.— —— _— —— —- —— _— —_ —— —— .— _— —_ .— .— — '_‘I__\__s I40 WCDCDN THE URINARY PHOSPHORUS EXCRETION OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AS INFLUENCED BY INCREASING DIETARY CALORIES Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Miriam Ends 1940 THESIS . I I .I p , . \l. . I a... .g‘s I . I ' p‘fllfi.” . . 1.141} ; (Pit .t’iheof! I hi! Car. 13‘! 0". Q Iii‘iigr' . , I .;. o I O V I I —H.l:\ ' I .. .N . II. u. . L) . I I a it .u n .I It II O . I . . ‘ E 1. . . . . I‘Ivfnl It!» .0 0 I. . I f ’. I e I . l . . . o ' I VII I I .e\ Ilu‘d II .II. II I . V I . II I I ‘ I. I l l V rf'.I .I L VI . 1 I . _ I k I . e o ‘ . v. I I. . I o ‘ I O . 0 J.‘ . . . V . u . ' A \ ‘ .. .. \ f I ~ \ r O . I L I I I I I I , - I r l . . I. -. . o \ I \ - ‘ .- a I . | x . . . u e , _ I s I . . . I\ I o _ - A. I. . . o I I . I I . . . , . . _ | h I u .l . d I _ I I I I. .. .r . 3 . u I I \ I x . . ~l v I ‘ ¢ ¢ ‘ V l .I . I J I a 0 o ; I» r . I II . I . II I z I . . I. . u _ . I. I. . I: . . . \. .‘I 2.. r a \ . . I4... I I . I. luI . .1 V 7.. ‘II I I A TI IE URITKRY P'R’F'KCRTY -EXCR3TICH F PRE‘ £COL CPI LDREH AS 1"“L'J'1317CV’D BY IITC V3413 IT?C} DI.ITARY CALORIES by Miriam weds m" 91w A I.*IE.);D mitten to the Gradiate School of fiichigan ate Coll e6 9 of A riCLwlt re and Affilied Science in natrtial fu.1filment of tIe J. requirerfie fits for t1;e degree of EASTER OF SCIEKCE Departnent of Foods and Kutrition Divisio 11 of Home Economics 191m THESIS ACES? WLEDGTEZTT The writer wishes to exnress her annreciation to Dr. Karie Dye and to Dr. Jean Hawks for their supervision, interest, and helpful suggestions in thi s s tucly. 43““T -1. .41 U L, run-.4- V - 54.1.); H F! r—c t4 H V VI IL J4---VHA.‘...~.4 . . ,... ‘- m - ”‘7 L1 A'i‘ fir‘ ?.Y'Wfi.fi‘Wfi -‘L..J.J...J U- 4‘ v... .. 4..A. r-s'fi .A-v w-wrrfi LAN):- y. .LAL...,.'.O T"f‘|'“fi.'\-*'.'Vfi"1‘r '\-? . . A...-.Lv.'---"./o-.L'vo' .. 5.. 0.... 7"‘7fT1"' ' f- ”1 ’ Tam -' 'Wr‘jfi . ~. . . . 4 . T . . .4 -ul-.4.o b.- ~‘LJL-‘Abh‘4‘bd - -~v7 -r rt-va Ts» Parr‘m. fin I . T: F a .I ’J-‘..—/ ._ .A-J V A - A . 4 7373"“ ”'2‘ ..'__4~.“.J..~/ Ab.-..~ AJLHJ fl,«-‘,.1—. “4- “‘3 U'Jv-qu- JsV J— ". +LA .L -1- 9'I‘ J's—wk} efir;;t:rcn fif'w M O ‘ fiQ' ~ I ye. .. 45-“. . ",3 Tn"‘,’)1'DTT TI -‘I.J.'. v J- ‘58.. -LY . . ~ ‘Wfi‘wfi b n“ -- u . “a ..1 :3" ~ A .U T“. I" :54— A' _‘ 0.. 9 ”~- y... . on... 0.... --'r~'-\‘ W-rTHTr-wr‘v 9‘ a .10.. U] ) O O O O l O O l O o I 0 o o f. r.) fl/wr-fi-rfz ‘ ‘ ( x D U‘VLI A |da¢ .d- U” .JO 5—]. w- .4- *J Pm bv w- q- "-7 r313!) ..u-....q\-r Pi F—l ’7' w- XIII _. Q ‘; LT:.‘-‘1 f‘"? ’1‘"?T":‘a‘ - U .. \4 - L.‘;.-..L.J,.4Q P- U.()v mun-TV s T' m P" “is '0 "°t"‘--~1w'm 4‘ 9%.1‘9‘» d O.- \4r-3~e AsObI11~JInbLg Ovb Kiwi“. ‘39..- O‘- P r" 1 cy'ia .. mm t d I." C“ res ,HOO L14. .'.ren (.Li) *. ;.. 01" G '4' J. J \ II. 1 F ' 1‘ f. A I; “alt-flora contoooooooooonoooooooeo.non-ooooooooooco /’-"T ”A a ‘: ,‘rx‘F fl 9 -7 ‘ ‘I i) --*'. 7'w,. 1 h? fi‘ . . A" W ‘vv -L':t.A-.. LJU-II- \JA .L‘_ ..\l t L}. -_ ' ' let V - 0-1 Jr‘~- ’53 .0 Q A‘- - “. q~‘ ‘o. ‘- | ‘ ‘ 1’ ‘J— < - 1 '3 g,- V \ .. ‘i—‘ar ‘I {Q l I. ‘3 ‘I \ ‘1 1}.-~, I..A.t.1 p.) '.......-1\.J. '.' -L.VAOQ r.~.\.' T‘J“u""“‘l ___) J.- Dkk u".- o o o n o o ——L... F! '1 '1 .L " ~ 2 ' . 1 . ' .. ‘ ' 1‘ '— fi ‘ “'r. I .- v a . u, ‘ ' ' .JLA...‘ I .. v-l‘v- '~ &.'~‘? LJ n ~Qbfid 0—5 1 --£,-‘O1° OJ. (1 .5.) 3/41 ‘ 'v'fm :‘11‘;‘1 ' T‘fi ALA. V w. w‘.~-—u. .I...I........I..I..O0.0...0...... " ‘ u f‘.-1 . ._ .. ". ‘.: a... ”D A, '.- P .-r ’7‘ q‘- f“. “‘ " win...” Ilbt'LI‘ni I ulIJA‘-.. -t‘fi'wGlVOK: 1-,, —.~.‘ ' VIT1_G "\ . +n - ”.‘u m. 7.". 7.4- .. - 5' Ln c: 1 a" 177‘ J.J',-.'_J...J L,,.."\,‘ J‘-‘...: .5“..\« (as. '. h QLV~~It O'DOOOOIOOOIO. -’-/ '4 ‘- -< ‘- ”‘ L,.