PW WI 7 l QITH 5_ METHODS OF RETARDING THE RIPENING OF STRAWBERRIES IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MlC-HlCAN STATE COLLEGE Russell L. Eggert 1939 £11. . a". . is: ., . . . 41....-.33K313z... v .. ‘71 . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘..‘ I . . y‘ . . . . .. 1., .‘ ..’ . \ . .... WM“. p. . $me 1. .. (3' “'1' , ’71-; ‘!;y- ”I... u 3.“ . 0 71. \..‘ 7‘ ,X. ‘5. a. > ‘..*_ _ “\.Y\ .. .. .. 3.24. )fim.‘ . .. v.~.., 0?! ‘.: JVWF...‘ W... . . . 4340’). ‘9? n. . q .5”. .ItA V, .. .,‘.'1-\ " 1E??? ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘4‘; .' TIL _; \‘d 1‘ -‘V t- R . ; If— k} . ‘ v .. ‘ . xr. ~ , v .. ~- ‘y . a 'r? ‘ I A'._?. (1" V . u . V. ‘4 u. ...‘,A.r “\9.‘ ,H «7&4». \ “UM Mr M... . . . .. ,._ .. . ; N“ . n , A ... . 9 .JV . . . ‘ .1. .. . . 3 §\ 3‘: . .HH.‘ .5‘\ ”\JWRJI; \H.\.rv. . .... . ‘.. c .... .t . . 0%.? .+....\~ 13).. I. .\_.aIC}\I... nap. .Iyl. .‘ . V .I‘.Ha...n.4u 1... .1. ‘ _ . $1.... I. . < 4‘ \ . 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' . \ . . ..¢ . . 1r .. x . . t. ‘v. a..\.... .. .h I. . .. . ‘ . ... anl \u‘ o\ ...le $l1 .‘ala. pt . p. I a . I ‘ ¢ T771098 CT? T?"“"‘4TZ7)IT"} T'”? T‘EITTB’TI7"? CT? Smli"!’TUTZT?ITJS L J .,. ~., .. ITIT FTTOYTTE’PF FIC‘iIGAU by Ruseell L. Egfiert tun—nu—II‘ A THESIS Submitted to the graduate school of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfilment of the reouirements for the degree of EASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Torticulture 1939 /,/ Wfl’/;;£ Z THESIS A CK} TC‘L’IJCDG T 7'3 371‘ S The writer Wishes to achnowleife the assistance of Nessrs. V. R. Gardner, F. C. Vradford, and R. W. Loree of lichiaan State Collefie for their manv sugeestions in filanninr and conducting this exneriment «and the FaHUSCTlDtt of Yrs. R. L. fia¢ert for manv valuaole criticisms; and of Tr. .1351.th Rani'iev and Sons, T723st Jordan, Ifich” on whose farm the exneriments were largely conducted and much of the data obtained. 12:31'5i) CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments Introduction---------------------------------------1 Object of the study--------------------------------1 R6V1ew of Literature--------- ------- ---------------2 Cultural Detaila-----------------------------------8 Site and Soi1--------------------------------------9 3011 Preparation and Planting Dates----------------10 Cultivation the First Season-----------------------12 method of Procedure----------------------------~--713 Presentation of data for 1933----------------------18 Data for 1934--------------------------------------23 Discussion-----------------------------------------27 Literature Cited------------------C-------n--------32 I NT RODUC '2‘ TON The development of transnortation and refrigeration, and the rapid influx of tourists to Tichiaan during sumrer months, have been the chief factors that have made straw- herrv grovers realize the imoortance of late ripening. Usuallv northern stites that nroduce berries commercially send their fruit to markets alreadv flooded with the last of the crop from states farther south. Shese final pickings are usuallv slightlv less attractive than the first few arriving from northern states and the result is a sharp decline in the price received for all of the fruit. As yet, northern lichigan has but little competition from other strawherry oroducing areas after the last week in June. Fruit placed on larger markets during and after that time almost alwavs sells at a premium. A study of Detroit and Chicago market qubtations for the vears 1928 to 1935 has shown that an average increase of 75¢ to $1.00 per lfi-ouart crate is verv common from June 90 to Julv 4. OSJECT CF THE STUDY The object of this study has been to find the best method or methois to retard the rinenina of strawberries in northern Fichigan without curtailing oualitv or ouantitv of the crop, and hv so doinr, take advantage of the late season advance in nricos on larger fresh fruit markets in north central United States. *I‘IVI’T'I or LI'PIm'L‘U‘f-J It was assrntrlévt the outset that n.7uufd r of factors 1”1Cht lfilC1UleCe t"va seasrr‘ of rifienirrf of strvrfiher"*ies. Among the? are slcne on rhich the nlantinr is made, kind of qail, temnevqture of the szil, fertilizers used, and tvre of mulch and neriod it is annlied to and remivei from nlants. A revie“ of literature on the subJect shows us much can- s to retard the rireninv of frUit are Cf 1-1» 9; '. j d‘ fliotinfi dat . At shown frofi the Italian translation of "Natural Vagick" bv G. della Porta (l) nuhlished in London in lfi53. "Likewise if we desire to have strawberries in the Winter or spring, as w have in the summer, we must take them whiles they are white, before thev are grown to their reddish hue, and put them leaves and all into reeds or canes, stopping up the mouth thereof with some fat soil, and burving them in the earth till winter come; and then if we would have them to be red of their own natural colour, let them lie a awhile in the sun, and we shall obtain our purpose." An interesting massage is found from "SVlva Svlvarum", the r. (5 fl ‘. a wrancis hacon (u), which reads as follows: "i'rmw- C berries vzterei rev and then (as once in three davs) with “'c’ L a -- ‘ ° - -~.