ul . U. I:.o‘u l . O. l u a up . . A ‘ h . . '1 .8 . .u I . .. I n t .l \ , 1 n ... _ . .\ . . . A SANITARY SURVEY OF‘A GROUP OF m‘~-_::::::_ m Ll \ SWIMMING POOLS usms DEDHLOBWATED SAMPLES. a. o v THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF B. S. ‘ Herbert 1. D unsmmc‘ 1.. 33 \ g . . . . . , ~ I . . .. . . . . . A . .\ 5 o . . . . .o» > - .w y .‘H . . _ ‘. . .~ ‘ . . . ‘ . . . I . . .. . . . ‘ . . . o. . . . . ... ‘ a . . . a . . ~. .‘ . . . o u s . n u y ‘n . . _. . . . . . _ u I .V .x . u. - . . u . . .. . . u . s I . . . . . . C . x ‘ . . . . ‘ I o .- i \ Q ,. x . —. . . ... . .- n . . A. .. . . _ \ . . ~ . . . . . V . a . l n o _ y .I . 5 .~ I ‘ s.“ I u . n A ~ . . . . x. & ‘ d. m 704ny A Sanitary Survey of a Group of Swimming Pools Using Dechlorinated Samples A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of MICHIGAN STATE COLIIE. of .AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE By Herbert Jfi Dunsmore §~ Candidate for the Degree of Bachelor of Science June - 1933 ACKNUWLELGbMENTS The writer wishes to take this Opportunity to thank Dr. W. L. Nallmann, and H. Faust for their help and advice in carrying out the work. It is also a pleasure to thankzthe Department of Bacteriology for the use of equipment and stock, that was necessary to carry on this experiment. 96033 .LNTRODUCTION The sanitary quality and methods of measuring the same has not kept pace with the popularity and increase of installations of swimming pools. True, sanitarians have developed methods of measurements and engineers have perfected methods of purifications, but in the light of recent investigations,these have proved inadequate. Dilutions by a circulation process of passing the need water through a sand filter have failed to maintain a satisfactory water. Chemical treatment following filtration appeared necessary. One ofthe first disinfectants used was ozone, followed shortlyby ultra—violet ray. Both of these produced a sterile water, but unfortunately they do not impart to the water any residual germicidal properties to maintain sterility. it has been demonstrated repeatedly that dilutionsthrough the introdution of sterile water is not an adequate means of maintaining purity in swimming pools. it is necessary that the water in the pool has a residual germicidal prOperty to destroy the bacteria as they are voided from the bathers. it is possible to maintain sucha condition with chlorine when introduced either as liquid chlorine or hypo— chloride. .Prior to the use of liquid chlorine calcium hypo—chlorine was used, but with mediocre success, due to the crude methods of apzlication. Also, no method of measuring the resulting residual chlorine existed, so the only check on the effective amounts was a bacteriological test, the results of which were obtained fortyueight heurs after the collection of the samples. This delay, of course, was so great that it had no value as far as the immediate aplli— cation was concerned. Parallel with the introduction of liquid chlorine and dependable methods of measuring, the ortho—tolidine test was developed. ihe ortho—tolidine is a simple and easy test to perform. rake a 10 c.c. portion of the pool water, and mix l 0.0. of ortho-tolidine. if there is any chlorine in the water it will turn yellow or amber color. when this mixture is compared sith a set of standards that have been previously made up to a known chlorine content. when using a Hellige comparator such as was used in this work the standards are stained glass, which are stained to give a known chlorine content. when the mixture is placed into the apparatus and the disc, on which the stained glass is fixed, is turned until the two colors cmcide and one can read the residual chlorine directly. Apparently, the pollution of swimming pools had been solved, and for several years sanitarians congratulated themselves on the results obtained. Pools were maintained in sterile condition for years. A reeldual chlorine of 0.2 to 0.5 r.r.M. had rendered the water sterile, and the water was considered equal to the treasury method standard for drinking water. in a study of pool conditions by Mallmann and Cary it was necessary to perform pool side testing. whey found that such samples tested immediately durin; pvriods of heavy bathing load were heavily polluted, whereas, similar samples carried to