AS THE CRITEREON FOR ESTABLISHING :— PATTERNS OF EGO RESPONSE GUILT Patricia C. Dunn Patricia A. Reynolds MSU LIBRARIES “- ' 3E1" 'RNI mg remcve Luis checkout from your veczrc. iINE§ wi11 be chargec if cock is ' ' fflfi Cate GUILT AS THE CRITERION FOR ESTABLISHING PATTERNS OF EGO RESPOHSE Patricia C. Dunn Patricia A. Reynolds 2: ‘13-“? 3 h ' ' fir". Ifi-i r ‘ 3‘ :-‘:- = - 2 ,,.. 1‘, E E, , « ‘ ‘:- + t 5. *1 .--" i: w: tar-Al". ._., .-' V'fi' , I In partial fulfffffiénf'bf the requiremént for the MASTER'S OF SOCIAL WORK Michigan State University School of Social Work East Lansing, Michigan 1967 I. I o l I l l I I " I . 4 1 ul. . 4 . I w I I u . . v c I . v o . . . . .o n 4 . I . . . . V . co. . I o o . I I . . . o . c . I . . I .I . . . o. . . . P u . n: o . . v I . J a . . ”(I . u . . . . 4......" . . . ' I ' U. ‘ ’ V O . I c u I up . .fl .' If I. . I .n . I . o . . . . n o v . o pull... . . o I . ~ a I . I Ina o u .1 I h . . . . . s . . . .. If. ..I . . . . . . o o O y n o n I. u o .v fii’v . a a . a u a d I . I . I . .n . ‘ . I I . o . n I - ‘I '. I I. I ’ I I . c . . . . x - . a . . a I . . . . I . I. n . O” I u ’3 . . . I r0 0. . . OI ‘0 o n a.” a . I o . H lb . . u . . ..n I . . ~ I 1‘ ~ . c. c s o . 9 .1 I . . v 0 z- . s . y . . o *In. . . I o. .‘I r.\ . . . o . . x - luv HI v I I I I I. u C ‘ u . C . O 0 I n u . . . v o. . v I. I I I O J . I. C . I n .a o . I I a . .. . u. . .c... . . a .. . .. . 13“ P. \l q . n o a I. I I O I O \ . , a . .. .2, . .. .. ru 2. z. . . . . .. . n. .i "0 1.; JO. . I II . o I. p ‘ 3’ . In I .ol. ‘3 . n . 1 I a n C. . ‘ a . ~ " . ~i... ’1 a .0 ‘0. . I. . . . . I . .. .« T. v o I i I \II N.» . . . ra u h. . a J .1 o I l . _ 1‘ v I u... I .0 .a 1" - . If ‘au. 8 t 1‘ lb . ”t. O I I n 4 § . a p3,, “Mp ... w l \ . n ' . . 4..- n I AD 1. m R B IVEI'SZ 5 a}; ram .. . . . . a . : . ~ .'0 t . .. ”I .. .. H.” . . . . L a ma.“ M. . o . ac- . no 0 in. I.“ .. . . A .0. a a v o. D I * a On. I , J L U v Misa- I w 0 .y. .1‘. Vi . I I 9..) ‘rkx’i . Ila-.. b “A C ABSTRACT This study classified subjects into types or meaningful con- figurations by guilt Criterion ( leVels of guilt ) and pattern. of ego responses. The types were essentially different in pattern con- tent and meaning. The patterns of ego reSponses were elicited from items comprising the Barron Ego Strength Scale. Isolation of these patterns was the result of the classifying of subjects into criter~ ion groups of high, low, and medium guilt as determined by the Mosher Force Choice Test. The types elicited were characterized by their prototypes which were determined by the subject making the highest number of appearances in his type and by describing the pattern content. Thus subjects in the relevant guilt criterion possess certain patterned ego responses as characterized by the prototype which were essentially different from the subjects, characterized by their prototypes, in the other criteria. The fifty-two subjects used were second-year graduate social work students and undergraduate and graduate students in two Univer- sity church organizations. These pepulations were selected primarily because of their accessibility and potential for demonstrating vari* ous levels of guilt. The procedure consisted of giving both tests in the same order to each subject. When the guilt levels or criteria of high, medium and law were obtained, the CDC 3600 Fortram program for Criterion Pattern analysis deve10ped by James Clark was used to ii TL .1 ( VJ J ”I I'J, . a r 9.; . IL I.- . I . a -- isolate patterns according to a minimum discrimination level of 60% for each criterion. The results of the study were not cross validated with new samples due to a time limitation. If the study should be repeated there could be a confirmation of the results which indicated that there are constellations of personality attributes which characterize persons with particular levels of guilt. iii {l i 91*. .. . . . . v? I- GUILT AS THE CRITERION FOR ESTAbLISHIAG PATTERAS OF EGO RESPOSSE Patricia C. Dunn Patricia A. Reynolds In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the HASTER'S OF SOCIAL WORK Michigan State University School of Social Work East Lansing, Michigan 1967 AC KNOhT LEDGI .ZE TITS We are indebted to all those persons who facilitated our study. Our fellow social work students and the students in two church Sponsored groups who served as subjects deserve our thanks. 'We are especially indebted to Dr. Gwen Andrew, our Research Professor whose enthusiasm, encouragement, patience and critical guidance helped to make this not only a productive research study but an excellent learning experience. We are thankful for the assistance of mr. James Clark, graduate student in the Department of Psychology at Michigan State University who performed all of our computer programing. Last but not least, we are indebted to our families whose endurance, cooper- ation and patience made the completion of this study possible. V’T. i ’I‘ j’?;‘: 'o I. ,1. ‘— V a f TABLE OF ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . ACKI TOFILEDGTAETFI S . . . . . . LIST OF TAELES . . . . . . . BACKGROUND OF STUDY . . . . GUiIt O O O O O O O O O Emperical Literature Survey . . Typal Analysis . . . . . Purpose of the Study . . METHOD. .......... Subjects . . . . . . . . Description of Instrumen Procedure . . . . . . . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . IMPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . APPENDIXES . . . . . . . . .' ts . . . vii 14 15 18 18 19 22 25 38 41 .f..- '3 a... . r... ’x- .w v L r. G L .. a w... .. ... i. .. -w P, o O o O O O D o O O O I .. . Hr LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page I. Characteristics of Sample By Criterion Groups . . . . . . . . 23 II. Patterns Isolated For High Guilt Criterion By Number and Classification of Subjects . . . . .‘. . . .j. . . 26, III. _Patterns Isolated For Medium Guilt Criterion 2}_ _ ‘ By Number and Classification of Subjects. . . . . .'. . . . . 26 IV. Patterns Isolated For Low Guilt Criterion By _ Number and ClaSSification 0f SUbjeCts I o o o o o o o o o o o 27 V. Content and Frequency of Appearance of Items _ g _ _ In patterns Of Criterio.] I O O O O O O O O O O O 0‘ O I O O O O - 28 VI." Content and Frequency of Appearance of Items' " In Patterns of Criterion II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 VII. Content and Frequency of Appearance of Items . g,, In Patterns Of Criterion III 0 o o I I o I o o I o o 0.0 o O. 29 VIII. The Ranking of Subjects With High Guilt ._ As They Appear in Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 IX.~ The Ranking of Subjects with Hedium Guilt _' ' ” As They Appear in Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 X.“ The Ranking of Subjects With Low Guilt As They Appear in Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 vii v... 4., . . so 7.2 v.. w... w . .J .4 .‘ 1 a . . . .. . . _ .., p ,\. v 7 . 7 a . o ,u . . . ~\M x f4 .- n. . ,I i . C .v . C m 9 pt.- . v I . 7 u 5 J a ‘ w .a . O J .31. i is b .u a» - xx u“.1 u. ‘i .1 - _ H] A . \ . . it. . l... v . I. ..~ u u v a . . . _ .8. ..l ..w .. I . 0 .¢ . d o . v , . v a O B 1 a o o I O G BAcxcnouno GUILT .Guilt is discussed in all of the theories of personality from Proud to Homer. Freud represented guilt as the most important problem in the evolution of culture. He felt that the process of progress in civilization is paid in forfeiting happiness through heightening of. the sense of guilt.1 . Mower, éteckel, and Boisen based their theory of anxiety on re- pressed guilt. For them, anxiety arises from repression that has been turned toward the conscience.2 In other areas nhich discuss human behavior, guilt also plays a prominent role. In the writings and plays of the existentialist, Jean gaul Sartre, there is the constant portrayal of man's sense of iaol§° tion and guilt. In the writings of willian Falkner, Franz Kafka and the poetry of T.S. Elliot and n.H. Auden a sense of estrangement and guilt can be seen. I In theology the concept of guilt is prevalent and has been given as prominent a position as it has attained in the behavioral sciences. Us. ' , 1Freud,_$igmond, Qixilizatign gag Its Qigggntggtg, London: The Hogarth Press, 1930. 2Mower, Hobard, IDQ Crisis in Psychiatry egg Bgligign, Princeton, New Jersey: Van Noetrand Company, Inc., 1961. ‘ 1 . ‘ ' ‘; ‘ ' ~ « . h . - . . .A r . ‘ A . . I . ‘ . I ‘ ‘ . ‘ , - - , - , ‘ y ‘ . . . 7 . ‘ LI ' ~ . d b \ .r .— I - - _ g . - . . ‘ | - . i I . . . n _ _ - r , . ~ I f ,. .4 . _l. ' _ . I - . ' 9.0 ,u . ‘ o _ v I I . - ‘ . . - . A - ‘- - ~ . . . l I I l 'J \ ' . ‘ - . I J \ . s ' ‘ . ~ .— v Y " ‘ . c . - . ' I _ ' ' , ‘ ‘ ' r ' g. . ' , . D . . i J '— .— . l . . r. ’ 7 " 1 ' .. . t - . - . ~ o f ' I ' ‘ . *f c ' . 7 \. 7 t - J ‘ - , ' i a . > u r ‘ I 1‘ ‘ ~ . . . ' i '1‘ hi. I . - .. ' ." .* -. ' 5.. J- . “I 7‘ ~. , . e . . . a 7‘ - . ' . - . I I v . w . . ‘ I . . , J ~,l .. . I . c ; - .1 , ‘ . - . . . . ~ ‘ . I - - . ., .1 , . ‘ — D l ‘ ' , u 1 _fl ’ s- .‘5' . v - ‘ I . O ~ - -’ .- __ . .'_l‘ i a. I '- . , ~ . 1 . ' . ‘ . . '. ‘ ' , I . g I. . . J . a. - V ~ ' ‘ 4 - ' ‘ .- ~ L.- A ‘ , r . ' ,, »-_.....- er.H--~*<‘r .-— »—a4-o—.—.. m - _,,‘__-~, .- m”-—--* - p-.-— a. -rv - .1.- -— u—v-nc- --—— ‘.~-. .. . ’ o a n O - - , u ' f - g . . .a ' . t ' < < K . I - - v c i "i . .. -. .. u v -- . ~.- . , - --~ . — - — » _ _ . ___ - .1 r u v . v - o ; ' . " ‘ v V ‘ \ ' '. . ‘ . P ' ‘ o I . v ' g ‘ ~~ . . -- -- ._, ‘ .. -- — , 7.}-.. .-. , - -. . . s, i . ‘ . ' I .’ _- ‘ ~ I o J. . . ‘ o - - a . ~ 7 ,- i - ‘ ‘ C I -m - 4‘. . . . l ~I kt ..O-...’ , — . y t»‘ .- w - - .nl . . y. :3 ’V. \JJ"U.‘ ». s ‘-.e A ,' I ‘ ‘- I - , . I .I . t r r . - " e , ... r ,, . . - .. . o ,- 'l‘. . . - ’ r ' ' c : A - " ‘ f ' C I 4 ’ n ‘w , l -. - ' -_ . . _ .,-\o . I . . . ; o . .' n -' I . u 1 , _ ~ .' . .. ‘ i n ' I A ' l s u H v u 1. , . r 1 ,. | } .X . -‘ ..L I 4y ‘a u _ e u - _ ~"'§“ --~ ”9-. out. . - 4‘ 1 .‘ a- .‘ -.' a - ' 1’ .‘ . 0‘ —' ‘0 ‘. l ‘ - ‘ 4 . ---‘ , .. ‘7 I - ,x I ‘1' ."' I f v), - . v ' ‘ r .V «a b A . 1 . ~J vI ...- 2 Karl Barth exemplifies this when he said ”instead of speaking about sin in man we must speah of the Man of Sin. Man himself is in his sins”. To be a sinner is to be guilty.3 McKenzie reminds us that ”nothing less than the drama of Incarnation, Atonement and Resurrection can cover man's guilt and make him acceptable to God. Thus practically the whole doctrine of The Person and hork of Christ is related to man's guilt.”4 I . When discussing the importance of guilt it is wise to understand the different ways guilt can be viewed. The lawyer defines guilt in terms of objective behavior which he calls guilty. The moralist de- fines guilt in terms of 'ought'. For the moralist there is no guilt unless there is an ought. " There is the psychological experience of guilt. This distinction Iof psychological experience from real guilt is exemplified by two empir- ‘ical studies. MacKinnion in an experiment gave ninety-three college students twenty problems to solve. They were given answer booklets to solve certain problems but were prohibited to look at others. Each ‘student was placed alone in an experimental room where each could be observed through a one-way mirror. Forty-six percent of the students were seen to cheat. Upon completion of the test the students were interviewed. Those who denied cheating reflected very little guilt. Seventy—five percent of the cheaters described their reactions as calm 3Barth, Carl, Qhurch Docmatics in Outl;ne, New York: Harper and Brathem ’ 19360 4MacKenzie, John (3., Guilt Its Meaning and Significarca, London: ’ George Allen and Unwin, Lts., 1962, p. 18. ’i I .» . s , . . a ‘ V ' ‘J ., . I . g. .- 'J-xJ ‘ . .' — ' t - 4 _ . 1 - ' . y u ‘ - ' . I. .. 1 . L- < - J I. -' (4 ' n . i ‘ - ' , --I . . . ._1 K H . . -. , v , + ., . ‘ . r , g. l _ A- a . . ( I ’- ' A . 1- . . - ‘ A 2 ‘. f . _.., ‘4 _ , . _ i r ' _ .r. r. . g .7 .o. - > r‘ ._ . I . . .... . I .\ . . . L . ! . z A ‘ I A O O . . _ _w‘ ,' - r~ - - , I r ‘ . c y 1 - . - ’ , . A A _ 1 ‘ .’ . u , . ' _ I o ‘ .‘ ,- r . ' _ g I ' ..- I. l (1'! . ' i‘ ' .. .. . 4 I l - ' , ’ . . , - . . L ‘ (E " u . 1 ., , . _ . «V A , o - u . . JN . ~v ~ ‘ Y A v' " 3 ' l (- g . .4 . . _ . . . ‘ . 4p . l ,' 4' e ‘x r l. - . _ ‘. r W. .' ‘f' . l ‘ . " ' é . ' ..l ‘. . ‘4 ~ A. .‘ i J -.. -.— ...-._..--_.-. I _..~ -—---—- — -« ,. w— .- -__#-_..- v . . - , I g . . . ' I - \ n. p , . s . .. . - - v - - . ' . v a - I. ' _ o . l ‘ v _ . .‘ . t . ' . _‘ I . J. L i‘ o " I I O ‘ ' ‘ , H ’H‘ > r ‘ . A A r ' 7} r‘ i ‘ I 1 V . l - . .. A . y , s. .4 r .‘ . J . ‘ y.- . . . ‘ . ' . ll ' | ~ . x. , ‘ * y j ‘ ’ v‘ v) ..- ' . .t O * . A [s V s . | _ 5) .‘ u L 0 1 A '., . , ‘ r . r v ’ ‘ § - ' I - .4' . .- » :' ' ' V n ' J - . .4 -.¢' J .. v (J ' , _’ - .' '- . . I I r . ' ‘ ' ’ . V I, \ . - ._ - .1 .4 i ‘ , . I .‘ , , - I4 ‘r ,l 1 . . .J l ... ~J , 7 . ' ‘ l _ a 4 7 ' s; 'V t f . i’v €- - ~ - _. : - - 1'- J . . L ’- 0 I .4 . . 4': . _ . - J . ' J _ .~ ’ Ig.J o. o - 3. ‘ f v ‘- . I J J . . l . . , ‘ , . _ . i . ‘ l “ r ‘ y r' . ~¢ r r , .‘ n I - . I . " a l‘ u " 1 ' - 3' l} ‘ , - .. - ' . . . ' A. . I - . ’ ( ' _ . . . _ . , ,' g A . . IA ‘ ‘ J. a. Z} I J , u . s . s u I. a _ - L. , L l . ,’ " - y ' ' '4 . ' ' . ' " ' T- Q. . I I a.‘ . ., . s l. ' ( ml . ‘ ~ . 'J - :[.-.J u r ' ' " i” .. . .I ‘3 A e . *L ’ .\ . , ‘ r“ ' * v " . . ‘ ‘ : .. x A . . w . I ' '7 . - n - - .' u 4 ., , V n r. . .. .‘ . .. ,- ‘ D - » 4 ,' -c — f o r V ‘ I ’ c ‘p‘ . . . . ‘ . .3 . ‘ r i - . ‘ , , .~ ' .. ~ v ‘ "§ . \ "' r . .' k. n . D ‘ ( ‘ I ‘ _ i _‘ 1 ' _ _ v ‘ - ‘ " .3. . A ’ I. y. i t (3 . . . . . I . - I , - .. ' I f . . , - - , a \ _ - ‘ l ‘ ‘ O ‘ p \ ‘ r ‘7 ‘\ ‘r b I . \ o , .7 _ 1 ‘ xi _ u . I. .' .. . Y a ' . . . . . '- J ‘ .. . t ' _ _ : 1 .. ' . . . - A -. I - . K ‘ s ' I . i . .x . . .. . In .4 (‘3 . l . . _ .. ', . ‘ v. ' ‘.—. ' .- 4' n x. s g . - _ (I _, . _ h . \ -V ‘ ,. . . .' " , 's . v‘ " l t '»“.J , . n n ‘ V ' _l . . H _ . a . . 0 J ._) . \ .. u o - l ‘ oz - I ' ’ u , ,- - r -. '_ - (5 , ' . n. - fl, .. _.. . .J. . J . . , .- - . 1‘. I . _ , . . ‘ ‘ ‘ . . I . p . J ._, . - s -l - w . a. ' J ...~ D .J a . - -‘ u ‘1 ’ ‘1 - n1 . .. .. . . “-e-u--..po.._— 7....“ 4—... M-——_- .“. “_._.._ .. —_--......,_....-.~m . . r . , - ‘3 u‘ ‘1 .. v - A I 1 ‘ , n . - I' . . l , - -__ --.- , . .u-._ e- .. . .. -. P . ' t .4 - Y . O ‘r . l « J l . . . . l x J . '. ‘ . . - . J o - 4 .4 -1 -_..- .. - - _ A- . '— 9 - o J :' . I d I h ‘ O 3 indifference and twenty-five percent described their reactions as guilt. Eighty-four percent of the nonviolators reported that they would have felt guilt if they had cheated.5 'Brandura and Walter:6 found that aggressive boys selected on base: of contact with courts, schools and child guidance agencies for acting out show significantly less guilt on TAT type stories and in- terviews than a matched group of controls. Such findings require a distinction between actual guilt and the psychological experience of guilt. The psyche of man according to Freud7 consists of three entities, the id, the ego, and the superego. The id contains the instinctual drives (sexual and aggressive) and is the source of all psychic energy. Pearlman8 calls id functions life energies which need outlets. These drives or energies are unconscious and when frustrated or unable to obtain gratification they register consciously as tension or anxiety. When these drives find gratifying and socially acceptable outlets, their strength and purpose give energy, direction and creativity to the indi- vidual. The ego is the integrative, synthesizing, reality-oriented and perceptual entity which gratifies id drives in a manner compatible with existing external conditions. . 