~\~ ‘ '5 ' “ r‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘\‘ M . " ~ ‘ “ .-%el wierein ;ath been steeped sie:p's dung or pigeons' dun , 'Vill_7vrevent xwri cormaerirlvg UJVi it is ljflfle the sufna effect V Would ”allav in :ther eerries, herbs, flowers, Frains er I r ‘3 ’5 (N n " f ‘1 "\ 'T“ ( ) I K ‘ T‘ f) “I '1' '1 q u} 71 a ~.—-yq c .1... 1 3..., P, 1-}- + ‘ "A 1) IV" xr‘1 ‘r«.'- .4 J r '.’ . ‘1 I‘L J ~’ ‘ e l - -‘ -- J l- '- C ' - b ‘ ‘J- J. ~-a l. -131 \l , J l ‘~.., 1 l(’ l .A r .L ‘F 'I : ‘ ‘. , , 'P 2 4f- , 4. 'i,-1 1,-.'. .1- J. _ 2 ,‘ :- 1 ‘5, ; 'wr " L . ; ‘ I I ' ’ .l, ‘ ~ \ , I ' I ‘ J J y \I L] i 3 . ~ ; '. J J- _ 1 U E) L1 ‘ i‘ a / I “ ’ ' u: , . . . . w 0 -‘ . AL" "| “:4? 1% ti; 3 '1ff Lt )oiit rz:oiirw1 at.-‘)1 by fertilizing. Data indicating that delayed ripening of fruit could be 3 obtained hv "plantinr late varieties in the shade of a north wall" are quoted from FacEwen's "?ruit Culture in London" (3) puhlished in 1%56. The same advice is given by L. de Lambertye in Le fraisier. The latter reference discussed forcinr of berries by proper control of temperature, increasing it progressively from 8°C. by day during the pre-flowering period, to 50°C. or 2?°C. at the time the fruit is coloring. He also considered straw only as a substance affecting the moisture content of the soil underneath, and stated that "a laver of manure absorbs heat and hastens blossoming and ripening". Lack of mention of retarding at this time mar have been due to the culture of a tvpe more like our ever- bearing varieties, as there is some discussion of second crops. Yanv references are made to the effect of slope on hasten- ins or retarding ripening of fruit. C. Buhrer (4) reports that observations in a number of Swiss vallevs show a decided difference in temperature depending upon their situation with respect to sunlight. ?letcher (5) states that "a northern exposure extends the pickinn season a week or more", and that "a heavv soil will give the same results". He continues to say that "blossomina of the plants can be retarded a week or ten davs bv leaving the mulch on as late as possible without smotherine the plants". He makes no statement as to whether q o 1 1 - or not the northern slope or the heavy SOll retards tne oe ginnins or end of the 310890 mind or ripening perigdg. The "Vhen earliness is greatly desired, a light soil should be selected, while converselv, a rather heavy soil will produce some"1.t lat er berries". Yoore (7) found that if an ea“1v crop is desired, "Select a site with a southern exposure and preferablv with a light soil. If ea rliness is not of prime ‘I importance choose a northern slope to retard the flowering period, which lessens the danfer of injury from late frosts, and causes later ripeninm of fruit." Also, "fruitinC may be retarded somewhat by tulchinfi. If it is des iraole to use the nulch as a means of retarding the ripenins of fruit, the mulch nav be left on until plants hesin to push a few leaves J up thr cuCh it. If earlr fruit is desired, remove the mulch a: .‘-'_~,r‘w..‘l*r as wocri ble.” "J ,3 In lis ouri, Talbert (7) aereed with consistent stat emen ots that "a lisht sandy or tony soil ~*ith a southern exposure will produce earlier fruit than a heavy, moist soil with a northern erposure" and added, to corroborate the work of foore, that "if mulch is left on the rows late, the time of ripenina mav be delayed for a reek or more”. In locations subject to frost, he suggested "that the mulch could be used to delay the blos~om1n period, but if left on too long the new growth will be tender and when uncovered Hill be more likely to injury by cold weather". Shoemaker (9) of Ohio, in experiments with mulching reported, "In spring and earlv summer, mulching tends to prevent injury from frosts by de- lavins blosr ominn". he also stated that the unmulched Plot in his experiment "led in earlv production, but was out- yielded for the se son by the clean fiheat straw ,lot. I Vi31d of the Gibson variety was delayed five days with wheat straw mulch”. Some authorities contenl that rulches are letrimental in earl'.r spring, particularl'r during the blossominr perion of strayierriee, because of their tendency to lower temperatures parts of Ullflo? exposed ilove them. Lazenhv (17) presented observations taken in central and southern Chic: "fhere 1... there is liabilit‘r of T" .L L vv‘ u vvv‘ . (- a‘ . or Q ~ ,- .rost HIGH strimoerrieo ¢?