-~ .,.. 2‘. -' 23A --,| wwr r‘ P fi‘ m «'m‘, A-v-V -« -ESJ‘ J") JJ’TP’JF‘ iii." A'..\ I. L..\.- V... : .Ju‘:.'\-i —D ‘.-L‘~r\r-: '5", .I‘J‘-~v- 0090000..0.00000000000000000000too...It... 4-) - o r“ 73"., n-mIIr v s "F“. J“ "4!. (\j" J," F; 1115+ -_- 1 .. V.-l ‘9 .«v‘ L» V... v-.. “A in.) .Oooooooooooooooooo -—-b v 3 - -'1 4. H_ - ' .1. ° .9 '\ 1 ' 4. 7‘ -1. A“? .3 a . r- 1 'P n ‘ v «1 ‘ "7 "‘ i ‘-‘- " fl" - 1 —‘ T" u;.'...1.g...1..4 ‘ l . b .12.)..5. .-1 u- .Ji.lt,m-_"..s.cke JJA-‘ '1 .0.... (__/ Tm'1- '5‘ -.-~. - r 4- .1- r -..- - a-.. . - . ‘ y " I ‘II-V. '1“ )3 _. ‘ ‘ .‘y‘ ‘ v n: - .fi .‘I . new... I m. MCI l -- 0 “1-1. L 121-.-. l--.“ 9 ~ I .. fl.— flw— s Get-4w --.I.~ . + JJ- U.~ U!AQ»L...J u...u 0.0.000...0.0000000000000006 ./ n .5 Q 7 V“ ‘3 C ‘I‘L 7" 3“ fl 0- ‘- A----. an -r~.--\ f‘ .I ‘V. -?-\ ..1\.'. ‘,_:J a,. ,v .‘: A‘“ | L‘ .. .« 1 ”NI. “C. v. t w t. .. -1_, Cl ..... -..‘ cw; Pa 1‘. H _ ‘— ~\ ‘- _ Q ‘IL _ _- _ ‘| A“ v ‘ A I x ~ (“J’ ~. 'r-I' ‘ .Lu, .-.~.‘w.~ "' v u - VJ. V3.1.JU;.J-J ML ,0 n-» Q (A... .“A'sTQ U- I? '7 n. ~ 'f’x fl . q g~-'.{ - 111-HVOV cocooooo-oooooaoooooooloooooooa on... -7 «a “a Q I _1_ _ 7 ' V'! ‘ vf L, V —.-‘ ‘x 1h 3-. '—.~ ‘ - 1. . 45‘ H z- A v A r.‘4,'* “- 1 I . ,‘ 1"! \ .“‘ Q. . f ..4.' «(.t J -b ‘v' .3 V ‘J J. ~ I C » a .‘J -" J .u . L: U .A- e... w J 4- -- .- 1 r1 "v: 11‘1. r“ r‘ I: ‘ 2 ....-U.- --. ”DU-.. .IooooooooooooooooooIaOOOOOOIOIOOOO. , 1"?!“— -d .4 KW XVI T ','TL 5" n \Q'—- VJ”; .J ,- 4- L‘.L- n . ,. VJ ~I./ 0 .~ ya‘ sax - v-Q \. -\ A4-‘ Q 1 *'\4 \o 0 11.. . A r‘ ' 4 “ __‘ .- .. ‘ ..‘ \J J. L. - ,. L a .l U .5 ‘. . ' . - o ‘ ,_. . .- _,.‘l-\ n‘ -. .' I‘ gv ‘1. , - . n ‘r' 1,2.- . I. L -- " L » 7 (1 l \‘f- ,‘ ..A —\l- ‘ .— 7 O ‘ L 1‘ f) l ‘ ' V. . -. ‘2 . N \ " AQ‘r‘ L ‘D u- . ., L .. J '4- ‘v 4' ‘m '1 ‘ ‘\ '73“ 1’1“? ~""“‘ ". n- .| a bu—A-t Va- A ~‘L \ L a $\—. .5. L “A b .1 L ‘I - 1 H J- 7 : _L1 ‘_. f q‘: ,..- ~ \ a, - . . . .~ VJ_L. ’.l"".. \‘.-Lv Q; (a: 00.0.0000... W. \ \J J _? a t ‘ q "_ o \ 4» ‘-._ qr 4‘ «d .t 9. .J .. t-lvua. ; DJ “‘u“"~" S ‘ -‘o o ' q - fl _ ‘ - sr “ L [-3 +- ..1 .- .. D 1- .N ' ‘ “I" ‘ -v “a. s..- —_ - v .1; v .. -&~A ‘_(.~_‘ y A. _'f .0000.000.000.000...000.00.00.000000 ‘1‘) o q I ‘ 0 fl fl 0 "" t 14- .3“ "wt "‘; C", ‘npuo 4-“ J 4- h‘A | d.“ . v a. U - U 4 s.) r n 1- '! ’N O -‘ rs l T( ‘,-." .‘ - .‘1 “p ‘ ‘ 3"0‘4' < ‘\~:‘ . U 4....-. -. v_ _.. Q4;»u..V-« 0.0.0000. ,w I Q ~-\ ‘\ *‘s f. ‘ ,-q,‘q.\~‘+ -‘. In. 5 ., rm ‘ \_/ . . _.- ‘ ‘ “ 3) - -’ LL . .. - v' D.- .4 — 0 fl ' . ‘ ,- W )5 J,‘ \ ' L ‘.‘v" ”\I n L: 1 LL -.--...- ;~., cocoa-cocoooooou-coo ‘4- ‘ I. INTRODUCTION Many studies of phosphorus metabolism in both children and in adults have been conducted to determine the various factors affecting the body's use of the mineral. These factors are age, which influences growth of bone and tissue; sex; diet variations in minerals, protein, calories, or vitamins: hormones; the acidpbase balance; and the general health of the individual, past as well as at the time of the study. The effects which the various factors have are not definitely known, since sufficient studies are lacking in number and in detail. To add to the available information on the subject the investiga- tors in the present study determined.the phosphorus metabolism as it is affected by a constant diet and by the addition of calories to the diet in the form of either filtered butter fat. cornstarch, or sugar. The study reports: first, the daily variation in urinary phosphorus excretion on a normal constant diet and on the same diet containing additional calories in the forms as mentioned above; second, the rela- tionship between phosphorus intake and urinary phosphorus excretion; and