46 9.89 72 67 8.73 7.26 5.70 4.39 9.86 72 68 8.46 7.08 5.61 4.34 9.82 72 69 8.18 6.86 5.50 4.29 9.78 72 70 8.00 6.70 5.40 4.23 9.74 72 71 7.70 6.50 5.28 4.18 9.70 72 72 7.40 6.28 5.16 4.13 9.65 72 73 7.11 6.08 5.00 4.05 9.60 72 74 6.84 5.85 4.87 4.00 9.56 72 75 6.58 5.75 4.72 3.94 9.51 72 76 6.30 5.50 4.60 3.80 9.45 72 77 6.06 5.30 4.50 3.70 9.39 72 78 5.80 5.10 4.40 3.64 9.34 72 79 5.51 4.90 4.30 3.56 9.27 72 80 5.26 4.70 4.14 3.35 9.18 72 81 5.00 4.53 3.99 3.30 9.05 72 82 4.75 4.38 3.80 3.20 8.98 72 WW ' Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, 4-inch ID.--Continued. 67 Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 83 4.50 4.18 3.60 3.05 8.85 72 84 4.30 3.97 3.40 2.99 8.74 72 85 14.15 11.10 7.95 5.20 10.33 72 86 13.84 10.87 7.76 5.13 10.32 72 87 13.55 10.63 7.65 5.08 10.31 72 88 13.32 10.44 7.55 5.03 10.30 72 89 13.05 10.26 7.44 4.98 10.29 72 90 12.80 10.08 7.32 4.94 10.27 72 91 12.52 9.90 7.24 4.90 10.25 72 92 12.32 9.79 7.13 4.85 10.23 72 93 12.09 9.60 7.03 4.81 10.21 72 94 11.80 9.42 6.91 4.78 10.17 72 95 11.50 9.20 6.82 4.76 10.17 72 96 11.31 9.10 6.74 4.74 10.15 72 97 11.05 8.94 6.66 4.72 10.13 72 98 10.84 8.76 6.56 4.71 10.11 72 99 10.50 8.60 6.47 4.69 10.09 72 100 10.40 8.45 6.42 4.60 10.07 72 101 10.10 8.31 6.36 4.50 10.05 72 102 9.99 8.23 6.30 4.54 10.04 72 103 9.95 8.15 6.25 4.53 10.03 72 104 9.80 8.05 6.20 4.51 10.01 72 105 9.62 7.90 6.11 4.50 9.99 72.5 106 9.50 7.80 6.03 4.48 9.99 72.5 107 9.34 7.66 5.98 4.46 9.98 72.5 108 9.23 7.57 5.93 4.42 9.96 73 109 9.07 7.41 5.85 4.40 9.94 73 110 8.98 3.38 5.77 4.38 9.92 73 111 8.77 .29 5.72 4.36 9.90 74 112 8.69 7.21 5.68 4.34 9.88 74 113 8.39 7.02 5.54 4.30 9.85 74 68 Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, 4-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 114 8.30 6.94 5.48 4.26 9.82 74.5 115 8.08 6.78 5.42 4.22 9.79 74 116 8.00 6.71 5.37 4.20 9.77 75 117 7.90 6.64 5.32 4.18 9.75 75 118 7.76 6.53 5.26 4.16 9.72 75 119 7.63 6.47 5.20 4.14 9.70 75.5 120 7.52 6.38 5.15 4.12 9.69 75.5 121 7.35 6.27 5.08 4.09 9.67 75.5 122 7.28 6.20 5.04 4.06 9.65 75.5 123 7.12 6.08 5.00 4.03 9.62 75.5 124 7.00 5.98 4.30 4.00 9.60 75.5 125 6.82 5.86 4.87 3.98 9.57 75.5 126 6.72 5.78 4.82 3.97 9.55 75.5 127 6.55 5.69 4.74 3.94 9.52 75.5 128 6.46 5.61 4.69 3.91 9.50 75.5 129 6.31 5.52 4.65 3.86 9.47 75.5 130 6.12 5.38 4.57 3.77 9.44 75.5 131 6.01 5.30 4.49 3.72 9.41 75 132 5.89 5.20 4.43 3.68 9.37 75 133 5.76 5.11 4.38 3.63 9.34 75 134 5.61 5.01 4.32 3.60 9.31 75 135 5.50 4.92 4.28 3.56 9.28 75 136 5.37 4.81 4.20 3.51 9.24 75 137 5.23 4.72 4.15 3.46 9.20 75 138 5.10 4.62 4.06 3.40 9.16 75 139 5.01 4.55 4.00 3.36 9.11 75 140 4.86 4.46 3.91 3.29 9.05 75 141 4.76 4.38 3.82 3.22 8.99 75 142 4.60 4.30 3.66 3.16 8.91 75 143 4.50 4.20 3.60 3.06 8.55 75 144 4.40 4.04 3.48 2.99 8.78 75 145 4.26 3.91 3.38 2.91, .8-72.fi LIK75‘” MANOMETER, WEIR AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COLLECTED DURING ROUGHNESS FLOW TESTS ON CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC TUBING Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, 5—inch ID Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 1 11.18 9.97 7.83 5.92 11.19 57 2 11.76 9.81 7.74 5.90 11.17 57 3 11.43 9.62 7.63 5.88 11.14 57 4 11.35 9.54 7.59 5.86 11.11 57 5 11.20 9.45 7.51 5.83 11.09 58 6 11.03 9.31 7.41 5.80 11.06 58 7 10.90 9.21 7.31 5.77 11.03 58 8 10.73 9.09 7.27 5.74 11.01 58 9 10.62 9.01 7.23 5.71 10.99 58 10 10.43 8.89 7.16 5.67 10.98 58 11 10.25 8.74 7.10 5.64 10.95 59 12 10.09 8.62 7.05 5.61 10.92 59 13 9.95 8.56 6.98 5.59 10.90 59 14 9.77 8.40 6.89 5.56 10.88 59 15 9.66 8.30 6.80 5.54 10.86 59 16 9.51 8.19 6.71 5.51 10.84 59 17 9.38 8.07 6.64 5.47 10.81 60 18 9.23 7.97 6.59 5.44 10.79 60 19 9.08 7.86 6.53 5.40 10.77 60 20 8.88 7.68 6.41 5.36 10.73 60 69 70 Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, 5-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 