€ lJ olo m I. Slants With wulch on them suf°ered most". {e compared the terneratures over mulchei and unmulched sround durinf six- 1 teen obs rvations with a self-registering ninimum thermometer, daily over a two-vear period with the following results: lst. yr.2nd. yr. 1"}. V (D . . r, 0 a rare hinirum terp. over straw do.? F. 3?.3 F: . . /- O n, .0 aver Se rinirum tenp. over bare ground 4o.4 “ $4.7 " . a ,_0 Greatest difference 7.? u 3.0 « He concluded that mulch keeps the wround cooler by preventini absorption by radiation. Jensen(ll) found that a single thickness of burlap placed over a stranberrv bed at sundown kept the soil from 3°T. to l°°F. warmer than that Without such protection; and the Annual heport of the Canadian fixperiment S ation for 1015 (19) gives experimental evidence to the effect that cheesecloth suspended 0’? . - n 0’s ". y C foot above ground resulted 1n an increase of 4 i. to C . (.1: q , re ' 'f 1 ved dU?an undefineath. Che cover was more ei_ect1ve l" reno o 1 w , ‘ Q 4‘ (1.1.1 the day to allow the scil to aosoro more sunl-n-t. In further discussion of tie in luehce o~ valetinf on DJ ' - A . . -.- 1.1- ,.. _ 1, p 1,”..1.‘ v‘r eoil tender tures We nqote bLQ ij oi Cr hr? (13). .e founfl in a corourison of tennerntures of cleun cultivatei I I u ' ~ '! O 0 8011.21 d_$3011 ruilc Nil fiiifii strvrv t'vzt t’v? lyflyter Titintfifi‘Iei 1 e 1rut:1 rwire iinifi7ort1'terfiierrgtUJ~J tfie ‘rea*é r nuii. “er éefr t VJ ire eriil iin her Irulxfli rnzs >ixr’ier‘ 1T1 7i item? uili lAifené 1*1 sturzwor iomths then t-fineruture of unwulcheo, clean-culuivatea soil. ' - ,. , - .1 .0. To min L1 . .-. .t _ ' .~‘ ,1 '., .‘. ,_-‘_ .. .nzrifiie cvwri:t anti itall 147'Mw17 LrV97€ v1»? Lb oeIVL:m iir1-1- .'lIC, -' _ V ' " " J‘ ' “"’ v " ~ ~' /' J- ‘ a n - v ' ~ ," -‘ 1‘ . . N}, tyre azvezf. e te:=)er~lnires= of «int 1 Ml fl,s H3?8 ¢a¢rlgr t~rr s J.Q. 5, _-' _ 1-1 _’ a“ H. ‘ .-‘, . O ,. ' P- I” 1 C ‘- 1 'V‘ ~‘ 6 . 1— 0 ~, 0 ;0 enter, o1£31lflr‘110 Met (will saro,ny1 ruecitleo_iraniixgiTllCh mane not SC); flirt in the muluhed s i1. “Orticr (14) shoved that cultiVution z.‘,.\ - hi 1 H n, .. rt..- ,' 1, .L , .. 1 --.“ ' T -.- J ‘1-” ,i- leffiWfiflet- 8VV77UTJHLLU19 LLJKL oJJ,t d lflllC’l': lflél \Mflll“. ,:w0 '1 soil water Cool hen the snme e' .L .. . J-. _ .D -..A i- - ., .1 p. - ..J..‘ ‘ " q p, tendern.wwn3 thflttefi dQCébhgetLFyztn ritLon 0.1.31u31 :er dxf. :eference to the retardine ettect of rulchinf on the tar of {Whiits rnis Cfififitinefl.:fron1"¥iileur (15). "(Freer- vations vere node one ve,r eh anole, almond, buffalo berries, (- wq ‘ - — ' . 7.1 .‘ a -v\ ‘1' . ‘ " fl I ' -u 3‘ I ~‘ rte r7€"fflJ%S, (N1”TwuLbc, ffiWJQQ warrirr , (12m)es, .3 ' *2 ‘ -| 1' jlffle'flérTfinéfi, ijeaxfics emii ruiirntes Inilc 1T1 7e mine-fir, vricn ‘ " f '— ’- -“. r‘ - ’ - ‘ '1‘ Cw. . 1 1‘ Q' l" e 9107 was settleu did uhnut one to't flee}, ultl co,ise wuhure -0 . - I ‘ ' m ..,- "l .. ' -o . , _, ‘ 7 ' ‘ l, ,- - taro: iorse Fri,iLee. .utrwmfiwerries inare lUthleu.lul tie ii ,ter ~ .- J- I‘D TI—n " ’i -\ v a A r- ‘ p .1 ->v T - V 1" "’ 1" :xirt CJ' ionflzo. :kfimlltfi tr Tc cu: ioli13.s: 3111c my: aeit =wle ants finch lower but this d-3 not :0 O *1. ..—J d 9 o- \D j Ti’ 1 (D h C‘ Q d J ;._J TTG xii“? i)Ufie aL’DOITe t 1e i‘rfilctl; tlorfeifeif, 'hiriC: 3 1%. t ziiha (30i79“¢3i 3f FUlCl V9?Q EVQth’ FétmfidOd. TUlCH fiig reinvei 73V 15 St “1"1‘ 0 +_ ' 779 +1, :3 if ‘..V‘ 1 ‘ ’. _ r,‘ a. L .‘ . . -;L/ ullhx .1- iitni elem ‘VLuflbq U??? 1/1'Lemt eJrl ré',<' t3 hltiu liilrfied.=i1hzytg irerwa 3710 9.54 .l ‘ 1 :,n7.‘vle'rfie3 Pl wits “Vivh mule"fl*"re-_stsrwr e“, n fluir Ki crfl_or ' . ' ‘ .‘v “ ,1 ‘ ‘0': .‘1"' . ‘ """l'~ r“ ‘ .4 #1 '1' 1r -- sent ‘rmhit 2wi 'HJUTUQ"_QWIQQ l. lo.;i_i¢ ~wx: delt.vrt te_1ri, e ' .,. _‘,.L '.‘.. . ,i. to t W3‘7eeVs: ‘io7.ver, ihniitmoe "”Ft‘“fi‘eflku lfl..159‘ t’bwl rui viirrr: l 'nl*A?1tF% tnit ”iv/v rielgi*rerl nfirrit 0119 ' S3e‘7." 2e CCfil- .. _ I. "Wertifiizer’{mfihlfixyttiwyis CIFtetl incinr ct>“riafl is, “Nit :V‘CFr“: ' ., J. m 1 ,3! x? ,1 V... ‘_ . ~ -/ ~,- 1 p,__,i_' : .- 1‘3 9” ”11”?”0” (1”): ”-oo guci eitro 01 U? i~:,il-zor re- s lte? in a dense frthh of tolifi e, cautinfi leV rihenin“ .