third, the individual variations between children in their use of phosphorus. II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A survey of the literature reveals that there have been relatively few studies of phosphorus metabolism of preschool children. These studies give some information concerning phosphorus utilization and various factors influencing its use. One of the earliest of these studies (Table I) was that which Sherman and.Hawley (17) reported in 1922. The purposes of their ex- periments were to determine the relation of age to calcium and phos- phorus storage, and to find the nature and amount Of calcium and phos- phorus required to support Optimal retention Of these elements in the normal growing child. The authors conducted four series Of experiments on twelve apparently normal Italian children ranging in age from 3 to 13 years. Four Of the children were of preschool age. The authors made collections over two or three periods Of three days each with one preliminary day for adjustment. TO determine the rate of calcium and phosphorus storage in children of different ages, the subjects received a fixed diet containing 750 grams of milk, equivalent to 1.12 gm.of phosphorus per child per day. The retention of phosphorus varied from 0.09 to 0.53 gms. the amount increasing with the age and size Of each child. The average phosphorus retention for the preschool group was 0.008 gms.per kg. of body weight. The authors determined the daily allowance of phosphorus which would cause Optimal retention by giving three of the children, 3, 5, and 12 years of age a fixed diet to which they added milk at five dif- ferent levels from 250 to 1500 gms. The results seemed to indicate that Optimal retention Of phosphorus occurred when the diet contained either 750 or 1000 gms.of milk. The retentions for the preschool child on all of these diets varied from 0.008 to 0.020 gm.of phosphorus per kg. of body weight. It was only when the amount of milk was as low as 250 gms.that they obtained a retention of 0.008 gm. When the milk in the diet varied from 500 to 1000 gm.the range in retention values was small varying from 0.013 to 0.020 gms.per kg. of body weight. Table 1. Summary of Urine Phosphorus Metabolism of Preschool Children as Reported by other Authors. ffihildren Intake -, Author Date {Age 0. Total per Per cent ' kilo gm. gm. Sherman 1922 u.5 2 1.0u1 0.063 0.513 0.031 u9.21 750 gm. milk and and fixed diet Henley u.5 2 0.691 0.036 0.293 0.015 u1.67 250 gm. milk and fixed diet u-5 2 0.926 0.0h8 0.398 0.021 u3.75 500 gm. milk and fixed diet h.5 1 1.167 0.065 0.5h1 0.030 h6.15 750 gm. milk and fixed diet 1.5 1 1.3u2 0.075 0.725 0.0h0 53.33 1000 gm.milk and fixed diet h-5 2 1.69M 0.087 0.705 0.036 h1.38 1500 gm.milk and fixed diet 5-6 2 1.072 0.051 0.591 0.028 51.90 375 gm. milk and vegetables 5-6 1 0.826 0.0h7 0.516 0.029 61.70 375 gm. milk and vegetables lillard, 1927 3-h 2 1.020 0.063 0.u20 0.026 11.27 Evaporated and milk Blunt 3-h 2 0.960 0.060 O.u50 0.028 u6.67 Pasteurized milk Burton 1930 3.5 h 1.h20 0.08h 0.550 0.032 38.10 Wheat cereal 3.5 1 1.700 0.099 0.hh0 0.029 29.29 Oatmeal Wang 1930 5 1 0.510 0.030 0.380 0.021 70.00 Mixed diet and Assoc. 5 1 1.500 0.08h 0.780 0.0h3 51.19 Mixed diet u 1 0.690 0.050 0.h50 0.036 72.00 mixed diet h 1 0.990 0.072 0.6u0 0.0h6 63.89 Mixed diet Table I. Summary of Urine Phosphorus Metabolism (cont'd) of Preschool Children as Reported by other Authors. Ehildren Intake Urine Output ] Author Date Age No. Total per Total per Per cent Remarks E“=='=====‘==HL==== kilo kilo of Intake ==== gm. gm. gm. gm. Potts 1931 h-5 3 0.990 0.050 0.505 0.026 52.00 Low protein h—5 3 1.2%” 0.061 0.550 0.027 uu.26 Medium protein h-5 3 l.h55' 0.070 0.726 0.035 50.00 Medium protein Kilpa- 1932 h-5 2 1.337 0.07h 0.753 0.0h2 56.76 Medium protein trick _ u-5 2 1.658 0.091 0.932 0.052 57.11 High protein Daniels 193h 3-6 11 1.013 0.065 0.505 0.032 h9.23 #75 cc milk a and cod liver Oil Assoc. 