THE VALUE Q? VARIABLES OBTAINED
QURING A. SU’EuMAXIMAL MULTIRATE AND
MULTILEVEL STEP TEST IN PRIEDICTING
MAXIMUM QX‘I’GER CO-NSUM’PTION
ON THE HEAD-MILL BUN

Thesls {0' “no Degree 0} M. A.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Brian W. Eisner
1984

THESIS

 

LIBRARY

Michigan State
University

 

ABSTRACT

THE VALUE OF VARIABLES OBTAINED DURING A SUB-MAXIMAL
MULTIRATE AND MULTILEVEL STEP TEST IN
PREDICTING MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

ON THE TREADMILL RUN
by Brian W. Eisner

The purpose of this study was to determine the rela-
tive value of variables obtained during a sub-maximal multi-
rate and multilevel step test in predicting maximum oxygen
consumption, per kilogram of body weight, on the treadmill.
Thirty college men were used as subjects in this study.

The multilevel step test consisted of five steps
ranging in height from ten to fifty centimeters. Each of
the subjects stepped for three minutes at each step at a
rate of thirty steps per minute.

The multirate step test consisted of a single step of
a height of 37.5 centimeters. 'The rates of stepping used
here were 12, 18, 2A, 30, and 36 steps per minute. Two
minute recovery measures were recorded at each rate of
stepping.

The treadmill run consisted of running 7mph on the

flat for the first minute. Each succeeding minute the

grade was increased 1% until termination of the run.

BRIAN W. EISNER

The results indicate that maximum oxygen consumption,
as measured by the treadmill run, could not be predicted
with a reasonable degree of accuracy from the heart rate
and oxygen consumption variables of the multilevel and
multirate step tests in this study. In fifty per cent of
the subjects the multilevel step test was a maximal test
of physical capacity. Those subjects who finished the
multilevel step test, had consistently lower heart rates
throughout the test, than those subjects who did not finish

the test.

THE VALUE OF VARIABLES OBTAINED DURING A SUB-MAXIMAL
MULTIRATE AND MULTILEVEL STEP TEST IN
PREDICTING MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

ON THE TREADMILL RUN

By

Brian W. Eisner

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ART

Department of Health, Physical Education
and Recreation

1964

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author wishes to acknowledge Wayne VanHuss for
his warm friendship and guidance throughout this entire

thesis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
I. THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the Problem . 1
Significance of the Problem . 2
Limitations of the Study . . . . . 2
Definition of Terms . 2
II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . A
Discussion of Maximum Oxygen Consumption. 4
Selected Methods of Determining Maximum
Oxygen Consumption on the Treadmill. . 5
Maximum Oxygen Consumption in Terms of
Kilograms of Body Weight 6
Exercise Heart Rate 6
III. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 8
Subjects 8
Testing Procedure and Equipment . . . 8
Test Periods . . . . . . . . . . 11
Overview of the Statistical Technique. . ll
Prediction of Maximum Oxygen Consumption
From a Sub—Maximal Step Test . . . . 12

IV. RESULTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . 24

CHAPTER

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS .

Summary

Conclusions

Recommendations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . .
APPENDICES

iv

PAGE
34
34
34

36
MO

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE
I. Correlation Matrix: Selected Multilevel
Step Test Exercise Pulse Rate Variable
II. Correlation Matrix: Selected Multilevel
Step Test Oxygen Intake Variable
III. Correlation Matrix: Selected Multirate
Step Test Exercise Pulse Rate Variable
IV. Correlation Matrix: Selected Multirate
Step Test Exercise Oxygen Intake Variable
V. Correlation Matrix: Selected Multirate
Step Test Recovery Pulse Rate Variable
VI. Correlation Matrix: Selected Multirate
Step Test Recovery Oxygen Consumption
Variable
VII. Correlation Matrix: Selected Multirate

Step Test Exercise and Recovery Pulse Rate

PAGE

15

l6

l8

19

21

22

23

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE A PAGE
I. Heart Rates of Those Subjects Who Did and Did

Not Complete the Multilevel Step Test . . 25
II. Oxygen Consumption Measures of Those Subjects

Who Did and Did Not Complete the Multilevel

Step Test . . . . . . . . . . . 27
III. Mean Heart Rates During Exercise and at Two

Minutes Recovery on the Multirate Step

Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
IV. Mean Heart Rates During Exercise and at Two

Minutes Recovery on the Multirate Step

Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3O

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Physical educators have long realized the need for
an effective test to measure the maximum physical capacity
of an individual. At the present time two tests, the
treadmill run and the bicycle ergometer, seem to be the
most widely accepted. Unfortunately both of these methods
of testing are confined to laboratory conditions.

At this time, the two most accurate variables in
predicting maximum physical capacity seem to be maximum
heart rate and maximum oxygen consumption. Testing has
revealed that the treadmill can obtain these maximal
figures. What has not been satisfactorily done however,
is to relate a treadmill test'to a sub~maximal step test
to determine if the step test can predict both maximum
heart rate and oxygen consumption with a fair degree of

accuracy.