\ M: J- - ' -. P 1-“ a. ' v- * -, 1. u ~ ~‘, miw otoeq rott i, Oa tie fruit". Also, 'oiOSiiorus mflb “iottts'“i1rv iii ifie Petitil-17m3r : l‘CtiT‘Q {if ‘e 1‘ +;o ‘1 l um} th39 ll eel e“c’-ex: 1,10 ”601,11 ”191"“ ,0“,'v_=3"r-}r 1:133"th friel‘ 1J1 ll” IT7“GZTU?ent¢3‘Y??G rihtei My? froritftints ifiictl were .n,...J.' ' , ' : ,,. ~ ~ ~. - - - :r:“'117517 31. T‘Ir'_nr' 70531 't 1e S‘Trljlf‘ HJlfl_ rim":*m~~ '>ev~1c)i<: r)? In - 1 r ~ 1 ‘7’ ”an . . - —- ~ ' - ,u . ‘ ' . -- :jPTftl,¢LnQ mgnln 11 the V‘TII; 0? tie fruitii' ve r. In describing the effect of fertilizers on firmness and flavor of strawberries 1n Horth Caroline, hurrov (19) shows .0 | til—"Lt firz‘11ness is; D'WMT‘PQ *‘lf not itinctof‘; the 93,119 127;,”r in the sane ares during different seasons, hut that climatic con- ditions, perti01.11er1r rainfall, influence it most. In 1998 his tests were neither consistent not si5nifi cunt and showed little effect of fertili7 zers on firmness; however, practically ncreased firmness as H. all fertilized plots shoved slightlv coriared to the control. The szime tests repeated in 1931 13ers tJfHD‘LlCOd”l°+ nt irlcflinins ttm1317eere leei‘571ovth was wrulle st berries were most firs, and Where lemf growth wus largest berries were “ofteso. In generul, hooever, he states that berries from plots receiving nitrate of soda and sulphate of armonis (which would teni to increase the size of folisre) averaged the most firm. We found that preserves made of fruits which received nitrogen and superbhosnhste were rerked- ly superior to those made of berries from plots which re- Ho eived notustu euri:nitroien sni potsstu Ifirbe eV dence cor— roborates the findin s of Vercier (23). v "'1 YT)1'\ 7W "'1 ’. C‘ CTTIJ.:_T‘.I WJ‘IJ -J‘L _¢1.TL. n) Iinv individual thin cs greatlv influence strawberry uro- \./ r7 1" . ~ - r‘? P \ -‘- '\ n v vs . e .' . ( . «notion. In orter to keen fron apflm“efltl* sssuMing the etti- tude that any sinele factor is the determininfi one 1n oro luction under ever 59 conditions 9 “f8 ”fish, be"‘3re C ‘ 1 ,i 1111' T1 I'fi'th the Uri-1'! am to or 1- 1 i 7, t ( ~ — ’ l ' L‘ ' J' ,.J ; «mu: . 29. 8 1i n s so closelv dlllEh riti it that thev rust not be neglected in the develoonent or & good “lost ticn. SIT? ATE SOIL The 5r oer is often confronted with steterents which inform him that strawberries con be crown on slrost env of soil. This is true Within certain liritstions which (+- , ,4 \1 VJ J k0 new ' ”-or+ :;.’J 8 1G 51! (1)3451! J .4, will b9 (iscussed later. Yevertheless, t variation in the soils on which different varieties will Frov best. The "idedl soil" so nescribed bv various nersons ‘J ifferent nsrts of the countr1r has Jenn found to Vurv H. L3 1 from ulnost nure send to hesvv cluv or muck. Loree (21) , flee C) ribes it for everuse conditions, as "a moist, foirlv fertile, well drained, deen sendr loan with s retentive but not innervious subsoil". Due to the flscizl forrution of soils in tiis see arom Cravel, throueh various mixtures of sand, cluv on; muck are to he found almost invsts.rinfnl'r within a COTflUTMJT’ ssmretines FFWNI on the soius'flirm. Etnrr of tiese soils ere underlai‘ or a hard subsoil which rften results ,_) O .4.) 'D l .3 ._1 1h tie rater table renuinini Within six to eifiht i} the surface Tor several reer durins s veer. This ultimatelv results in olmnts eitier "freezinf out” or ”dryinfi Tut" J- . Chirinn Tmnriods of erifiws e Chld_rnr“F:< tie «rhiu to istueitf. Soils lile tie lfst tvo ”escrihnd 10 have been avoided in these ernerimencs, and snouli be avoided in c mmerciel nlent in: unless irrigation can be nrovided. A north slope is to be preferred for late berries as will tered tlFOUTfl the be shown by 7at; presented ICLter. SCat northern counties bordering on nnke {ioniflfln9 particularlv 4‘" ”1 those of Charlevoix, unmet and the West 33. of Antrim ere Imrrr 100d}- zed areas suited to growing this crop, that are within rsnre f the retarding eFPe t of the lake in eerlv enrinfi. SDIL PiTPnIt LTTCU nfD PI A"?I”? 94?? In this refic n le,e fill nlovinfi Hes been found verv Q beneticinl. It nelns to erelic te ran? insect nest. and en Viles & the yuover to set slants earlier in snrinr. Sod land should be nlented to cultivated crons one veer before setting it to strawberries to destrov ouack press, blue grass, weeds, inite :rubs, etc., eni allow coarse roots of lefunes to be- come well rotted. Tell nlowinr also results in erester Water absorntiin in enrlr Winter and early spring, and after 1 nsr"owinr in snrinn the lower nart of tie furrow slice has become better settled so as to allow fretfi,r capillary tee nevlv set nlsnts. 