3-6 10 1.055 0.065 0.5u3 0.033 50.77 h75 cc milk & cod liver Oil & viosterol 3-6 3 1.169 0.070 0.52u 0.032 h5.71 M75 cc milk 3-6 10 1.295 0.079 0.656 0.0h0 50.63 950 cc milk & cgd_liver oil 950 cc milk & 3-6 8 1.325 0.079 0.693 0.0u1 51.90 cod liver Oil & viosterol 3-6 h 1.923 0.079 0.68M 0.038 h8.10 950 cc milk Hubbell 193k 7-11 17 0.05h 0.026 u8.15 low sugar and Koehne increase in 7-11 2 0.051 0.023 h5.10 calorie value with sugar M 7-11 6 0.0u9 0.023 no.9n 16-18% increase in calories with suggg: Porter- 193M 2-6 3 0.963 0.053 0.h93 0.027 50.9h constant mixed Levin diet To study the difference in availability of phosphorus, Sherman and Hawley 1922 (17) fed a diet containing 375 gms.of milk and sufficient vegetables to make the phosphorus content equivalent to that of the diet containing 750 gms.of milk. The results were so variable that no conclusions could be drawn concerning the phosphorus utilization. As a result of these experiments Sherman and Hawley 1922 (17) recom- mended a quart of milk daily for all children. _In reviewing their figures it is noted that the greatest retention for the preschool child occurred when its diet contained 750 gm.of milk and that there was little difference when the diet contained either 500 or 1000 gm. Thus with small children less than a quart of milk might be advisable. It must also be remembered that Sherman and.Hawley 1922 (17) gave no cod liver Oil, so that the calcium and phosphorus retentions might be quite dif- ferent from those found in later work. Some years later, Daniels and her associates 1933 (6) studied the calcium and phosphorus metabolism in two girls and eight boys between 3 and 5 years of age. They sought to find the influence which varia- tions in the amount of milk ingested (l pt.and 1 qt. respectively) had on the retentions of the children. Each group received comparable amounts of cod liver Oil. The average amount of phosphorus retained during the periods in which they gave a pint of milk was higher than the phosphorus retentions during the period when they gave 1 quart of milk, even though the ingestions were somewhat lower. They also found wide variations in the amount of calcium and phosphorus retained by different children of approximately the same ages and of the same child- ren under varying conditions of diet. Daniels and her associates concluded that the results studied from the standpoint of averages were not in line with the theory that all children needed a quart of milk per day. The marked differences in the children under varying conditions appeared to be due to the physiologic condition of the child at the time of the study and to his potentialities for growth. A year later Daniels and her associates 1935 (7) verified the results of their first study. Thus they concluded that less than a quart of milk is optimal for calcium and phosphorus storage if the diet is supplemented with these minerals from other sources. Willard and Blunt 1927 (19) fed four children, two of whom were of preschool age, a normal fixed diet to which they added, commercially pasteurized milk, and then, evaporated milk. They compared the results for phosphorus retention on the two experiments, over a period of 13 and 12 days respectively. This included a three day preliminary period and a three day collection period, there was, however, only one day between the two studies. With an average phosphorus intake of 1.02 gms.on the evaporated milk diet