5MacKinnion, Murray, Henry A., ggplgrgt igg in Personality, New York: Science Editors, 1962. 6Bandura, Albert and Walters, R.H., Adolescent Aggression, New York: The Ronald Press, 1959. 7Freud, Sigmond, The Id and The Ego, London: Hogarth Press, 1930. 8Pearlman, Helen Harris, Sogial Casework, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1957, Chapter One. .qu—w-_‘W._.-.- .#--—-~ . . . . _ . u , . , - ' ' . r x , ‘ , e t . . ‘ _ — H A u . _ \ _ I ' U! ' h ‘ _ ' . "' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' .. .‘ . . -4 ' l s ~ 0 . ' A -I ‘ ’ u 0 ‘J ' v » v I ‘ l . ' y ' I \‘ s w l «- A . ) . _, _ D . , a . _ _ e. - . . . i s - - 4 l , ‘ .- _ Q ~. v . a\ ‘ I! ‘ V - a ‘ . , . ‘l . . ,4 ' . _1 I ~ .- | _ l , _v .) _ L J . ‘ . ‘9 J N. l ’ ' l ‘ ~ 9 . 4 ' . ' _' I J h , I.) t . c J. - ) .- .. | . , . n R . ' "l I ’ f _ . . - n ' ‘ a _ ,, ‘1 ‘ . ' . ' l - - I - — , ,- ~ 4 5 ...... . . '. ' J- . . 4 ... H - J .. ' - ‘ L \. _ _ t “ , , ) , s I ' - y .. ‘ ' ' - - a ' ‘ . 7 . I a ‘ . J - I y I a . o . V , . . .. . , ' " V ' l ' ' ‘ . , _ . l ‘ 4 . .7 1 _ '. J _ . l . - - J 7 y. -‘ ; -I . ‘ O , . ‘ ‘ A ' . . .. . . . .. .. a , I , ' I x , i ‘ J ‘ ' - ‘ . ' ‘ .) ' f1 . . u, r . 4 y - ' a .‘ _ . . _- U a ‘ . . r y . . a ' 1 . . 'r, " ‘ 1 ' " . ' W -- ‘ ‘ ‘ . , 4 , . .. A , .v ., y . ‘ ‘ . ‘ I e 4 ' a ‘ " ’ f ‘ ' ‘ -.‘ -. l") .. . - J v .. . - « -« - . . . . l L! , _J . . ~ 7‘ l \ . i '~ ' I O . v . ' o. ’ . l . . V _ . -. , l "l . . x a '. . - . -‘ . - , . - r , , ' ' ‘ _ . C - . ' ' - v - ' O I ’ 1 b I 9 I .. ' I , c a . .. | . - . i . « l , , .. 1 a x l s - ~ - . . . . ) l a v I . I - ' x ' . . , ,_ , I, - - A ' ' ‘ . , ' . ~ "v ' D ' ’l l“ C x o ‘ - .9 '~. A. i ‘ v ‘ J 4 - . . , ,. ~-vF-—-—-‘ '- l'"- fi-H-O-— ---' l- V l‘ -- -v_-.-v— ' -‘v v —..- “. I-v-J .-' rc-q-'< ‘— — , -.~'M-< .- v v - HQ <01.“ ww‘ . ‘ s The superego, with which the theories of guilt are most concerned, is the force which according to Alexander "develops as a special adjust- ment of the child to the first society he lives in, the family. It protects the family interest apart from the individuals. It requires from the individual self-restrainst, cleanliness and self-control. It forbids incest and makes domestic life possible. Its domestic relations extend to society and regulates behavior in accordance with customs, laws and constitutions."9 In Civilization and Itggpiscontent§,10 Freud described the devel- Opment of the superego as the standards of society which are internal- ized. Continuing in New Intggductorx Lectures gn Psychganalygis,n Freud attributes the rise of the superego to the replacement of objec- tive anxiety by moral anxiety which occurs as external parental restric- tions are introjected. Moral anxiety is a consequence of conflict be- tween the ego and the superego and results in feelings of guilt when superego commands are violated. These guilt feelings may be consciously recognized as feelings of remorse or a vague kind of anxiety or uneasi- ness. According to Fenichel, "Guilt feelings represent a tapically defined anxiety, the anxiety toward the superego. The feeling of_ 9Alexander, Franz, The Psychoanalysis of Total Personality, New York: College Foundation, Publishers, 1935, p. 261. 10Freud, Sigmond, Civilization and Its Discontents, London: The Hogarth Press, 1930. 11 , New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, New York: n.w. Norton and Company, Inc., 1933. I o a ‘ ‘ - . . I ' ‘ I . s r , I , a - - - I . y I ‘ h- . ‘ . . I — A - ., a 7 , , , I .. . r ' ..'~ 3 . I ~ A. ' . I. ' ' L ' “ ..J1 ' 4‘ a - ‘ — " . " ‘ ‘ ' A \ J i L A J ‘ ‘ . . . ‘ h . -‘ -- ' . . , e j -- - v e ‘ ~ 4 . .1 .. - . . . r _ . . . ‘ C C ' ~ I v ' . ' f . 7 I . ‘ 3 - ( ’ I _ n .- C V ‘ | J 1.. 'I l - v ' ’ ’ ' . . ~ , . -. a u - 4 . n .. ; ~ . ‘,- ~ I . ,‘ > , ‘ ~ ’- \ ~ ‘ l 5-- . L— . - a - r . . ‘ . . . . A . _ . . r 7 . h C . n " . - . i. V . r u o ' I - y _ ‘ e .. , r . _ ‘ - _ _. g __ r . O ‘ - ~ ‘ ‘ - an, A -‘ -' . ‘- . l - - l ‘ I _. - r , .- ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' J ‘J , ‘ - A - , ‘ \ - - ' - ‘ - J I ‘- J . i . V > . l ‘ ' I o n ' ' ' I I 7' \ '0 no -- -' ' a -5 v a- u v ‘_.- a 7— - I o -— . ‘ ‘ . . \ _ u ' ‘. ~ - y ‘ ~ .. -\ - ’ ‘ - . , , V” . \l ’ ‘ 4 ‘ - k - - ». ~- v A . - - v .V H-l V I ’ ’ . . .1 .7 ‘ ‘- ' ‘ r ‘ I v ‘ . v .. . ' ‘ , ‘ I . - ,1 . g ., . . e A . g A 1 u t - ..’-- in .-‘r- ‘,-.{"‘t“" ‘ ' '- "" W H ~ - . u 4 § 7 ,7 > . g .I . _ . . . . . . a - . z - . 3 ‘ ‘ ' " ' ” ' ' . i l , - ‘ - . .- . k V“ ,- s . . ‘ . . . , » . ~ ~ ‘ ’ l " ' ‘ ' ‘ H , ‘ ' . - -- ‘ A l . , _ . ' a v ' . J _ _ . , . -\ , . “ t * _ . ' . 5, . . ' ' v , . .r “l _. , ‘ ‘ x ' ‘ , - _. ‘ -_. .- A .' , a . . _ r K . I l A ' i v - - . . . _ y l a . , . . . . L A I - ‘ - " - ’ ' t \ ..‘._.,.__.. ,..._. , _ - .1._ -v . - - , - —---.- 4-w- . I < v -- . ---—~-—- --»v. - , .. —- V - - . .. ,‘ .. -. . -._ -..-. . . . . _ ‘I ‘ ' '.' " s , v . ' . _ _ _~A . , ,,-. .c- - . --. . _.-. , _ . ,-. - .,- _. ,,.. 4 C u ‘ - s i o u _ . L , t '- - -- h \ v I - A ‘ - ' l‘ . n r ‘ I _ s ' . . - ‘ ‘ ’ "' . F _ .r .e -l ,A l- . _, . '1 I ‘s' . f v a L o . - ' l ‘ ; A. ' ‘ 7-» . _ ~ — l4 - _ I- _o— ‘- r. - ‘ F'- e h ”- " ' ‘ ---- ' ' ' O "- ' s . -4 , L " . . . . ‘ o o .c-‘ i 0 A o ' - | . I , . . 3 i . l f ' '. e , J . .‘ -- r‘ ... L : . _' . r- . o ‘ 0‘ . ,_ . . ~ I . , v) . u A ‘ ‘ v .1 I -- .' A . _ q a \‘_ fl ‘ . ~ 7 5.. ' 'I _ , . .’ . ~ . “ '*-'. annihilation must be characterized as a cessation of narcissistic supplies which were initially derived from some external person and later from the superego.12 Lowe13 studied the relationship between anxiety and feelings of guilt. The results were interpreted as showing that as far as self- report measures are concerned, scales involving clinical constructs of guilt and anxiety measure the same psychological entity. Anxiety can be the overt expression of covert guilt, however, anxiety can express constructs other than guilt. Guilt feelings, as Nicholas reiterates "are used by the super- ego as a whip to win its way over the ego."14 Therefore when an indi- vidual violates his introjected standards of behavior he experiences feelings of self-recrimination and self-remorse or guilt. The superego theoretically has two functions or roles - the ego ideal and the conscience.* The ego ideal contains the core of narciss- istic omnipotence. The amount is subject to individual difference. The ego ideal also represents the sum of positive identification with parental images. Both the loving and reassuring parent and the parent who imposes his own ideal on the child. l2Fenichel, Otto, Whe PSYChOanalytic Theory of Neurosis, New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1945, p. 134. ‘ 13Lowe, Carrington, ”A Study of the Nature of Guilt in Psycho- pathology", Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 1961. ' 14Nicholas, D. Jack, "Guilt as Related to Self-Concept and Personality Adjustment," Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, North Texas State University, 1965. *There is dissention among the theorists about the place of the ego ideal. Some include it as part of the superego, others as part of the ego. For some theorists the conscience is often equated with the Superego. See Alexander, Piers and Singer and Grout. a... p pr» ..§ a , ‘hd . § 1 . c U 1 l , I O .'l u I— a . fry. \ a. , . l o a . .I. . 4 r I . n 1 Ar L . l i . ‘ c J u a .v. \a Ce 6 15 the tension which arises as a According to Piers and Singer reSult of conflict between the ego ideal and ego is shame. When goals and images are not reached shame occurs. The threat that shame poses to the ego comes as fear and contempt, the deeper levels of which unconsciously represent fear of abandonment - death by emotional starvation. Shame is consciously felt as anxiety and self-reproach. The conscience is the superego function which emanates guilt. Jourard says that the literal meaning of conscience is ”simultaneous knowledge or awareness, that is observing and judging one's own behav- ior and experience during the process of behaving and experiencing."16 - The conscience is always partly unconscious. Since the acqui- sition of the conscience begins in early childhood, the individual can- not verbalize all of its components and taboos. However, the individual knows if he acts in a certain way, he feels guilty; if he acts in other ways he feels all right. Jourard explains that the conscience is age graded, the child does not feel guilt about the same things adults feel guilt about.17 The conscience acquires its content through identification and introjection. Because its content is so acquired it often has elements of conflict. The parents and/or significant others with whom early ,i "156erhart, Piers and Milton B. Singer, Shame and Guilt, Spring- field, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1953, Section one. 16Jourard, Sidney M., Personal Adjustment - An Approach Through the Study of Healthy Personality, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964, p. 231. 17Jourard, Sidney M., op. cit. -l 4‘ O .V l A ’- . i. A. .4 (vi. . . H .ri . . tr :1 I .s a u .. u _ 1 . .— n.o ., . .2 . . .. 1r . .4 n ; _ \a - . . ty- 4 ,a a . ~ ~ . n\ J .l a. o 4.: ._.p 7 identifications are made may disagree on what they demand causing con- flict. The conscience will therefore make logically contradictory demands on itself resulting in guilt and indecision. The conscience is usually authoritarian demanding obedience and unquestioning submission. To disobey brings guilt into being. The threat, according to Piers and Singer,18 implied in guilt is "mutilation, punishment, castration or annihilation". Guilt Operates according to the Talon Law or as Alexander states it "because I have hurt some, I shall be hurt".19 The Law of Talon does not apply in the deve10pment of shame. The threat posed by shame comes not as fear of wrath or as fear of annihilation but as fear of contempt or abandonment. A further distinction between shame and guilt which is generally theorized by psychoanalytic thinkers, is that shame requires the pressure of others as witness and guilt does not. he have, in our discussion, said very little about the precipa- tating causes which result in violation of superego or conscience standards of introjection. According to the classical Freudian posi- tion, guilt occurs as a result of repressed aggressive instincts. Reik2O in Myth and Guilt theorized that feelings do not result from unfulfilled exotic drives but from aggressive drives. The pent up sexual drives provide intensified aggression by prevention of sexual gratification. 18Piers and Singer, op. cit., p. 30. '19Alexander, Franz, "Remarks about the Relation of Inferiority Feelings to Guilt Feelings," International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1938, p. 43. ,. 20Reik, Theodor, Myth and Guilt, New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1957. I \ (it i) i ‘ z- w . ,— . a ug- » \4 ii 1 ..L .a. . ,, .1. L J x 4-.) .Ju. . J ' l ,x 1’ w‘ . ' -\ , ‘ a | — Jr .1 -'- a a . n p a _ . . .- .. a c ‘ Ar i ‘ v _I . _ a \ a A v a . .. c, n . » . _. . - A . o , 7 . 1 . A) C. - .A .' i ’ 3 . . . u .\ ._ _ r n ,' - A T . ' .. . . ‘3 J - 5‘ .0 (— a I . - I - . ‘ a ' . : ‘ i. .‘ . . A w - ' g L .a J . . n Y _ . - . , J ' - . . ., ‘ . - H v “- . ..-_ ny .. -. n-‘apm-‘ta‘ . ' V ‘ I ‘ t c' ) ‘. T-" ' a" ’. ' ‘ j!” " -J as ' i ' - u ‘ i. . l-‘J "' A . O _. .v _- , , u--~4—--— p.- u--—.—- ' . j . "_~— I. 8 It is therefore repressed aggressiveness whose energy is transformed into guilt feelings. It seems to us that guilt, to those theorist who have taken a Freudian stance, appears as a fear of conscience. For them the con- science does not seem to differentiate between wishes which are for- bidden and deeds which are forbidden. Freud felt that the more rightous a man is the stricter and more suspicious will his conscience be, so that ultimately it is precisely those people who have carried holiness farthest who reproach themselves the greatest.21 On the 23 24 and'Jourard25 View guilt as other hand, Mower,22 Stekel, Boison a result of tangible misdeeds only and not as'a result of wishes or fantasies. For the purpose of this study we are focusing on the feeling of guilt without regard to its possible source in wishes and/or misdeeds. - Our approach has been summarized by Nicholas when he stated, "The alleged violations may be real or imaginary, and an act which would evoke painful feelings of guilt in one individual may not disturb another in the least. Hence, guilt is defined finally as unpleasant feelings of anxiety or tension, self-remorse and self-blame which arise ' : 21Freud, Sigmond, Civilization and Its Discontents, op. cit. 22mower, O. Hobard, The Crisis in Psychiatry and Religion, Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1961. Qastekel, w., Technique of Analytical Psychotherapy, New York: Liveright, 1938. 24Boison, A.T., The Exploration of the_1nner horld, New York: Harper and Bros., 1936. ‘5Jourard, Sidney M., op. cit. x.“ A a . 5.. .rJ . . . v. .. . . .1. . _ A o . T . . .. . . _ _. t . ). Jr . ., .4 V _ . . p L) _.s 's r .1. , a A . _F.. . a .7. ., _ — L .3. . , _. a I. . , a . . _ a! , . \, . l i . t, L u :n w. .. . . p . . V . r a w a CR 5- 4‘ .J. .. L . . a f. , . . '4 u n 0 — . _ . . C . _ i . . . . _ 1 K . w c , L {J a g . v - v a - a C . b 1 a \ , . . F _ . . I . . a. . r . I” fit . w I .a t. v Q.— r. a; . IEL. . . «J . s ..._ .:. o I-.. Iuv L \. (J. r. i w. . . i . A at 1. . r .u V II. . . n . Iv.- . A II... . 4nd . .x . I I . CA . . 5 p . .. . . .4, a . cw .... . s t . a . .C‘ .\ r. .. {J r s 1 . . iv]. . I a. . . , a up u < . . . JV . , . a a .c ~t , .r . x A u 1. A A 't - n -.- r . , u . _ f. . . _ r. O. .G a. . S _ .. . . . 4 O. . . . . at .1 I , 1‘ .. _ r «. won—u.“ _ol' out .w-- —‘—‘.-— 'v .- ---- ...A-_‘- ...-—-r— —-—~ . --. —-, a--- u.". -v as a result of violations real or imagined of internalized standards of behavior.i26 Guilt is given paramount consideration by theorists in under- standing personality characteristics. The psychoanalytic theorists equate excessive guilt as a configuration within the depressive and bbsessivéecompulsive neurosis. The conspicuous absence of guilt char- acteriStically marks the psychopathic personality. Other theorists outside the camp of psychoanalytic theory accept the importance of guilt in the role of personality maladjustment. Bergler succinctly Verbalizes such a role: "Neurotic feelings of guilt is one of the cornerstones of neuroses . . . neurotic symptoms and feelings of guilt "27 Not only is the importance of guilt are closely interconnected. accepted in neurosis but also in more extreme forms of maladjustment, Such as psychopathology. EMPIRICAL LITERAT LRE S‘JRVE" A survey of the empirical literature yields very little material in regard to guilt and/or patterned responses. There is, however, some research in the areas of guilt, and specific personality characteristics. In a broad sense these personality characteristics could be considered types, therefore the studies would be typological. 