1 setter rooted before tie surner dry d3 [—4 (1‘ (*- #4 (D g ,4 ‘VI 0’ CO 0 O < (D As a re season. The establishment of a 13 N e nerce nteee of nnrent plants is insertent tron tne st indno int o? the iroduc tion of solid rows of runner nlauts *“icn Vlll nroluce the nest ~renr's . . ~ '- I" " " .r V ' 'f" -v-. “t“ l "“4 C‘V‘O“~. if}??? 1 1 ’‘(3 3:23 iltLile‘fllLL-L‘L T alf‘f ect "lQl‘LS ")e, (10349. - e 11 practice of mulchinf will not insure high returns from a poor plantation. Tarlv developed runners will produce plants which will be more deenlv and firmly rooted before fruit bud difterentintion takes nlace. Schilletter (91) in work with the hunlnn vnrietv found that fruit bud ditferentietion takes place at different times in mother nlnnts and in runner plants; also it does not tek, nlece in all runner nlsnts at the same time. "Tifihtv uniform nlnnts were set in fertile send loam soil, and all flowers removed as soon ss thev npnesred durinf the same (reving S‘eson. Plants were kept cultivated once ench week to destrov all needs, and each mother plant was limited to five unhrenched runner series. The nlnnts on each runner series were numhered from 1 to l? as thev ernenred. The greatest number of dnvs betveen rooting and flover bud differentiation was 137, 77 and 65 devs resnectivelv. Plants at positions 4, 5, C, 7 and 3 had ditferentinted buds bv Oct. 5. 7heir eves varied from 74 to 9? dnvs on this date. On Oct. 95 all nlnnts eycent the 9's eni 10's (youngest) were suite similar in stare of develonnent of their nrimnry flowers, as shown bv sectioninf and photo- grznhinr. 0n Cct. ”5 mother nldnts and fig. 1 nlgnts End the hifihest derree o? tlorsl develonnent, followed closel'r in order bv other nlonts on the runner series up to nunher ° rlnnts. 71o"er bud Fitterentintion took “lace res rdless or the are of the nlnnt, and the develonnent of flowers dit°erenti£tinf later in the Pnfison was evidently Wore rapid than the develonnent of those differentiatinr enrlv in the season." This erneriment verifies the Work of Will and Davis (F?) of finnrdn fit the 12 Pokonoke vurietv. ,. 4. ,Gu These results shor the value of nlmntinf earl? to L efirlv runner blasts With lureer and stronger root sv“tems so thut week, shallow-rooted nlnnts forminr late in the season 1 can be thinned out. The latter would use nxter and nutrients reouired bv stronger aid more vigorous plants in develoninr ew- ls 4.:— H- t the tollowin? 99790“- CULTIVATIOT Ti? ?IY3T STA303 1 It is necessurv to ween the soil between and around parent 1 0 plants in a mellow, friable condition in order that new runner nlwnts mar root as scun es thev F0“m. This enables them t0 ‘ heir own rinerul nutrients and “xter and does not so {i (—1 '4 ' J J 'r_J 4 *1 ci- ie nurent nlnnt that succeeding runners which start from it are less vigorous. Tirst cultivations should begin a few days after th, nlents are set, nnfl can be feirlv deen "D and close to the rows, not so close, however, as to disturb (after runners have started) then. Subseouent cultivations \i should be further from the row, and should not push any but the first three or four runners from eech nlant into the row. . If all runners are nushed into position in the rou it will result in crowding weak and vigorous plants into the same ‘ snace to SHCQ an extent that nutrient and moisture sunnlies ‘ will be insufficient to develop a mwxirum crop of fruit. If t o-horse, sinele row cultivators are used, the shovels w r‘ nert the rows can be removed and renlmced or sharnened wise 41 cutters, and the rows bent the desired Width oi not wore tien l‘ to 1% inches bv cuttine the ends of? runners that ertenl too I 13 far. A sinllsr device can be attached to e one-horse culti- vator. Cultivation should De freuuen; 91011571 to 138?}? the? 307:1 .‘ oed condition and free of reels until in the previously descri “ou the first of Sept filber. Anys miuul weeds co in; up uTter that tine may be lett growinfi us then will not usually psoduce scene fiber will serve to so‘e evtent in ioldinfi snow snr cmyiserVifii irrtrients Cbr"ii' "r'itec. TiCTCD 07 ‘.O- JUU"'3 oJu‘ l nL nts "were flu7‘15r0tifii orr? rear? hld.i)1olnj) nlen- t,tion to set two measured oie— half ucre nlots With the rows t e“ W eel,'~*rl ”“110 iiichen* 13',rt, :tni i”ie 'ol t"”3v**r inr‘ieo “u rt ”J t"e “on”. These \lots were Litu'ted :t he sore ‘iirfi rel eV" ti ozi riiifli :30 ii Elll? le'. in ' Lime, 391d. orl t‘ie sijie trrie or hemvv, fertile, sand-loan soil. "Ther were locntel :_-'-‘=.n“»rr_r"i_*-“>rxtel'r one-Fourth "ile shirt, one on e entle nor 1 slgjoe, Vie infier (n1 a s:with.s¥loue c)" elf ost i benticle wraittitni. riot”i ulcits irid Ties 1 ole ite i'to efttilf5t for‘ sevrvn l ‘Nr1r°~"xre- ceWinW l?7l. In l77l thev nere nlantei to corn snl Tlo cl in the full of the same vemr for the strmwherr" bluntinj rhich 'WE“ rrwie ekrdi’ in iflie snrirr'ls" lfién. 