21 8.69 7.58 6.36 5.30 10.70 60 22 8.55 7.48 6.30 5.25 10.67 60 23 8.32 7.33 6.22 5.16 10.63 60 24 8.18 7.22 6.15 5.10 10.60 60 25 8.07 7.13 6.08 5.05 10.57 60 26 7.87 6.97 5.99 4.99 10.53 60 27 7.72 6.88 5.90 4.95 10.50 60 28 7.58 6.76 5.82 4.90 10.46 60 29 7.40 6.61 5.72 4.84 10.40 60 30 7.23 6.50 5.66 4.78 10.36 60 31 7.11 6.39 5.58 4.72 10.32 60 32 6.95 6.25 5.49 4.64 10.27 60 ' 33 6.70 6.12 5.39 4.60 10.23 60 34 6.66 6.04 5.30 4.56 10.19 60 35 6.50 5.92 5.22 5.48 10.13 60 36 6.32 5.81 5.16 4.41 10.09 60 37 6.20 5.72 5.08 4.35 10.04 60 38 6.00 5.54 4.92 4.31 9.95 60 39 5.88 5.43 4.83 4.27 9.88 60 40 5.72 5.29 4.73 4.10 9.80 60 41 5.57 5.14 4.60 4.00 9.71 60 42 5.25 4.89 4.38 3.80 9.58 60 43 4.93 4.65 4.14 3.62 9.40 60 44 4.61 4.37 3.92 3.43 9.25 60 45 4.30 4.10 3.72 3.25 9.06 60 46 4.00 3.81 3.50 3.07 8.87 60 47 12.02 10.02 7.89 6.06 11.18 62 48 11.89 9.91 7.80 6.00 11.16 62 49 11.69 9.77 7.73 5.95 11.13 62 50 11.59 9.68 7.68 5.93 11.11 63 51 11.40 9.55 7.60 5.90 11.09 63 71 Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, 5-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 52 11.24 9.44 7.54 5.87 11.06 63 53 11.07 9.31 7.46 5.84 11.04 64 54 10.91 9.22 7.39 5.81 11.02 64 55 10.76 9.09 7.30 5.77 10.99 64 56 10.65 8.99 7.26 5.73 10.97 64 57 10.50 8.87 7.19 5.70 10.95 65 58 10.28 8.72 7.10 5.65 10.92 65 59 10.11 8.62 7.06 5.61 10.90 65 60 10.01 8.54 6.99 5.56 10.89 65 61 9.77 8.38 6.87 5.52 10.86 65 62 9.68 8.30 6.81 5.49 10.83 65 63 9.55 8.19 6.73 5.46 10.80 65 64 9.37 8.03 6.65 5.43 10.78 66 65 9.21 7.91 6.57 5.39 10.75 66 66 9.10 7.84 6.53 5.35 10.72 66 67 8.88 7.66 6.40 5.30 10.68 66 68 8.56 7.45 6.24 5.21 10.63 66 69 8.35 7.27 6.15 5.17 10.59 66 70 8.18 7.15 6.05 5.10 10.56 66 71 8.05 7.04 6.00 5.04 10.52 66 72 7.98 6.93 5.92 4.99 10.48 66 73 7.71 6.87 5.89 4.95 10.44 66 74 7.60 6.76 5.80 4.90 10.40 66 75 7.42 6.62 5.71 4.85 10.36 66 76 7.11 6.38 5.52 4.75 10.30 57 77 6.89 6.24 5.44 4.66 10.21 57 78 6.70 6.08 5.34 4.57 10.13 57 79 6.45 5.86 5.18 4.46 10.04 57 80 6.12 5.68 5.05 4.37 9.97 57 81 5.97 5.51 4.89 4.25 9.87 57 82 5.70 5.27 4.70 4.09 9.77 57 Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, S-inch ID.--Continued. 72 Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 83 5.54 5.11 4.56 3.94 9.65 57 84 5.25 4.88 4.36 3.81 9.53 57 85 4.95 4.63 4.16 3.67 9.38 57 86 4.64 4.37 3.94 3.47 9.21 57 87 4.30 4.12 3.75 3.29 9.05 57 88 4.03 3.82 3.48 3.07 8.83 57 89 11.46 9.60 7.61 5.98 11.12 53 90 11.12 9.35 7.49 5.90 11.09 53 91 10.89 9.25 7.38 5.83 11.04 53 92 10.71 9.10 7.32 5.80 11.02 53 93 10.41 8.86 7.20 5.75 10.98 53 94 10.18 8.70 7.10 5.70 10.95 53 95 9.99 8.55 7.00 5.66 10.91 54 96 9.74 8.40 6.87 5.61 10.87 54 97 9.50 8.23 6.77 5.57 10.83 55 98 9.27 8.02 6.62 5.50 10.79 55 99 9.00 7.83 6.47 5.44 10.75 55 100 8.84 7172 6.42 5.41 10.70 55 101 8.56 7.50 6.32 5.35 10.65 56 102 8.34 7.36 6.21 5.20 10.60 56 103 8.11 7.18 6.09 5.14 10.56 56 104 7.83 6.97 5.99 5.05 10.50 56 105 7.59 6.79 5.87 4.97 10.45 56 106 7.39 6.65 5.75 4.89 10.39 56 107 7.13 6.44 5.63 4.79 10.31 56 108 6.87 6.26 5.52 4.70 10.22 56 109 6.63 6.07 5.36 4.61 10.16 56 110 6.41 5.92 5.23 4.52 10.07 56 111 6.18 5.72 5.09 4.38 9.99 56 112 5.94 3.52 4.93 4.26 9.89 56 113 5.70 5.33 4.76 4.13 9.78 56 73 Michigan Vitrified Tile Company, S-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Meas. 1 2 3 4 Weir h Temp. No. inch inches inches inches inches F° 114 5.45 5.07 4.56 3.95 9.67 57 115 5.21 4.87 4.38 3.80 9.54 57 116 4.94 4.60 4.27 3.75 9.38 57 117 4.59 4.34 3.95 3.47 9.19 57 118 4.29 4.10 3.72 3.30 9.04 57 119 4.00 3.84 3.49 3.08 8.84 57 MANOMETER, FLOWMETER AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COLLECTED DURING ROUGHNESS FLOW TESTS ON CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC TUBING Springfield Plastics, Inc., 5.7-inch ID Manometers Flowmeters* Meas. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Temp. No. inch inches inches inches (sec) (sec) F° 1 27.432 25.800 24.244 22.706 37.9 49.5 58 2 27.556 25.9 8 24.381 22.825 37.9 49.8 58 3 27.550 25.956 24.408 22.868 38.1 50.0 58 4 27.532 25.987 24.450 22.913 38.2 50.2 58 5 27.582 26.075 24.550 22.982 38.2 50.2 58 6 27.632 26.100 24.575 23.056 38.3 50.2 58 7 27.675 26.150 24.625 23.144 38.4 50.2 58 8 27.706 26.200 24.714 23.212 38.4 50.5 58 9 27.744 26.225 24.756 23.244 38.8 50.9 58 10 27.800 26.300 24.844 23.331 39.0 51.0 58 11 27.818 26.337 24.856 23.362 39.0 51.2 58 12 27.868 26.363 24.875 23.381 39.0 51.3 58 13 27.887 26.394 24.963 23.463 39.2 51.4 58 14 27.944 26.500 25.056 23.582 39.8 52.2 58 15 28.000 26.575 25.150 23.682 40.0 52.3 58 16 28.038 26.637 25.225 23.787 40.4 52.9 58 17 28.075 26.725 25.294 23.863 40.6 53.5 58 18 28.125 26.775 25.40 24.000 40.9 53.9 58 19 28.175 26.818 25.494 24.113 41.3 54.3 58 *The data for the flowmeters indicate the time required for the passage of 10 cubic feet of water. 1. 74 Springfield Plastics, Inc., 5.7-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Flowmeters Meas. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Temp. No. inch inches inches inches (sec) (sec) F° 20 28.181 26.856 25.525 24.188 41.7 54.8 58 21 28.237 26.956 25.675 24.362 42.0 55.7 58 22 28.284 27.031 25.750 24.432 42.6 56.2 58 23 28.331 27.131 25.863 24.600 43.2 57.0 58 24 28.369 27.200 25.944 24.718 43.7 57.8 58 25 28.394 27.288 26.025 24.850 44.2 58.5 58 26 28.494 27.362 26.212 25.031 45.0 59.4 58 27 28.525 27.413 26.281 25.212 46.0 61.0 58 28 28.532 27.488 26.376 25.332 46.3 61.7 58 29 28.594 27.582 26.506 25.488 47.7 63.0 58 30 28.625 27.650 26.656 25.682 48.8 65.0 58 31 28.663 27.738 26.750 25.838 20.2 66.0 58 32 28.706 27.987 27.200 26.613 33.4 0 58 33 28.738 28.038 27.438 26.813 34.2 0 58 34 28.763 28.200 27.588 27.050 36.1 0 58 35 28.788 28.269 27.694 27.225 37.0 0 58 36 28.812 28.319 27.775 27.331 38.6 0 58 37 28.838 28.369 27.850 27.413 39.4 0 58 38 28.862 28.438 27.963 27.550 41.6 0 58 39 28.875 28.500 28.050 27.682 43.8 0 58 40 28.900 28.538 28.1137 27.768 45.1 0 58 41 28.918 28.600 28.219 27.918 47.7 0 58 42 28.938 28.644 28.294 28.031 50.4 0 58 43 28.975 28.700 28.406 28.213 53.3 0 58 44 29.000 28.768 28.500 28.269 58.0 0 58 45 29.037 28.818 28.575 28.375 61.2 0 58 46 29.063 28.881 28.688 28.5 3 68.7 0 58 47 29.106 28.963 28.800 28.678 78.8 0 58 48 29.038 27.425 25.838 24.206 37.7 49.7 58 49 29.075 27.463 25.875 24.262 38.1 50.0 58 50 29.106 27.544 25.944 24.366 38.4 50.8 58 Springfield Plastics, Inc., 5.7-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Flowmeters Meas. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Temp. No. inch inches inches inches (sec) (sec) F° 51 29.131 27.613 26.100 24.518 38.8 51.4 58 52 29.150 27.650 26.156 24.600 39.1 51.7 58 53 29.175 27.738 26.250 24.725 39.3 52.0 58 54 29.200 27.782 26.350 24.863 39.8 52.7 58 55 29.188 27.813 26.438 24.982 40.2 53.0 58 56 29.238 27.894 26.575 25.188 41.2 54.2 58 57 29.256 27.932 26.644 25.432 47.0 55.7 58 59 29.300 28.088 26.856 25.568 47.8 56.4 58 60 29.350 28.169 27.025 25.813 43.8 57.8 58 61 29.388 28.256 27.150 26.000 44.8 59.2 58 62 29.425 28.332 27.294 26.225 26.0 61.0 58 63 29.456 28.432 27.464 26.425 47.7 63.0 58 64 29.500 28.538 27.606 26.663 49.4 65.0 58 65 29.544 28.650 27.788 26.932 51.8 67.8 58 66 29.600 28.806 28.031 27.269 54.3 73.0 58 67 29.650 28.925 28.250 27.568 58.1 76.5 58 68 28.000 27.388 26.794 26.200 34.5 0 58 69 28.038 27.469 26.925 26.356 36.7 0 58 70 28.044 27.563 27.018 26.494 .37.9 0 58 71 28.050 27.613 27.131 26.613 39.2 0 58 72 28.000 27.378 27.175 26.725 42.3 0 58 73 28.063 27.625 27.750 26.844 44.6 0 58 74 28.025 27.682 27.344 26.956 46.8 0 58 75 28.044 27.744 27.450 27.119 51.4 0 58 76 28.063 27.813 27.556 27.250 54.9 0 58 77 28.088 27.875 27.644 27.381 60.8 0 58 78 28.106 27.932 27.713 27.482 65.4 0 58 79 28.125 27.988 27.800 27.575 75.0 0 58 80 28.050 26.568 25.063 23.544 37.7 49.4 58 81 28.069 26.418 24.918 23.288 38.2 50.6 58 82 28.044 26.463 24.988 23.388 38.6 51.0 58 77 Springfield Plastics, Inc., 5.7-inch ID.