26N16hOIaS, JaCk Do, Op. Cite. p. 110 27Bergler, Edmund, The Battle of the Conscience, Washington, D. C.; Washington Institute of Medicine, 1948. s.- r \ .. o \.I-’ I‘- J Q": :1 a S... I: A sjrc' ..‘ p .I.\ 3 Oslx I n 3': , . I) f 4 r. u. s Of." 337‘ n I. 93 0 Cl .11.. J1 ,y, | " -"'.'-'r.‘.\ ”I .’. I‘ve . 'I l\/(,'.'.'!‘i (3d .\., PM. ‘(h‘ '1 .7. n... . u-- -- —..-.--~— —.--.- .- ---_- -...-.‘-Q~- .- 1‘ .-... ~4‘v .— n..- -—v§'-.r .o. _‘y.‘__.—'-—o—‘--—oo n fi-.r..- ‘O‘RI “er ' (S ..J:o Ii. .1 fl - if?” r'nfr f' lO Guilt and Psychopathology Lowe28 did a study of three grOUpS in order to measure guilt. Two of the groups were psychiatric patients. Using items from the MMPI the study found a close relationship between guilt and generalized anxiety and depression; it was impossible to state whether guilt is the cause of emotional disturbance or whether a symptomatic by-product of it. The results were discussed from the psychoanalytic view, that depression results from a pathologically severe superego and from a diametrically opposite view point which states that social wrong doing causes a shame which is self-isolating and ruptures ego-involvements. {ithin the latter frame of reference, guilt was considered as that disease of the self-concept which results from alienation from core values. From either vieWpoint guilt is related to generalized anxiety and depression, whether as a causal factor or by-product. Lowe concludes that guilt goes hand-in-hand with psychOpathological problems. Gains”, in a study, investigated hostility and guilt in two psychotic classifications. He found in a study of guilt in fourteen paranoid and seventeen melancholic women that melancholic women expressed significantly more guilt than the paranoid women measured by both a guilt scale from the MMPI and a sentence building test. This study supports the psychoanalytic theory that guilt is a central factor in depression. Both foregoing studies point out the dominate role that guilt plays in psychOpathology. Neither determine whether guilt is contributory or symptomatic of mental illness. 28Lowe, Carrington, op. cit. 29Caine, T.M., “The EXpression of Hostility and Guilt in Melan- cholic and Paranoid Women", Journal of Consulting Psychology, XXIV, February, 1960, pp. 18-22. \L. O l‘ ‘\ i. I . r 1 ~ 9 I I V . 1 ., J ’ .'_' , bf . f L - g, g . 4 y‘. -; f _, l c 5— . J . ‘ V I J . - 1 . J. . r f g ‘ . .. .0 _ i ' Q , a _y , ‘ I t .7 - i v T C a ‘ . f . v a --‘ I T . . - n ' —~ .1 o 4 i‘ l a .I .-,_ _ I l' . «.4 -‘ J A , ‘. a .4 - J - - J l... L -. ' . L t I . 7 L .‘l A. .- ~ - ~ J ~' - . - -_ . 4, ( .. . —. . . . . a - - . . s . ’H [ t u " ‘ ' ~ -, 2 . s-t ‘ , . . . . _ . ' A ‘ I b I j , . .. '7 ' ..' . ‘ ' - _ . \-$ 1..) . . . .- . -- . '. t J - J , ~ . ' J ' . -_ .1 l A c, , . I 53. , - '. - . ,- '_ - . '1 . L. I ' . L l ‘ , i .1 r " | c . A C .. .l , , . A 3 - s . J . I . ‘ . . ,. l « . .4 .1 . I A . . . t 1 Q. c. . K. - I ~ ' T f ' . ; 3 . ‘ ' —- ' ' 1" I ‘ ‘ '3' -— '- t . ‘ Q I v ‘V ' _ w . _'_‘ 4' ‘ - l f . r . . .l . . , 2 . - - .. - - , n . r - . n I . ' I ' - ' D .‘ . - O- . . J _ ‘ \, - .. L a ‘ I. L ) . ~ ".4 ‘ . . , 1 g. . (c a». . .9 . (f. ‘ uni. . c- J 1. J' i,“ ,M. _.H...,; - -7 . , .... ' L a . l t . , '. . ' - l , -- - J - - ‘ 1 5’ L' A . ' . ‘ , r . l ‘u. \ ' no - —~ ' --l ‘- . )1- '.d_v M ~. A v C 3 s- . . , . , ‘ . ‘ A- .- t .4 . . a. ‘ ., v.. ' ' .—, . ~ -i i : I - a . ' Lid 1 . . . ~— - n/ . .. u 3 v .— l I , . . . ' . ’ ’ ‘ ' V ' ‘ I ,. J ‘ s '1' E o - . . J - ta v- .» J . .o ./ \.. I ‘ ' I . . , _ p .. » . , . ‘- ‘ . . '» - ‘1 - a . . - ‘ V ‘ - x. ., .J .l s ‘ J v . (.0 . , t. . r . ‘ _ |- a . . , . -‘ u! . ‘ . , I. . .' ‘. ‘. 3 o J .. ~ g . U , , .. . . x. . ~ . . .s g i i P - _- . .1 . f 1 u . ' . J s. , t ‘ ‘L. . . ' a n . “ . . “ l I -, ‘_, c . i . h »- f I s H, .‘ .2 3' J ‘ . I . . . . ' r ' . ‘ ' I i ‘1 .1 . o - g, - .- J ~ “~- .. . _ _ s . . . '. . ‘ . . . 1 - I a t . -. z . .a u. _- c v.‘ - - - _--.—- _.. v-.. . - .. .s . . .- -- .f. -——.—.~—M~—.- - . a . a . c D . I Q ~ a .y . A" l I A . ( s I e t s ‘ ‘ D f' . ’I - . . 4 .u - e A- x a -. . - - - .. C ‘ . f ' .. -. I u c , 11 Guilt and Character Disorders Parin30 describes the other side of the coin or the absence of guilt which is noted in the psychopathic personality. Psychopaths fend off the demands of the superego which allows some of the banned id wishes entry to the ego. The psychOpath excludes the outer world and warning superego. He avoids breakdown through cowardice, brazenness, lying, and deception. The psychopath is noted for a void in conCOmi- tant conscious guilt. Clueck and Gleuck,31 in a study of five hundred delinquents and five hundred matched controls, found group differenceiin strength of conscience on the basis of the Rorschach test. The delinquents appar- ently had less capacity to feel guilt than did the controls. The study of Bandura and Walters,32 mentioned previously, confirms the above study in that aggresSive and acting-out boys showed significantly less guilt on TAT type stories. Less guilt provides a paradoxical situation; in one sense the lack of guilt is a condition for a psychopathic person- ality, in another sense a more adequate and healthy personality has less guilt also. Guilt and Hyponchondriasis Guilt pervades all spheres of the total person. Several studies emphasize the relationhip between physical complaints and hypochondriasis 30Parin, Paul, "Die Abwehrmechanismen der Psychopather", Psyche, XV, 1961, pp. 322-329. 31Gleuck, Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck, Unraveling Juvenile Delin- quency, New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1950. 32Bandura and Walters, op. cit. ..o _ . v. .‘ . r, J. u, ‘1 r J. u. l _ . , . s A . u) .a p 4 V- . r , .i \ .. . L a . s t.. I - "fl- ‘- 4-5.. --. -0...” nu. ..o 12 to personality types, with guilt being very much in the picture. Grosch33 did a study based on observations of sixty patients. From this study she came to some theoretical conclusions concerning hypo- chondriasis. Hypochondria starts with an all pervasive fear of suffer- ing from a progressive, insidious, and incurable illness. Structurally, hypochondria is a form of narcissism in conjunction with unresolved oral and aggressive tendencies and strong feelings of guilt. Grayden34 in his results substantiated an observed positive relationship between neurotic hypochondriasis and the variables, feeling of being unloved and guilt feelings. From these two studies hypochondriasis would be exhibited in a greater degree in those who have a greater degree of guilt than those who have a lesser degree of 'guilt. Guilt and the Superego Psychoanalytic theory generally contends that the more stringent the superego is, the lower the self-esteem as well as the greater will be the sense of guilt, and consequently, the greater the maladjustment. The superego is the introjection of societal values as conveyed, primarily by the parents to the child. If the parents conveyed severe moral and ethical demands on the child, this in turn would increase the child's sense of guilt and maladjustment. Institutions as repre- sentatives of society convey values. Psychoanalytic literature postu- lates that the religiosity of an individual can be an index to the L; 33Grosch, Maria, "On Hypochondria", Psycho-somatic Medicine, IV, 1958, p. 205. 34Grayden, Charles, The Relationship Between Neurotic Hygochon- driasis and Three Personality Variables: Feeling of Bein Unlov , Narcissism,Aand Guilt Feelingsl Unpublished Dissertation, New York University, 1958. .o A -. Li 7..-, \ q- u- I ,7] s . ~, - v I r-‘ H \ g 4 .I I I I 1 , .. , . ., ~ ' I y . ‘ l , s . . . i. ’ C ‘ " ' n. u ‘- ‘_. . '\ .. ., \. v ’I .4 F, > . u l h A — ~ ~. ¢ . ,_ . ’ ' ‘. ‘ J i ,. . . ~. \ a \‘ ' __‘,______._.,.. 1 ' 4 .5 V- ‘ :l -,. ., . ...- C.‘ . .- c " J .' .. I. t . 1 ~ .v - .- v A.) ‘I , ,‘ r _4 4' ‘.' ‘ _ . . , ~_ ‘ x a- ..v.-- -7-.- . . ~ I‘ . c; 7 v , - . .l ‘ J Li 5-1 Q . . . y A , i - _ -'. A , ' \- . Q . . . y . c _r . . . l . _t . ,t , , 7‘ _ - . . . . _ _ . 4 . .1 _. _a . v - i ‘ ‘I I J - -‘ ' ' L' n _. a, 'v A . . . ' _. n - - . l . I , ., ’ 1 :_ _ ( - t _ V ( . c . — , '- '1 ‘ . .' ’ r - t . , , , .,. ‘ , A .4 I. . I . A ‘ 3‘ ‘w ‘ A w A a . 1. J o ’ - ‘ _ . , ‘ v V v ‘ ’ Li J v- u so I , I , . , \ v . . _ d ‘ g . . _. . ‘ r .. . ' ‘ | - .v . . \ . _ ‘ ‘ - . . I 1 , I x. 7 n ¢ A - a f . . . ‘3 i J '2' ' a V ' ' . ‘ I ‘ . . 't '_ ' I .4 l ' - . u 3. . ‘ . - . . , _ \ .‘— t . . 1 T . ‘ . L - r -‘ _ - L V . , l. A - . I 1 ' . V « ' v 4 . .I a _ s V1 , , . t t - - 1 . . o '_ ,v .. l .' .— , , . ... u j . ) I ‘ ‘ o - .. - t . . A . . - u . - . v r a - . . l .5, _ —_- il l L. . ' . |' w v I . ' ~ ‘ I - v I ' ' J ‘ . n I I _ J, r J - *d - - . . . — . . . . l i i . - . . .- 4 - . .v _ . l i . v._—u,r‘.. . —,» ‘-,V . .’.—~. o—“d -. .. —. _-_ '- w , ‘ \. o ' It 1 I V \ .J' l . ’. - x .- ‘ . e . .. ( . ) e , ‘ ‘ . , , A .A ‘ , ~ 5 . ' . , ... a. .i f t 5 . _ i, A_ ,1 . V s - A -. . - - . . .. - - . . - _ - o , . i J - f .. _ _‘_ -4 i _ - ,._ - i .. V t-‘ . . ' I I o .a - ~. I . o r A . I i: .- ....a.. r - .(. fi . . -. -. ’1 . ,J . ._.. > .I -t u . . -1- Lt . . ', I . -. ' w . a . ‘.1.I.. ..' ll. .‘. l- {I ,- ‘. a A ' ' .‘~ ‘ .-. I," w z - ‘ r g1 a a I." . _ -> _ , 7‘ d v s b r' ' ' I' 2' ¢ " J J , .. "" I‘- .. J :14 r a . -u. -rB . C ...~__~'_.g. - .— .'1 Y .5 ' a 4- , ,, ._ n ,l _ ,- I. ". . 1 - .. - -i ,'.- - - .’l _ -- - .. .. ¢ ,. ‘ ~ 4 . 3 n . . 13 stringency of the superego. L There are two studies that compare religious conservatives with religious liberals with respect to guilt. One of these studies was performed by Dreger35, who hypothesized that conservatives would show higher indices in reference to guilt than liberals on Rosenzweig, E-D, TAT,_and other measures. Since there appears some ambiguity about the ’first tftest and more of the others approached significance, the hypothesis was not accepted. Another somewhat similar study made by :‘xgarth36 involved sixty- 'two Protestant freshmen and sophomores from three southern California colleges. Earth, like Dreger, hypothesized that the religiously Con- servative would feel significantly more guilt than the religiously.. ,liheral group. The data failed to confirm this hypothesis. In an altogether different kind of study, Kosher37 found in a study of one hundred and five freshmen females that subjects who score high on a measure of guilt will condition by verbal reinforcements to "superego" content more readily than subjects who score low on a mea- sure of guilt. The research pertaining to superego and guilt, at this point, is sufficient and indirect in its application to make conclusions concerning these variables. 35Dreger, Ralph, "Some Personality Correlates of Religious Attitudes as Determined by Projective Techniques," Psychological monograghs, NO. 335, 1952. 36Earth, Selden 8., "Guilt Feelings and Disapproval Projections as Related to Parents, Church, God and Fate in Adolescent Sexual Develop- ment,” Dissertation Abstracts, XXIV, September, 1962, pp.124-126. 37Masher, Donald L., "The DevelOpment and Validation of a San- tence Completion Measure of Guilt," Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Ohio State University, 1961. _h .9 Cl .s- .1, "‘ . .4 a.’ I“ ‘ \I | .1 L, .4.) 32 1‘ .. ' ,3, -v J ”4U ". to N 39 3y i. . t c_ e _ , IL u 5-. .1\ v7 ,1' . . .I r; \‘I‘ 4 o I at)! .g;-.--v—.-~ ‘--— - -.I —~-o-— - '_- .-- v— n..- .. .-.-- - ..-- --—-B, . -7 .—~1,..- 1.0m, - m—n- .—.‘.‘ .‘. ...¢ I C i t V. _. . . a... n‘ - '-kJ .-.. .81 1" l4 TYPAL ANALYSIS The search for objective methods of classifying persons or test items or both into a number of categories which are determined by the data represents a continuing interest among the behavioral sciences. As a result of this search, various methods have been devised to class- ify by clustering or isolating similar reaponses to specific stimuli. Often such methods are based on typological theories of behavior. ' McQuitty has suggested that a typal structure is one ”in which every member of a type is more like some other member of that type (with respect to the data analyzed) than he is like any other type."38 He stresses that most typological theories attribute a characteristic "form“ or "style" to the members of a type. The form or style has a unifying effect and helps to give meaning to the members of a type. The meaning of a member cannot be completely understood unless seen in light of the characteristic style of the type. Hence, in confor- mance with clinical theory, a given response has different measurements and diagnostic indicants depending upon the type of subject who gives it.39 The types are isolated according to patterns of response. These patterns consist of the responses given by one or more individuals to specific stimuli, e.g., test items. McQuitty theorizes that the ”respon- ses may concatenate in any fashion, they are not restricted to linear 38tic-Quitty, Louis L., ”Elementary Linkage Analysis for Isolating Orthogonal and Oblique Types and Typal Relevancies," Educational and Psychological measurement, Vol. 7, 1957, p. 209. 391bid. . i H . I v ‘ t - . A v ‘ - ' I l o. I . . \ ' I l . ‘ i A ' I ' ~ - . .- . . - 1 I ‘ ‘ ' ~ . I . .' . . c . . 3 ‘ I « u ' ’ > '. ‘ . 1 ‘ y ' ' ‘ i ‘ . . v w l ' ‘ I . ‘ > " I - I . h ' ‘ > c a a \ s c .. ‘. r' ‘ . ‘ . ‘ ‘ ‘ . I h ‘I . i ‘ u y - ‘ ‘ \' . | . I . . o g V ‘ ‘ A I . . ' I , I h ‘ . s. , u , _ a‘ ' . v k 1 .. ' . A ' V A v ‘ . j . - - o _\ I . ‘ . .- n o ' ' ‘ ‘ . .' . . 1 I ‘ ~ - '7 o I ‘ t - t - O . - . . J _ - - . ‘ H y I ‘ .- .. ‘ I I h ' ‘ . v . . I . I- i , . . . .0 g. “v ‘ - o , . ‘ l . _ . ‘ I V ‘ ‘ v n J . if c . . . J l K) O '. 7-. ' ~ ‘ ‘ .- : r . ‘ J . I l ' , A . . g , _ . cl . . > , ‘ "- V‘ A . V ' _ s . ‘ ‘. I ‘ ~ ~ 1 ‘ ’ I ‘ ‘ ' .. ' I l l . a a '1 . . ‘ . . . . ' z 1 ‘ \ a 0 i y a .‘ .l I i, . V ‘. ’.‘>> . ‘ - 5‘ .- .«..~ .~ -— o in. —-.— o v‘-. o u 10- - — . v"- . ' ‘ I ~ 1 I . m . v _ ' f I - 4 . V ‘ ‘ ’ I . '- ' x , . n ( ‘ v . o . . __ ' . ‘ v ‘ . ._ I I 1 \ I ‘ I ' 3 . - ‘ . r . . . . f- ‘ ‘ ' l ' . . ’ .. ' "._ -‘I \\I 2.. 15 continua; the method does not order the data according to any pre- conceived model. Rather it classifies the subject in terms of these patterns which include the greatest possible number of responses for each.‘ These are called predominant patterns and the data are ordered in terms of them.”40 It is at this point we depart from McQuitty. We believe types can be isolated by establishing a cr terion which is determined dimen- sionally and then by selecting only these patterns of response on some other set of attributes which reflect significantly the criterion. For example, in our study, levels of guilt which are dimensionally deter- mined are the criteria. Only those patterns of ego response which reflect significantly a criterion or a specific level of guilt will be included in the composition of the ego types;= By this approach, all members of the type will have similar patterns of ego responses and will represent significantly the guilt criterion. A type is defined by our approach as a set of subjects classi— fied on the basis of answers to a series of personality attributes and which differentiate significantly among criteria isolated on an inde- pendent demension. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This study proposes that comprehending the nature of guilt as well as formulating therapeutic aims in relation to guilt can best be done by a typological method designed to identify patterns of responses on a set of items representing a dependent attribute (ego strength) and - ="4OMcQuitty, Louis L., "Agreement Analysis: Classifying Persons by Predominant Patterns of ReSponse", Mimeographed from British Journal of Statistical Psychology, Vol. 9, 1956, pp. 5-16. - i I J 'r e . s v “ , c a , . D ' " ._ i - . '1 "‘ f - . . A :P ‘ " ‘ M . J _l . _.- . C \ ' ‘ l . u-vl‘ ' ~ L ‘ ‘ A ' l' ’ " VI . 4 A. _ ‘ \l .— u - ,- s ‘ ' l ' ‘ - ‘ _ ‘ v \a ’ - I 4 . - I ¥‘ J .. , u - A - . . ‘ . ' L . - I . ‘ . -— .4 ' - ,J < ' l 7 h I , _) .a u) s . , . a . r .. .- n v - . ' I . . ‘ ' .1 i. . . . I <7 I ' I. I , . r g I D O - 7 I A q - ‘ i L , .. - . ‘ ‘ . I, 4 .. » 7 ‘.. s - . J V _ ‘ , '7‘ - . . , . v « . . ‘ -u _ .‘ _ 7 ~ , ‘. . . v - Q ‘ .‘ . l 1‘ 4 a I v ‘ '-' . i .. ‘i -- ' 4 ‘7 I . . . t. . J a ' ; H ’ ~ - -. _ ~ 2 . . . n f u c -7 - If . . - - ‘ » ~ « ‘ -. _' .J .J . . ', L 1 - ‘ _ .. ) _. t J ,, x) J l ' l.‘ . - A _ , \_ '\ 3 ~ . - , > J - ~ , - ‘- . . .a l . a . .4 J ., e . . o . A y ' ' . j . , J ,_ 5' I . L K -. ' u‘ s} w -- -- \ ~. ' v J. y I. .- a. - c . . a, J 4‘ ' s ‘ . ‘ ‘ ~ " i u . _ o h ‘ J u A i C I , , , { \ ’ ' . u '- w “ . 'r L ‘ \ '7 . ~ , - . r - - y~ . . _- . s g l . u. , u ‘ . 4' ----— — , ... v. - - . -.M- .-o~ - .."l *u--——-l~-- . r. > I v n _ ' ' I l I . . a. . A .. - i ' . ‘ l I . _ ‘ A ' . | . O ‘4 .. t . i . .‘A J .J C . - _ A ' 4 ..‘ . - 3 - . .' < \. . , _ *J . , J 5’ a‘ t -‘ - , - . n y . A ,. s‘ A . n e O ‘9 . _‘ . d‘ i I I ~ I ' 'II 'I ~ '. r) ,i . . ,.‘ ,r . ~ .. , . , '. A a l‘ ’ ' s . ‘ r' . I .1 y s w )-4 _‘ . l i- .1 . I a» v ‘ Li -” ‘la a \ . ,.: ~l‘l Ifw -u . \. ,. .. n , I. Q 1,, l .-.-‘ 3 . w L. .- . r v‘ ‘ l. -' ii ‘t -,.'- ‘iud ( f ' “ I 1",! .3. ;. n . . . V "\ ."‘ . ‘ ‘7 ‘ 4‘ u .0 ,. . .. ’ IJ ‘ J. v; A._' l , r -,. 4‘ , . ~ u .‘. I n O '0'! '\ -. "to“ m —-.~-WM . J ? ~ \ \. I i ‘ . ' . - 'l ,1 > . . .. _‘ ,- . , , - n a O ’ V n . ‘ ., L; . . - 16 isolated by subject classified on the independent variables (guilt). This method yields whatever patterns of reSponses exist on items said to reflect ego strength for subjects categorized into criterion groups on an independent measure of guilt. Hence the pattern of responses for army given criterion group may represent a meaningful configuration which would indicate a type. In previous scales of psychological measurements, the scale implied a prototype. The prototype implied by a particular scale was revealed in the pattern of perfect, ideal or model answers. In this manner scores are indexed to the extent the answers represent the pre- determined prototype. This procedure will be used in this study to determine criterion groups for a measure of guilt. Following deriva- tion of the criterion groups on the basis of the predetermined proto- type, the patterning of the answers in the ego inventory will be used to classify the subjects and determine whether patterns obtained dis- tinguish among criterion groups. The criterion of guilt is then to be explained in a typological frame of reference in which identification of difference is through patterns of responses. This approach is being used to classify groups on the dependent variables of the study, guilt with a traditional approach, and that the pattern analysis is being used to isolate types in terms of the independent variables. Usually the problem would be approached in reverse, i.e., the groups categorized by some attributes into ego patterns* *Note that the items used for exploring ego strengths or personal- ity have been used by Barron in a scale form and ego strength is obviously a dimensional concept. When we are using these terms and may refer to the ego strength our departure is strictly one of typology. ’n.‘ ‘ _ v I A . I-' ~ I . ‘1 .I _'_ .4 v, . '4 ' I , _Z 4 ‘I’ ‘ e ‘ - 1 . J ‘I ’vs ‘ \- , ‘J b .J . . . . ' I' J " | . t .l‘ . . 4 7 h‘ . ' ' , .I} J . t A V I ' . 7’ .J ' ' I .' ‘ . u ' J r\ : ' .. r 1’ I , .»v .““ h r ‘ - l .7 v LV 0 » . . 3,. ' . 1 n .‘ V t . - l ‘v ' . . H - , i.) -‘s ‘ x U ‘l . k . t" v . I . 1 ~ ~ ‘ I ' “ ’L‘J I t l ; ‘ i . . ‘ . t. I k c ‘. ‘1 - ‘ J : , ~ (1* . “- I , J 2'- J ." x -" ' .I ‘ Q ' ‘ - 1' l — “ .’ J“ 3" V I J . ‘ 1‘ ~. ' I ~ + .J . '- ‘ '7 F4 . ’ . J " ' v K: . . c ~| V r . I. 4 ' s.- -‘ ; . ‘ n, n - '7 , _i r, I} n ,- u ‘3' .. : «J» 4“ “ / -I e"JI‘L ‘J' ‘ —' fi-VM'I- - . \v . f'. J " J > 1 f‘ v i . ,. .. . I- i . v .1 / .1. h'. V 1 h.“ 17 would then be tested for degree of guilt. The reversal simply is based on the belief that the "degree of guilt" is a concept adequately measured by a common prototype scale approach and persons can be appropriately classified with guilt as a dimension. At the same time guilt is be- lieved to be a result of certain personality configuration, that is the personality attributes which make up patterns resulting in or cor- related with degrees of guilt are not dimensional. An efficient way to approach this is to isolate guilt and then look at ego response patterns. Hence for this study the hypothesis is: Subjects with similar levels of guilt will comprise specific types in which their patterns of ego reSponses will be more like the subjects of the type than like subjects not of the type. ..._ null warms s umecrs The subjects involved in the present study were 24 males and 28 females.‘ The subjects were taken from two population, college church groups in the midwest and graduate students in the school of social work at a midwestern university. These pepulatione'were‘chosen for the purpose of obtaining subjects who would demonstrate various levels of guilt. The two church groups consisted of college students from fresh- men through graduate level, but as a matter of fact included 23 graduate students out of the 26.subjects used in the church group. One church sample could be characterized theologically as conservative, and the other moderate. Of the church sample, 10 were female subjects and 16 male subjects. These two groups were chosen because of accessibility rather than randomly from the church population of the university. The social work group consisted of graduate students at the uni- versity. The subjects were second-year students who were completing their requirements for a degree. Out of the sample of subjects were 16 female subjects and 9 male subjects; this total number comprised approximately 50% of the second—year social work students. 18 '3 ll a . i. , ’ .. .. L h. .. . .J c L. I '71 u ... O ,‘u ' . A s .. . - . ‘ . l . .4 a . a. ,n \ A u _ _ . <5 \. . I y. y o .J . . A , . . o. ; L -# .. . r I _ . .J x. .. .. . o I. n y s A s. l .7 I \ v, I .\ 4 l l a Q n t ..r\ o 1. L L - e . y ‘K . 19 DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS In addition to determining sex, marital status, religion, and regularity of church attendance (Table I), two psychometric instruments were administered to all subjects. The characteristics of each of these instruments are described below. MOSher Forced Chgicg Igst Donald Masher designed, initially, s fifty-item flasher Incomplete Sentence Test (MIST).‘ The MIST employs referents suGgested by psycho~ analytic theory as the operational basis for scoring dentence couple- tions for guilt. Three sub-categories of guilt (sex guilt, hostile guilt, and morality-conscience guilt) are distinguished. The quilt category includes such items as "Masturbation . . . ” An example of the hostile items is ”After an argument . . .” A sample of thewaorsl‘ ity-conscience items is "When I tell a lie . . .” The split-half reliability of the MIST provided-ample evidence ’for the internal consistency of its scoring categories. JSplit-hslf reliability coefficients for thrity mile MIST protocols were as follows: hostile guilt, .54; sex guilt, .72i morality-conscience guilt, .49 and 41 All of the above coefficients of correlation were total guilt, .92. significantly different from zero at the p .01 level. The largely positive findings of two experiments provided tenta- tive empirical evidence of the construct validity of the MIST. is e W measure of guilt. The experimental results suggested that the IIIIUrO 41.‘losher, Donald L., "The Development and Validation of s Sentence Completion Measure of Guilt", Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Ohio State University, 1961. . _ - ’ I e . - h I ’ . > ‘ o I ‘ , ‘ I“ t I ‘ 9 -_ ._ 4 i ). s I , . _ . a — , , I A a . - j l I ’ | . - T x] h ‘ ‘ u A . . \ J . - _ -. . ‘ ‘ "r ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘I . - _ ‘~ 1‘ s t I . l ‘ I ‘ . v . . 1 ‘ e x , . ‘ V ' ‘ I , ‘ I ‘ ‘1 .~ I s .. . . 7 . .. . ', . V. A. _ .4 V ' .. s I v v‘ - . — y .‘ s4 1 I i . . - . _ e. - . .d . l ‘ ‘ ~ I . , ' 4 r .a ~ ‘ i s ‘_ . \ . - ‘ ‘ ‘ h, . -_ n I C - l \ - . A . “ -. ~ ‘ e \ I I v A - ‘ A .. . 1., , .4 . A J. - . A ‘4 q I.» e 4 - , ‘ A x ‘ I . ' ' ~ ' - ’ ‘ I‘ . 7 ‘ ‘ ' h f .g -. - . A. . o . , . . so 3 . _ 1 ‘ ’ - I - \s I r y ‘ I I \ . . I K - ‘. i » I C . U ‘ ‘ | .- . v ' - , ‘ I ’7 ‘ ~ -‘ m J I . ~ r I ‘ ‘ ‘ . .7 ,. . c. e . I . _‘ . ‘ V V . ’ ’ s '3 J x . _.€ ' -' _ ‘ A . . - , ‘ l ‘ ' v " - .. . A . P . I, \r ‘ ~' I . K , , . ' ‘ é ' > ‘ n ‘ . ' h .- ,. . v ’ r ‘ V a ‘ . v _ - - a” ‘-' t ' ‘ . I n ' ‘ v- '» “ , . ' z ' ‘ A a ' .‘T A . ' If f ' . - , I .- A‘ ‘ I V il- ,. . - . x . a . . l. . I . C . a; -. _ - A , _ .J . I r $ . l 7- A ‘ vs . ~ ‘ e . . . I . , A ‘ ‘9 ye . _ r e 4 - . . ‘ ‘ ' ' A ' . - - ‘ ‘ . . l ‘ . . ’ . v . r . I r I N V r . r . 3 ; ,- ~ , ‘ ~ ‘ P, ‘ I l .. I t ‘ . 4 ., -A y . ‘ . n. ‘ . I ‘ H ‘ I . ‘ r E 4 .. ‘ - ‘V I A - I . F i . O . a A. . a A - y - _ n. h: ‘ ‘ . ‘ . v ‘ A ,. . . , u. ' h I. ‘l 4- . ,1 M i .' I . . a ' v _' ‘ L . 7 ~ I . ‘ - - - I l , II — u \y ‘ > ' i 1' . a _— . . ‘ - ‘ . c v F- ~ -- ”O . -.— _ - _ ., . - . ... - — ,,, . _ ..a_ u. e- . -H , i. u _ V -., . - .h.‘ . . ‘l ‘ {A . . . . . t — ‘ . ~ . ‘ i v C . . ' ‘ 1- ~ i J r / I ~ A \ . ‘ ‘ . ‘ a n . I - . n . 4 - s 1 4 I" c ‘ § ,. " v . -- .< ~ ‘ , V ‘- I 4 " ,_ A I e s "s ' in, . v V 3 . , ‘ . d V -‘ ‘ ,I‘ . A ‘ t. , . __ ‘ ~ ‘ P -, :- ' t .l “ L I . i 1.. . . s V‘ 1 fl . A - i I .‘ ‘ l . a ‘ .' ' ‘ " ‘ . A . ‘J ”I O ~~ - ‘ ‘. . . I . ' . i-..” _e‘V_ ' _.., . . ' . '- ‘ v 1 H I i i‘ ;~’ u . . ‘- ‘7 ~l . .i 1' u n f s v .. - . .l . l. . . i ‘ _, 'J l e ; ~ ‘ ‘ ~ , '4‘ I z-‘ V U _" . , “I" ‘ e ‘ ‘ . ‘ . . ‘ V ‘ ‘ . O A . ' a. . r _ - h T ‘ ... N , ‘2 ‘ . I A - ' ' . . . ’ . . v _ . ‘V ' v- ‘ e v-‘’ . p l , - ' 3 . . I ' '. O'- . , I ~ . 1 'l , T s ‘ ' ' .. | ’ . , 1 . ._ ‘ ‘ U . . - : ."’,‘- P ‘ . ‘ h .. H ‘ k e ’ . J. I . " ‘ l f ‘ . ‘ -l u l' 7 ‘ ‘ . ‘ I I J L ' - e. 'w s . e ' .1 ‘0 “our ‘. . ‘3; .' q ' . '1 s. ' p n e s '- s . “ .n 20 Lof guilt has some predictive utility. An examination of the discrimi- ‘nant validity revealed no gross imperfection in the measure as a func- tion of social desirability or intelligence. From the MIST a forced choice (PC) guilt inventory was constructed by taking guilty and nonguilty completions to the same item which had been found to discriminate on the item analysis and which were matched within 5% on their social desirability ratings. Mosher42 states for research purposes, it appears that the FC measure of guilt shows'more promise than the MIST. The FC guilt inventory is composed of seventy- five items with a separate inventory for male and female. Specimen copies of the FC are presented in Appendices B and D. Due ts a typo- graphical error concerning item 67 on the male form, this item was re- placed by assigning a score to item 67 determined by a similar item. ”The FC was selected to measure guilt for the following reasons: (a) it is_a quantitatively scoreable research instrument designed for group administration and_ccnstructed specifically to measure guilt; (b) it is based on psychoanalytic theory, as the theoretical structure of this study; (c) ease to administer and score; and (d) initial attempts to provide evidence for its validity are largely successful. Barron Ego Scale The ego strength scale which consists of sixty-eight items from 43 the MflPI was deve10ped by F. Barron. It was originally designed to _4‘ A r L. v Y . 42Masher, Donald, ”Analysis of Three Measures of Three Aspects of Guilt", Journal of Consulting PsychOIOQY, XXX, 1966, pp. 25-29. 43Barron, F., "An Ego Strength Scale Which Predicts ReSponse to Psychotherapy", in Basic Readings On The HWPI in Psychology and medicine, edited by flesh and Dahlstrom, Minneapolis: University of minnesota Press, 1956, pp. 226-234. ; 1 —, . ' ‘4 J J -K s" . X - u v ' , ‘1 n n s .r' . . L , , v ,‘ 3 - .r . " ' .1 .'n \l , I - . ‘ 7‘ J . ’4 . .) '4 r x Q ,r .L . .— " " I I _,,’{jii - (“I A ‘ r O ' .1 .H- l.i‘.. .| .1 -— " Jr ..- . I \ -g L. ~ .. . rJg no iquli . \ y u 1' . 4‘5 x b . \ll {.0 .-' . - ...’ C' . .a- J; . A m- , . ,{r ' . .J _ 1. . ' I. , _‘, _- _- -.... .- .-. .J j. '\ \ . , L g,_-‘_ ~ l . l A: O ' O ' I V s ,I , a' . . I . , - . o .1 .- . , . . ' x - . - I 4 , ‘ . s K t I ‘ . . i .. .L . s ~l ‘ v ‘1 J K- ' t . - ’2 ‘ V '.‘lc.’ ~ A ’ 'v u . _ . ,- . _. -. . . , , . _ r l 1 ‘ s s .. s . . n u ‘ . n . i r is. as r-s ¢-— -- I , 4 d I a . ’qi ‘- I I I In 4 - .v . . , ,- ’5 '. - ‘ ‘ gt; L. L. .1}. l 3.1 : ‘f ”t \‘j' 4%}! 3' vi- ' v v{ ‘ . 4: ‘ l . . l.’ .: . . ._ _ . - s i ; k . . .- , J‘ . : - J E- v 4 ' s . u n" 1 "f ‘ " ‘5 ' .’ ‘ ,1.) ..-_ (J ‘ _ I - ‘ _._ J v. ‘ ., O u o — On, D A .— “.- 3 . . --' i 7 \- ‘ 1 4 n s ‘ I " ‘ l I, ‘ k p - t‘ ,L L .4 ‘ i ‘- .J ' A v g. — or .7‘..-W-d-uo.ls- 4- ? s\ o r‘ . ,7' . £ . 1 \ , r " 0. ' . ‘ ( . ' \ .1 I, . .- - - -..r - .- ' 5‘ .I.‘ t C i I _ . o . I . , . ‘ , , V! q .. . " X s . I I i ' , , - . . 0 Vi . I J o I \ ‘ f“ s , “ . I 21 predict the response of psychoneurotic patients to psychotherapy. How- ever, it has been found, because of its scale content and correlates, to be a useful assessment in any situation where some estimate of adaptability and perscnal resourcefulness is required. Thus it is considered primarily a test of ego-strength. The mMPI items selected deal with physical functioning and sta- bility; psychasthenia and seclusiveness; attitudes toward religion; moral posture; sense of reality; personal adequacy; ability to cope; and phobias and infantile anxieties. These items correspond signifi- cantly with some of the characteristics which are collectively referred to as ego strengths. Among these characteristics are physiological stability and good health, a strong sense of reality, feelings of per- sonal adequacy and vitality, permissive morality, lack of ethnic pre- judice, emotional outgoingness and spontaneity, and intelligence. The ego strength scale was chosen here because its items have the potential to yield differential patterns without regard to dimen- sionality. In other words, the responses could be analyzed in such a way as to reveal that the patterns are differentially related to levels of guilt. In this approach the scale is being used differently than Barron intended and no quantified estimate of ego strength is attempted. Rather, response patterns are elicited and those which classify together are considered representative of a personality configuration which can be labeled in various ways on the basis of the content of the items of the configuration. Whether a weaker or stronger ego will be reflected A 44Ibid. u ' _ I . ' ‘ t" ‘ f " - _ _ s . , — - . A s I .' - - > . _ A I v ' ‘ ' "Q I , .._ - i - \ . . .F. . ' . r ’ ' . ‘ ’ I _ o - l , g y '1 ' _ . ._ 1 ‘ w . , ). .. s't.’ . . I n ' a ' _ _ . ' . , - - , . - *o u s ~ 9 r ‘IJ . 4 ‘ 7 fl \ ' ‘ ~‘ .’ _ ' . , A .. “A n ' .. . ~ .- t .Ii . i ‘ ' a ' 1 ‘ ’ ‘ . ‘ . - ' , . - . . .. - - A - - - . . ‘ . - a J r , 0 ‘ r . ‘ . . ' »‘ g ‘h I“; X . < . » - .. a \ . . 5‘ 4 ‘ 0 ~ » . , - . . ( a . . . .. . , . r, . . . . s . 4 _ i . , . . , t - . - - s, .. ... - “. .r C l ’ _ ‘ \ «I ’ 3 ..- ‘ ' ' _" I ' ’ - l , . . - _ - — I . .. 4 < h 7..- . ‘4 -. t - . .o . v \ - --' . V . I . a- ' J ‘ . 5 y , . I . . . n n l A a 0 , V 4 \ I . , . \ . .. ' . D II t l g ‘ ' t J a l A - " _ :— ‘A p . . , -' . V. , '._ » c .. . . x73. OJ. - v a. A ' a . - b . - . ‘ ~ ' - - ' ~ - o . — a .. . . . . , , . P ! i ' ,' D _ 1 _ . -. .- . i Y . . A s r 4.; u a. . - a, . ,n. — a . , _ o . - . , ‘ . (r r . ‘ . . . -v . ‘ ‘ , .p I, \ 1 ‘ .‘ . ,\ w I I ‘ - ' r - t > 0 w ' I ' , J ., , . - - 1 , . .- - . .. ‘r . a. . “ v . . . - a , 7 I 7 - . . , . A ‘ . . 9 , , ,t .- i , 7 ‘\’, ‘ . . . 5 - ,1 - ‘0 ' ‘O “ b ’ ' \_J x _’ I o v 'I ‘ r . a ‘ I . ‘ ‘5 ' J . . - I A 5 _ V _ ; ‘ . . ,, l e u n f g ’ g N l A I . _ - ' .' . . ‘ - ~. . 9- , _ _ . ‘ ‘ . . . - - , v'.a \ ) a . . - ‘- - ' .. e u ‘ __ . -' . . - - . . -o‘ , ' u . .u' - 4y ‘ b V . - ' . a _. , - 1.. a H . . u ' . ,- r. A. A . V 2- ".vs... .~ 5 A r a ~ . ' s . - - _ . . . - . . d . . - - 4 , - .r - . . - - , - . -.' ~ . - r ‘ l . . ' . - . ~ ' L . J .0 * _. i I ~< I ‘ I I . j . " . I ~ 4 - - . l - h a - - - I ' “ _ . u , 4 n ‘ ’ ' ‘ ' “ ' ' .' I L .. ' ‘ ' ' I .: . I .'. L ‘ .KU . j 4 . . , . n . » . . - ._ -r - .. . . .- A L " . i . u _. , '4 l . _, _ A _ _ . _ , \ a y' 5‘ - . . n. -4. J ~- +'. ‘--.. ‘1 -fi- -7 - -..- - . .- ,._7.. - , -.-. .- -7. - . _‘ ,- . ‘... 7 s cw -. ~-‘—r"——--." ——Q~.‘.---.- .~'-.-.- v . - ' I ~ I in the guilt criterion is not the question but rather, are its ego response patterns characteristic of guilt. PROCEDURE The testing procedure was essentially the same in both samples. Before the subjects were presented with the materials, they were assured that the test would be used not to identify persons, for those who reapon- dad to the tests would remain anonymous. Subjects were urged to reSpond freely and candidly. The data sheet, Mosher Guilt Test, and Barron's Ego Strength Scale were administered to the subjects in each sample in the order just listed. Directions for each instrument were given and an opportunity for questions was provided. None of the instruments was timed, and the sub- jects were permitted to w rk at their own pace until finished. The FC was scored quantitatively to obtain a total guilt score and three sub-scale scores - hostile guilt, sex guilt, and morality- conscience guilt. In scoring, values of -2 and +2 were assigned to each of the forced choices for every question. The higher the numerical score the greater the guilt. For our purpose the guilt scores of the total sample were divided into high, medium and low guilt. This same procedure was used for obtaining the guilt criterion which in turn would be related to patterns of reaponses that could form a type. By following this procedure we were able to test the hypothesis. After the criteria groups were established, each group was analyzed according to the char- acteristics of the samples (Table I). v. v . J . I. C I. (. . u . .. 'Q 0. n‘ . . V \ .4 - 3. . t r a .. a s. l .. s . 4 a I 04 . : b . .J a. (.6 A. ,l .1 -\ 23 TABLE I CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLE BY CRITERIA GROUPS Criteria Characteristics Groups Sex Guilt Sample Type Church atten- Male Female Mean Church Social Wk dance regularly I High Guilt ' 12 l +61.5 12 l 12 II Medium Guilt 9 11 + .75 14 6 15 III Low Guilt 3 16 ~67 l9 5 Our eXperience with the FC instrument brought about much resistance, particularly the social work sample, as neither choice reflected the true feelings of the subject. Furthermore, this type of test appears to be less valid with subjects who have a behavioral science background and are ”test wise". Thus a proportionately greater number of social work subjects (Table I) fell in the low guilt group. In addition to this, guilty choices on the FC elicit value judgements which the social work student has been trained to diSpell. The sixty-eight items on the Barron were analyzed for patterns appearing in each of the a priori guilt criteria. The method used for this study was a CDC 3600-Fortran program for Criterion Pattern Analysis developed by James Clark. This is a typal prediction technique which seeks out all patterns in the variables that discriminate an a priori ‘II. at; A [L -w- .— . w,— : i .0 J c. . J \i. . . . .. .. ¢.u r s s». . til . ,(a \ J u 4 . J A 4 . o, a f U y . w 4 . I}. |w t A u .v is ‘ .... ~r _. _ ,C x) s xv _. Y. i . . n I. u '. , I . (A . . r i . . ,. H . L 1. . a. . .._ +¢ .. i is .v \ . .. 5 . . A .1: l i . u I \ 1,. . \ . v. . n .1 \JI . c t , l '11 . .. ‘ o .vU a. . s a i _\ 2.. . s \. a . . \ . 1.. y 1 . is r a 1C 3.. i. x. u . u U . r _ 1 ~ . v . . i c . .i,‘ . r A . ~ I . . . , . . t v . a . . . . . . t _ .4 I ; fl. . . I . p. a . \ c _ . . vb _ I . e I .. . .o , . I. 4 l n i v, Iv I n . . . u C . . . , . I a . . , .. I c , n - u . I O . u - c _. a . r A . I . 4 a. I _, . z. . . .K v. _ . I. .L Y! . n V . A r Ur. . , '1 a I‘. fix. . . . _ . . ... 24 criterion. A pattern of N variables is accepted if it significantly improves the discriminations of the N subpatterns (each of N-l variables which go into its formation. The information that was obtained from the guilt criterion and the responses on the Barron were coded and transcribed to a Fortran coding form. Identifying data was a part of the transcription. The minimum discrimination was set at 634 for the criterion groups which means for a pattern to be significant 60b of the subjects falling in the pattern must belong to the appropriate guilt criterion. RESULTS AJD DISCUSSIOV Patterns of response on a set of items (Barron Ego Strength Scale) were isolated which characterized subjects into criterion groups on a independent measure of guilt. The patterns for any given criterion group represent a meaningful configuration or a type. These configurations were essentially different in content for each type. Tables II, III and IV give the number and guilt classification of subjects in each pattern isolated for a given criterion group. The minimum discrimination level set at 60 percent guarantees that any pattern which is valid for a particular criterion group will have at least 60 percent of the subjects within that group. As many as 40 percent of the subjects may come from either of the other criterion groups. However, as can be seen in the tables, the actual proportion of subjects in a pattern from the relevant criterion group, tended to be much greater than 60 percent. Note that the larger proportion of subjects falling into a pattern, but who were not from the appropriate criterion group, tended to cluster in the immediately adjacent group. If the criterion is to be understood in light of the patterned responses which represent a meaningful configuration this presupposes that the pattern content of those subjects within the level of dis- crimination be understood also. Tables V, VI and VII listed below indicate the items and the frequency of their occurance in the patt- erns for each of the respective criterion groups. I 25 ‘I "t . J A . t :‘I 3.. .. .5. ,C‘ 3’ IL D.“ Ko| . 9v.6 . .1 26 TABLE II PATTERNS ISOLATED FOR HIGH GUILT CRITERION BY NUMBER AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS Number and Proportion of Subjects by Guilt Criterion Pattern High Medium Low Percent in Guilt I Guilt II Guilt III Criterion I @313) (f6) (3 4) ‘ l 9 3 O 75 2 5 O l 83 3 5 O O 100 4 6 2 l 66 5 4 O l 80 6 5 O O 100 7 5 O O 100 8 5 O O 100 ' 9 5 O O 100. 10 5 O O 100 ll 5 O O 100 12 5 l O 83 13 6 O l 85 14 5 3 0 1:0 15 5 3 O 62 ‘ l6 4 l O 80 ’ TABLE III PATTERHS ISOLATED FOR MEDIUM GUILT CRITERION BY NCMBER AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS » . Number and Proportion of Subjects by Guilt Criterion Patterns medium High Low Percent in Guilt II Guilt III Guilt I Criterion II 15 20) (fl 9) (N 9L "1 ‘ 5 o o 100 2. 5 O O 1C0 3 5 0 O 100 4 4 O O 100 5 8 2 0 SO 6 6 O O 100 7 6 O O 100 -8 -- 5 O 0 100 9 5 O 0 100 9..) 5.4 ',V "1 . > I-.. -‘.—\_'_*__~— .u. I. .. p‘ n .-.---- n u. ..~—‘On- —- ~“" - ..—-u~ '~ ‘ " '> - ~— Qi—p Au*7 -H'O-up'~--- —-'-—- wu.-u—-- . - . .— _._‘- I... -. - . --I I... --.~ ---._... - - -- - .... .- — . .---.-.'— .... _— I . I- - —..-—~— F--- “v rocflm-—-—-~.w pv— L I "u \ .- I- \ \ . n . . J 4. .J . . . ' ’1 1 H :‘Y .‘n p- . lt’ t—s ’5 ('1 I u...‘ I s 4 I o I }"\ I “'5 I '1 " ‘ V ,' .‘ ' I -' J ' \- J . . I l , ,i V. " L ‘—‘ J x »- N ' I . , k. (3 . IV 3 . .. I ‘~, ‘; "‘ r “ J A A ~ . \. -.1 .- \ ‘ {\ n .- I a i t l L H 3 (I t (‘1 V, i"! ffi H m\ -J b E *T.‘ h C”) (OI ‘v (Li c, r - HM .___. , - . I c -. ' "Cr" -A vo"-r-»-— “*I.I'-I-. the ".-“V i"-— -- I-4 .9 ate-'— r'.---n..—~-"fia—-uo-- ~-- w-o-.-..w“m~m— - . ‘ ' ‘ n ) h. ‘ -- ~4b - . - - o- .. . - . . . at. . -4 ..I ~. II_. _ . ..... ..-..II—..- -....- - - .o— -.-_.- ' .--I-._. an- H_-. v" . - . .- I - ~ .... I.-. ._ .-. . ---.. ._ _. .-.... . - I..._I.. ,r_,._._ _-._-_ x . II 7— .--.... _ .-. . .. --.~ - .-.. . .-.. V- - -- -- - -- -— .-.. . --r- I -.. . .. . ,. .. .-I - . -.—..-....... .- h.n-ww~v”.‘, -~—- __ ‘I~..u- - ~-—....._--.-.-.—; “1“”... - ‘C..~—-W—‘~‘w-q ~.~‘ <-- pw--—.-<.~_-——-ucp.--—-..-._.:-. --—-——.- 1i _ 1 h Pa \ \ abr- (1° , I '1: a r I f‘ V - P—‘ h h I». "\ Q - "U C” 27 TABLE III Continued Patterns Medium . High Low Percent in Guilt II Guilt III Guilt I Criterion II it»! 20) (u 9) (N 9) 10 6 O O 100 ll. 5 O O. 100 . l2 6 O O 100 13 5 O O 100 14 6 O C 100 15 8 O O 100 16 7 O O 100 17 9 l O 90 18 , 7 O O 100 19 5 O O 100 20 9 O 2 82 21 9 O l 90 22 5 0 O 100 23 5 l 0 e3 24 7 l 2 7O 25 8 3 O 73 26 5 O O 100 27-- 7 0 O 100 28 5 O O 100 29 5 O O 100 30 8 l O 89 31 9 l 2 75 32 4 O O 100 33 — 8 2 2 67 34 ll 5 2 61 TABLE IV PATTERfs ISOLATED FOR Low GUILT CRITERIOH BY hUHBER AHD CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS I. humber and Proportion of Subjects by Guilt Criterion Patterns "I g A Low Medium High Percent in ;_ . Guilt I Guilt II Guilt III Criterion III 1? . (:1 19) (is 13 1 (r: 5) I l ' 11 7 O 61 2 9 4 l 64 3 9 2 O 81 4 8 3 1 66 5 ll 3 l 73 6 l5 4 2 71 ..v‘ _.._ .—.——-"-¢ . ---~. Lu \Ia. (’1‘ 'l.’ w.» (. . . ._ 1 _ . I I u r .J \IL, . ~ . L (I. . 14 [\L _ . I A x . p it .1: _. I. all - hi. \1 a I .1. ..\ IIAILI’“.VL1£. 1.. p. o t (L r. ':w p; z... I f , A ‘x. ”Ix . ‘a. u\. u _n .n-———..I«.....4.—_o ’ h- -u.‘* .4- ._ a..- .4- .._.._.---..-.._.4. .‘D .hw ‘._ - -1. , .-- .- -- I p .- -nm-‘.r 4'4 ~51 J it I “I --._._. ... .4. - -I+~-..‘., I . ,-.-.—o.qa .-—-.z- - -— ——.z\ - w .- — a.- - -- *-o 93:. . . .11. c: I [Y I _‘_.— -__--—._..4 -—a-- ._.——- a- I 28 TABLE V CONTENT AND FREQUEVCY OF APPEARANCE OF ITEJS IN PATTERXS OF CRITERION I Items* Frequency 20' 3. 4. 5. 64 7. 8. 9. 10. ll. l2. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22a 23. Hurt people I love. When bored did not like to stir up excitement. Had no strange eXperiences. Cannot say if have had strange thoughts. ‘hot afraid of fire. Like horseback riding. horry about unlocked doors. Pray. ,Cannot say if had unusual religious experiences. Sleep fitful. Christ performed miracles. Do not feel people are bossy. Cannot keep mind on task. Feel weak. hot bothered by overly sharp hearing. Brood o Sympathy for heavy laden. Feel about to go to pieces. Don't like science. Cannot say if would like to draw children. Don't clear up ignorance. Don't give up difficult plans. ‘Get mad but get over quickly. HHHwMMh—MMHAHMMMHHHwU-I-‘MM *Paraphrased Barron items taken from 16 patterns. TABLE VI CONTENT AND FREQUEJCY OF APPEARANCE OF TIE/S IN PATTERNS OF CRITERION II Itemsi Frequency 1. Skin not as sensitive to touch. 2 2. Like horseback riding. 3 3. Strict father. 1 4. Tingling body. 2 5. Afraid of animals. 1 6. Cannot recall if had blank spells. l 7. Cannot keep mind on task 1 8. Do not like women smokers. 2 9. Not afraid of dirt. 1 patterns. *Paraphrased Barron items taken from 34 .....y uu‘ “ £‘i I I .. -..- - - I I- . _ I ..... _ . - II. . _ ‘1 .. - , a I I \‘JI n ' .l. J I. III“- ..I.. .- I I...- __ .. “III-II... I - H _— u I 7' I - v - - r . v -. , — .. w . O Vii I :1 Jan 3- 3‘.-. C. Li . ' o_ _‘ ‘ _: o I h ‘ .F ‘ - .LJ ‘5. ”VJ h J3 tci' ".' . {lg J._" ..- L: 0 'Ir . .1.‘ ‘ ' .0 j- v , t I ‘. 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JD"II?D CI rxjx .“ -~~-m-n ”u“ ---.-.fl.u-- :_"-¢_ -3 E .i \ ,,_ 1,-u.*‘#T-~ 30 For the purposes of this study the types elicited may be characterized by their prototypes. These prototypes are determined by the highest number of appearances which a subject makes in the patterns and by the describing of the pattern content. Tables V111,, IX and X illustrate the ranking of subjects within their respective _ levels of‘discrimination according to their appearance in the patterns_ of their reSpective criterion. The subject (5) ranked_first is the . prototype with the other subjects relating to him in order of rank. TABLE VIII THE RANK as CF SUBJECTS WITH HIGH GUILT AS THEY APPEAR IN Parraaus CRITERION I Frequency of Subjects Appearance in Rank (N 13) Patterns 38 12 1 28 10 2 35 9 3 37 9 3 48 9 3 29 7 4 3O 6 5 32 6 5 27 5 6 34 5 6 40 2 7 21 l 8 , 33 l 8 ,\ :‘ s ‘ '. . n f 4 . . ‘ . - .L . . u , I ‘ J_ .’ ‘ : x, — ., : 1 3 . ,- J f‘" r r; 1 m4 . . v ., y 1 _1 h \ ‘ a v v '1 I " ‘ ‘ V t . l - F f ‘ " I I ' . t ‘ C ‘ 7‘ l .. X ' a | - ,u ‘ . 1" ‘u .r “ .\ ‘ t.‘ q _ 4 1 ‘ 7 . . . . , v‘ ._ ‘ . r3 . - ... . .. r1 - .. - l t ‘ ‘ I» . ‘ . 7. J , '. I, ”- b J A - I ~ . - ' c. , ' . O P J ‘ " ' ‘ ‘ - ' ' u - ‘ . I I ‘u ,_ -u' up -- , L ’ . ‘ . . r .1 ‘ , , ‘ , .. ’ . H > . - a ‘\ -A '. |‘- \- A, A . ' -I' . . . .- - - . ‘ - ' 1 ' Y ‘ i ' ‘ 4 ’1 L ' e V, - . s ‘ I ‘ i ' . . , .. . - - . .I 1. o .A .2 I H ( J I .L J . - ~‘ ..- \' - , - _ . ‘ h . t _ _ , .. . V , 4, . ' - p" . , ' z W , , . - ’a‘ .. » .5...,..' . ..II J'.‘ JR; Ix: s _ a , , ~. . . . . ‘_; I . . . . ‘ \ ‘ . . . .f 5. 5 5 - ‘ ‘ 0 t u ‘0‘. a v . . _ I _ _ , . _ _ ‘ ‘ _ , _. .. - .. . ....q I - n s 0 ~ ...-'— -~--_’-L--~ ...”m .4 n-w-wu -~.;-~_ «M,P"-—~o-- ans..— 5 , _ . _ . ._ A , , .. ‘ ._. .. . - .. . . . V . c-. _ , .. .- ,‘ a “7.4.1... _ - _ ,- .. .... -. -. *~ ' '1 v . \ .1- ' ‘ . . ’ ' ; . ' ' ‘1 . I ‘ 1 ' ' 'l 3 I A . , n J. I l A .u t a' k- ‘\ 5. :a u .. v r ' ' r .J" _, ’. ‘ A p. ‘ 'L l a, _ , , ..u l ' _‘ . —...-.— _- ... .. .- ,-.,-o- war -—. 7 ..- —- s- _- I...“ “.--—...... ---~——..-~ yon-w flan-um-cvfi—w .- -- —- fluum"—M.- “5-s- : u‘ r ‘ . A .1 - -. L« r A‘ - '. ... .‘ ... u . H IV . . 13. _/ ‘c .. a -. (- s ‘ P L; < ‘ \' A ~ ' r. J .' .J ml A y' F- I o‘. . 9 -‘ x A ‘1 r.'r-. . . a 9.1L] , ; Zr ._ v cab a YQ‘ , ..h , ‘ ‘ -_ . H ..r . x n \ c I‘ S i \‘I 1' ' . _ l a I' y - ‘L .“;-’ V- .. -.-.Wr- ‘- ‘- .__... .. <. r- .- .. ._--. -.. --s. i. ,_ . i—AF _~. ,-.,.-, ,, , _r nun o'ou-v --—-v ,. arm~W.O-.~i--9“~—~thu* -‘ ...