'The immin? “7.7Tt1nfis ere cultivnflnwi tresuentlv (sznlrmtirwirlv as nosrdflfbe on the FTLPW? dcnr) ‘to 1TeF¥3 ifiieri ill tflie rcrwrliti_rn riervcrifiefil “TV?VlCNlfiTJ’. Cifiltii'tt :ri Vfllq (lisluonti_u1ed. on Seite r1oei‘ 1 'ul‘ *fwe ;iloxits aillonwyi to rhoon ivriistinfbed.iuitil tinecziff”?eufifier. 7?? this tirwe Twitter? Twyvs to? oni dljmost iini.porr1‘”iatth =3? 1.3 irnfies Irma devethed. These rovs were stALed and inniereo 7hev were s..“‘ ‘ w P "v . 1 l‘ 0 . 'L‘.’ '7! V " nulcnel liti clein whewt strvv on nov. r“ en” JeC . .1 depth of an"?ro:«:ir.1:'s,tel‘=r 3 inches utter it had settled. this time the ground was :f‘ro'zen to o, denth or" two inches, and covered with 5 inches of snow, but outlines o? the rows were still visible. It recuired two and one-half tons of .‘ a, t e r i :1. 1 1'19 M J :L *v‘ii-c?1 ') to cover the acre eveludins the c rovs 'vere left unnulched. Vothine was nlentei Within tt'ent'r feet of the outside rows to affect their growth. Three rows on each side of both patches were selected as check rows, be- q cause it rus considered that there would we less probmbilitv of e deen lever ot snon sccunulutinfl over ther this position I“. (J; to act as mulch. The nlnntinfi eni nulchinfi done PVC“ x-I; illustrated in fiirure l. Unmulched check rows '1 W ‘ Unmulched che k rows ‘37 I I‘ OW S i Thilcflied_ A 4 ch ulch ve f OVE LT. d no T. I‘ 1 aye co Prat "\ iL T sure 1. i int 1 .7 9 57 Plan illustratixi W i 1 6 ‘7 , tn, 9&mnua&wm method of planting and mulch- e of the 193? plantations on both north and south slopes. 15 Additional data were reouired, so as earlv as possible in 1933 two plots ?0 by 23 feet were measured alonrside the bed on the north slope, and the heavy sand loam in one re- placed by fertile clay loam to a deptn of 18 inches. Also another one-half acre planting was made on the north slope next these two plots, as illustrated in “inure 2. D — - 0'!" _ “"731" T ! lay loam ' D 0t I ' I I , a n I ' I L4? .- — 4|— .— .J J J I 1 l J /7/8/‘7.LOJJ11&5171f2~6L71‘3.L‘7303/ 1.133393ch Viqure 9. Illustration 0’ tne 1933 planting sloping to the north. All soil was Handled under the same svsten prev1ous to planting it to strawberries, as had been the area planted in 1932, includinn the clay loam in the 20 by 23 foot plot. This transferred soil was allowed to settle well before n J- ' planting. Plants for the 193? bed were refloved From the siv 4-1. ohm " i.- . .. .1 ‘ 1 _ «up 4. 1 ' 3. ° .. ' ' “ »n1e l at caec»_'rors l;:, lb, run: 16. ‘Jntu tile auu‘ In;, -1101 , ., - .V . .1. '. . ‘ . i 7‘ '1 -. ° : V,‘ 1‘ or I. l 1 was a tree 0? c‘l.ivation, In c nsi“ raxlo “‘IQCL ;n tie (l tie lxttter r~77s is t?‘o"w lfll théll"'lfllivl”?CO?J. . 0 w o a [ytter‘liitnnestirrf t’vs 31W)“ fh7on lie lf73¢ 'ftlntlfil , i;1e rulch has rcnoved ”1th a ha’r rahe, pile” at one end of the r ‘ I“ ‘ ‘1 ‘ rx.‘ . 'n J‘ ‘- " f" ‘ ‘L - of 1' . 1. (“n 1" .‘11' . ,M IlltCQ an? far: 1 aver (w' ble old ffllmits out . '7 L1 ~_ 0 O I o. _ .. Tires air) baitions of anroniurisnfihartte'were added to ule 1 rows marked nith an Y in Viaure 3 to deterrine Wheoiel or not the increased venetativ; growth that would prohmhln oe citained would have anv retarding efiect on ripening of the fruit. The method of apnlviné fertilizers durinr the snrinfi and surmer Of tilt). V0.3.“ "131}th 8,7‘6? }’"7_"0",'i‘r1f~‘, and grain in {3715} gnrlnif of 1-,»on fruitinr year is desorihed h"r Loree (1?). Spring apnlications “'7'? aware raids s:oor1z1“ter‘s3ettdfiie (Ilrv TN), 1 ant), 3317 sinrzer :ypolin- 17 1’ year-OM Mam, /-/edr- 0/1 ,D/anfin'f ’— —“‘-__ 1,, A; j ’ I I | 1 II I I 1" I I i l I i I ‘ i I I I I i ’ i I ' l I I 1 'E a ‘. I , L I ‘ —-‘i':-—M ’ I } a'ncouenzal «womb? Wayward ‘Zm‘pownrd drawn/w ; )Vaiy .‘i' {my VL M /V 5' A)? [I M May ALL 1 with: at 75')“ ‘1 : if) I I 40 1 : ”T : t£gh .-1 ; : A0 ; I I ”If : ' ”"3:- " Ann it; xx l I I i i i I i i i I id I i @wwwwme2111113112599 O/d ”Ix/o6 C/Iec/é flew/WM Want/re. new (fleck flevWV/(x/i C/feok. letfi.fl%fifi. .. X = Fem/Va! NW5. Figure 3. Showing system of mulching and rows fertilized in both 1 and ? year old plantings during 1933-1934 on north slope. cations on Aug. 5 of the same vear. The spring of 1934 applications were made April 28 on the check plots and mulched rows uncovered April 21, and lay 1 on the mulched rows uncovered Fay 12. The seasons of 193?