--Continued. Manometers Flowmeters Meas. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Temp. No. inch inches inches inches (sec) (sec) F° 83 28.088 26.513 25.025 23.482 38.9 51.3 58 84 28.100 26.550 25.088 23.563 39.0 51.7 58 85 28.113 26.588 25.194 23.700 39.6 52.6 58 86 28.131 26.625 25.244 23.775 39.8 52.8 58 87 28.144 26.688 25.362 23.932 40.7 53.6 58 88 28.163 26.725 25.432 24.081 41.1 54.4 58 89 28.181 26.838 25.582 24.244 42.0 55.6 58 90 28.206 26.938 25.706 24.475 43.0 56.8 58 91 28.238 27.025 25.894 24.732 43.3 58.6 58 92 28.256 27.133 26.088 24.882 45.1 59.5 58 93 28.300 27.225 26.175 25.088 46.5 61.4 58 94 28.312 27.294 26.325 25.300 48.0 63.8 58 95 28.350 27.375 26.438 25.450 49.0 65.4 58 96 28.375 27.482 26.600 25.675 50.8 68.8 58 97 28.394 27.582 26.756 25.913 53.0 70.6 58 98 28.418 27.775 27.113 26.438 34.0 0 58 99 28.435 27.813 25.306 26.563 35.0 0 58 100 28.432 27.875 27.262 26.625 36.2 0 58 101 28.438 27.918 27.319 26.750 36.9 0 58 102 28.450 27.956 27.418 26.875 38.2 0 58 103 28.475 28.025 27.506 27.088 40.1 0 58 104 28.494 28.094 27.606 27.188 42.7 0 58 105 28.506 28.144 27.675 27.294 43.9 0 58 106 28.525 28.219 27.763 27.425 46.4 0 58 107 28.544 28.256 27.832 27.513 48.3 0 53 108 28.563 28.306 27.894 27.606 50.0 0 58 109 28.582 28.344 27.944 27.675 51.6 0 58 110 28.606 28.381 28.000 27.750 54.0 0 58 111 28.625 28.432 28.088 27.863 58.1 0 58 112 28.663 28.488 28.188 28.000 61.7 0 58 MANOMETER, FLOWMETER AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COLLECTED DURING ROUGHNESS FLOW TESTS ON CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC TUBING Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 6-inch ID Manometers Flowmeters Meas. l 2 3 4 1 2 Temp. No. inch inches inches inches (sec) (sec) F° 1 26.786 25.738 24.725 23.550 37.3 50.0 61 2 26.750 25.706 24.656 23.525 36.0 50.5 61 3 26.675 25.638 24.625 23.488 27.2 50.1 61 4 26.575 25.569 24.569 23.450 37.6 50.2 61 5 26.568 25.612 24.618 23.482 38.0 50.0 61 6 26.556 25.575 24.588 23.468 38.0 50.1 61 7 26.513 25.544 24.562 23,475 38.0 51.0 61 8 26.494 25.556 24.587 23.506 38.2 52.0 61 9 26.459 25.537 24.575 23.494 38.6 52.5 61 10 26.425 25.481 24.487 23.469 38.5 52.8 61 11 26.381 25.513 24.550 23.513 38.7 53.0 61 12 26.363 25.462 24.525 23.531 '38.8 53.1 61 13 26.332 25.456 24.525 23.518 39.1 53.2 61 14 26.324 25.468 24.537 23.537 39.4 53.2 61 15 26.332 25.487 24.556 23.575 40.0 54.0 61 16 26.312 25.450 24.587 23.587 40.8 55.0 61 17 26.294 25.425 24.606 23.613 41.0 56.0 61 18 26.269 25.456 23.632 23.682 41.0 57.0 61 19 26.256 25.506 24.700 23.800 42.0 58.1 61 20 26.231 25.525 24.732 23.875 42.9 59.8 61 78 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 6-inch ID.--Continued. 79 Manometers Flowmeters Meas. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Temp. No. inch inches inches inches (sec) (sec) F° 21 26.225 25.544 24.787 23.925 44.0 60.7 61 22 26.219 25.550 24.856 24.075 44.9 62.6 61 23 26.219 25.587 24.913 24.163 46.0 64.0 61 24 26.244 25.644 25.044 24.319 47.2 66.0 61 25 26.262 25.719 25.175 24.494 49.5 70.0 61 26 26.262 25.744 25.225 24.606 33.0 0 61 27 26.256 25.894 25.494 25.038 35.0 0 61 28 26.250 25.919 25.525 25.094 36.0 0 61 29 26.250 25.932 25.581 25.175 37.3 0 61 30 26.244 25.963 25.632 25.262 39.2 0 61 31 26.238 26.000 25.688 25.356 41.0 0 61 32 26.256 26.019 25.738 25.413 42.5 0 61 33 26.256 26.038 25.782 25.556 44.8 0 61 34 26.256 26.069 25.850 25.575 47.2 0 61 35 26.256 26.106 25.913 25.682 51.0 0 61 36 26.256 26.131 25.969 25.719 56.2 0 61 37 26.256 26.169 26.050 25.863 63.6 0 61 38 26.262 26.212 26.082 25.950 74.0 0 61 39 25.850 24.832 23.763 22.632 37.5 50.4 61 40 25.838 24.800 23.782 22.644 38.0 50.8 61 41 25.831 24.787 23.768 22.637 38.0 50.9 61 42 25.806 24.782 23.768 22.663 38.0 51.0 61 43 25.794 24.850 23.863 22.794 38.8 52.0 61 44 25.763 24.864 23.888 22.819 39.2 52.3 61 45 25.732 24.852 23.906 22.844 39.8 53.6 61 46 25.719 24.813 23.919 22.875 40.0 53.8 61 47 25.706 24.806 23.925 22.932 40.3 54.2 61 48 25.701 24.864 24.013 23.013 41.0 54.9 61 49 25.694 24.906 24.081 23.150 42.0 56.3 61 50 25.752 25.000 24.244 23.356 43.4 58.8 61 51 25.757 25.056 24.350 23.487 44.8 60.5 61 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 6-inch ID.