Statement of the Problem

 

The purpose of this study was to determine the
relative value of variables obtained during a sub-maximal
multirate and a multilevel step test in predicting maximum
oxygen consumption, per kilogram of bOdy weight, on the

treadmill.

Significance of the Problem

 

Maximum oxygen consumption has been termed as one
of the best physiological predictors of a persons circulo—
respiratory fitness level. The only way we have to
measure maximum oxygen consumption, at this time, is
through one of the high intensity laboratory tests.

By having to measure maximum oxygen consumption through
high intensity work a number of uncontrolled variables,
such as motivation and loss of precision in measurement
are inherent in the experimentation. It is clear that

if adequate prediction equations could be derived from

sub-maximal tests that application could be made under

less sophisticated conditions resulting in a useful,

practical test.

Limitations of the Study

 

l. The motivation of the subjects could not be
directly controlled.

2. The amount of rest and food the subjects had
before being tested could not be controlled.

3. Diurnal variations were present as in most
repeat test data.

A. The sample was limited to college age men.

Definition of Terms

 

Multilevel step test.——This is a graduated step test

with five different steps with heights of lO, 20, 30, 40,

and 50 centimeters. The subject stepped on each step for

three minutes, at a rate of thirty steps per minute.

Multirate step test.-—This step test consisted of

 

a single step at a height of 37.5 centimeters. The
subject began stepping at a rate of 12 steps per minute
for one minute, after which he received a five minute
recovery period. The subject then stepped at a rate

of 18 steps per minute. This procedure continued for

24, 30, and 36 steps per minute.

Maximal treadmill run.-—This run began at seven
miles per hour zero per cent grade, with no warm up.
Each succeeding minute the grade was increased one .
per cent, with the Speed held constant. The test was
terminated when the subject was approaching maximal

voluntary effort.

Maximum physical capacity.-—The maximum oxygen
~consumption figure the subject reached during the
treadmill run. This figure was recorded in terms of

oxygen consumption in milliliters, per kilogram of body

weight (O2 //kg).
max

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

The review is limited to the pertinent research
related to oxygen consumption and heart rate on step

tests and treadmill runs.

Discussion of Maximum Oxygen Consumption

 

According to Hill (12) maximum oxygen consumption
is reached when oxygen cOnsumption per unit time has
attained, ". . .its maximum and remains constant
Owing to the limitation of the circulatory and respiratory
systems." Robinson (17) states that the, ”Maximum
oxygen cOnsumption of a man represents his maximal rate
of aerobic energy release for work, and it is attained
in the second or third minute of any exhausting work
in which the energy requirement Of the work exceeds his
maximum capacity for aerobic metabolism.”

The term maximum oxygen consumption must, itself,
be viewed skeptically. It seems clear from the work
of Christensen and Hogberg (9) and Taylor, Buskirk and
Henschel (20) that the actual value reached for a given
individual depends on the nature of the physical activity.
It is therefore, maximal relative to a given set of condi-

tions, which must be carefully defined, rather than in an

absolute sense.

Selected Methods of Determining Maximum
Oxygen Consumption on the Treadmill

 

Various methods have been employed on the treadmill
to obtain maximum consumption figures. Taylor, Buskirk,
and Henschel (20) report that using a constant Speed
(7 mph.) and increasing the grade in steps of 2 1/2% each
day, is more satisfactory then using a constant grade and
increasing the Speed. Expired air was routinely collected
between one minute forty-five seconds and two minutes and
forty-five seconds of a three minute run. It was shown
that the oxygen consumption at this time had reached an
apparent steady state by examining the oxygen consumption
for the following minute or running. The increase in
oxygen consumption, associated with an increase of 2 1/2%
grade (below the maximal oxygen consumption) is approxi-
mately three hundred milliliters per minute. If the
oxygen consumption at two different grade differs by
less than one hundred and fifty milliliters per minute
or two and one-tenth milliliters per kilogram of body
weight per minute, it can safely be assumed that a
maximal oxygen consumption has been attained.

Mitchell, Sproule, and Chapman (15) used basically
the same method as Taylor, §t_al,, except for two modifi-
cations. The first modification was that the subjects were
required to grip a supporting shelf with their left hand

while they ran. The second modification was that more than

one work load was completed during a day by each subject.
The subjects in this study were not actively in training
nor did they appear to be excessively fat or lean indiVid—
uals.

Maximum Oxygen Consumption in Terms
of Kilograms offiBody Weight

 

 

Investigators have found that oxygen consumption
in terms of kilograms of body weight gives a more
meaningful figure in comparing subjects of different
weights.

Buskirk and Taylor (6) report that oxygen consump—
tion per kilogram of fat free body weight seem to be a
more exact measurement of a persons maximum oxygen

consumption.

Exercise Heart Rate

 

Robinson (17) points out that an average man under
severe work has a maximal heart rate of approximately
one hundred and ninety beats per minute.

In 1921 Hambly and Hunt experimented with pulse
rate in regards to walking up and down stairs. Later
this method was given up in favor of the step up exercise
in which a thirteen inch step was used at cadences varying
from six to thirty—six steps per minute.