the retentions averaged 0.015 gms.per kg. of body weight. While with an average intake of 0.96 gms.of phosphorus on the pasteurized milk, the average phosphorus retention was 0.008 gm.per kg. of body weight. Thus, their results indicateEhat better retention of phosphorus occurred with evaporated milk than with pasteurized milk. With four normal preschool boys as subjects Burton 1930 (5) studied the assimilation of phosphorus. The normal diets fed contained 1.M2 and 1.70 gm.of phosphorus per day and large amounts of cereal. She fed wheat in one period and oatmeal in another. On both diets, the retentions per 1 kilogram of body weight were considerably higher than figures reported by Sherman and Hawley 1922 (17), Willard and Blunt 1927 (19), or Daniels and her associates 193M (6). Burton stated that the difference might be partially explained by the facts that the phosphorus intake was high and that these children received ultra violet irradiation which might have increased the phosphorus retention. In a study of 18 undernourished children, Wang, Kern and Koucher (18) found that 0.069 gm.of phosphorus was the minimum requirement Of an 8 year Old child weighing 20 kg,and living on a mixed diet. The phosphorus intakes varied from 0.019 to 0.089 gms.per kg. of body weight. When the intakes were above 0.035 gm.a positive balance always occurred, and when below this amount the balance was negative. Potts 1931 (15) studied the phosphorus requirement of normal h year Old children as affected by low, medium and high levels of intake. The phosnhorus intake was 0.990, 1.2MU, and 1.M55 gms.per day respec- tively. She found that the retention per kg. of body weight was 0.005, 0.01”, and 0.015 gms.on the three protein levels, respectively. She concluded that the standard of l gm.of phosphorus per day per child was conservative, but allowed no great margin for retention in the average, active healthy child, and that the medium level of phosphorus intake (1.2 gm.daily) probably provided a sufficient margin for retention. Another study on normal preschool children, Kilpatrick (12) reported in 1932. The children on medium and high protein diets with phosphorus intakes of 1.337 and 1.658 gms.respectively had retentions of 0.006 and 0.005 gms.per kg.of body weight. The daily retention and absorption of phosphorus varied considerably in the two subjects on both diets. Al- though the average grams retained were practically the same, one child retained 13% of the absorbed phosphorus, while the other stored only 10%. The child who retained 13 per cent of the absorbed phosphorus excreted only 58 per cent of the total phosphorus through the urine, while the other child excreted 63 per cent. There were definitely individual differences from period to period but the total phosphorus excretion of the two children in the urine and feces averaged the same, 0.068 gm.per kg.of body weight. Although the amount of variation in absorption and retention was larger on the high protein diet, the per- centage variations from the averages were practically the same on both diets. There was no significant difference betWeen the two diets in phosphorus retention and absorption. Porter-Levin 193M (1h) reported normal levels of phosphorus storage for three children from 2 to 6 years of age. On a constant mixed diet, furnishing approximately one gram each of calcium and phosphorus per day, the children stored an average of 0.008 gm.of phosphorus per kg. of body weight. Nevertheless, the retentions of phosphorus in each series of successive balances showed wide variations from period to period. With the sugar intake as the only variable factor, Hubbell and Koehne 193M (11) reported the