-alr -‘.u u. 31 Subject 38, the prototype for criterion one, appears in twenty of the twenty-three different items which comprise the sixteen patterns in criterion one. Descriptively this prototype finds it difficult to keep his mind on a task or job but will never give up regardless of the difficulty of the task. Often he feels weak and his sleep is fitful. When he leaves home he worries, fearing he has left the doors unlocked. Sometimes he becomes afraid that he may go to pieces. Broodiness and sympathy for others who worry are among his characteristics. In spite of this preoccupation with worrying about self and others he is not bothered by strange thoughts nor does he hear things others do not hear. When he gets angry he gets over it quickly, almost never hold- ing a grudge. This prototype seems to be conservative, as might be demonstrated by his not trying to stir up excitement when he is bored. He seems to prefer religion to science which he dislikes. He believes that Christ performed miracles, but exhibits no other religious traits. It might be speculated that his not being afraid of fire may be as a result of his notion that Hell is not a possibility for him. However it seems likely that his not being afraid of fire is an indication of his abili- ty to accurately test reality. When the prototype was asked the speculative question "would you draw children if you were an artist?" he respdnded ”cannot say". Such a response like the question is Open to conjecture especially if one if to attempt to relate it to the high guilt criterion. ‘J. . . .I .— A . t h ,V ,s r. - . . i ‘\ k , . I L“ ‘ . ~ I. . 32 TABLE IX THE RANKING OF"SUB ECTS WITH MEDIUM GUILT AS THEY APPEAR IN PATTERES CRITERION II Frequency of 'Subjects Appearance in Rank (N 20) I Patterns ' 43 24 l 49 2O 2 41 19 3 52 19 3 22 16 4 45 14 5 46 14 5 44 12 6 46 12 6 24 ll 7 29 9 8 39 99 8 52 9 8 42 7 9 2O 6 10 12 5 ll 25 5 ll 36 5 ll 19 3 12 31 2 l3 The prototype for criterion II, subject 43, possesses more characteristics than the prototypes of criteria I or II. He appears to be more self-contradictory. For example, he possesses what might Seem'to be physically contradictory attributes: his skin is not sen- sitiVe, yet he feels that parts of his body often have feelings like burning, thingling, crawling or "going to 5163“”. However, he does not tire easily and sleeps well. We are not sure how the feelings regarding tingling body parts fits into this configuration. This will need further explanation. m ‘4 - h rs- - c ._ 9' .. \ .1, '. L ~ L 1 . L . _, . J . .~ -_ . _ . - . . -. .. . ..., - ..-- ‘ ‘q I 7 ~ ' - r.“ 4 l—HH l 4 is ‘w 7 5’ J. W . \ h [x iv v . g . -‘ - . q fl ‘4 J y _, - . :1 p I L; .S. r " - i u -2: ' . ,2 .f._‘ . k u - -.—.- - ’ ‘w'-u* -h ... ,, _ ..-. ._ A--.—— ~n-.-—. _. -__..... -4" _m—Hwfl .. -_.o-ur _flflyw .“ i hi’VJtT' I; Csf’LVfi-,‘ “NJ F;.J EDIjClT‘JDSI CD a p“ n O ’x .- - _. . .- _ .. ,. . ..-- . -.. .. ._- ...... -- .. .u , , -. -.v. . .4» t,‘.~IJ"'_I" -r'Jfi -z. of h I . L n , ' v t , . r A , 0 Q . , w , -.‘ r . r . in -=‘* ‘ n! 1' s i - d ,- . -‘ J J 'n; ... V ., 1 x‘ n Y .4 :— '-’ ' in U’ a w .4 3: I i \ I ' ‘ ‘ . D . '\ ' r ‘ ' I " ‘ "V‘ ' ' Q f. x v , - ' a) ‘ I J ‘ . bl . r I . v ' o A ’ ‘ ' . ‘ > « s b a . A ... '\ - _ w J \ . . ‘ a, , . A ‘ a - .1 f, w? J ' I s ' I ,- I . I I ‘ ‘ ‘ - v ‘ . ' 1 r . 4 n . t \ v r‘ — . ' s - . s— ‘ . . s.‘- a 4 ‘ 1 \ I . I. ’: I U W I '\' . :3 T r . ._. _ .. l‘ . q a o A ‘ L/ A ‘ V\ l _‘ .1 7 -_ I r l. t‘ .L , 33 This prototype seems to be emotionally very stable on the one hand yet regressive on the other. He does not feel as if he would go to pieces and does not worry. He has no unimportant thoughts or blank spells. He sympathizes with others who worry and is not afraid to talk about himself to others. Often however, he seems to be unable to solve his own problems and becomes frightened at night. His father was strict and the members of his family were the nervous type. He often enjoys hurting those he loves. As a child he had enough food and clothing. When he hears someone making a silly or ignorant statement about something of which he is knowledgeable, he attempts to set them straight. Boredom is usually tolerated as he does not like to stir up excitement. This seems to be an indication of conservatism. This prototype seems to possess more of the qualities of religiousity than the other two. He prays more than twice per week and believes Christ performed miracles. He further feels that every- thing is turning out just like the prOphets of the Bible said it would. Collecting and growing flowers do not appeal to him but drawing flowers might. Like prototype I, he has an aversion to drawing chil- dren and a yearning to go horseback riding. Two subjects, 1 and 9, appear in all of the six patterns in criterion III and consequently illustrate the concept of the prototype. This prototype does not brood a great deal nor does he feel sympathetic towards others who tend to worry. He does not have strong traditional religious convictions. This is exemplified in his not praying nor accepting the tenant that Christ performed miracles. Lincoln is not w; A: :. U1 l _ .s «r. .1 w .II .vl; .. . u.¢l. ; r r \ u a u\ . _ . ..1 15 , w x. a! x I r. u. . 1 q \ . m (.. . I rm , a .1 . A L I; .... :oxs cu iii in .le“). "\ \ , \. L; ‘.» 3v 3 » .\”i a: - z I. ... a, o . ‘ _ .u \. .. ; a if -." I '11 ,- ~ arencli .\ (I J \.. rt 71 ..J . .1 ‘1... Ta P. 1 .J x z .... \u ., ‘ ‘ ; ~ ~"f' 7 JJ I- .. JL’o. » w .l I C3 ,u‘ .104: 34 viewed as greater than Washington. When others make silly or ignorant statements, he sets them straight. Lastly, the prototype is characterized as liking to cook and to collect flowers or grow house plants. TAJLE X THE RASKING OF SUBJECTS RITH LOH GUILT AS THEY APPEAR IN PATTEHHS CRITERION III Frequency of Subjects I Appearance in Rank (N 19) Patterns 1 6 1 9 6 1 10 5 2 11 5 2 l7 5 2 4 4 3 l4 4 3 51 4 3 5 3 4 7 3 4 l5 3 4 16 3 4 2 2 5 6 2 5 8 2 5 13 2 5 3 1 6 23 l 6 O O 18 I k h r. .... . r m’ ..4 c . r3. I 1. u o ‘01 h t r. 0 Tu ; J I n 1 O r; w ' . v. ... \I. § .. (I. _ «at s r w I A r ..x V..- _,._~_ ._ .-. .... “...-._.. -- rl [.9 ‘A --‘ o- -7- ~..I-M. H- The total configuration of this prototype appears to present a personality that is somewhat cold and impersonal with commitant lack of feeling within himself as well as toward others. It could be speculated further that the absence of empathy toward others is the reason for designating Washington greater than Lincoln. In re- lation to the patterns of clearing up ignorance and disbelief in mir- soles, the prototype approaches a situation in,a factual and objective way that is associated with the scientific type of personality. The fondness of cooking and collecting flowers could further validate our speculations of the impersonal quality; however, it must be taken i into consideration that 90L of the subjects in these specific patterns were females. At least 60% of the subjects in the patterns for criterion III were social work subjects which in itself is a contradiction to-the attributes of a social worker which presupposes that empathy is a must. This prototype affords a generalization of the psychopath, who is pathologically guilt deficient or who has repressed his guilt, for he excludes conscious guilt and the outer world. On the basis of the prototype description and the subjects who fell in the low guilt cri~, terion, one would again question the cogency of the guilt test. - , s . A . a ' . ~ > - - , e 9 i4 . . . A a» V , r . m ‘ . _ -- II - F‘ n y ,' v . l ’ - v i. . l .‘ - .. ’q‘ ' ‘ g r , A » . ‘ , . ’x__ 9.. - ‘1 _- l ‘ ', __. l ,v_‘ . .' s » ‘.L‘ A‘_ A . x. ‘ . ‘1‘ n . .1 f ‘L‘v.l I“! ).._I . ‘ ¥ | g "A f 1 ' F.“ y W ' ‘ q - r I] ' _ ‘ ‘ u ' ". .. ‘T -! ' t 2 E: :1. '- i: . I! "‘ '3'” '1 fi' fi .uJ. . e . ,. ._ -7 l _ _ .- . ' 4 .. , ..- .__-. L~¥ .c‘fl. ._ ., _- , . a . , + 4 ' w- t Q '~ . . ‘ ' A ‘ . i ' ‘ . ' ‘ ¢ . ' . - .j , s a, ... .- f" .I‘ 'u . . ’ . F; ,' . 7. l' I ’ .. _ _ I .V‘ ‘. _ R" e . n k \ G v .‘u . .l 1., ‘ V. 3 L) J g. 9‘ i J . x - . ' ~ ' _ P ' l " ~ ’ ‘ ~ . f l' . J l‘ O .... ( . ' 4 . x '7 ‘_ ‘ - _‘ ~ ’ Y ' r A . __ ‘ -- . -.' ~ » ‘ - . v - . u . A} a -J 3 ‘ - J -’ _‘. 4' AJ - ’ J s L‘.-’ I t L ‘ :' ”i b". ' w‘ 0 u- ‘ Q Is“ 3 L M . 2 . '1 g, I .. - ’ .L ; ,l .U I l \ \ J I 3 .,. t s l. g. a. , . .‘ . . . —-\ . ’ . < .. I l , . : r'. *. ' ' " ‘ ‘ .-. ) f) r ,. . -‘ ‘ - a“- l‘ -" "" . A “ I" ‘ ". 3'. W " 2' - .. . r - . v .. a! .- . . ... . ‘... . A .... v -. I} ..w-.. ~x -, (7..-.-. .i I L. , i - ' . I 2| ‘ . .- "« ' -- , ‘ - .. . . e A . q - ~ - V -.4 .- - .. I . ~1- . . - .. r . ' . - . .. r c . 3 .- . 1' .. . .3 3 ~?.- .— ‘ -< J --- J. v: , I . >.- I .-: Q ~. -. - . ‘ , up . IS)-‘ """'1‘ J- " - ' -J i a -‘ ‘a‘ - i . ~~ ‘ .> - ' e a e e > e - :).-, ‘ . -.. L . ' .l "P (3 r. — I" :1 4.. «I‘ ’ 1‘." .. ., +r,‘ .L r-.r .' ‘-', “-1... t' DJ "00‘ 'fi‘ “'t‘fi A I r , . g, - .- ..\w .. ...> _ .‘b .4 .‘ ‘J e- d« ) -- x- :4 a“ 4 .1... .. ......i..' .. A I I a ,V 4. . I‘ ', .‘ .. II- LO." LII) .1. ‘m “ e. I J . I l ‘e ‘ s A- _. t,“ ~l. . .' .... if - - .. w , ,: "a .- ;- ...,a -‘ ‘9 ~ .-0 3L") -: J . 7",“ -- ' 4' - . .- _ _ v ' ‘ A \‘ , 4' A . J o'. _ ..- . .L O'J ‘J —'.' . :. . .J I .. - -. - . -- .1. p! S r - >1 ‘ _‘ . . r . ~_ ' -‘ {x \ '. L. ‘ - Z . , ..{fi < . ., 15~kw.. .. u - C) II. 1‘ ‘ . . m j ...q-, . l .. ' t ) ‘ - I ~ “ ‘ , . \ i c- v,’ ' ‘ ) ... . -.- .i .7 t .« -1 . - a. »l - .. 1- ..- .» . _. .. 'w --. J_ .--- ..- e .. .f' . ..-v. ,1- .4 L . - ‘ i. a , , {r L ' . a . . . 4 ' ,.. » :r ‘ V ‘ ‘ ’ .- . ,'j ‘ " 3o 'v ,v "s .hi\ . ‘ "\ v 1 --. '- "t’ :9 i ‘ . .. 4‘ u ' - ’- a C i—4 » ‘ - .. .‘ . s v ‘f q. A w ‘ O! L .5" . " ’ (2 k.‘ J. C; K: -4‘ - - "4‘ .. 5 . . . . . . . . , . . e ' ‘ .\ _ fl 5 '. . _ 4 , of f - - , — . l . ..‘ .1 .- , . - . .’ I ' r. -- v ‘ y r . . . _ n - . -" .. .- -' - - — A‘ ‘K’ - ---w\a-- i’. .- -. .. o J 4-». -.i 1.. .3 9-33.} . g . . , l ‘ v I _ . fl . I ' _ . - . , - .- o s . u ‘ I, «u .- , » , '- ' J.- N‘ v, . ' -. fi .1 ov'wl «K A , ~I_‘ .,. I" .4 H. I — , . ["A- an. r ' .‘ua . e ‘ .. _- - -. ' u I — ‘ ~J~ ' .. -. H J. 1‘ <‘ . .... ... \I y" 'e. #35 . . u' .0 s-‘ C I .. . - . _a ‘ : . u a I . , . a I -3 ,- A I \ ' I . ... ‘ _‘ § ,‘ . . , .e 7 ‘. o1 ‘— . o- g ,. .. ..’,‘ :2 .... V o '..- . .‘ .' .. -l ‘ ..f,.. _‘ ' » ~ ~‘ . I... . t. “'.. '~ 2‘.3 . _ l f I .V x . ,s 5‘ . ‘ a J » ' ‘ . - ' __ ’~" ... ‘,-. H - _ . . . ,7 . . . .y ‘ , ‘ .— -.". p "“7"“ _., .-,-_r f -'.'.4 ..x...‘ 2-... --.;n. k.LJ :. .. _,‘ t. 'fi . ’._ -' _.-c,".. 1; K" ,.~~.a,,-‘ ... - a IAPLICATIOHS Examination of the guilt groups renders the high guilt group with a mean of 61.5, substantially higher than the mean of -67 fer the low guilt group. There was then considerable range in guilt scores. The total number of subjects in criterion I was thirteen subjects with twelve being males. Conversely, the low guilt criterion was comprised of sixteen females out of eighteen subjects. On the basis of this one might postulate that men have more guilt than women as tested by the kosher. The medium guilt group was composed of eighteen persons with a representation from both samples, though there were more from the church sample. The guilt mean was close to being halfrway between high and low guilt, thus disclosing the diversification of the sub- jects' scores on the guilt range. According-to psychoanalytic literature, religiousity is an index to the severity of the superego--the guilt producing force. The results of the study substantiate this theory in that there is a high proportion of the church goers in the high and medium criteria, whereas in the low guilt criterion only a small proportion were church goers. This finding might well be an indication for future research in this area. Caution in drawing conclusions is required due to the criti- cisms lodged against the Mosher F-C Test, and the possible lack of representativeness of the samples. The social work sample was doubt- less "test wise" and may have demonstrated resistance which precludes 36 ... .7d 3. _ 3 ~ t 'aJo E ;(‘38 ’3 ‘1 JC .5 ..v 4.4 ‘2 "‘d a r¢ _' 3 sci e'a —-A.- ,— 1‘ ' 'oz ‘ ,,. pa *5: Je 'euijsJ. .l‘ 's - .:_,.- v~v 7w 37 the Mosher's validity. The results of the study indicate that there are constellations of personality attributes which characterize per- sons with particular levels of guilt. However, as with any explora- tory study of this kind, the adequacy of the results for prediction must be tested with new samples. If substantially the same constella- tions were found on a repeat experiment, the hypothesis ef this study could be considered confirmed. Tu Pt ‘4 ...‘13 I -. $.30“ ..1 .l \/ pl rx r. c A l.‘ d 03 ii I k BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Alexander, Franz. The Psychoanalysis of Total Personality. New York: College Foundation, Publishers, l935. Bandura, Albert and Walters, R.H. Adolescent Aggression. New York: The Honald Press, 1959. - Barth, Carl. Church Dogmatics in Cutline. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1936. Bergler, Edmund. The Battle of the Conscience. Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute of Medicine, 1946. Boisin, A.T. The Exploration of the Inner World. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1936. Fenichei, Otto. The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1945. Freud, Sigmond. Civilization and Its Discontents. London: The Hogarth Press, 1930. . The Id and the E9 . London: Hogarth Press, 1930. . New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: w.w. Norton and Company, Inc. 1945. Gerhart, Piers and Singer, Milton B. Shane and Guilt. Springfield, Illinois: Charles 0. Thomas Publisher, 1953. Glueck, Sheldon and Glueck, Eleanor. Unraveling,Juvenile Delinquency. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1950. Jourard, Sidney M. Personal Adjustment - An Approach Through the Study of Healthy Personality. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964. Mackinnion, Murray, Henry A. Exploration in Personality. New York: Science Editors, 1962. McKenzie, John G. Guilt Its Meaning_and Significance. London: George Allen and Unwin, Lts., l962, p. 18. r‘ If '-_ . 1 ‘ _ . _ l - . .. - .‘ n V v“ _ --. . 3 r ‘ -,: . _ -v a l ' . A L g I A - v . ~ - _ . s . . - i ‘ :3 , . _ 2- ._ . . '. v _ _ ~. , s v ‘1: - 7 x , . 4. . ‘ . . , _ . . . _ . _ n 4 I . ‘ a i - r - . . . - . --.. .. .-- . 4‘ , f , u — . - - ' ' . .' ' ‘ , .. . v v v s O . '\ \ - 4 . C .‘c .- . I ‘ A ' -' r ' , _. . - . , - - v -- ¢ ‘ ‘- n . ‘ . - u ‘ n ' . . ( - . , - . . ' ' 4 “‘ . W ' . i 'l' ‘ - - r. , . V . -. _ _ . . l ' u - - .‘ ' ' ' ' ' ' I ’ v , - .. l - ‘ I 'o , £ . ' .1 .- -. . -—- r ‘ .-- - -— - - .-. - A . . - . a _ __ _ h . . . r l , I. ' x‘ . ‘ . v . , y ! - 4 . . . Q o a. . . . . . . i . ~ . , ~ ‘ I a.‘ . ‘ “o _ . a ' ‘ ~ ‘ u . '. A. . u ' ~‘ ' « ‘ ‘ o ,- 'l , { '3 -.. ,. , . . . .... ...... .. - .... -... .. . -. . Q 1 .. ‘ .. a ' . . n . _ - ‘ _ 7 ' V' ’ ~ ‘ ¢ ' A ' :r . . I "‘ "‘ . no“. T L o’ . : y —‘ ‘ l,. v .5 I" ‘ ’ ’ \ ‘ ‘ _ - - a , -, b a .. . ‘ - C \ i co~ "..~~- ~ 0"” ~ ‘nv r. ... I .... «...-...cm Mans--...- .. . I Q - w . , - o _’ . -__ > -_ _ ,_ _ W” . A . -..._p—. . - t -1- o n r. H—ah‘v- ‘- - -- . ‘ . . . . >- - imm-n.“ I ’ - s ‘ . u -- . a . . - -. - . ‘ . o - ~' L l , . . . . . . . s . ' ' _ _ . u . . ”J . :1 -. ._. “i". , ( t r. _ . . a . a - \1 . ' l I =1 q ~ .....- . . .- 4 - . . . ‘ . . - “ I ~ 4 n . v . " a, * . “ < ‘ ' ' r o - Q . - x . - ~ , . k .