Hambly, Pembrey and Warner (10) used the thirteen

inch step with a cadence of eighteen and twenty—four steps

per minute in order to compare various tests for assessing
physical fitness. They concluded that, "For many reasons
the pulse affords the best test of efficiency."

Campbell (7) used eighty medical students as subjects.
He employed the technique of Hambly using a thirteen inch
step and a cadence of twenty-eight steps per minute.
Campbell concluded that his step test showed a greater
difference between the unfit and the average men, than

between the average men and the athletes.

CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if
maximum oxygen consumption on the treadmill could be
predicted from variables obtained during sub-maximal

multirate and multilevel step tests.

Subjects

Thirty college men between the ages of nineteen and
thirty were used as subjects in this experiment. Each of
the subjects had no previous record of heart disease. The
subjects were divided by random selection into three
groups. Each group then began with a different test.

The subjects were all tested during the day between
eight a.m. and four p.m. The temperature in the testing
chamber ranged from seventy to seventy—eight degrees
Fahrenheit. The average (wet bulb) humidity ranged between
fifty and seventy per cent. In only two cases did the

humidity rise above this maximum figure.

Testing Procedure and Equipment
The first step after the subject arrived in the

laboratory was the placement of the electrodes. The

electrodes used in this study were the eight milli-
meter Grass Electrodes.l

The procedure in the placement of these electrodes
was to first apply "Tuff Skin"2 to the area approximately
one inch directly above and one inch directly below the
left nipple, and also to the lower midline portion of
the back. The "Tuff Skin" was used to increase the
adhesion of the tape, which holds the electrodes in
place, and to retard sweating in that area. A small
area of "Tuff Skin" was then cleared away with rubbing
alcohol and roughened, in the three above mentioned
areas. The electrodes were then filled with electrode
paste, and secured with one-half inch width strips of
adhesive tape. Over these strips are placed one inch
squares of "Elastoplast" tape.3 This additional tape
is to help give added firmness to the electrode placement.
Longer two inch width strips of adhesive tape were secured
over the "Elastoplast." Finally, the three electrode
wires were taped together, with slack, on the left shoulder.

After the subject had the electrodes in place they-

were plugged into a Sanborn Twin Viso RecorderfAequipped

 

lGrass Medical Instruments, Quincy, Mass.

2Banner Manufacturing Company, Nashville, Tenn.

3Duke Laboratories, South Norwalk, Conn.
4

Sanborn Company, Cambridge, Mass.

10

for electrocardiography. This yielded continuous pulse
rate readings during the exercise. A Sanborn Electro-
cardiotachometer was used to give a visual reading of
the heart rate during exercise. The tachometer output was
recorded using a Sargent SR Recorder.5

During exercise the collection of gas began with the
subject breathing into a Collins Triple J Respiratory
6

Valve. The expired air was then taken by way of twenty
inches of one and one—quarter inch British Corrugated
Tubing to a Hans Rudolph Five Way Valve. To four of
these valves fifty liter Douglas Bags were attached.
After the air was collected in these bags, they were care—
fully removed and readied for the oxygen, carbon dioxide
and volume analysis.

During the gas analysis the gas was forced through
'the Beckman Carbon Dioxide (LB-15A) and Oxygen Analyzers
(E-2fl'at a rate of two—hundred milliliters per minute.
These instruments measured the percentages of carbon
dioxide and oxygen in the expired air. The bags were then

removed and the volume of expired gas was determined by

pumping the gas through a Franz-Muller Calorimeter.8

 

5Sargent Company, Chicago 30, Ill.
6Warren E. Collins Incorporated, Boston 15, Mass.
7Beckman Instruments Incorporated, Fullerton, Calif.
8

Max Plank Institute, Dortmund, Germany.

11

Test Periods

 

The experiment was conducted during.the months of
May, June, and July. The subjects were scheduled for
their tests at the same time each day. However, due
to conflicting schedules of the subjects and laboratory

technicians there were exceptions.

Overview of the Statistical Technique

The purpose of this study was to determine the
relative value of variables obtained during a sub—maximal
multirate and a multilevel step test in predicting maximum
oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight, on the
treadmill. To achieve the purpose of this study a statis—
tical technique was needed that would be able to predict
a certain criteria from another set of criteria.“

The statistical technique used for analysis was
multiple regression. With this statistical technique
a dependent variable is predicted from a number of
independent variables. The dependent variable in this
study was maximum oxygen consumption per kilogram of
body weight. The independent variables_are heart rate,
respiratory quotient, and oxygen consumption on the
multilevel and multirate step tests.

The multilevel step test is a graduated step test
with five different steps at heights of IO, 20, 30, MO,
and 50 centimeters. The subject stepped on each step for

three minutes, at a rate of thirty steps per minute.

12

The multirate step test consisted of a single step
at a height of 37.5 centimeters. The subject began
stepping at a rate of 12 steps per minute for one minute,
after which he received a five minute recovery period.
The subject then stepped at a rate of 18 steps per minute.
This procedure continued for 24, 30, and 36 steps per
minute.