--Continued. 80 Manometers Flowmeters Meas. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Temp. No. inch inches inches inches (sec) (sec) F° 52 25.33 25.100 24.450 23.650 46.5 62.3 61 53 25.738 25.144 24.518 23.750 47.9 64.2 61 54 25.744 25.169 24.568 23.832 48.5 65.9 61 55 25.744 25.200 24.650 23.979 50.6 68.3 61 56 25.750 25.256 24.756 24.169 53.0 71.8 61 57 25.763 25.425 25.050 24.575 35.8 0 61 58 25.775 25.462 25.131 24.656 37.0 0 61 59 25.787 25.494 25.181 24.750 38.4 o 61 60 25.794 25.525 25.225 24.825 39.8 0 61 61 25.800 25.544 25.281 24.906 41.7 0 61 62 25.806 25.588 25.356 25.031 44.8 0 61 63 25.813 25.625 25.432 25.137 48.7 0 61 64 25.806 25.663 25.487 25.239 53.0 0 61 65 25.800 25.682 25.525 25.300 57.2 0 61 66 25.794 25.700 25.562 25.369 62.0 0 61 67 25.800 25.725 25.613 25.437 68.3 0 61 68 25.800 25.738 25.632 25.487 74.5 0 61 69‘ 27.944 26.950 25.950 24.713 37.2 50.5 66 70 27.918 26.913 25.925 24.700 37.6 51.0 66 71 27.900 26.894 25.906 24.675 37.8 51.5 66 72 27.856 26.882 25.887 24.650 37.8 51.6 66 73 27.844 26.863 25.869 24.644 38.0 51.7 66 74 27.837 26.850 25.850 24.638 38.0 52.0 66 75 27.825 26.863 25.887 24.675 38.4 52.2 66 76 27.800 26.869 25.894 24.675 38.7 52.4 66 77 27.775 26.856 25.887 24.656 38.9 52.7 66 78 27.744 26.844 25.669 24.725 39.0 52.8 66 79 27.737 26.800 25.900 24.750 39.2 53.2 66 80 27.725 26.813 25.912 24.768 39.6 53.7 66 81 27.706 26.806 25.925 24.800 39.8 54.0 66 82 27.694 26.863 25.963 24.863 40.2 54.2 66 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 6-inch ID.--Continued. 81 Manometers Flowmeters Meas. 1 2 3 4 1 2 Temp. No. inch inches inches inches (sec) (sec) F° 83 27.687 26.869 26.013 24.932 40.8 55.3 66 84 27.675 26.882 26.050 24.975 41.2 56.0 66 85 27.663 26.888 26.088 25.031 41.7 56.7 66 86 24.475 23.644 22.844 21.918 42.0 57.2 66 87 24.438 23.618 22.863 21.944 42.5 57.8 66 88 24.393 23.582 22.882 21.968 43.0 59.0 66 89 24.362 23.637 22.944 22.069 44.4 61.0 66 90 24.344 23.663 22.975 22.150 44.9 62.0 66 91 24.331 23.675 23.000 22.206 45.7 63.0 66 92 24.312 23.682 23.031 22.238 46.5 63.8 66 93 24.288 23.688 23.063 22.284 47.4 65.0 66 94 24.306 23.844 23.394 22.825 31.7 0 66 95 24.294 23.856 23.400 22.838 32.0 0 66 96 24.269 23.863 23.406 22.863 32.5 0 66 97 24.262 23.863 23.450 22.906 33.0 0 66 98 24.250 23.869 23.456 22.956 34.2 0 66 99 24.244 23.869 23.463 22.994 34.5 0 66 100 24.231 23.875 23.500 23.063 35.3 0 66 101 24.219 23.888 23.537 23.106 36.4 0 66 102 24.212 23.894 23.563 23.151 37.4 0 66 103 24.200 23.900 23.582 23.188 38.4 0 66 104 24.194 23.918 23.637 23.300 40.6 0 66 105 24.185 23.937 23.700 23.388 43.0 0 66 106 24.185 23.963 23.718 23.425 44.7 0 66 107 24.185 23.982 23.750 23.513 47.6 0 66 108 24.181 24.000 23.818 23.675 51.2 0 66 109 24.181 24.044 23.900 23.744 59.4 0 66 110 24.169 24.075 23.994 23.838 70.0 0 66 HEAD, MANOMETER AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COLLECTED DURING ROUGHNESS FLOW TESTS ON CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC TUBING Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set I) Manometers Photo* Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 1-1 24.920 23.460 23.130 22.770 22.410 56 1-2 22.710 20.300 19.920 19.680 19.300 56 1-3 20.470 19.030 18.690 18.330 18.000 56 1-4 18.410 16.980 16.620 16.320 15.890 56 1-5 16.280 