-'57 and '34 were average for this locality both as to rainfall and temperature, except night temperatures during the week of Web. 4-10, 1934, which ranged O o . l J. I fi - _" - p Q from ~33 b0 -4) r. nS tiere was annroximatelv 13 inches 'r‘ we <1" - - p 1 q, 0 V 3 _" oI sno: crux-cn over all the oedc there were no indie .ions of injurV even on unrnlchod rows a’ter firowth startsi Follonin“ enrinfi. Due to discrenancies in "ield recorrs .1. ° . , 1‘ i . r..- .1. m ' 1" . ---. i —- -I— ' — 4 Adrinfi one or tie ltr;est leLlVLU tqe corplete yield record m7; .. ' . I. '1- ..° .. - ‘1. 4. (l l , 1. , l .. '1- _ J- .o ‘For l:u L “111-:aom an? fir m1: ‘ul gflflfll? be (1 ter. rere -waia o: ' ...-~ ,1 , 1 L1, ° ,. ‘ ,1 n. 1 p .- .- s _ ,. - _‘ d. , _ _ all niCFiu s, on» awe viell recor~~ timfl were oat lwflt e“e -‘ ~ as —v . fi“ 4‘ . - J- .' vs. -I ‘W 4 covnlrte enniri +1 wroairo owrnarative resIlar Wet eel Ilots. To Wield records were kept tor the heds on the south slope lieotnisrr o“ t‘ie o‘rricnisljr {noes 59*“ ii :fharfifiqcr; iyl egg~1quqpua (1F truit produced on it as conjurei With the plots sloping nortf Uufiz't“ ifie lyill: of‘ trnzit ”iartllrni, Inacorwts tlrzt there 7ieni;*verwa :i";dxs *‘0 tfira rnirfi’ie““ ”VI ~I1f:i“t*= j?i_c""fl ‘oI t’arai‘ t‘i' Y} ‘i** ' r=i ‘itl. “72¢“? frzs t“7re71 tr) r'ie ‘thf“t “'Ll ’ioioo" *"?*‘h “i file ‘ ‘”" Iini“o“.l“ rz‘josoihle. .‘ 4.. .A.-. M 1 .t 1 , ,, ”w , .L .3. , -. ,.-, , . J J- 1 I- .M: .. Cl'l 9'47" .. ." I’LL-l _,'1 '_:,}1_r“ HF) ' '1". ‘. I, C" “.,‘.r ”2-3,“? 71.9 ‘3‘“: 50 I‘LQLQ“; - :9. . i w . 1 . ' -, /., , _ -— . - x . u "wiet‘ver ‘“ n g,rth'*R;‘1'uticw1 worl_7 r cnrlt ifrorriioirr flzvé or J. I‘- I J‘ . .“s -' fi‘ '1 r", 1 ‘1'1 \ I n“ ‘ 1",! V,’ I‘- coarse r teri 1. lie ol. ruloi re rved utter lmrsoeI A}. l ’J a i v I ‘J soverel tires ”1th nit h—tor”s “1: “ l"ed on iv nichere 'T “'1 p Q rnrx a V‘ J‘- r— . ~q-; - r"! r n . (N 3| "-1 O 14 .1 7 n (\ l fi-l '- -0 (N J— V‘V 1-7 "' ,. (V ,o; c ,wlll e CODth:;/1, -’-\ e .- l), r .j " G (:3 J- _‘;r.?’ t] +31,1 A) 7‘ L‘ (I? J- ‘ : O .1- . i 1 4,?11 . . {‘3 ~(' t ,1 :_]‘ rs: ‘3 q',‘ 0 V r‘ . - ‘ ., , ,7? . . — _ .1. ' J. - 1-1 .. -, 1.3 .- . . .1 _ 1. 1 .3 - '1 1 1 _ ,. hv(j."1ti‘o-L '1’?“ . J 5“) "13 J I) 1.? !J1.E.]‘ri ’1; 1-3..1 .J 1 .t 1.3. '1'.‘1{3-.‘n 4hi ‘0 OJ-" 1‘1T.1..-’j ‘1 'r3‘1’1{‘- r 1!“) 03“ 13.73379. 333110“? 3'935110‘311339 {1‘32"} “172+ (13" 7.3313 lugf‘fzvtr :1 11.. O J tfvnfit 39 3f333 01330? 524 C3N3 33 tHr3U“3 t33 311 “N703. 51113 Ifwwid ‘33r333 3“ (31“73rVIT‘7. “'30 “O"V‘ 3 3 '”17\ t"3 "*V1N—07g7 “1 3t3n" 3H't ”3v0 ”n73337 “‘33 ‘ ' “5“ r 3: 33% U‘3C"=“‘7 n:1531_ ;Q:r II“ 711 333*, r3:3333r‘ {£13} “33735 ‘31fif’1 3" n31t‘1. J~r33 ]_5. 7“3 35+n~ 3“ all 310'11“~ frnfl :3373 31333 "F “33'1 31 f.313 713 1,35i1_‘”137 77 {*‘c3 3f33 11*“ 7473'”- "lu‘*>i . :‘ ““nrre- ,.3 3‘ 3 .11‘ J- ,__ 1 .‘ .. v. A _ 3 2*" .113.” ‘.‘t‘:‘."-‘ 4.7. Q.” .. '-~"‘71‘1’,7 HVr—‘r‘gyf'm" m3?" 13 nulqh’: r o 1.. ‘ -‘. . . u,- - fl. .LV‘ r. a .L _ 7 - ’1‘ j n. 3‘ {I ‘f ‘1 a] {i ‘ _.‘_7-. ‘1 0 7‘ ._-~‘ ‘Avrf (V. ' ‘4‘ .3-., 1 17 f“ ', q - ~’ . ' .. . 1 ' , n ,r‘) ' V 5“ T f) T,’\‘ Pl .UJ 11.5.01ij ,‘I_-.1C1~r W.L" Tm OW. C 4- «a «1‘2: 31-17“. ‘1." +151"; (7‘ ‘1‘: n 4,-wa3 24 (:Iquwjhe ,' . ill—1(jrri— 3—1’“ (“'1‘ I! ’terw. r) 0 T‘ i. (31" i‘ ‘2 r)“ fiu‘io t- r fl-Tr Q 4' \1_ 0 7-1‘ filvntwtlofl. . 10 c 1—. a 4 l v o .170 “, (‘ .L 0 -I_' Flo+ 1v9t “10:1- Turfaof “1, 1:; Lgr, “IL 111 r4 _ a f) d- ,0 J d L—J .1 -J C) J ,4 ‘Qv 3 June 11 June C5 3W1” 5 K,IQC‘: JIHQQ Isl J1H1€ f7? {hxlf’ P [”4 .33 Ilncarv_nrefl_; ufr 17? Frule 143 JLMle f7? (Tll'r T:LHUJ~; TflllC T9d uwcovnrei 1 a CD L .4 ‘1 t 4 :1 L13 .9 (.4 w:- C4 3 j \. 1 ‘3 «I ;: L4 5 K -1 ‘1 v) - " ‘1- ‘L . -.- 1. w ‘ ‘. ‘ I" ~ 'V " ' -v - *' ' . u“ ' ' - aloe; r009 lugurf, ant mmnr hTHltC we“e undewel net ‘n_ Randi in th: 01% straw-wulcfie? Toma, uni still Pore 90 in tHe ehec? v«r7~ ‘“19 ‘10'* "i*“' T7‘7”'1 V' ” k W“*=revifi7_' fi *467" on w1fl3.’fio Q 0 O ‘ O O O "??¢W' nfi ‘N101.’7Vh7 ~V3'vfir foon VI? t ware " c ‘10 W“1~1*fl;3 "I ”1 J." -,. ' ' , ,- F w . ' -M «17 ' - __ ", H * v, r, , .. -0 ‘ .1.” ' - 0V wiltiflf :fi::u1* t1 Q. 11? U¢0‘ywflgr{,ccountal_srr~ ale 1%- c"efirme in 'fiw¥L1 OVOT'ifle rmmvxre-rwflched.1flot. 7Wu3 totwfl-"rin‘l . J. of fiWQ t*O-V”fir-Olfl WanJinfi was finch lover t3an it wad in 1‘77, at the (syn, of‘ l TTQ'iT. Tfle Dortion of the 1333 bluntinfl WWiCh was rnlcdei was 0 q 4 V . coverefi."wflfl1 nefl'Vszat strgmu '“vo of +'va vows 1Nfi,‘verafi_.urwll - 1 J 1 “l, 1574 were fartilifiéd Witq phlfifiafie of urwfiwia the ?Teviou° I L l ‘ . - I“ I - ~~ W“ n r- “-' ~ L--- J- " -.‘ 1-? ‘ ‘ ‘ 1 ->r~‘ - qmr1q~ cal Qquer, afi '9": ”:0 of L16 a0.“ un04ve?0w ?-r l”, \ “'7; _, , ,., " 1,. _ ,__ T ‘ .1. ‘ L‘. ° ,1 ' ".C’ 1 - .. - 193e, .uml t-WD Clean. P079. wywx7us {ljwhlflew.