Prediction of Maximum Oxygen Consumption
From a Sub-maximal Step Test

Astrand and Ryhming (2) found that a step test with
A a sub-maximal work level would give good information
about the subject's aerobic capacity. The best results
were obtained when the test work was of such a severity
that the heart rate during steady state attained a level
somewhere between 125 and 170 beats per minute.

Martiz, §t_al, (14) found that the maximum oxygen
intake of an individual can be estimated with a coeffi-
cient of variation of 6% from population means relating
the oxygen intake for various rates of stepping to rate
of work. This value is of the same order of magnitude as
the residual variance of oxygen intake due to day to day

‘variation and observer errors.

CHAPTER IV-
RESULTS

This experiment consisted of three tests on thirty
subjects. (Two of the three tests were the sub—maximal
step tests, while the third was the maximal oxygen intake
test on the treadmill. The purpose of this study was
to determine the predictive value of the sub-maximal
variables in predicting maximal oxygen intake, per kilogram
of body weight, on the treadmill run.

The variables selected for the following tables,
and regression equations, were chosen because of their
high correlations with the criterion measure, and low
correlation with the other selected independent variables.
The initial selections were made from the computer data
and multiple regression analysis using more variables.

The selection was made to yield the highest multiple
regression coefficients possible from the data. The
correlation matrices are presented in Appendix B.

Table I presents the best three pulse rate variables
from the multilevel step test. Also shown in Table I
is the correlation between each variable and maximum
oxygen consumption, the betas squared, and the per cent

contribution to the total predictive variance.

14

In Table I it should be noted that one of the vari-
ables, pulse rate during the ninth minute of exercise, is
not contributing to the multiple regression coefficient.
The third variable used in Table I is a pulse rate differ—
ence, which was merely created by subtracting the pulse
rate of the sixth minute from the pulse rate of the
eleventh minute. Pulse rate during the seventh minute
of exercise is contributing the majority of the prediction
of these set of variables. However, the multiple regression
coefficient is relatively low for these data, indicating
that these three heart rate variables would not be
sufficiently accurate in predicting maximum oxygen consump-
tion as measured by the treadmill run.

Table II presents the best three oxygen consump-'
tion variables from the multilevel step test. Each of
these oxygen consumption variables is in terms of kilo—
grams of body weight. In Table II oxygen intake per
kilogram of body weight during the eleventh minute of
exercise contributes over ninety per cent of the predicted

variance.

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Table III presents the best two pulse rate variables
from the multirate step test. It is noticed that both
variables correlate negatively with out criterion measure,
maximum oxygen intake per kilogram of body weight, as
measured by the treadmill run. This is certainly sensible,
since we know that the lower the mans heart rate on a
certain task, the longer he will be able to do that task,
and the longer he does the task the greater his oxygen
intake. The pulse rate difference seems to contribute
much more to the multiple R then the pulse rate at thirty-
six steps per minute. Again we find that the multiple R
is not sufficiently high to give us an accurate prediction
of our criterion measure. A

Table IV presents the best three oxygen intake
variables from the multirate step test. It is of
interest to note that the correlation coefficients of the
three variables selected here, correlate approximately the
same with the criterion measure. The intercorrelations
between these variables is very high. The result is again

a very low multiple regression coefficient.

18

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Table V presents selected pulse rate recovery
variables from the multirate step test. It should be noted
that these pulse rates were taken during the second minute
of recovery. The pulse rate at thirty-six steps per
minute on the multirate step test seems to contribute the
most to the multiple regression coefficient. The multiple
regression coefficient is very low for this set of variables.

Table VI presents the best three multirate step test
recovery oxygen consumption variables. It is of interest
to note that as the rate of stepping increases the corre-
lations with the criterion measure decrease from low positive
correlations to a low negative correlation at thirty-six
steps per minute. The multiple regression coefficient for
these three variables is again very low.

Table VII presents a combination of multirate step
test exercise and recovery pulse rates. The four vari-
ables selected for this table all correlate negatively with
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the predicted variance.

21

 

 

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24

The multiple regression coefficient for these variables

is the highest recorded in this study, but is still to low
to give a reasonable prediction Of the criterion measure,
maximum oxygen intake per kilogram of body weight'on the

treadmill run.

Discussion

 

The results from Figure I indicate that the ten
Subjects who did not finish the multilevel step test had
a consistently higher heart rate, throughout the test,
then did the twenty subjects who finished the test. The
greatest differences occured during the ninth through
twelfth minutes of stepping. This is the time that the
subjects were stepping on the thirty and fOrty centimeter
steps. This is certainly logical, since these heights wOuld
be the upper limits for those subjects who could not finish
the test. I

Figure II indicates that the oxygen consumption per'
kilogram of body weight is slightly higher during the
first thirteen minutes of exercise in the group that
completed the multilevel step test. This can be eXplained
by the fact that the subjects who completed the step test
had a lower heart rate than those who did not complete the
step test. Therefore, it was necessary for the subjects who
cOmpleted the test to increase their oxygen consumption to
fulfill the needs of the exercise, and yet keep their heart

rate down.