- -_ - l: ‘ . n a . h - '\ l ‘ , . .? . V « “. , v ’ ' I - K - '. , ' ' I. ' . '. . . . 111 -7- ,_ . ---# . A ., r .. - .. \. I 7 . I - ' . t . I ‘ r .. a w _ ‘ ‘ _ , . I . . ‘ - . t a ‘ ~. a . . . .. , - . - . .- . , a H A l. . 0 ~ . , . ‘ 1 . ‘- o . . .l l w ' - ‘Jk. ‘, ......_. _ . - -... . - - _ _ ,7 -7 .. .7 ._.~- ,. . .. a . .. - , ' - . ‘ l < u 7 ' ' ‘ ' . . . , x ‘ v ‘ ‘ ‘ . c I . g i ‘ ‘ J , - . - -‘.---._ - I _ A. n 5 ’§ q‘OUI 5.“ ~ ' O- I o . I ' ' ‘ - i ’ ‘ A ‘ . ' - fl ' r ‘ 2 g c, , i g a - .‘ i p - ~‘c‘4 .- ‘ D” ‘4‘ «CH o — a I 7 .. .- . . , 7 .. ¢ .- 1 ~ ' I 0 ~ I U. ‘ , ‘ I. f 0.! , ~ 1 A c. _ ‘ «‘ ‘ - 4 J» _.' -- ‘ . \, a ‘ u . o , If . ‘ I . ‘1 I ‘ ‘l . ,i . ' I ' '." s . O .. b _, . ) .7 . . _ , g 1.1 t ’ ' ,. " ..' ' L 3 ”...... .... -. .....H ._ . ...u.... - - .- , -- , ._ C . , 1‘ i ‘ ". :‘ I I f r I O ‘ 7 O ‘7 p - . - a o . 4 { e , “ -. o I - k’ a 3 A. 4 . ' -4 . a , 39 Mower, Hobard. The Crisis in Psychiatry and Religion. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1961. Pearlman, Helen Harris. Social Casework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1957. Reik, Theodor. Myth and Guilt. New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1957. Stekel, 5. Technique of Analytical Psychotherapy. New York: Liver- ght, 1938. Articles and Periodicals Alexander, Franz. "Remarks About the Relation of Inferority Feelings to Guilt Feelings," International Journal of Psychoanalysis, (1938), 43. Barron, E. "An Ego Strength Scale Which Predicts Response to Psycho— therapy," Basic Readings on The MfiPI in Psychology and Medicine, edited by flesh and Dahlstrom, Minneapolis: Universoty of dinne- sota Press, (1956), 226-234. Caine, T.M. "The Expression of Hostility and Guilt in melancholic and Paranoid Women,” Journal of Consulting Psychology, XXIV (February 1960), 18-22. Dreger, Palph. "Some Personality Correlates of Religious Attitudes as Determined by Projective Techniques,” Psychological Hono- oraghs, No. 335, 1952. Grosh, maria. "0n Hypochondria," Psycho-somatic Eedicine, IV (195a), 205. Earth, Selden B. "Guilt Feelings and Disapproval Projections as Related to Parents, Church, God and Fate in Adolescent Sexual Develop- ment," Dissertation abstracts, XXIV (September, 1962) 124-6. NcQuitty, Louis L. ”Agreement Analysis: Classifying Persons by Predom- inate Patterns of Response," British Journal of Statistical Psycholoqy. IX (1956), 5-16. . "Elementary Linkage Analysis for Isolating Orthogonal and Oblique Types and Typal Relevancies," Educational and Psycho- logical Heasuremen , VII (1957), 209. 1 ' .. - v.c , -—c o u _ . t u . ,. '. .'. - . u a . ‘ k. , . . .. Q r. . .. .7 - ll ... -4- ii, A p. -. O ‘ . - . U V , u 0 . . ._-“...- n . - v r . o 'o I M y -‘ | 1 r 0 -- -. ..- ' C. I ‘ . a . O l s g ‘t. x . . _ a t d . a .. r. . . ‘. I I . I l i t F‘s-.-. '-; ._. , u. ‘3 . r 76' .v,1_. . . , 7, to. . ' I , MA 4O Masher, Donald. ”Analysis of Three Veasures of Three Aspects of Guilt,“ Journal of Consulting Psychology, XXX (1966), 25-29. Parin, Paul. ”Die Abuchrmechanismen der PsychOpather,” Ps che, XV (1961), 18-22. Unpublished Material Grayden, Charles. ”The Relationship Between Neurotic Hypochondriasis and Three Personality Variables: Feeling of Being Unloved, Narcissism, and Guilt Feelings." Umpublished Ph.D. Disserta-r ion , New York University, 1953. _ Lowe, Carrington. ”“ Study of the Nature of Guilt in Psychooathology.” Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 1961. Mosher, Donald L. "The Development and Validation of a Sentence Completion Measure of Guilt." ‘ Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 1961. Nicholas, 0. Jack. ”Guilt as Related to Self-Concept and Personality Adjustment." Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, North Texas State University, 1965. APPEADIX A DATA SHEET INFORHATIOH Sex Age Marital Status Education Race Religion Regularity of Church Attendance Yes No (Circle one) 41 . xv.) 7: 10. 11. APPEHDIX 8 MALE FOR'A OF THE MOSHER FOE ICED- CHOICE GUILT SCALE When I tell a lie. . . A. it hurts. B. I make it a good one. TO kill in war 0 e o A. is a job to be done. B. is a shame but sometimes a necessity. Women who curse . . . A. are normal. 8. make me sick. When anger builds inside me... A. I usually explode B. I keep my mouth shut. If I killed someone in self-defense, I... A. would feel no anguish. 8. think it would trouble me the rest of my life. I punish myself... A. for the evil I do. B. very seldom for other people do it for me. If in the future I committed adultery... A. I won't feel bad about it. B. it would be sinful. Obscene literature... A. is a sinful and corrupt business. 8. is fascinating reading. "Dirty" jokes in mixed company... A. are common in our town. B. should be avoided. As a child, sex play... A. never entered my mind. B. is quite wide spread. I detest myself for... A. my sins and failures. B. for not having more exciting sexual experiences. 42 . . c . . Kat. . .. . o . , . . P. n .. O In is \ ya ..(I, .. I ‘y. at I .— - we. . » ..., <'I_ ... D... O . I . a a . .1 . m. i. s u‘ ‘ a. . 4‘ .. I .v r... . i ... a ‘ ... o a u 0., l . . .. 4 . .a Q . .1. s . . . h J . t. p e .- ... . , A . . I . u 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 43 Sex relations before marriage... A. ruin many a happy couple. 3. are good in my opinion. If in the future I committed adultery... A. I wouldn't tell anyone. 8. I would probably feel bad about it. When I have sexual desires... A. I usually try to curb them. B. I generally satisfy them. If I killed someone in self-defense, I... A. wouldn't enjoy it. B. I'd be glad to be alive. Unusual sex practices... A. might be interesting. B. don't interest me. If I felt like murdering someone... A I would be ashamed of myself. B. I would try to commit the perfect crime. If I hated my parents... A. I would hate myself. 8. I would rebel at their every wish. After an outburst of anger... A. I usually feel quite a bit better. 8. I am sorry and say so. I punish myself... A. never. 8. by feeling nervous and depressed. Prostitution... A. is a must. 8. breeds only evil. If I killed someone in self-defense, I... A. would still be troubled by my conscience. B. would consider myself lucky. When_I tell a lie... A. I'm angry with myself. B. I mix it with truth and serve it like a Martini. As a child, sex play... A. is not good for mental and emotional well being. B. is natural and innocent. I O C ‘ 1 I A o J ‘ o i O i U a u - I . o l . .I A? ‘ v , r , ' 1’ - I I .. i < l , D . 1 . _ _ v I .. . , r .. \. o ' - » a o a l u . I o u g .1 I e. e ' - ' _ ' \ . A g . 1 . . c .4 ‘ . I . ,4 _ g, ,. l‘ ‘I T 5. V I D o s ‘0 - -. . 3v . J-vc .. . . ~ . . .4 o ' . ‘ J - I I ' ‘I .« .L . u r ' - a . '5 ‘ 1 ~ u '7 ’ .‘ , - u ‘ '7 ‘-. i . D . f . ,. . a ,_ Id . . O O I ‘ . w . . . .. - h) . . . P. f . g . a- \ 4 i o- ' v 9 I D ' . I , J ‘ _ _l r- 1 I C e l 1 . o I . . - .1 . .r \ . i a w ,L . ,7 f l I U - l 1 O I I . . ‘ ‘ . e iv . ,.1 1H- ,. Glut ' . ‘. I ' a. . - w . «0‘ - 4 ‘ v , . 1 .. ‘L . - . ‘ I ‘ f _ V .', ' ' f , . - _ J J . e A T , a . ’ ’ ' l - . A l . - J. I . ,. , .J V - . ,1 g n '. t . .e " '- /-,E ‘ 1 - J ' ' e ' r r .J r Y ' J . a. c ‘ , p. 1'. . .4 ‘ 4 p p . l . . » . , ‘1 C . u! . x f " . , . "3'. l. a 7‘ I. ,\ ' 7 '- J J _ . .. I . .. - {.1' J I‘ a I '. i I"; ' L1 o. -. I I . 5‘ — ‘ . .I‘ ~ I ' f . . .' 1 A -~ I - . . w . ' ‘3 J u -i \- -. . I ' f- I . a . £1 9 J - V . ~, ‘4 . f ~I ' . ..‘* x ; ) 0. II‘.’ V 'o I ‘I‘ I . - . "\ V ; l. , . i '7 — x .I .L ' o ‘ .-I ' x . . I 4 . . y D I h‘! V‘ l , - I _ . ' J a 1‘ K) - ‘ "'. 1‘ . J - ‘ ‘ I O . .- 1 -. ...: . .. ' J -' ' a i e ,, ‘1 a‘L 0 .. I O r 0". J O O ‘.n ‘ \. .. 0'8 .. O n. .K‘ O D . \ I ‘ b ._- 04‘ wxi l'" . 1.... . _IA - s ~ ‘\ .1 ~. ~,. .-\ o .‘N o u; ‘ \ t ' CV .. ... '-I. 1' o | . 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 44 When someone swears at me... A. I swear back. B. it usually bothers me even if I don‘t show it. When I was younger, fighting... A. was always a thrill. B. disgusted me. As a child, sex play... A. was.a big taboo and I was deathly afraid of it. Be was common without guilt feelings. After an argument... A. I feel mean. 3. I am sorry for my actions. "Dirty” Jokes in mixed company... A. are not proper. B. are exciting and amusing. Unusual sex practices... A. are awful and unthinkable. B. are not so unusual to me. When I have sex dreams... , A. I cannot remember them in the morning. B. I wake up happy. When I was younger, fighting... A. never appealed to me. B. was fun and frequent. One should not... A. knowingly sin. B. try to follow absolutes. To kill in war... A. is good and meritable. B. would be sickening to me. I detest myself for... A. nothing, I love life. B. not being more nearly perfect. "Dirty” jokes in mixed company... A. are lots of fun. B. are coarse to say the least. Petting... A. is something that should be controlled. 3. is a form of education. a . r. o C O O C . .. . ._U u . -.w -. 1c .,.. -- I . A ' i .f ' I u u I C. . o . IO. 5 hrs ‘4 (J 0 O . ..k ‘6 s o I. I. h s . . I. e' I. r, . . l l '1‘ .Ip . I _\ u. .1. I. I. A I v . 6 s .. . 4. I . . .u a \l C , V . o s 0 I o I s . . ... — I U (s 14 O ... O I Fla U! cl Y) O I; .\ . ... D.” ...v I . 1 cc . . . ... O _ . t .. v a . . J .D. . 3 {is 11 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 45 After an argument... A. I usually feel better. 8. I am disgusted that I allowed myself to become Obscene literature... A. should be freely published. B. helps people become sexual perverts. I regret... A. my sexual experiences. B. nothing I've ever done. A guilty conscience... A. does not bother me too much. B. is worse than a sickness to me. If I felt like murdering someone... A. it would be for good reason. B. I'd think I was crazy. Arguments leave me feeling... A. that it was a waste of time. B. smarter. After a childhood fight, I felt... A. miserable and made up afterwards. B. like a here. When anger builds inside me... A. I do my best to suppress it. B. I have to blow off some steam. Unusual sex practices... A. are O.K. as long as they're heterosexual. involved. B. usually aren't pleasureabla because you have preconceived about their being wrong. I regret... A. getting caught, but nothing else. B. all of my sins.- When I tell a lie... A. my sonscience bothers ma. 8. I wonder whether I‘ll get away with it. Sex relations before marriage.. A. are practiced too much to be wrong. B. in my opinion, should not be practiced. As a child, sex play... As 1‘ d.ngerou.a - B. is not harmful but does create sexual pleasure. When caught in the act... A. I try to bluff my way out. B. truth is the best policy. feelings v a A ._. .. . .... I I i 9 L Q I Is. ‘,4. . .\ LI . O O . i . L s .— . _la . t... . .L f . , § . . . l _l , , .t .i A ‘ . . ... .. - - -. a u ._ , . . J. . ... a . _ .- » . h w _ i e . 4 L . . . . . , ,t J\ I .. e.» . . . ... U? u n u .... 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 46 As a child, sex play... A. was indulged in. B. is immature and ridiculous. when I tell a lie... A. it is an exception or rather an odd occurrence. 8. I tell a lie, If I hated my parents... A. I would be wrong, foolish, and feel guilty. 8. they would know it that's for sure! If I robbed a bank... A. I would give up I suppose. B. I probably would get away with it. Arguments leave me feeling... A. proud, they certainly are worthwhile. B. depressed and disgusted. when I have sexual desires... A. they are quite strong. B. I attempt to repress them. Sin and failure... A. are two situation we try to avoid. B. do not depress me for long. Sex relations before marriage... A. help people to adjust. B. should not be recommended. when anger builds inside me... A. I feel like killing somebody. B. I get sick. If I robbed a bank... A. I would live like a king. 3. I should get caught. Masturbation... A. is a habit that should be controlled. 8. is very common. After an argument... A. I feel proud in victory and understanding in defeat. B. I am sorry and see no reason to stay mad. Sin and failure... A. are the works of the Devil. B. have not bothered me yet. .... 'lo 0 I“: (if): .1?) 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 47 If I committed a homosexual act... A. it would be my business. B. it would show weakness in me. When anger builds inside me... A. I always express it. B. I usually take it out on myself. Prostitution... A. is a sign of moral decay in society. B. I usually take it out on myself. Capital punishment... A. should be abolished. B. is a necessity. Sex relations before marriage... A. are O.K. if both partners are in agreement. B. are dangerous. I tried to make amends... A. for all my misdeeds, but I can't forget them. B. but not if I could help it. After a childhood fight, I felt... A. sorry. 8. mad and irritable. I detest myself for... A. nothing, and only rarely dislike myself. B. thoughts I sometimes have. Arguments leave me feeling... A. satisfied usually. B. exhausted. maSturbationeee A. is all right. 8. should not be practiced. After an argument... A. I usually feel good if I won. 8. it is best to apologize to clear the air. .\e V _. v I ’ . . - ’1 5. .1 .ei i J. ‘9 's fi-(IIN lo: W, ...J ..l .... .. ~r' wf” ha ’ii ‘Li :H’: H...’ we ta ~4"~4 vs ~4 -.., H"! .H For the Cs Cs c. c. Cs Cs c. Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs 8. 9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 17. 18. _- - . ‘. *-.-. ... 1‘“ ‘ " " J' } APP rmxc , ' BARRON ECO STRENGTH some - .. TAKE: {79.0321 THE 5.17-3PI following circle the answer most applicable for you. True (I) or False (F) or Cannot Say (Cs) During the past few years I have been well most of the time. I am in just as good physical health as moSt of my friends. I have never had a fainting Spell. I feel weak all over much of the time. My hands have not become clumsy or awkward. I have a cough most of the time. I have a good appetite. I have diarrhea once a month or more. At times I hear so well it bothers me. I seldom worry about my health. my sleep is fitful and disturbed. I feel unable to tell anyone all about myself. I feel sympathetic towards people who tend to hang on to their griefs and troubles. I brood a great deal. I frequently find myself worrying about something. I have met problems so full of possibilities that I have been unable to make up my mind about them. I get mad easily and then get over it soon. When I leave home, I do not worry about whether the door is locked and the windows closed. 48 a F C‘\’ ‘ \ . . .f .‘ ... a ‘. ,. I. 4. , . T (w . .. H . :5 2’ s3 (i l u roan ed: -_ ,. J . I Q." . x ' w x.. ,Wi co (3 'Y-\‘. .. .. > . ) a I.’ “I I .. . ' ‘ "D 1 l ... is l- .‘ I '; .5 A. .3 'i '- : . . .f'.. .. “' I E. .tmhig r. , v‘"‘ _ _ ..L-- .‘J :_ -_" d e ..,-.. ,\ x+ “3.7V! a?“ :02. cit-'Alu .5 O - .. w. . 1- :) jf-Vt. (IL UL) —' " ea read I 53;;3 IA ,. 1 I A. .7 -.. - '7 .luutls Y. 1.1” :T‘.'e.l."."3 ‘. i ...... . -- — . ' 1 . 1" ‘ ’ ' “2' " Z". ’ "Lr . ei'sf. ' t 'w‘ x. ," ..’ 4. ‘1 s A . \ .' n '.-- ' ' ' i 1 C .r " \ I) -.1 —‘ .' aru- J»‘\i , , e t -v _ I is“ . :‘1 3. ’4 t.) _,‘ . I ‘i_,. ; ‘ ..- - ..- J- ‘s _ f - ' ’ ~- .. i 7 . ..- 4-. _- e. .‘ -, , r" . C“) . d .Lf.’ .. s .... Vv ’— ; a l . - . ’ ‘ , '."‘ .-_. g “kg. , ‘-‘ tv5 .5.) l C . f ,1 I s ' .- I‘ I» I \ a.) -.. «I l .. .