the laboratory and tested several hours after collection, were sterile- ihe delayed action of residual chlorine by this time had killed all the remaining organisms. Mallmann suggested the use of solium thiosulphate to be used in the collection of samples. A few crystals of salium thiosulphate are placed in the bottles before samples are taken. ihis takes out the effective chlorine immediately on the collection of the sample. ihe sodium thiosulphate acts as a reducing agent. ~3— From the experiment that was carried on by Mallmann and Cary shOwed that the pollution in the swim- ming pool reached its pedk at about fiveminutes after the bathers had entered the water. ihey found that this pollution changed during the period that the bathers were using the pool. Also, that the pool sterilized itself very rapidly after the swimmers got out of the water, providing that there was a residual chlorine of 0.2 r.r.M. or more. ihis showed that there is a need of sampling water during the period that the pool is loaded. ihey found that the pools contained high total counts with a heavy bath— ing load and low amounts of chlorine, and that the pollution was from esch. coli and streptococcus. There seemed to be a marked increase in streptococcus over coli. iherefore, they suggested the need of a new standard for index of pollution for swimming pools, that is, to replace the esch. coli index which is now the index with a streptococcus index. uf course, this new standard cannot be as rigid as the coli standard is. More data will have to be obtained before a standard can be made. ihe problem of this thesis is to strengthen the data above; to give more information from which the writer hopes to arrive at some accurate conclusions; to compare methods of chlorinations; and to study —4— bathing loads in relation to pollin'on. ET ERI MEN TAL This survey was conducted on five high school pools, three junior and two senior. Thecollege pool was used as a control. Samples were taken four days a week for a period of four weeks. Two samples were taken each time, one on each side of the pool. The residual chlorine was checked by the ortho—tolidine method each time a sample was taken using the Hillige comparator. Cultures were made by adding 10 c.c. of the samples to a Durham fermentation tubee containing approximately 10 c. o. of double strength lactose broth. The tubes were incubated at 37° C. for forty- eight hours. Five tubes were made from each sample. Also, two 1 c.c. portions of the sample were plated using plain agar and incubated at 37° C. for forty- eight hours- The readings were made at the end of twenty-four and forty-eight hours. Tubes showing gas production were checked for escherichia coli by smearing on eosin methyline blue agar plates. The tubes showing growth indicating streptococcus were confirmed microscopically. The total count was recorded after twenty-four and forty-eight hours of incubation. -15.. These are all indoor pools of the circulating type uSIng pressureffilters. The five high school pools have the same kind of home-made chlorinator. Each poolis cleaned several times a week with a vacuum cleaner which cleans the bottom and sides. Then the water is allowed to run over into the scum gutters once or twice a week. The pools are emptied three or four times a year and are filled with fresh water. The college pool has a raradon type ofchlorinator. The pools are all Operated under practically the same re;ulations. The bathers have to take showers and use soap liberally. They are then inspected by the instructor before entering the pool. The girls are required to wear a light, grey cotton suit while using the pool and in all cases the boys use the pool in the nude. The only noticeable difference between the girls and boys uSing the pool is that the girls seem to pull the chlorine out of the water faster. This is probably due to the cotton suits they wear. The pools will be designated by the letters A., 3., 0., D., 3., and F. in dis thesis. Pool A. was installed in 1928. it has a capacity of 85,000 gallons, and an average daily bathing load of 125. it has a centrifugal pump with a 2%* discharge, a rate of 225 gallons per minute, and a turn over of eight hours. The pump is in Operation 18 hours daily. it has three 5' international pressure filters using alum as a coagulant, and a hair catcher