14.780 14.410 14.050 13.720 56 2-1 29.720 28.430 28.12 27.890 27.640 56 2-2 27.780 26.510 26.220 26.930 25.750 56 2-3 25.830 24.480 24.240 24.010 23.780 56 2-4 23.880 22.570 22.310 22.040 20.810 56 2-5 21.930 20.710 20.440 20.150 19.900 56 2-6 20.150 18.830 18.500 18.220 18.000 56 2-7 18.130 16.890 16.600 16.330 16.050 56 2-8 16.140 14.920 14.610 14.320 14.090 56 3-1 28.410 27.110 26.950 26.700 26.460 56 3-2 26.600 25.490 25.380 25.090 24.900 56 3-3 24.760 23.810 23.610 23.390 23.200 56 3-4 22.960 23.000 22.840 22.620 22.440 56 3-5 21.280 20.320 20.110 19.830 19.700 56 *An unknown experimental error occurred during the experi- ment. 82 Therefore data obtained from the photographs (1-1 through 7-8) were disregarded for actual computations. 83 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set I).--Con't. Manometers Photo Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 3-6 19.620 18.650 18.420 18.210 17.990 56 3-7 17.790 16.880 16.670 16.430 16.290 56 3-8 16.090 15.140 14.900 14.680 14.460 56 4-1 26.420 25.690 25.470 25.240 25.040 56 4-2 24.800 23.920 23.730 23.700 23.380 56 4-3 23.130 22.330 22.120 21.890 21.710 56 4-4 21.510 20.72 20.520 20.320 20.180 56 4-5 19.940 18.150 19.950 19.740 19.600 56 4-6 18.320 17.530 17.400 17.400 17.200 56 4-7 16.730 15.920 15.710 15.420 15.320 56 4-8 15.120 14.340 14.110 13.790 13.700 56 5-1 27.750 25.070 26.850 26.630 26.510 56 5-2 26.340 25.720 25.590 25.420 25.310 56 5-3 24.960 24.340 24.220 24.100 24.000 56 5-4 23.610 23.020 22.910 24.740 24.650 56 5-5 22.300 21.710 21.550 21.400 21.320 56 5-6 20.970 20.400 20.250 20.100 20.010 56 5-7 19.600 19.010 18.860 19.930 19.680 56 7-1 27.720 26.630 26.480 26.230 26.120 56 7-2 25.970 24.920 24.720 24.440 24.300 56 7-3 24.210 23.200 23.000 23.720 23.600 56 7—4 22.480 21.430 21.210 20.980 20.800 56 7-5 20.720 29.710 19.450 19.200 19.050 56 7-6 18.920 17.930 17.730 17.500 17.30 56 7-7 17.230 16.220 15.90 15.650 15.510 56 7-8 15.480 14.480 14.22 13.960 13.800 56 8-1 38.437 36.287 35.963 35.563 35.113 56 8-2 37.700 35.700 35.356 35.075 34.688 56 8-3 36.875 35.206 24.900 34.637 34.331 56 8-4 36.187 34.619 34.325 34.044 33.713 56 8-5 35.363 33.938 33.688 33.438 33.125 56 84 Advance Drainage SyStems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set I).--Con't. Manometers Photo Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 8-6 34.686 33.344 33.063 32.857 33.544 56 8-7 34.000 32.719 32.486 32.250 31.950 56 8-8 33.313 32.063 31.806 31.563 31.275 56 8-9 32.687 31.438 31.188 30.938 30.663 56 8-10 32.094 30.875 30.606 30.376 30.119 56 8-11 31.413 3-.200 29.925 29.688 29.475 56 8-12 30.794 29.563 29.313 29.087 28.812 56 8-13 30.116 28.925 28.637 28.375 28.120 56 8-14 29.520 28.332 28.060 27.781 27.519 56 8-15 28.875 27.675 27.406 27.182 26.875 56 8-16 27.469 26.313 26.025 25.756 25.500 56 8-17 26.938 25.763 25.500 25.225 25.000 56 8-18 26.331 25.150 24.875 24.625 24.350 56 8-19 25.650 24.444 24.185 23.913 23.656 56 9-1 30.319 29.457 29.311 29.156 29.956 56 9-2 29.913 29.044 28.856 28.706 28.513 56 9-3 29.344 28.518 28.319 28.131 27.944 56 9-4 28.813 27.936 27.763 27.606 27.419 56 9-5 28.250 27.413 27.225 27.063 26.850 56 9-6 27.688 26.876 26.675 26.475 26.280 56 9-7 26.622 25.781 25.594 25.419 25.219 56 9-8 26.063 25.219 25.031 24.844 24.656 56 9-9 25.588 24.719 24.475 24.294 24.106 56 9-10 25.013 24.187 24.000 23.813 23.625 56 9-11 24.436 23.688 23.438 23.250 23.063 56 9-12 23.900 23.079 22.831 22.644 22.456 56 9-13 23.375 22.563 22.375 22.188 22.000 56 9-15 22.250 21.425 21.238 21.050 20.862 56 9-16 21.769 20.938 20.750 20.544 20.313 56 85 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set I).