‘f1 1 n3 e ootuinem bv growers who are soile of P mulch and ite rethod of efipli- or slofiv in one of the frfiuteet on la.maivroiuctiln1 o? lmrvniet, 1.. J ion of the fivvt fruits on the Dunlao varietv H? comourec vith a e uth "lone. An mdiitional four-flu" delev was ohtained 5v nluntin“ on cluv 28 0 {0. L‘ \_ 0 . " 1,19 ”U35V153f lxmnn soil rufiflier thn31(n1 e,nd lmxnn: ho ”f7;?, 1} s“il° ”r0 dl'fi id or“ Win titre/pk it 'e PW“~rP”+ ‘h‘f “rer‘ ' ‘ ' ~ " (—V r. —< L, , .-, A‘:§<‘l ~ J 01 v- l} -' .4 .1 .- J 1 H \ V '/ "k-‘a . .1 ix) ‘J K 'J I ' ' I‘vv J . 1 , '. -7 , " my” .n ‘ ' ' . J.’ ,- . , care must oe taken in the meti,»n of JuTtllthulOw nrwo Wenecimllv durin‘ vet sewsoqs. 'The IMBTlTMiétt tfllic”11111c'1 is *wnflwvefi jhron tile filiwite Freon? A - .1. ° 4. .--".‘ ,. - 1.? .1. - .. ‘ ' . ‘v. ' .0 ° .., .- tu‘ uyve Nit lgLotlfia e:lau;t (Ml tie teats ~n1 I NJ31 irie i3.rst J ru1 -_ _._ , . I- ~ __ o 3-. ‘.‘ ‘ . - _ 1 L‘_ . .. ' _"1 ‘rioe:n Yhe fTLrst ianits ='rom rfll its lleOYQTW?l oot Lea; 1V aunt lute rinen at the QATQ tine. lid-season hiC"iflC? are deleted L1 from fine to three dsvs, and the end of the nichinr season ['0 is ret=--z,rz"z,erl 110117? to five (Lu-rs "o'r le:*fi,~'i‘v‘1{; i716) 111101 ml Em. 'L'Lte ;~r nanwzihle trithout ixiiurir11‘3Lrn,s, :;s coifirzred *n 31 hlgwlbfi A. - ‘ . . 1. r, .‘ i, ' , ., . ., J— .. ,.: ' n,coiecel atrlr. The ,ilcq 4»101 1s iei,ved lwso aflw lS loo ened.iU): fte“ nos Cnvrhr' rwins are twfifiz Till drv out more ran fllT than that mulch transferred exer. Tonever, this is more thin offset bf the evanormtion it nrevonts from under the row durinr the time the row is still covered. The ad: tion of fertilizer containing nitrogen does not influence the date of rinening, but does increase the amount of fruit set and the "ield when moisture is not a limiting factor. ---It would seem, then, that if a grower is to produce late fruit he should select a fairlv heavy soil if it is availahle, and then obtain the variety of strawberry hest adanted to that soil. He should make his nlanting on a north slope if nossible. This will retard rioenins of the fruit and irnrove moisture holdinv conditions of the soil. lulch should he anilied at that season of the veur which will best afford nroteotion for his olnnts, and ahsorh noisture that will he needed to hrinfi those nlents into nroluction. We can aid in the latter 29 nrocess hv renovine this rulch as late as nossihle in snrinf without injury to the nlunts. This is at the tine firovii‘ tins hefiin to show a considershle umount of vellov unierneuth the nulch. It would he adventtceous not to disturb the mulch anv Kore than necesssrv in nlmcinf it hetfieen the rovs, us this h stens evunorution of noisture from the straw and the soil underneath it. however, it may he uecesssrv to fork the nulch hick over the rows to nrevent injurv hv freezing on cold dichts. lovine it would undouhtedlv hssten the drVinfi of the rulch, hut ri.ht nrotect the croo from total loss due to free- zine. Little is to he gained in rulchine value hv usinf manure or old nnlch used the nrevicus veer. 30th are so fine in texture that unnlicutions heavy enoueh to serve as a desiruhle fulch would s other the nlents. Cultivation of nlsnts not mulched, one or two tines hefore t 1 5 iev blossom in snriuf, will J 1 hrove oeneficial in snoolrin* a soil mulch to nrevent consic i~J 1"... ,thle loss of moisture. The ouentity of fertilizer that Can he added nrofitehlr will deneni nuinlt on three thines, viz., the kind of soil, its state of fertility, and the oumntitv of noisture oresent quriné the fruiting season. Titroeen nresent in the quantitv that will result in large foliope firowth nrevious to the fruit- in: season will result in a ldrhe demund for water by the nlant at the Deriod the fruit is rioeninfi. Luck of rater at ,* ill cause more injurv than would occur on unfert— Also on ercessive suoplv of nitrofien on hexvv soil with hiflh moisture content rill cause the fruit to he c AL 7‘77) p -.- fl“ 0“. 1‘3- ‘ . ,. 'AL, ~r . "‘O‘l’ “"""‘ 0- .)O~'~ ‘ 1- ' '7. "ll.,.7l " O'for'pw tflmuid in northern lic «, n A' -‘.'- + s- ,- ' ,».L' w, .0 . ° ,, . , _ °r if L‘ l -.M Own rec ive mOuflviuQ ui~licudio1 o ‘lfi‘v ed H“lfi' oi: ti'e L1,,_ \ ,4.” ,. _, -. '. . “f‘4r:~ _ . J.‘ .J.'., .. -r‘ 'J— ‘K 1 »‘ ‘ i-» 1'; ‘1 ‘1 ‘1 ‘J' u; ‘7. {3 ' ,1 i.) VT ’1 . I 1 1 ‘ .1 ' '1 'fl 9 5-1 -J l . U ’1 1111/ i “”71 l U '31]; it" , t“. 7f]. 7.. ' ' . ' .._- .. .-. ,,‘. . -- “\\.. “' .7. ;_;,.' .1171 47.1151} , 12?: {"171“, '31_1;":e.‘"e firmy’fi‘LOWI‘fL“ 11, 1 firm-é " '.r71fl‘1.1’;_.fl_.,1 results on total vieli It ”ill nrt setird the fruitin” ”aural. l Alxilq“fiL1idlofVEIPqt"flirdi nrwmhicti