in the line to remove any material that would plug the filters. The temperature of the water in the pool ranges from 75° to 80° F. and the temperature of air in the pool room is about 82° F. This pool has very good natural light and good ventilation. The water is about 8%' deep at the deep end and 3%' deep at the shallow end. The pool is 25' wide and 75' long with a 6r walk around the pool- it has two inlets, one on each end, and the outlet is through a drain located at the deep end of the pool. “ Fool B. was installed in 1922. it has a capacity of 65,475 gallons and an average daily bath- ing load Of 240. it has a centrifugal pump with a 2%“ discharge, a rate of 225 gallons per minute, and a turn over Of six hours. The pump is in Operation about 20% hours daily. it has two 4%“ Jewell pressure filters using alum as’a coagulant, and a hair catcher in the line to remove any material that would plug the filters. The temperature of the water in the poolranges fro. 71° to 75° F. and the temperature of air in the pool room is about 76° F. This pool has little natural light and fair ventilation. The water is about 8' deep at the deep end and about 5%' deep at the shallow end. The pool is 24' \ide and 60' long with a 7* walk around the pool. There is a scum gutter on all four sides. it has two inlets at shallow end and outlets at the deep end of the pool. Pool C. was installed in 1928. it has a capacity of 56,750 gallons, and an average bathing load of 150. it has a centrifugal pump with a 1%“ discharge, a rate Or 150 gallons per minue, and a turn over of 5} hours. The pump is in Operation abali twenty hours daily. it has one 5' pressure filter using alum as a coagulant, and a hair catcher in the line to remove any material that would plug the filters. The temperature of the water in the pool ranges from 74° to 76° F. and the temperature of air in the pool roan is about 78° F. This pool has practically no natural light and no ventflation. The water is about 7%' deep at the deep end and 2%' at the shallow end. The pool is.20' wide and 48%' long with a 4' valK around the pool. There is a scum gutter on all four sides. it has four inlets along one side of the pool and four outlets along the other side of the pool. .9. water is about 10* deep at the deep end and sat deep at the shallow end. The pool is 30' wide and 90' long with a 10' walk around the pool. There is a scum gutter on all four sides. it has 51x inlets, three on each end and the outlet is throuyh a drain located at the deep end of the pool. —12_ DATA.ARRANGED AS TO INDIVIDUAL POOLS Source NO. Bath Resid- Esh. Strép- 48 Hr. 24 Hr. Load uary Coli tococcus Count Count 01 in PO§OMO A 53 10M 0.8 ---------- 0 0 54 10M’ 0.8 ----- o-ppp 0 0 63 SE 0.4 ----- ----- 30 2 64 5P 0.4 -—--- --—-- 27 2 75 WM 0.4 ----- pppa- -- -- 76 7M 0.4 ----- gaps: -- -- 88 8F 0.4 —aa-- -p--- 0 0 89 8F 0.4 ---------- o o 100 12F 0.4 - ......... 125 o 101 12F 0.4 ----- ps--- 107 O 112 14M 0.4 ----- -3--- 5 5 113 l4M‘ 0.4 ----- ----- o o 124 10F 0.3 ----- p---- 0 0 125 ICE 0 .3 ----O P---- o o 136 15M 0.3 ----- pp--- 309 0 137 15M 0.3 ----- apppp 117 0 148 7F 0.3 ----- ----- 0 0 149 7F 0.3 ----- s---- 0 0 160 4M 0.0 ----- spssp 117 O 161 4M 0.0 ----- psppp 98 0 172 12M 003 ----- up--- 0 o 173 12M 0.3 ----- ----- 0 0 184 12M 0.15 ----- pppa- 0 0 185 12M' 0.15 ----- ppppp 0 0 196 7F 0.4 ----- ~---- 102 O 19? 7F 0.4 ~--—- pppp- 87 0 218 9P 0.4 ----- s---- 0 0 219 9? 0.4 ----- ----- 0 o 230 7M 0.3 ---------- 230 0 231 7M 0.3 ----- ----- 217 o B 55 15F 1.5 ---------- 0 0 56 15F 1.5 ----- ----- 5 2 65 24F 0.8 .---- ..... 9 4 66 24F 0.8 ----- --PPP 42 30 77 11F 1.0 ..... ----- -- -- 78 113 1.0 -**-- Ppprr ~~ -- 90 35M‘ 0.5 ----- p-s-- 327 256 91 35M’ 0.5 ----- --sp- 816 521 “In I‘ r O Q A i 4 A . . . . . o . . n i . . _ t a y a e . . r .. . . . . a . . . - a n . o . _ u e I I I i . u n . . v I r e A ‘ . . 0 s p . D v D a * . a u — 4‘ Source No. Bath Resid- Esh. Strep- 48 Hr. 24 Hr. Load uary Coli tococcus Count Count. 012 in P.P.M. B 102 811 20‘. ---------- O 0 103 8M 2.4 ---------- O 0 114 25? 0.6 ---------- 0 0 115 25F 0.6 ----- ----- 0 0 126 20F 0.4 ----- -pppp 1601 411 127 20? 