--Con't. Manometers Photo Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 9-17 21.375 20.488 20.238 20.050 19.863 56 9-18 20.775 19.888 19.700 19.513 19.306 56 9-19 20.218 19.313 19.125 18.931 18.738 56 9-20 19.606 18.750 18.544 18.356 18,206 56 HEAD, MANOMETER AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COLLECTED DURING ROUGHNESS FLOW TESTS ON CORRUGATED, UNPERFORATED PLASTIC TUBING Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set II) Manometers Photo Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 2-6 3.1075 28.700 28.172 27.725 27.234 57 2-7 30.500 28.125 27.594 27.106 26.638 57 2-8 29.900 27.500 26.938 26.456 26.012 57 2-9 29.350 26.919 26.406 25.913 25.456 57 2-10 28.768 26.338 25.825 25.356 24.856 57 2-11 27.600 25.198 24.625 24.138 23.656 57 2-12 26.475 24.044 23.475 23.012 22.544 57 2-13 25.894 23.475 22.938 22.463 21.968 57 2-14 25.288 22.838 22.300 21.850 21.350 57 2-15 24.669 22.250 21.675 21.175 20.725 57 2-16 23.519 21.075 20.513 20.013 19.531 57 3-1 33.386 32.069 31.725 31.488 31.256 57 3-2 32.618 31.352 31.044 30.786 30.569 57 3-3 32.013 30.732 30.413 30.144 29.920 57 3-4 31.338 30.081 29.760 29.534 29.331 57 3-5 30.606 29.350 29.070 28.859 28.610 57 3-6 29.925 28.695 28.412 28.150 27.912 57 3-7 29.262 28.000 27.669 27.407 27.206 57 3-8 28.594 27.350 27.050 26.775 26.563 57 3-9 27.919 26.700 26.413 26.163 25.925 57 3-10 27.269 26.031 25.733 25.469 25.212 57 86 87 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set II).--Con't. Manometers Photo Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 3-11 26.668 25.388 25.044 24.782 24.564 57 3-12 25.955 24.720 24.438 24.188 23.920 57 3-13 25.268 24.044 23.750 23.475 23.250 57 3-14 24.594 23.318 23.000 27.714 22.500 57 3-15 24.913 22.671 22.418 22.162 21.904 57 3-16 23.188 21.938 21.671 21.400 21.151 57 3-17 22.573 21.338 21.031 20.755 20.562 57 3-18 21.895 20.662 20.388 20.132 19.863 57 3-19 21.206 20.000 19.656 19.362 19.170 57 3-20 20.562 19.325 19.063 18.775 18.519 57 4-2 29.353 28.200 27.950 27.735 27.536 57 4-3 28.690 27.563 27.319 27.094 26.906 57 4-4 28.081 26.940 26.687 26.462 26.282 57 4-5 27.445 26.344 26.086 25.850 25.665 57 4-6 26.888 25.766 25.513 25.287 25.088 57 4-7 26.378 25.244 25.013 24.771 24.575 57 4-8 25.589 24.463 24.212 24.000 23.781 57 4-9 24.918 23.825 23.545 23.316 23.131 57 4-10 24.354 23.244 22.981 22.750 22.557 57 4-11 23.719 22.600 22.344 22.100 21.905 57 4-12 23.144 22.000 21.738 21.532 21.331 57 4-13 22.533 21.418 21.169 20.925 20.730 57 4-14 21.914 20.733 20.544 20.306 20.106 57 4-15 21.332 20.189 19.930 19.700 19.482 57 4-16 20.643 19.532 19.269 19.025 18.720 57 4-17 20.150 18.994 18.718 18.468 18.262 57 4-18 19.469 18.325 18.044 17.831 17.575 57 4-19 18.825 17.690 17.438 17.218 17.025 57 4-20 14.163 17.175 16.809 16.580 16.318 57 5-2 28.482 27.468 27.328 27.097 26.915 57 5-3 28.919 26.995 26.675 26.500 26.337 57 88 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set II).--Con't. Manometers Photo Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 5-4 27.330 26.331 26.125 25.925 25.771 57 5-5 26.735 25.725 25.453 25.325 25.144 57 5-6 25.569 25.559 25.325 25.135 24.986 57 5-7 25.013 25.013 24.800 24.600 24.412 57 5-8 24.410 23.418 23.175 22.994 22.825 57 5-9 23.850 22.855 22.641 22.426 22.262 57 5-10 23.258 22.263 22.038 21.853 21.625 57 5-11 22.700 21.718 21.505 21.300 21.131 57 5-12 22.141 21.154 20.875 20.710 20.572 57 5-13 21.606 20.613 20.376 20.166 19.994 57 5-14 21.068 20.063 19.818 19.613 19.441 57 5-16 19.889 18.838 18.594 18.420 18.238 57 5-17 19.233 18.238 18.031 17.831 17.663 57 5-18 18.662 17.670 17.450 17.262 17.106 57 5-19 18,069 17.081 16.888 16.695 16.518 57 5-20 17.488 16.525 16.312 16.109 15.875 57 6-2 29.031 28.235 28.069 27.894 27.769 57 6-3 28.444 27.688 27.500 27.325 27.195 57 6-4 27.905 27.159 26.980 26.800 26.664 57 6-5 27.338 26.563 26.375 26.194 26.044 57 6-6 26.796 26.031 25.820 25.631 25.483 57 6-7 26.269 25.475 25.262 25.081 24.925 57 6-8 25.188 24.406 24.175 23.986 23.840 57 6-9 24.663 23.850 23.625 23.456 23.296 57 6-10 24.162 23.288 23.081 22.900 22.736 57 6-11 23.541 22.732 22.532 22.353 22.195 57 6-12 23.012 22.219 22.013 21.825 21.674 57 6-13 22.465 21.675 21.469 21.284 21.138 57 6-14 21.915 21.136 20.915 20.735 20.582 57 6-15 21.350 50.544 20.356 20.166 20.000 57 6-16 20.782 19.984 19.765 19.575 19.418 57 ' Yunnan-.1“. *— 89 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set II).