- v '3 “- r f. ; l' o‘ " ‘ . b ‘ 5—84 .."6' ;‘ I-c. ‘ '--~ - . J v ‘ v I . ' * ' r- .g‘ '1 ' . f. u .4.., ‘4 - v‘ t ...: s.’ : - n . . ., ,. .. . ... O ‘J L‘... i ..j r .1 \.4.. D r. O‘.—r e " aL ‘. § 5- .' ‘ ‘ gr. 4:. 7‘...\.‘..s 4.1. .24... 9 rifle ”w o. . ; 1 4'. k I a I . ' l “ . I 47' § ‘ . (1 L! e—' i. -.‘ a to . A." o i f — "a .A 1 -. f— '- .‘~ I'.‘ .r1. .- . - '- 3.1,. ‘4" ...-.1. .41; ‘él’ .‘ -~' 3;. .9 ... 'n‘: l. " ’-- "I I. g ‘3 WA *1 ;,' ‘Y "'4'“. I is _I" 514‘ ~. i. s‘t‘ sn- '4. J“\ a.“ 7 i . o Gu.".a..1 0 “3,; r ra- :- . . ,,‘...‘.-.. '. 3. \v g h z. .I k...” i . ‘ 'e . ‘J V ‘ fi . "-1 Q ; V ’ d D I ‘ . ' . I , . o. a . ". , ; n a 5‘ )a ‘.-_\J-(.-u~ I J 4‘: 3 i‘. .‘v .... .... n ... f. .__. .- . '5 ~' ‘5‘ I. ... ,; ‘\~_'. (‘F‘Y s e . ', "1‘ ' .... ' c .. -’. -\- wre C‘ \‘ I . -‘ _. .'. '\,‘fr ' . n ‘1 . | v .l v 'H ,. , l ‘ u’ ' g” f A, c a. . n‘. r n . a ,. 2;an { '.~.~':. or 1 Us) 1, ‘-'\. ' ‘5 “‘1‘ oizo; ‘l..‘ 9..» pa) m i . as i '35 $1. ._. e 0, ._.- . . U» C 6—5 ..‘1 .'. H .‘I‘v‘ ‘ 17" e ' - 1 T .'J 3.1.. {2.51.713 . 2.;7 l - t 0 ‘ a ., .. . . . , ., + V 8.. r. . l ‘1 ‘u: ?e"--‘ ‘C r._ -_... , .. r. , A __ . 1 ..L.‘J-t' H .2“ ml'i - ‘. .. '1.» -. " "e — ‘.- 'i 7 ..s 5, ‘fi ' .- ‘ 7.4-: O .9 . r , ,,., . H ' ..iuzg -.m glen I when u; $iQ"b reed ‘zi. 31‘- 29". 30...) l .6 ,. . . . e ..- 4;- ". .‘.’;r’ ‘,2‘\l£«‘..).1. I i..1‘)(u! ,- .-\’ ‘u . - ' ‘t’ I D e »; '.,' U :3 4.)“) I'VJ‘)‘ 0.0 I .y C‘ . - I-J - 1 l. . . .V' J I .. ‘ 1" .... \ .3 I-. .81 all s” s11 —+ »4 >4 .4 .4 ._.; »1 we ~4 vi —1 vi we ~+ ~1 *4 >1 >4 *1 ~a ha ~4 ~a us ~4 ‘n'n'n Cs Cs C8 Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs. Cs Cs Cs Ca Ca Cs 19. 20. 21. 22. 28. 30. 31. 32. 40. 41. 49 Sometimes some unimportant thought will run through my mind and bother me for days. Often I cross the street in order not to meet someone I see. I dream frequently about things that are best kept to myself. I go to church almost every week. I pray several times every week. Christ performed miracles such as changing water into wine. Everything is turning out Just like the prephets of the Bible said it would. I have had some very unusual religious experiences. I believe my sins are unpardonable. . I would certainly enjoy beating a crook at his own game. When I get bored, I like to stir up some excitement. I do many things which I regret afterwards (I regret things more often than others seem to). I can be friendly with people who do things which I consider wrong. Some peOple are so bossy that I feel like doing the oppo- site of what they request, even though I know they are right. I like to flirt. I am attracted by members of the Opposite sex. I never attend a sexy show if I can avoid it. I like to talk about sex. I do not like to see women smoke. Sometimes I enjoy hurting persons I love. I have had very peculiar and strange experiences. I have had strange and peculiar thoughts. I have had blank spells in which my activities were inter- rupted and I did not know what was going on around me. T: “a. a. . r. ‘ a ’a . .. .. . .v a. u . a s. u a . .i e \ IA e’ . 4 A i .. i) L. , _ . .i .. a . e . . _, _ i ,1 . ... ... c . . ... . ..J ... o - O \1 e ...U l _ \ s . . o C v; a . - ... . .u s . i it... . i1. . A ,\ Iv v a. . . ,t «J . A ... . . .. I, \J ,. . .... ... ll. >4 vi or "T: Cs Cs Cs C5 C5 C5 Cs Cs 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 62. 63. 64. " A V‘. When I an with people, I an bothered by hearing very queer things. i' o } _ I. ‘ .4 At times I have fits of laughing anchryrng that I ef cannot control. ‘ I 's r: " i t. I have had no difficulty in keeping my balance in walking. Parts of my body often have feelings like buring, ting- ling, crawling, or like "going to sleep". My skin seems to be unusually sensitive to touch. Hy plans have frequently seemed so full of difficulties that I have had to give them or. I an easily downed in an argument. I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job. My way of doing things is apt to be misunderstood by others. I sometimes feel that I an about to go to pieces. I feel tired a good deal of the time. If I were an artist, I would like to draw flowers. If I were an artist, I would like to draw children. I like collecting flowers or growing house plants. I like to cook. When someone says silly or ignorant things about something I know, I try to set him right. I am not afraid of fire. I an made nervous by certain animals. Dirt frightens or disgusts me. I an afraid of finding mayself in a closet or small closed place. I have often been frightened in the middle of the night. I like science. I think Lincoln was greater than hashington. 31);} I 33 “I .f\‘) glib 12.0 'I ,1 “Pr", ‘.;| C '1 V“); n . .. . My ~ .. . Ti .... ..r. -. ...» on , .I 9 b .v. a. I; a... sv A ~ I} r... urJ o o A J. 1 .0 j ‘I I It. 4 r.» r V a . r . o .r C... Fa C n h .. f. (L .I . «I (u L... n ._ fin. Cu u. 1 T 4 V \. ...w . . v .. 3 .. . .... .r. - , ., a... ... . . a :n. [v.1 .... .. ¢ . ..M t V . . ... r a a. .i .. ... w‘ . l: « «Irv , .r, Kw” A \..~ ' i . . 1 _ A r . a r n . n.’ v .. s I u l .. (L m a J .. . u. , u C To .. . .. . J n. O A u a A f.” .. C. - yr: ... J . . O ,. r N! I l .H 3 I A‘ l . ’ ”w . .U ...u .m .... ...: . . \ . . _ . . ,I l L! U flrw . J r|.. r. ..J v‘ I\ if.» f. ,. e «I... O f fir. N... b A 0 31“ C r a \ 14 e') '1 l l ! ¢ .4. .“ .A 0 F": 1 w n . :a‘ " :' (t c;';;(~,. 'J OJ I \ a "i O .)I\ V‘ \I ." '.J‘.o . III-‘- \F r) Cs Cs Cs 65, 66. 67. 68. bl I very much like horseback riding. The man who had most to do with me when I was a child (such as my father, stepfather, etc.) was very strict with me. One or members of my family is very nervous. In my home we have always had the ordinary necessities (such as enough food, clothing, etc.). . , a " . no . . no... . :0‘ H5 ....\ a ... “ . x':.ot. ‘ blido 6 saw I nsdw em dJIw ob 0: 330m bed ddw rev '3. .sm dJiw 331112 vusv 36w (.019 .Isdasiqoae ,zpdaai ya as 4.t;) .auovxsn vxsv al vllmsi ya lo atéamn. 1. 2'” aeltlaesosn v1sn1bro on: bad pyswls nvsd 9w sped {2 r1 0(g93’ .QQWOQhoa ““2”“, IL: n J 3) ”in: .v . .‘si ; .IJ 10. 11. APPENDIX D FEMALE FORM OF THE ensues FCYCEU-CHOICE GUILT SCALE I punish myself... A. very infrequently. B. when I do wrong and don't get caught. If I killed someone in self-defense... A. I would be glad to be alive. B, I would be a murderer. WOmen who Curse... A. usually want to bring attention to themselves. 8. in private are still ladies. When anger builds inside me... A. I let people know how I feel. B. I'm angry at myself. If in the future I committed adultery... A. I hope I would be punished very deeply. B. I hOpe I enjoy it. Obscene literature... A. is all right if you like it. B. ought to be completely abolished. ”Dirty” jokes in mixed company... A. do not bother me. 8. are something that make me very uncomfortable. masturbation... A. helps one feel eased and relaxed. 8. is wrong and will ruin you. I detest mySelf for... A. nothing, I love life. 8. for my sins and failures. Sex relations before marriage... A. should be permitted. 8. are wrong and immoral. If in the future I committed adultery... A. I would be unworthy of my husband. 8. I would have a good reason. 52 .IL I“ J. \ Q ' f... ,. . ..I— 0 . J I} .- . us. .. 'i . .I v u. \I . . .1. . x L . . . . . r J . . V . z r '- A r. A a! I . . n. . o. y. . I . v. i . . a . . o . s . . l J .. fi . . I- U n . .1.- ) .. .L — . _I .. in t .. t. . ‘ \ u . .L . ... Q 0 - . I A. v o O ., I . A. 83". y. .. .c‘ v '. .l’o Y... r F I .. J r‘ , u... ' . I . ..l s . . ( . . 1 I 3 . ,\ . ... «a u: I ll . . I . . .N , .i . . .. . a. . . . C o J, . , . . ‘3. v .. 4 . ... a .. I. 1 . . 1. ..u. . . . 1.. Q iv .. L O a l . n . ' . a . , a n o 1" ii 53 12. I should have been punished for... A. many things I kept secret. B. for very few things. 13. Capital punishment... A. is totally acceptable for capital crimes. B. is wrong and should be stopped. 14. If I committed a homosexual act... A. it would be my business. 8. it would show weakness in me. 15. When caught in the act... A. I make a fool of myself. B. I try to get out of it the best I can. 16. After a childhood fight, I felt... A. guilty and ashamed. B. that I had triumphed. 17. When I was a child, sex... A. was not talked about and was a feared word. 8. was fun to think about. 18. When I have sexual dreams... A. I sometimes wake up feeling excited. B. I try to forget them. 19. When I was younger, fighting... A. didn't bother me. 8. never appealed to me. 20. Arguments leave me feeling... A. elated at winning. B. depressed and disgusted. 21. "Dirty" jokes in mixed company... A. can be funny depending on the company. 8. are in bad taste. 22. Capital punishment... A. is a good deterrent to crime. 8. does not deter crime, so why keep it. 23. Obscene literature... ' A. makes interesting reading. B. is for people with sick minds. 24. I detest myself for... _A. nothing at present. 8. being so self-centered. D O J cl; ..IL .. w . . v . u _ . O O . s. 9|!» 0 I o o . L I i . . w... .. ~ . 3 . . J . _ . d . I r... — 4 I .4 y . A . I . . 0. w L. .c o w t. ' ~, 0 ..v a. o 1‘ .. a s (L o c u. A. . _ I I a . . .x.. .1. . ... . . . . .. ..u . ... .W n a A '0.) 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 54 Petting... - A. is an expression of affection which is satisfying. B. I am sorry to say is becoming an accepted practice. Unusual sex practices... A. are not so unusual. B. don't interest me. After a childhood fight, I felt... A. good if I won, bad otherwise. B. hurt and alarmed. If I hated my parents... A. I would need psychiatric help. B. I would rebel at their every wish. "Dirty” jokes in mixed company... A. disgust me. B. do not bother me as long as they are just in fun. If I had sex relations, I would feel... A. very dirty. 8. happy and satisfied. Sex... A. is good and enjoyable. B. should be saved for wedlock and childbearing. After an outburst of anger... A. I usually feel quite a bit better. 8. I feel ridiculous and sorry that I showed my emotions. I punish myself... A. when I make mistakes. B. rarely. After an argument... A. I feel proud in victory, understanding in defeat. B. I wish that I hadn't argued. Aguilty conscience... A. does not bother me too much. B. is worse than a sickness to me. When I have sexual desires... A. I enjoy it like all healthy human beings. B. I fight them for I must have complete control of my body. Prostitution... A. makes me sick when I think about it. B. needs to be understood. o- .f :1 , .. O A 4 c. . OI . 4 - . I .,-. n .I. . i. I. I u: o u. r I. .|\ .1 O ‘ v , - . v .I£ t {La r... ,. . . . . a. . U. 1. ... . . .r . . f - . l .7 01 vi a... V ... A- ... I l t I . Q 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. After a childhood fight,-I felt... A. that it was partly my fault. B. much better, but made friends afterward. Unusual sex practices... A. might be interesting. B. are disgusting and revolting. The idea of murder... A. is conceivable to me. B. understandable at times. Sex relations before marriage... A. are disgusting and unnecessary. B. are o.k. if both partners are in agreement. Masturbation... A. is sickening. B. is understandable in many cases. One should not... A. say "one should not". B. lose his temper. If in the future I committed adultery... A. I would resolve not to commit the mistake again. B. I would hope there would be no consequences. Unusual sex practices... A. are all in how you look at it. B. are unwise and lead only to trouble. Obscene literature... A. helps people become sex perverts. B. is fun to read once in a while. Capital punishment... A. is the only thing some criminals can understand. B. is legal murder, it is inhuman. Petting... A. is just asking for trouble. B. can lead to bigger and better things. After an outburst of anger... A. my tensions are relieved. B. I am jittery and all keyed up. When I have sexual desires... A. I know it's only human, but I feel terrible. B. I usually express them. .-d ..d a r . .. ’ . A | O . hpu . In .1 t. V. a. 3 r . Q I. .. a . . n l C. I i Q . I. s I I .. a. x. ..1 : II I n .... . . r a . I I ... .l. .c ...l i 0. ~ \. C O C a f. w- 0 ac. A a 1. . s . y I .. . u - . \ C O . .0 ‘ \ r. , 1 . . . ... .. - v i C . . ,3 O I r.) 0.. . K . .. .. .... G .. .. v ,. 3 . .... a. I ... 1. \ q .I . x e 4 v. ' . v o . a . x“ .. . ... . c . : . . ... a I O . c I In .. . V . .‘a I. s . . \ .m a .I\ . . t . ... . .... , J. . . .. r . - . . . . 51. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 56 If I had sex relations, I would feel... A. guilty, sinful and bad. B. happy if I loved the boy and he loved me. I punish myself... A. for very few things. B. by denying myself a privilege. Masturbation... A. is stUpid. B. is a common thing in childhood. Sin and failure... \ A. are the works of the devil.. B. do not depress me for long. Unusual sex practices... A. are the business of those who carry them out and no one else's. B. are dangerous to one's health and mental condition. After an argument... A. I feel happy if I won and still stick to my own views if I lose. 8. I am disgusted that I let myself become involved. PQttingeoe A. is justified with love. B. is not a good practice until after marriage. After a childhood fight, I felt... A. like I was a hero. 8. as if I had done wrong. When I have sexual desires... A. I try to go to sleep and forget them. B. I become easily aroused. I detest myself for... A. not always listening to those who know better. B. very little. If I had sex relations, I WOUId feel... A. cheap and unfit for marriage. 8. warm and very good. Sex relations before marriage... A. ruin many a happy couple. B. might help the couple to understand each other and themselves. I regret... A. the way I have behaved. B. few things in my life. .\1. 1') 0.01 w 5.. . 0|- I, O O I l‘ ‘ 7* . .l a i. u o c .... o J I A. . ... .rd I. on. W... A... v s o - . .l .| .09 . Iv. rt. .1. rich. .... . . 3 .... .... . L... .e . .. . f. .. ... . . .. . . . u I A O o . O, {L I .l I a \ . . .rv - u U I O .a . A o u I .11 I t: 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74w 75. 57 M3.turbationass A. is a normal outlet for sexual desires. B. is wrong and a sin. After an argument... A. if I have won, I feel great. 8. I am sorry for my actions. Petting... A. depends on whom I’m with. B. is against my better judgment but hard to resist for some. After a fight, I felt... A. relieved. B. it should have been avoided for nothing was accomplished. M"turb.tionssa A. is all right. 8. is a form of self destruction. Unusual sax practices... A. are all right if both partners agree. B. are awful and unthinkable. If I committed a homosexual act... A. I would want to be punished. B._I would be discreet. When I h.V. ..‘U‘l d..1re‘oea A. I attempt‘to'repress them. ' . B. I sometimes.think of past experiences.' If I had sex relations, I would feel... A. .11 right, I think. B. I was being used, not loved. Arguments leave me feeling... “ A. that it was a waste of time.‘ B. as if I might have accomplished something. 51“ .nd f‘ilureeae A. depress me more than any other acts. B. are not necessarily related. If I felt like murdering someone... A. I would be ashamed of myself. ' B. it would be for a good reason. - erg .\ .| \ 7‘4 ‘ a ..- ." .1, > r X‘ . 0 'v | U 9\' _J ...\ ‘I ‘1 v . I3 0 1 v\"‘ . ‘_ a- V I "4 l . ~ ea'.| . k r- MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 3 1293 03071 2743 .__.—— -- ._—