Heart Rate

190 U

185 ‘

180 q'

175 ‘

170 ‘

165 ‘

160'“

155 7

150‘“

145 ~

140 ‘

135 ‘

130‘—

125‘“

120‘-

115-

110"

 

 

’ Those not completing the test

/”V --- Those completing the test

 

I I I I I I r l ‘r *1

6 7 8 9 II) 11 12 13 l4 15

H
h)
u)
.p.
Ul-‘I

Time (Minutes)

Figure I-—-Heart Rates of Those Subjects Who Did and Did Not
Complete the Multilevel Step Test.

26

In a comparison of the maximal oxygen consumption
per kilogram of body weight that each subject recorded
on the multilevel step test and the treadmill run it was
determined that if the oxygen consumption figures for
each of the two tests, for an individual, were within 150
milliliters of each other the tests were considered equal
(7). In looking at the results it was intereSting to note
that of the thirty subjects, fifteen subjects reached
their maximal oxygen consumption on the treadmill run.
Seven subjects reached their maximal oxygen conSumption
on the multilevel step test. While eight subjects reached
the same oxygen consumption on both tests. These results
are extremely interesting, since it points out that in
fifteen cases the multilevel step test was not a sub—

maximal test, but rather a maximal test.

Oxygen Consumption
Per Kilogram of Body Weight

27

50..

45-

4o-

35"

 

30‘“
25"L

-20"

 

15 Those not completing the test.
=£1 ----Those completing the test

 

 

I I l I I I r I I I *I
1-3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll l2 l3 l4 15

Time (Minutes)

Figure II.--Oxygen Consumption Measures of Those Subjects
Who Did and Did Not Complete the Multilevel Step
Test. .

28

Figure IV represents the mean heart rates during
exerciSe and two minute recovery on the multirate step
test. The maximum heart rate the subjects reached on
this test is far lower than that recorded on the multi—
level step test or treadmill run. The reason for these
lower heart rates is directly related to the two minute
rest after each rate of stepping. The heart rate recovery
figures are approximately the same after the first three
rates of stepping. During the rates of thirty and
thirty—six steps per minute the heart rate during recovery
is increased.-

Figure V represents the mean oxygen consumption
figures during exercise, and two minute recovery on the
multirate step test. The oxygen consumption figures are
reported in milliliters per kilogram of body weight.

The exercise and recovery oxygen consumption seem to be
nearly parallel throughout the entire exercise, with the
exception of the thirty—six steps per minute. Perhaps

the reason for this change at thirty-six steps per minute,
is that this rate of stepping is far to fast for the normal
individual, thus creating more change during exercise than
recovery.

This study Was undertaken to provide needed information
about the use of sub-maximal step tests in predicting
maximum aerobic capacity. The use of such step tests would

have much practical value to the physical educator as well

Heart Rate

155
150
145
140
135

130

125.

120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80

75

 

29

 

/
/
/
/
.’
/
/
/
“//'
“_--“ Exercise Heart Rate
0—",
--- Recovery Heart Rate
I I l T “1
12 18 24 30 36

Rate of Stepping (Steps For Min.)

Figure IIIr-Mean Heart Rates During Exercise and at
Two Minutes Recovery on the Multirate
Step Test.

02 Consumption/M.L./Kilogram of Body Weight

30

23-1
22‘“
21"
2O
19"
18 -«
17
16 -
15"
14 -
13 —

 

12"

” .~__ Exercise Og/M.L./KG
11‘ ” ——— Recovery OQ/M.L./KG

 

lO'
9 .-
“Z ,
I I I 1T I
12 13 llI 15 16

Rate of Stepping (steps per min.)
Figure 4.——Mean oxygen consumption figures during

exercise and at two minutes recovery on
the multirate step test.

31

as the physician. The tests would give more meaningful
figure of a person's maximum aerobic capacity, without
having to take the subject to maximum conditions.

The results indicate that maximum oxygen consumption,
as measured by the treadmill run could not be predicted
with a reasonable degree of accuracy from the heart rate
and oxygen consumption variables obtained during the
multilevel and multriate step tests in this study. These
subjects who finished the multilevel step, had consistently
lower heart rates throughout the test than those subjects
who did not finish the tests. This is the usual pattern
of more highly trained individuals.

Astrand and Ryhming (2) state, ". . .that a test with
a submaximal work level could give good information about
the subject's aerobic capacity." Their nomogram is based
upon certain premises, implied but not explicitly stated.
The firSt premise is that heart rate is a linear function
of oxygen intake up to maximum rates of work; the second,
.that the deviations of individual maximum heart rates
from the mean maximum for the population are small; and
the third is that all the individual straight lines
representing the relationship between heart rate and
oxygen intake have a common point which for males is 60
beats per minute at zero levels of oxygen intake. A
fourth premise is that the oxygen intake of the individual

deviates very little from the mean straight line relating

32

oxygen intake to rate of work for the population so that
the oxygen intake for a task performed against gravity,
such as climbing on and off a step, can be estimated
with reasonable precision from the rate of work.