phosphorus metabolism for 17 children between the ages of 7 and 11 years. On a low sugar diet, they found the retention of phosphorus was 0.007 gm.per kg. of body weight over twenty-three 7-day periods. When they modified the diet only by the inclusion of sugar to give a 6 per cent increase in caloric value, there was no change in phosphorus retention which could be attributed to the added sugar. When they increased the sugar content to give a calorie value 16 to 19 per cent higher, there was a tendency toward an increased retention of phOSphorus. The majority of the authors mentioned above found over 50 per cent of the intake phosphorus excreted in the urine. Nevertheless, Table I shows that there was considerable variation in the per cent of phos- phorus intake excreted in the urine, varying from 29.29 to 72.00. The greatest number being between h5.00 and 55.00 per cent with an intake between 0.065 and 0.075 gms.per kg.of body weight. This indicates that there is the individual variation factor. There seems to be a relation between the amount of phosphorus intake and the per cent excreted as reported by several workers. Wang and her associates 1930 (18) found that 70 and 72 per cent of the phos- phorus was excreted when the intake was 0.030 and 0.050 grams per kilo- gram of body weight. With a phosphorus intake of 0.08M gms.of the uri- nary phosphorus excretion was 51.19 per cent. There is the same trend in Burton's work 1930 (5) with cereals. Then the intake was 0.089 and 0.099 gms.per kg.of body weight the urinary excretion was 38.10 and 29.29 per cent of the intake respectively. Similarly Sherman and Hawley's 1922 (17) data indicated the same results. When the children were on a diet containing 375 gms.of milk and supplemented by vegetables the phosphorus excretion in the urine was high, 61.70 per cent with an intake of 0.0h7 gms.of phosphorus per kg.of body weight. Then when the phosphorus intake increased to 0.051 gms.per kg.of body weight the uri- nary phosphorus was 5M.90 per cent of the intake. Thus there is a defi- nite tendency that when intakes are low the urinary excretion will be high and as the intake increases the percentage of phosphorus excreted in the urine decreases. Another point which must be considered in phosphorus utilization and excretion in the bulk in the diet. Ascham 1930 (l) in work with animals found that bulk reduced urinary phosphorus excretion and 10 influenced the excretion in the feces. The animals fed a constant fixed amount of food substances, received varying prOportions of cel- lulose, flour, and agar as roughage. This factor probably influenced the urinary excretions Which Burton 1930 (5) reported, Table (I) and affected the results on phosphorus retention and excretion of the pre- school children whom Sherman and Hawley 1922 (17) fed diets containing 375 gms.of milk supplemented with vegetables. Another study brings forward the fact that availability of the minerals may have a place in utilization and retention. Bloom 1930 (3) conducted an animal experiment by feeding spinach, ashed, raw and cooked as supplements to a constant diet. The results seem to show that the low retentions were not due to any unsuitableness in the ash itself, nor to the cellulose as such, but to some characteristic of the spinach calcium and phosphorus such as their state of combination, which lowered the availability. Thus the availability or the combination of the mine- rals in the food substances may have been a factor in cereal utiliza- tion and excretion in the work Burton 1930 (5) did and in the work of Sherman and Hawley 1922 (17) when they fed the small amount of milk with vegetable supplement Table I. Therefore, availability