0.4 ----- -ssss 709 327 138 11M 0.3 ----- ppppp 16113 10147 139 11M 0.3 ----- ----- 14097 13172 150 351 0.4 appa- pppp- 4692 178 151 35M 0.4 -a-aa ppppp 1231 98 162 25F 0.0 a-p-- ppppp 542 311 163 25F 0.0 a---- p-pps 1043 523 174 21F 0.3 p-p-- ppp-- 112 48 175 21F 0.3 -p--- pp--- 87 39 186 10F 0.8 ~---- p---- 0 0 187 10F 0.8 ---------- 0 ' 0 198 37M 0.5 ----- ---p- 246 30 199 37! 0.5 a-aaa p-pss 198 - 27 208 20F 1.5 ----- 3---- 0 0 209 20F 1.5 ----- ----- 0 0 220 15F 0.2 ----- s---- 26 22 221 15F 0.2 ----- ----- 31 17 234 12F 0.5 ---------- 406 83 235 12F 0.5 ---------- 905 128 57 10F 0.6 ---------- 20 15 58 10F 0.6 ---------- 0 0 67 12M 0.3 ----- p-Spp 187 1 68 12M 0.3 ----- p-ppp 173 6 78 SE 0.1 ----- ppppp -- Viridian 79 8F 0.1 ----- ppppp -- Viridian 92 17M 0.2 apppp apppp 1683 1272 93 17M 0.2 pp-pp sp-pp 1723 1293 104 12M 0.6 ----- appsp 5 0 105 12M 0.6 ----- -pp-- 3 0 116 7F 0.2 ----- sppps 20 3 117 7F 0.2 ----- ppppp 4 0 128 0 2.p1us ----- p---- 0 0 129 0 2.p1us ----- s---- 0 0 140 11F 1.0 ----- ----- 0 0 141 11F 1.0 ----- pp--- 0 0 152 25M 1.0 - --------- 0 0 -14- . o , - .4 e. a - .. -. n . .. ~ I — - . .. s. u .. . - - .. _ . . . , .i u - - h. w . . -7 -. - n- .- - .. - - n. . c. . . -- .-- a... . . . . e v ‘ .. '- I ' .... .‘ -t u..... a a... - o r o p- , ,..._. --. _ . 9... .n .- u— . .u .. ' » .4 .- 1 . c - - M- - u - a - --.-. five. .._ e- . . .u—n » a . -.- e.-. ..-‘ 0‘ . 0‘ - ... o-- a. . - .. . . - nu one , ,.. ..~.e .. ....4 -- .. . .. .¢ .... .. e- -e an. .. Ca - r. .. -~ -. e .n .-v .4 . t -—. so Source No. Bath Resid- Esh. Strep- 48 Hr. 24 Hr. Load uary Coli tococcus Count Count Cl2 in P.P.M. C 153 25M 1.0 ---------- 0 0 164 9F 0.8 ----- p---- 0 0 165 9F 0.8 ----- pss-p 0 0 176 18U 0.7 ----- pp--- 0 0 177 18M 0.7 ----- pps-o 0 0 188 SE 0.4 ----- ppp-- O 0 189 BE 0.4 ----- ppp-- 0 0 200 12M 0.3 p-p-p pp--- 146 123 201 12M 9.3 a---- pp--- 202 176 210 8F 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0 211 8? 0.5 ----- sapps 0 0 222 163 2.0 ---------- 0 0 223 16M 2.0 ----- ----- 0 0 236 12F 1.0 ---------- 0 0 237 12? 1.0 ---------- 0 0 D 59 12? 0.6 -?--? ppppp 7418 4200 60 12? 0.6 ----- ppppp 5600 3600 69 10F 0.1 ----- ppppp 25000 20000 70 10F 0.1 ----- ppSpp 31000 22000 80 17F 0.4 ----- sssss -- -- 81 17? 0.4 ----- p---- -- -- 94 40M 0.4 --a-- pp-s- 39 20 95 40M 0.4 ----- pp-pp 51 33 106 8:“: O o 5 .......... O 0 107 8H 0.5 ---------- 5 0 118 BE 0.5 ----- ppp-- 31 27 119 SE 0.5 ----- -pp¢- 28 19 130 21F 1.5 ----- ssp-- 0 0 131 21F 1.5 ----- sp--- 0 0 142 20? 0.7 ---------- 0 0 143 20? 0.7 - --------- 20 0 154 35M’ 0.3 ----- ppppp 93 53 155 35M 0.3 ----- ppppp 122 27 166 13F 2.0 ---------- 0 0 167 13F 2.0 ---------- 0 0 178 30F 0.6 ----- s---- 33 0 179 30F 0.6 ----- ppppp 40 0 190 BE 0.8 ----- pp--- 0 0 191 BE 058 ----- pp--- 0 0 202 30M 0.4 -p--- ppppp 26 15 203 30M 0.4 --pp- ppppp 88 47 -15— .. . .- - n — . . -- I . .— . 1.. u .I a n u . . '- y<. ... . ., g. o. . to u -_..,.. .. .- , - w-r .- -, -- - ..- ... 1 ,~. . .. II a g. L.— .t .‘ v-H ‘ .— u.- no- u .. . no. - . — n .. . e— . .. n. t— . - .4 -‘ . . n...v . .. u .— u.-- -c ., ~~ AID-O - -A..-. . .- A . ... . . ..... .a . .v-o—e . --.-- p- A — ,_._ .. Source FOO Bath Load 18F 18F 12F 12F 14F 14? 7M 7U 40F 40? 30M 30M 30M 30M 1 71’! 171T 20M 20M 37? 37? 48K 4811 20M £301? 15M 15E 12F IZF 12F 12F 10M 1011 10M 10M 5? 14F 14F 12M 1211 Resid- uary O H N H0 d "d *d ,5 e e .e 0 01C}. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOMNOOOOOOOOOO NNOOF‘H HHCDCDOONMHHQQUUKOOOOF{P‘O‘om‘d’d CDCIJOOO~M> 000101~2~1 Strep- tococcus PPQPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPP' --3-- 48 Hr. Count 16459 17272 21956 641 709 790 467 92 122 542 411 7144 5651 24 Hr. Count 417 107 226 298 4562 3351 24 Hr. Resid- Esh. Strep- 48 Hr. Load uary Coli tococcus Count Count. Cl2 in r.P M. F 73 45M 0.6 ----- -ppps 47 20 74 45M 0.5 ----- —--p- 11 86 2M 0.4 ---------- 0 o 87 2H 0.4 .......... o o 98 10M 0.5 a---- s---- o o 99 10H 0.5 ----- --ss- 0 0 110 8H 0.4 ---------- o o 111 8M 0.4 ----- ----- 0 o 122 9H 0.4 ----- ppp-- O 0 123 9M 0.4 ----- ----- o o 134 45M 0.4 —-—-- ppppp 20 o 135 45b! 00 4 ----- --p-- 4 O 146 2M 0.5 ----- pppp- O 0 147 2M 0.5 ---------- 0 o 158 101-.1 005 " ......... O 0 159 10M 0.5 ----- pps-- 0 0 170 0 0.5 ---------- 0 0 171 O 0.5 ----- ..... o o 182 0 0.5 ----- p---- 0 0 183 0 0.5 ~---- ----- 0 0 194 7H 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0 195 i 0.5 ---------- 0 0 206 7M 0.5 ----- p---- 0 0 207 7M' 0.5 ---------- 0 0 216 0. 