--Con't. Manometers Photo Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 6-17 20.250 19.452 19.238 19.050 18.900 57 6-18 19.684 18.897 18.682 18.481 18.337 57 6-19 19.085 18.294 18.106 17.940 17.784 57 7-2 35.113 34.584 34.475 34.556 34.275 57 7-3 34.673 34.106 34.000 33.900 33.800 57 7-4 34.206 33.632 33.514 33.395 33.282 57 7-5 33.728 33.165 33.041 32.875 32.762 57 7-6 32.800 32.194 32.045 31.913 31.787 57 7-7 32.294 31.713 31.541 31.392 31.268 57 7-8 31.356 30.762 30.607 30.464 30.350 57 7-9 30.881 30.282 30.107 29.956 29.856 57 7-10 30.413 29.825 29.655 29.513 29.413 57 7-11 29.915 29.332 29.188 29.033 28.915 57 7-12 29.459 28.860 28.700 28.544 28.448 57 7-13 28.925 28.350 28.212 28.050 27.951 57 7-14 28.463 27.890 27.731 27.563 27.463 57 7-15 27.990 27.413 27.254 27.100 26.990 57 7-16 27.510 26.919 26.776 26.613 26.510 57 8-4 29.144 28.782 28.668 28.581 28.518 57 8-5 28.775 28.388 28.279 28.156 28.081 57 8-6 28.412 28.001 27.857 27.725 27.662 57 8-7 28.001 27.544 27.394 27.268 27.194 57 8-8 27.606 27.144 27.000 26.850 26.768 57 8-9 27.162 26.694 26.550 26.425 26.344 57 8-10 26.732 26.294 26.162 26.031 25.932 57 8-11 26.338 25.882 25.806 25.625 25.537 57 8-12 25.925 25.487 25.368 25.238 25.162 57 8-13 25.481 25.038 24.906 24.787 24.712 57 8-14 25.100 24.662 24.532 24.425 24.356 57 8-15 24.713 24.282 24.150 24.031 23.963 57 8-16 24.288 23.850 23.712 23.582 23.518 57 90 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set II).--Con't. Manometers Photo Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 8-17 23.813 23.482 23.288 23.169 23.094 57 8-18 23.413 23.000 22.863 22.738 22.668 57 8:19 23.000 22.575 22.444 22.318 22.256 57 8-20 22.588 22.175 22.039 21.918 21.855 57 8-21 22.175 21.748 21.625 21.500 21.418 57 8-22 21.795 21.356 21.218 21.088 21.000 57 9-3 30.250 29.875 29.800 29.730 29.688 57 9-4 29.795 29.418 29.325 29.238 29.188 57 9-5 29.438 29.063 28.936 28.825 28.768 57 9-6 28.069 28.625 28.506 28.394 28.312 57 9-7 28.663 28.200 28.081 27.938 27.856 57 9-8 28.268 27.794 27.650 27.513 27.418 57 9-9 27.863 27.362 27.225 27.088 27.000 57 9-10 27.418 26.918 26.788 26.650 26.550 57 9-11 27.019 26.513 26.382 26.250 26.162 57 9-12 26.575 26.000 25.964 25.825 25.738 57 9-13 25.763 25.288 25.150 25.088 24.938 57 9-14 25.325 24.850 24.718 24.588 24.506 57 9-15 24.868 24.406 24.262 24.132 24.069 57 9-16 24.456 24.000 23.856 23.738 23.656 57 9-17 24.044 23.575 23.438 23.306 23.232 57 9-18 23.638 23.169 23.025 22.888 22.794 57 9-19 23.212 22.738 22.600 22.468 22.362 57 9-20 22.769 22.300 22.169 22.044 21.950 57 10-3 29.200 28.413 28.188 27.988 27.795 57 10-4 28.675 27.845 27.613 27.413 27.231 57 10-5 28.206 27.282 27.050 26.850 26.688 57 10-6 27.595 26.731 26.531 26.337 26.175 57 10-7 27.037 26.219 26.025 25.825 25.675 57 10-8 26.456 25.688 25.482 25.300 25.169 57 10-9 25.888 25.013 24.918 24.750 24.618 57 _—‘1_-‘.‘l\.4}'1~ “H V— 91 Advance Drainage Systems, Inc., 8-inch ID (Set II).--Con't. Manometers Photo Head 1 2 3 4 Temp. No. inches inch inches inches inches F° 10-10 25.400 24.650 24.450 24.288 24.150 57 10-11 24.844 24.106 23.913 23.750 23.625 57 10-12 24.366 23.588 23.413 23.232 23.106 57 10-13 23.794 23.069 22.864 22.718 22.568 57 10-14 23.288 22.569 22.375 22.200 22.062 57 10-15 22.732 22.000 21.800 21.625 21.500 57 10-16 22.212 21.469 21.288 21.106 20.988 57 10-17 21.688 20.918 20.750 20.506 20.418 57 10-18 21.163 20.425 20.225 20.050 19.900 57 10-19 20.644 19.913 19.718 19.538 19.406 57 10-20 20.100 19.356 19.165 18.969 18.844 57 10-21 19.525 18.788 18.588 18.400 18.281 57 44' .4. 9.1."!