However, in the opinion of Maritz, et_§l, (14) the
test cannot be applied immediately in industry because
some of the techniques are the fitting of the straight
line through the heart rate of 60 beats per minute at
the zero oxygen intake and the plot of a single measure-
ment of heart rate at one rate of work only. Heart rate
determinations are subject to individual random variation
due to.error of measurement and natural physiological causes.
Hence a straight line fitted through two points, one of
which is an assumed and perhaps biased value and the other
subject to these variations, may have a considerable error.

A difference between the work of Astrand and Rhyming
(2) and this Study was the type of subjects used in both
studies. In the first study, well-trained men were used
as subjects. In the later study, no stipulation was made
on the training level of the subjects. In fact, it was
observed that a great difference between individuals
occurred in the latter study. In terms of predictability
the author feels the trained subjects would give a higher
amount, because of conditioning and motivation level of the

subjects.

33

Maritz, §£_§1: (14) found that oxygen intake of
an individual can be estimated with a coefficient of
variation of 6 per cent from a pOpulation mean straight
line relating oxygen intake for various rates of stepping
to rate of work. This value is of the same order of
magnitude as the residual variance of oxygen intake due
to day—to-day variations and observer errors.

The preceding study was conducted on African natives
stepping at rates of 6, 12, 24, and 30 steps per minute
on a 30 centimeter step. Each morning the subjects went
through three half-hour periods of step climbing.

The major differences between the work of Maritz,
§t_§l, (l4) and this study were the rate of stepping,
two minute recovery between rates of stepping, height of
bench and length of time stepping. Another difference
inherent in the two studies is that the subjects were
from two different cultures. It is difficult to determine
which of these variables had the most to do with the

‘ contrasting results observed in these two studies.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The purpose of this experiment was to determine
whether maximum oxygen consumption on the treadmill, could
be predicted by'a sub-maximal multirate and multilevel
step test.

Thirty college men were used as subjects. Each
subject was given the multirate and multilevel step
tests along with the maximal treadmill run. The subjects
took each of the tests on a different day under the
method of random selection. Continual heart rate and
oxygen consumption measures were taken throughout the

three tests.

Conclusions

1. Maximum oxygen consumption, as measured by the

I treadmill run, could not be predicted with a
reasonable degree of accuracy from the heart
rate and oxygen consumption variables of the
multilevel and multirate step tests in this
study.

2. In fifty per cent of the subjects the multilevel

step test was a maximal test of physical capacity.

35~

Those subjects who finished the multilevel
step test, had consistently lower heart rates
throughout the test, than those subjects who

did not finish the test.

Recommendations

 

1.

Research should be completed to determine if
maximum oxygen consumption may be predicted
more precisely from sub—maximal step tests
using fat free body weight as the criterion
measure.

Research should be completed with all bag
switches made automatically on the subjects
inhalations.

Research should be completed to determine the
effect of diurnal variations on maximum oxygen
consumption.

Research should be completed to determine the

effect of psychological agents on the maximum

.oxygen'consumption.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

lO.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Astrand, P. 0. "Human Physical Fitness With Special
Reference to Sex and Age," Physiology Revue,
36:307-335. 1956.

Astrand, P. 0., and Ryhming, I. "A Nomograph for
Calculation of Aerobic Capacity (Physical Fitness)
From Pulse Rate During Submaximal Work," Journal
of Applied Physiology, 7:218—221, 1954.

 

 

Badeer, Henry. "Effect of Heart Size on the Oxygen
Uptake of the Myocardium," American Heart
Journal, Dec. 948-954, 1960.

 

Balke, B. "Optimal Physical Functional Capacity; its
Measurement and Change as Result of Physical
Fatigue," Arbeitsphysiologie, 15:311, 1954.

Brouha, Lucien. "The Step Test: A Simple Method of
Measuring Physical Fitness for Muscular Work
in Young Men," Research Quarterly, l4:3l~36,

1943.

Brouha, L., Graybiel, A., and Heath, C. w. ”The
Step Test," Revue Canadian De Biologie, 2:86

1943.

Buskirk, E. and Taylor, H. L. "Maximal Oxygen
Intake and its Relation to Body Composition,
With Special Reference to Chronic Physical
Activity and Obesity,” Journal of Applied
Physiology, 11:72, 1957.

Campbell, J. M. "Weight, Vital Capacity, Pulse
Rate Before and After Exercise, and Physical
Fitness in Health," Guys HOSpital Report,
75:263-281, 1925.

Chapman, C. B. and Fraser, R. S. "Studies on the
Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular Function:
Cardiac Output and Mean Circulation Time,"
Circulation, 99:534, 1954.

 

Christensen, E. H. and Hogberg, P. ”Physiology of
Skiing," ArbeitSphysiologie, 14:292, 1950.

11.

12.

13.

14.
15.
16.
17.

18.

19.
20.

21.

22.