0.5 ---------- 0 o 217 0 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0 228 40M 0.5 p--pp ss-s- 0 0 229 40M 0.5 -p--- ppss- 0 0 242 1 0.5 ~---- ----- 0 0 243 1 0.5 ----- ----- 0 o kEY TU DATA 08 inDiVIDUAh rUULS: in fish. columns: a P arOgenies confirmed esh. coli. no bubbles in Streptococcus columns: stuphlococcus confirmed streptococcus no growth -17... DATA ARRANGED WITH DECREASING MOUNTS OF CHIDRIHC Source 6‘. NO. 102 103 128 129 222 223 166 167 238 239 108 109 212 213 55 56 208 209 130 131 7? 78a 140 141 152 153 236 237 156 157 Bath Resid- Load uary 3M 3M 16M 16M 13F 13F 14F 14F 20M? 20M 183 18F 15F 15F 20F 20F 21F 21? 11F 11F 11F 11F 25M 25M 12F 12F 15M 15M C12 in P.P.M. 2.p1us 20131113 2.p1us 2.p1us 2.p1us 2.p1us 2.p1us 2.p1us 2.p1us 2.p1us 2.p1us 2.p1us 1.7 1.7 H e 01 oo HHHHHH HP HP HHH 0'0 000000 00 (JHJI UIUIUI Esh. 0011 -JB— Strep- tococcus 48 Hr. Count Count. 00 OOU‘O OO 0'30 0000 0000 00 00 000000 24 Hr. OO COMO OO 00 0000 0000 00 00 000000 . - . -~ . be e .- ha Ir- . . -. . - - - -- .- - . . -_ .- ._y n C' u. .- . . v .— . . o “I“ c ._ .. t. - .4 .- . rs . . a: O- n w— .‘ e .n- _I- ..-—~.—- . I rv—o H..- n- on. . - .I.‘ h "— . a. i n I- e . v- . . un- - c o - u-I . . - ~.. - n — I'- u. .— . . 4 n. — u- ~< — — -, .. ' '- I — n- ..... rut-Q ..~ 0.- . .- . 1‘ -‘-a 5.: fl - u-v an. .- -. e—o can -—a Source A. c. D. No. 53 54 65 186 187 164 165 190 191 97 226 227 176 177 142 143 114 115 57 104 105 59 178 179 120 121 180 181 Bath Resid- Load ‘uary C12 in P.P.M. 10M‘ 0.8 10M 0.8 24F 0.8 24? 0.8 10? 0.8 10F 0.8 9F 0.8 9F 0.8 8? 0.8 8F 0.8 1711 0.8 17M’ 0.8 14F 0.8 14F 0.8 18M 0.7 18M 0.7 20? 0.7 20F 0.7 25F 0.6 25F 0.6 10F 0.6 10F 0.6 1211 0.6 12M 0.6 12F 0.6 12F 0.6 30F 0.6 30F 0.6 37? 0.6 37F 0.6 12F 0.6 12F 0.6 -1 9- Strep- tococcus 48 Hr. Count an .e a 030100 00 00 00 OOPO 00 00 0.0030 00 N 24 Hr. Count 0103 0000' 00 00 00 009.0 00 00 0006* 00 l'-‘ .p N 0 0 3600 0000 00 . o 1 cc. . . . on - . , .- .- q ‘- .O - bv n - a - ‘0 - . ~ - u— - - In. - o o. - 1 V n . 0 u- u:- . . u. - u .- an— u—o .7 . .. _¢ . ...... . . ~— - --—- -1..-... saw—.— p.o-< _— " a n- -I. nu. . ._. .— . .e a. o n e- Source NO. Bath. Resid- Esh. Strep- 48 Hr. 24 Hr. Load uary Coli tococcus Count Count. Cl2 in P OP OM. B. 90 35M? 0.5 ----- p-s-- 327 256 91 35M? 0.5 ----- o-sp- 816 621 198 37M 0.5 ----- ---p- 246 30 199 37M' 0.5 a-aaa p-pss 198 27 234 12F 0.5 p---- ----- 406 83 235 12F 0.5 ----- ----- 905 128 10. 210 83' 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0’ 211 BE 0.5 ----- sspps 0 0 -b. 106 8M’ 0.5 ----- ----- 9 0 107 8M' 0.5 ----- ----- 5 0 118 8? 0.5 ----- ppp-- 31 27 119 SE 0.5 pp--- ~pp-- 28 19 224 12F 0.5 ----- 3383- 37 4 225 12F 0.5 ----- -pSpp 26 10 F 73 45M? 0.5 ----- oppps 47 20 ' 74 45M 0.5 ----- ---p- 11 7 98 10M 0.5 ap--- 3---- 0 0 99 10M‘ 0.5 ppp-- --ss- 0 0 146 2H? 0.5 ----- pppp- 0 0 147 2H 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0 158 10M’ 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0 159 10M 0.5 ----- pps~- 0 0 170 0 0.5 ----- ----- o o 171 O 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0 182 0 0.5 ----- p---- 0 0 183 0 0.5 ----~ ----- 0 o 194 7M’ 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0 195 7M’ 0.5 ---—- ----- 0 0 206 m 0.5 ---"- ’--.. O o 207 7M’ 0.5 ----- ~---- 0 0 216 0 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0 217 0 0.5 ----- ----- 0 0 228 40M' 0.5 p--pp ss-a- 0 0 229 40M 0.5 -p--- ppss- 0 0 242 1 005 ----- -0--- 0 O 243 1 0.5 ----— ----- 0 0 o '— ~- -. - _ o. a . . « . -0 .. .4. .— . o .o .- -. . - -- . a .. ~— 0': . - -. .0 .—r m ("I u . . . u -. A - - — .- ~ '- '- o o u... - o . - .-o—- a; .4 . . -. u — -« .. .- -. ~ I- - - --— - . . . . ovc» -- - ha —p.-...~ —. - -uul . .- h-n—-. ’- ~ . - --~ - .- o--~-~'~ - -1 u .4 H Source NO. Bath. Resid- Esh. Strep— 48 Hr. 24 hr. Load uary Coli tococcus Count. Count. 012 in POPOM. -A. 63 5F’ 0.4 ----- ----- 30 2 64 SE 0.4 ---------- 27 2 75 7M’ 0.4 ----- ppps- -- -- 76 WM 0.4 ----- ssPss -- -- 88 8P 0.4 -pp-- .p--- O 0 89 8F 0.4 ~---- ----- 0 O 100 12F 0.4 ----- ----- 126 O 101 12F 0.4 ----- ps--- 107 0 112 14M' 0.4 p---- ~s-o- 6 6 113 14M? 0.4 ----- ----- o 0 A: 19. 7? 9.4 ----- ----- 102 0 197 TE 0.4 ~---- pppp- 87 0 218 9F 0.4 ----- s---- 0 O 219 9P 0.4 ----~ ----- 0 0 Bfl- 126 20F 0.4 ----- -pppp 1601 411 127 20F 0.4 ----- -ssss 709 327 150 35M? 0.4 appa- pppp- 4692 178 151 35M? 0.4 -a-aa ppppp 1231 98 ‘C- 188 8? 0.4 ----- ppp-u- 0 0 189 OF 0.4 ~---- ppp-o 0 O D-- 80 17F 0.4 ----- sssss -- -- 81 17F 0.4 ----- p---- -- -- 94 40M' 0.4 --a-- pp-s- 39 20 95 40M 0.4 ----- pp-pp 51 33 202 30M' 0.4 op--- ppppp 26 15 203 30M 0.4 -—pp- ppppp 88 47 I "L 61 7M 0. 4 ---pp ppppp 2 08 147 62 7M' 0.4 ----p ppppp 310 47 132 48M 0.4 pp-pp ppppp 10647 6793 133 48M’ 0.4 pp--p ppp-p 16459 9491 f-i 110 8M' 0.4 ----- ----- 0 0 11]. am 004 .......... 0 0 1227 9M’ 0.4 ----- ppp-- 0 0 123 9" 0.4 ----- ----- 0 0 134 45M 0.4 ----- ppppp 20 0 135 45M’ 0.1 ----- --p-- 4 O —21- ¢' - r-l -l_ v a.“ c ‘1‘ an. D..~~ -l‘" 01—“ H— nun-I. eon-.- "-— “—0. n 0'- e una- .-—- . .u- ‘u—n vtu—O - .4— h...- 4 -. I- 0‘ ---— .a .- n — ‘- —-—- I ~O~ .- II-.~ nu. h-n A —~ OI—c- - .a e- “0‘ _ Source NO. Bath Resid- Esh. Strep- 48 Hr. 24 hr. Load uary Coli tococcus Count Count. Cl2 in P.P.M. F~l 86 2M’ 0.4 ---------- 0 0 87 2M 0.4 ---------- 0 0 A-l 124 10F 0.3 ----- p-—-- 0 0 125 10F 0.3 ~---- p---- O 0 136 15M' 0.3 ppppp pp--- 309 0 137 15H 0.3 ppppp spppp 117 0 148 7? 0.3 ---------- 0 0 149 7F 0.3 ----- s---- 0 0 172 12M 0.3 ----- ...-C 0 o 173 12M 0.3 ----- ----- 0 0 230 M’ 0.3 ----- ----- 230 0 231 7M’ 0.3 ----- ------ 217 0 §-_ 138 11M' 0.3 p---- ppppp 16113 10147 139 11M 0.3 ----- -—--- 14097 13172 174 21F 0.3 p-ppp ppp-- 112 48 175 21F 0.3 -p--- pp--e 87 39 c—l 67 12M’ 0.3 p---p p-spp 187 1 68 12M 0.3 p-p-p p-ppp 173 6 200 12M' 0.3 ppppp pp--- 146 123 201 12M’ 0.3 apppp pp--- 202 176 D-l 154 35M' 0.3 ----- ppppp 93 53 155 35M 0.3 ----- ppppp 122 27 ;39. 168 12F 0.3 ppp-p ppppp 641 197 169 12F 0.3 pp-pp ppps- 709 247 B—i 220 15F 0.2 ----- s---— 26 22 221 15F 0.. ----- ----- 31 17 04. 92 17M' 0.2 apppp Spppp 1683 1272 93 17M’ 0.2 ppppp sp~pp 1723 1293 116 7F 0.2 ----- Sppps 20 3 117 7F 0.2 ----- ppppp 4 0 g 1 204 101! 0 .2 ----- prQ- 92 69 205 10M 0.2 ----- ssp-- 122 107 c.c--.0 u—“u. ..ov Source NO. 184 185 192 193 78 79 69 70 71 72 240 241 144 145 214 215 150 151 162 163 82 83 84 85 Bath Load 12K 1211 10M 10M 8F 8F 10F 10F 40F 40F 121:1r 121 20M 20M 5F 5F 4H 4H 25F 25F 3 011' 3 0M 30M 30M Resid- uary c12 in P.P.N. 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Esh. Coli aPPPP aPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP Strep- tococcus PPPS’ PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP PPSPP PPPPP PPPPP PPQPP PPS-r PPPPP PPPPP ’PPPP pspss Spssp PSPPP PPPPP P‘PPs PPPPP PPPPP PPPPP P999? 48 Hr. Count. Count. 0 790 467 25000 21000 57000 60000 7144 5651 17272 21956 542 411 117 98 542 1042 60000 60000 60000 60000 24 Hr. 0 0 417 283 Viridian Viridian 20000 22000 51000 47000 4562 3351 14562 19956 226 298 0 0 311 523 60000 60000 60000 60000 REI'TO DATA ON DECREASING AMOUNTS OF CHLORINE: In ESh. Columns; in Streptococcus Columns: a —--- arOgenies s —---- staphlococcus p ---- confirmed esh. coli. p ~-—~- confirmed - —--—-_ no bubbles streptococcus no growth DISCUSSION To avoid the expense of chlorinators, a devise was made as follows: the chlorine passes through a galvanized pun, then throxgh a rubber hose, a glass tu‘e that is shunted off the return water line to the pool in such a manner that the bubbles Of chlorine gas can be seen as they enter. Theoretically the number Of bubbles of gas could be used as a measurement Of the flow Of chlorine into the sustem. The flow of gas is regulated by large gate valves located in the galvanized pipe line. At first only one valve was used, but due to the corrosiveness of the chlorine this valve leaked and finally three similar valves were placed in a series to act as a check on each other. The arrangement is very crude and cannot be regulated with any degree of accuracy due to the type of valve used. The result is that instead of a regular flow of bubbles through the glass tube a continuousflow may frequently Occur With the result that the reSidual chlorine content of the pool may become too high. When this occurs the chlorinator is turned off and the residual chlorine may fall until there is practically no chlorine present. serious Ollution may then occur. in the case of excess chlorine marked irritation Of tne eyes of the sw1mmer may result. The chlorine is applied to the pools on an average of once a day. if an excess occurs or the janitor forgets to add any more the pools go for several days before more chlorine is