Hambly, W. D., Hunt, G. H., Parker, L. E. Pembrey,
M. S. and Warner, E. C. "Tests for Physical
Efficiency," Guys Hospital Report, 12: 367- 385,

 

Henry, F. M. "Influence of Athletic Training on the
Resting Cardiovascular System,” Research .

p.m.—m...»

Quarterly, 25:28-41, 1954.

 

Hill, A. V. Muscular Activity. Baltimore: The
Williams and Wilkins Company, 1926, pp. 1-53.

 

Maritz, J. S., Morrison, J. F., Petter, T., Strydom,
N. B., and Wyndham, C. H. ”A Practical
Method of Estimating An Individual's Maximal
Oxygen Intake," Ergonomics, 4:97-122, 1961.

 

Michael, Ernest and Gallon, Arthur. "Periodic Changes
in the Circulation During Athletic Training as
Reflected by a Step Test," Research Quarterly,

41:303-311, 1959.

Miller, Waldo A. and Elbel, Edwin R. "The Effect Upon
Pulse Rate of Various Cadences in the Steanp
Test," Research Quarterly, 17:263—269, 1946.

 

 

Mitchell, J. H., Sproule, J., and Chapman, C. B.
"The Physiological Meaning of the Maximal Oxygsxi
Intake Test,n Journal of Applied Physiology,

113538-547. 1957-

Robinson, S. "Experimental Studies of Physical FitIess
in Relation to Age," Arbeitsphysiologie, lo: 251

 

 

1938.

Robinson, S. "Physiology of Muscular Exercise," F_gi_a
Physiology. New York: C. V. Mosby Company, 19':
p. 497-

Sievers, Henry. "A Simple Method of Detecting Abnormal

Hearts by the Use of the Pulse —Ratio Test,
Research Quarterly, 6: 2, 1935.

 

Slonim, N. B. Gillespie, D. G. and Harold, W. H.
Peak Oxygen Uptake of Healthy Young Men as
Determined by a Treadmill Method, ' Journal of

Applied Physiology, 10: 401- 404, 1957.

 

Taylor, H. L., Buskirk, E., and Henschel, A. "Maximal
Oxygen Intake as an Objective Measure of Cardio~
Respiratory Performance," Journal of Applied
Physiology, 8:73, 1955.

 

 

23.

24.

25.

26.

Tuttle, W. W. and Wells, G. "The Response of the

Normal Heart to Exercises of Graded Intensity,"

ArbeitSphysiologie, (1930), 449.

Tuttle, w. w. and Charlesworth, John E. "A Study of
the Standardization of Exercise for Use in the
Pulse-Ratio Test," Research Quarterly
10:150—153, 1939.

Tuttle, W. W. and Morehouse, L. E. "A Study of the
Post-Exercise Heart Rate,” Research Quarterly,

13:3‘9: lgue.

 

 

Tuttle, w. w. and Dickinson, Russell E. ”A Simplifi-

cation of the Pulse-Ratio Technique for Rating
Physical Efficiency and Present Condition,"
Research Quarterly, 9:73-87, 1938.

39

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

42

Appendix A refers to the data of this study in
computer language. The statistical program used here
is the K—16—M library program, designed for the MISTIC
Computer at Michigan State University.

The numbers to the far left indicate the subject and
card number. The second number indicates the subject and
the third number indicates the card. The data for each
subject was placed on four cards.

The variables in order, for the four cards on each
subject are presented on the following four pages.

The large mass of numbers following the card
number is the data of this study. The data is presented
in both numerical and alphabetical notation. The
alphabetical notation beginning with A and ending with I

represents the numerical digits 1-9.

Column
1- 3
4— 6
7- 9

10-12

13-15

16—18

19- 4

22-24

25-27

28—30

31-33

34-36

37439

40—42

43—45

46-48

49-51

52-54

55-57

58-60

61-62

Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel

Multilevel

Multilevel'

Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel

Multilevel

CARD I

Heart Rate lst minute

Heart Rate 2nd minute

Heart Rate 3rd minute

Heart Rate 4th minute

Heart Rate 5th minute

Heart Rate 6th minute

Heart Rate 7th minute

Heart Rate 8th minute

Heart Rate 9th minute

Heart Rate 10th minute

Heart Rate 11th minute

Oxygen Consumption Average 1-3 minutes
Oxygen Consumption 4th minute
Oxygen Consumption 5th minute
Oxygen Consumption 6th minute
Oxygen Consumption 7th minute
Oxygen Consumption 8th minute
Oxygen Consumption 9th minute
Oxygen Consumption 10th minute
Oxygen Consumption 11th minute
Respiratory Quotient Average 1—3 minutes

44
CARD I--Continued

Column
63-64 Multilevel Respiratory Quotient 4th minute
65-66 Multilevel Respiratory Quotient 5th minute

67—67 Multilevel ReSpiratory Quotient 6th minute

Column

1-3
4-6
7-9
10-12
13-15
16-18

19- 4

22—24

25-27

28-30

31-33

34-36

37-39

40-42

43-45
46-48
49-51

Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel

weight 1-

Multilevel

CARD 2

Respiratory Quotient 7th minute
Respiratory Quotient 8th minute
Respiratory Quotient 9th minute
ReSpiratory Quotient 10th minute
Respiratory Quotient 11th minute

Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram of
3 minutes

Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram of

weight 4th minute

Multilevel

Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram of

weight 5th minute

Multilevel

Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram of

weight 6th minute

Multilevel

Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram of

weight 7th minute

Multilevel

Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram of

weight 8th minute

Multilevel

Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram of

weight 9th minute

Multilevel

Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram of

weight 10th minute

Multilevel

Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram of

weight 11th minute

(Treadmill Run Heart Rate lst minute

Treadmill Run Heart Rate 2nd minute

Treadmill Run Heart Rate 3rd minute

body

body

body

body

body

body

body

body

body

46

CARD 2--COntinued

Column

52-54 Treadmill Run Oxygen Consumption lst minute
55-57 Treadmill Run Oxygen Consumption 2nd minute
58-60 Treadmill Run Oxygen Consumption 3rd minute
61-62 Treadmill Run Respiratory Quotient lst minute
63—64 Treadmill Run Respiratory Quotient 2nd minute
65-66 Treadmill Run Respiratory Quotient 3rd minute

67-67 Treadmill Run Oxygen per Kilogram of body weight
lst minute

Column

1- 3

7- 9
10-12
13-15
16-18
19— 4
22-24

25-27

28-30

31-33

34-36

37-39

40—42

43-45_

46—48

CARD 3

Treadmill Run Oxygen per Kilogram

2nd minute

Treadmill Run Oxygen per Kilogram

3rd minute
Multi-Rate Exercise
Multi-Rate Exercise
Multi—Rate Exercise
Multi-Rate Exercise

Multi-Rate Exercise

Multi-Rate Exercise
per minute

Multi—Rate Exercise
per minute

Multi—Rate Exercise
per minute

Multi—Rate Exercise
per minute

Multi—Rate Exercise
per minute

Heart
Heart
Heart
Heart

Heart

Rate

Rate 18

Rate
Rate

Rate

12

24
30
36

of body weight

of body weight

steps per minute

steps per minute
steps per minute
steps per minute

steps per minute

Oxygen Consumption 12 steps

Oxygen Consumption

Oxygen Consumption

Oxygen Consumption 30

Oxygen Consumption

18

steps
24 steps
steps

36 Steps

Multi—Rate Exercise Oxygen per Kilogram of body
(weight 12 steps per minute

Multi-Rate Exercise Oxygen per Kilogram

weight 18 steps per minute

Multi—Rate Exercise Oxygen per Kilogram

weight 24 steps per minute

Multi-Rate Exercise Oxygen per Kilogram

weight 30 steps per minute

Multi-Rate Exercise Oxygen per Kilogram

weight 36 steps per minute.

of body

of body

of body

of body

Column
52-54
55-57
58-60
61-62
63—64
65—66

67-67

Multi-Rate
Multi-Rate
Multi-Rate
Multi—Rate
Multi-Rate
Multi—Rate

CARD 3-—Continued

ReSpiratory Quotient
Respiratory Quotient
Respiratory Quotient
ReSpiratory Quotient

Respiratory Quotient

36

steps
steps
steps
steps

steps

per
per
per
per

per

48

minute
minute
minute
minute

minute

2 minute Heart Rate Recovery 12 steps
per minute

Multi-Rate 2 minute Heart Rate Recovery 18 steps
per minute

CARD 4

Column

1- 3 Multi-Rate 2 minute Heart Rate Recovery 24 steps
per minute

4- 6 Multi-Rate 2 minute Heart Rate Recovery 30 steps
per minute

7- 9 Multi-Rate 2 minute Heart Rate Recovery 36 steps
per minute

10-12 Multi-Rate 2 minute Oxygen Consumption Recovery
12 steps per minute

13-15 Multi-Rate 2 minute Oxygen Consumption Recovery
18 steps per minute

16-18 Multi—Rate 2 minute Oxygen Consumption Recovery
24 steps per minute

19-21 Multi-Rate 2 minute Oxygen Consumption Recovery
30 steps per minute

22—24 Multi—Rate 2 minute Oxygen Consumption Recovery
36 steps per minute

25-26 Multi-Rate Exercise Heart Rate Difference 18-3O
steps per minute

27-28 Treadmill Run Heart Rate Difference 2—3 minutes
29—30 Multilevel Heart Rate Difference 6—11 minutes
31-33 Maximum Oxygen Consumption Treadmill Run

34-36 Heart Rate at Maximum Oxygen Consumption Tread—
mill Run

37-41 Body Weight in Kilograms

Column

42-43

44—46

50

CARD 4--Continued

 

Multi~Rate 2 minute Recovery Heart Rate Difference
l8—3O steps per minute

Maximum Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram Tread-
mill run

011
012
013
Olt
021
022
023
02‘

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51

APPENDIX B

53
Appendix B refers to five correlation matrices of
the collected data. The first four matrices together
encompass all the variables of the study. The fifth
matrix is a combination of the highest predicting variables

of the other four matrices.

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