added. more than a few times during this survey the writer found that no chlorine had been added to the water for a period of two or three days at a time. its chlorinator used at pool F. or the control pool, is a very Simple and easily operated devise. it conSists essentially of Silver tubing With a silver needle valve for adjusting the amounts of chlorine. ihe gas is passed through a glass section so the operator can tell the amount that is being released. ihere is a pressure gage on the tank so one Can tell when the tank is enpty. A device of this kind, although the initial cost is much greater than that of the home made tyge, is cheaper in the end due to the amount of chlorine one is able to save. When the c}lorine is injected into a pool until the content is 2. i.P.M. or more much of the gas escapes into the air, and is wasted as far as dieinfecting the pool. also, it is very irritating to the swimmers. With a chlorinator such as the one vhich is in use at £001 F. one can maintain an even amount of res1dual chlorine if care is texen in operating the pool. ihe Chlorinator used in £001 F. is Operated continually, and the amount is varied with the bathing load, which tends to keep the res1dual at a constant amount. n: The chemistry connected vith the use of chlorine in swimming pools is rather certain, and can 1e expressed as follows; When chlorine is addef to “e;=r it reacts thus; 201 plus ng equals HuCL plus HUL. ihen the hypochlorous acid unites with the basic salts of the yet-er, for 5*)".83171‘39, Hum; flue iu.0...CO equals C 5 N‘OCL plus HZO. ihe sodium hypo—chlorite being very unstable combines vith the ester as NAOGL }lus H50 equals HOCL plus EACH. ihe hypochlorous aCid (HOCL) of this reaction being unstable breaks down as in eeuaticn soon equals HCL plus 0 CiVin; off nascent oxygen. ihis nascent oxygen is the important element - . ‘ f ‘e -\ 1" I‘ ‘ this rascrifi (If an *na* in the reactions. It i m oxydizes the bacteria, and makes chlorine a good disin— fectant in rater. It is very essential to run a bacteriolOLical test on a pool every day as well as to check the residual chlorine content. The necessary amount of chlorine to affect disinfection seems to vary mith each pool. I Pools A.and F. remained in good condition at about; .5 P.P.M. of chlorine, vhile pools D. and 3. had a high count, and here very badly polluted at .6 P.F.M. The size of pools and the bathing load rrobably had much to do :ith this. In general, then the bathing increases beyond a certain amount the pollution increases 5... IV) This amount being different for each fool. The question has been raised by many interested parties, ”Is there a difference in sanitary condition between pools used by adults and those used for children?" The four weeks which this survey covers faflbd to show a relationship to exist under such conditions. They all seem to show heavy pollution under heavy bathing loads, and clean water under light loads, providing the residual chlorine remains around .5 P.P.M. Much emphasis is placed on the total count in the A. P. H. A. standard procedure, but as the data show on graph in this survey it is rather insignificant. For example, in many cases there were as high as nine tubesénowing streptococcus and of a possible ten, yet the total count was practically nil. The reason for having a high percentage of streptococcus and no count may be due to the fact that streptococcus do not grow on plain agar plates. Judging from the data the total count is not very accurate. The results which are shown on the graph of the complete survey strengthen greatly the idea advanced by Mallmann and Gelpi, that streptococcus should be used as an index of pollution of swimming pools in preference to the Escherichia Coli. Many of the cases during the survey showed streptococcus to be present when the chlorine was 0.6 P.P.M. andhigher. In all {Wk 5 «G 3k oi. fixv QM h.\ \x aw NW. xv 23.: a.» N? he :6 r + .. .Q _ :1 q 4.. .1 ‘qw . 11“.. 4 + 1° i W p r. . O! . ...L. ,) r . / .4qu / o / 4 o o / X 4 Irony / m /. lav I, o / . fi 119%.. n. QV kc oatgkxv M338. fiwm «wtxwm‘ W. .. L NSBVRNQ F .on h nQuLwh 9 m. ‘1 C 1.%~\\.M Nfita . . ,..\ 4 4 m 4.... C u U. mm. . 7. - my I .2 ‘ . \. ”XE? a u E“ . v: u 4L _. u” . . V 1 ,w. m a. .. ._ an. ._ ./ .IJM lulu I “IL I .Nk\~\w \hNW-N H. as, .. ; {w 9 n .1. h L ..- 9 o ,4 .U. .u m. ._ m. .. M... QLINLLImQII-Flh . ...\\‘.V WWW... . .1 .1: q o o L oauuaowluxuh. 9 o 1 «55535.; 0 V D Jr .900 “It“ . .o/ . o o b .- . -.- I I .. I rib {$9. 18 . . s fluxicv aw u/flaod a“ a?» u ua/n/ 55in»? 1 .95 4 3.3 5 w via—um? . M/J 20 39539 4.265 :9 O Ia/ O F b _ P b . r b A; 07 a? 47 07 My 5 5 pro I: 22$? 3 u5 «mm; .\' CA“ q av.“ \53 cm cases the streptococcus seemed to be more prevailent than esoh. coli. Many cases in fact did not show any coli or gas Production while the sample was loaded with streptococcus. Pool A. was Operated the best among the L4 h school pools with the home made chlorinator. Th (D batninb loads in this pool were kept down so the pool vas navar crowébd, and the chlorine residual averaged around 0.3 to 0.4 r.r.N. through most of the survey. But even in a pool operated as close as this one it res inpossihle to keep the residual chlorine content at the right amount all the time. Also, the graph shows that there is a wild sample that shows up out of every few samples vhich has a high percen— tage of streptococcus. Pools 8., 0., D., and E., were operated in about equal merits. in all of these pools the chlorine residual varied from 0.0 to 2. plus r.r.M. and very frequently theselimits of chlorine were present. Pools under those kind of sjpervision are very unre- liable, and dangerous to the swimmer. When the residual chlorine content is 0.0 r.r.m. the swimmer is liable to contract disease from the water, and when the chlorine content is 2.P.P.M. or more it causes a very niticeable irritation to the swimmer. Tl T 1:, v rlTl.l.. .— L. H|l Hill: H|F Q: I 1.» a: . a n h a v h f . _ . w ”y. . , , . . / l K .. \ a A h. . u ., fix 3.3% $.12. I J flu. b V55 $5360 ; I I l lli: ....- ! .onéfih: f ‘EQM \ekkkq - - «\G __~\0W . nevuso..wn.\u1~9 . hut .— e; + , __ . 4 . 4 A ‘9 ,5 3, . l” 9 $9741; 7097 50/5/7799' A. b‘ / l. 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I \ iv»\. r»; ’ ll ' >s l l x a fl ., l. .. x / T. l,_ I Irh kn . . . x f ’. r .. l < n “ l, a /. \ x .0 V; N «If , , l , , ll loam... . x /a / l l. N » rm cu _ m l g N \ 1 ed / l i ’ § _. Tm ago” f; ‘ .ie < m. N f: 0/0 11: ./,W. L B“ Q'\'; ‘4“ 55ml 09.1.. W to, 59? ct- .o \\ \. y/iT w 0 94 9...er «W 4 I?" w \ “7.1T. d 8 \ ill I . _ _.. _ m Cull. r“ x I . Ia . Ty N” l ,> . L N .. r. i .1 6 > I...» . ~ \\ z \ _ Q c.c..ra 1 \J _ , -Itf‘\ . rm .2 l < \ l _ 7?... . _ .. V) .. .. .l \. I» 9 N a. \J/ \\. / l . , u . 0.0 a. e b v. 9 .9 4r 9 u, x/ 9 n. 4 a )5 90.30...“ 4w} II. I 333; 4.,ch Dlll. Ml .w .790 7.9“ i I iIo 290 /v.a and IIIII . 32.73 W It.[ IJrVOV AI9..~..va g swash Km“ 3 mos: mefi reg Lab: 4 (fix. .—————~__-'——‘_.‘____fl . l \ rw—vfi ~—’w———-:—-——-——~ u -... ’/ ‘ ‘— J_¥ , I / ‘-—-Ii “_r ’ ‘~~ 3... ‘ “ x \- "__ ,4““ . ---.._-___‘ l -—-’ _ , <5; im- ! \‘ ~ M 7' ...-—--"""" \ fl / “- M-J- «In... ’ l’ I]. I Cu... L .«fi‘r- ‘5 l I -. / I». \ / X x / ‘h 7 . 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R s. g 1,on 721155 dié‘hsq g: e' c w. .2 NC News VH§ m N e w 3612c .2— Ifi. A... “7 i\.\— \3 A.“ v... a a .9»... l. . ; 2....m. u... i w ill...“ . — Id“ 8 fit .u N . M. PIT. .. 0. .b .. , v 8 m yo i. U 071.? Tm... WW Q\ \. Q 0 \ V\ 0.4!? .1». 0W 3 m. 0.0 ID [0 w/ W Q 7on E 9 s on / I x d // w...— ob .. If , , I -. . 9 .9 v/ 9 w/ 5 oz m. a A o d 4 m o .05 992.5 fie.) 9.333 flux»? IlIlIll .900 haw 9 o lo #2600 ($04 llllll 09.50/90 F .099 figflwvfl wag m 3/3 935 Q." 1 _ 2 9.9% fim w ... has... OIIIIGIIIIO H300 \OK.K III \\¢.V .QOIN {~33 .Nvawnz ) v: Q. ” N . b. ? n L. f ; 1., . 2 _ ,1. , .s d5 O D 4 l O \ 179.7,; duly [51.1ch seq/31 i. p707 fiqtqypg u: . _ .“4— ....Il.l| |1| B"? 2\S m 55w a... 0“) A -5.er Aw... ‘ ... . m... .. j 4... .. m... om .. . NmL F4 meNMM: x... m . m _ .5. .M I u. . . 2.. 2 . a 7 o. 2, \ D j. i , \ «x \z z \/ Q r \ Y \ an» w. n. Y . x m. 5 1 n w 5....) 2005 $2.1 wax I i .900 .a/ww of m. lb Raga/0A.? F 09V flam’q’w 0m Fool F., the control pool, was operated about as near perfect as is possible with the equip— ment that is now in use. The residual chlorine varied only 0.1 P.P.M. during the entire survey. ”his gives a diffcrent picture- From the graph of Pool F., one can see how the bacteria behave with a variation in bathing loads, and the residual chlorine content a constant. F ‘3: s53 um IIIIII | 933.56 or in lo N330.“ \Nhok II I .~\0.u .Qnm b§uvon .\ «\MXN m. h uvx .o>\ o