is a factor which affects phosphorus utilization. The physiological condition of the child and his adjustment to a certain diet are other points that may be important in explaining the work of some of the authors. As Willard and Blunt 1927 (19) mentioned, some of the children were very undernourished, when started on the ex- periment. It is possible that a longer adjustment period at the begin- ning of their study might have shown a closer relationship between the two kinds of milk. 11 The use of cod liver oil or irradiation as sources of vitamin D may be other influencing factors. Almost all of the authors just mentioned gave vitamin D either as cod liver oil or through ultra vio- let irradiation. Sherman and.Hawley 1922 (17) as previously mentioned did not give either one. Apparently, there are several obvious factors which may influence the utilization and excretion of phosphorus. To summarize they are: individual variations in children; the amount of phosphorus intake; bulk content in the diet; availability of the mineral; the length of the adjustment period; and vitamin D either as cod liver oil, concen- trates, or irradiation. There may be many more conditions which also influence the utilization and excretion of phosphorus. Therefore, more work in this field is necessary. III. PROCEDURE OF PRESENT STUDY This report is a portion of a long time metabolism study on chil- dren of preschool age and extended from August 2h to December 1”, 1937. The study consisted of five parts. The first, from.August 2h to Septem- ber 2, was a nine day preliminary period for adjustment. The second started on September 2 and consisted of nine 3-day collection periods for the basal or control diet. The third, which had filtered butterfat added to the basic diet to increase the calories 20 per cent contained twenty-seven days (nine 3-day collection periods). The fourth, con- taining a cornstarch supplement equal in caloric value to the butter fat, followed immediately for twenty-four days (eight 3-day collection periods). The fifth included a carbohydrate supplement in the form of cane sugar and lasted for 2h days (eight 3-day collection periods). 12 The children used as subjects were 2 boys, 0 and E and one girl, A, who were M7, 50, and 57 months of age respectively. The children were from an orphanage where they had lived more or less under a defi- nite regime since their birth. Their diets prior to the experiment were probably adequate. The children had a medical physical examination just previous to the study and were apparently in good physical condition at the time. Table II is a record of the children's average height and weight at the beginning of the study with their percentage variation from the standards of Baldwin-Wood, Height, Weight, and.Age Tables (2), and the standards of the Iowa Child Welfare Research station. (20) Table II. Comparison of Height and Weight of Subjects with Standard Tables at Beginning of Study. Weight Height ‘Variations from Variations from Standards Standards Observed Baldwin- Iowa Observed Baldwin- Iowa Subject Age Height Wood Research Height Wood Research Station Station mo. kg. % % cm. % i c h] luau -"-2. 5h -12. 2 103. 5 +7. 55 _+0. 8 E 50 17:38 }10.00 - 0.2 105.5 +1.1? +1.2 A 57 17.17 +8.06 4 2.5 101.1 -1.8h -5.8 In the comparison of children's weights and heights there is con- siderable variation noted as to the standard used. The more recent standards as those set up by the Iowa Child Welfare Research station 13 indicate that the normal child is taller and heavier in weight than the standards set by Baldwin-Wood. C was a tall slender child and gave many indications of previous undernourishment. He was -2.5h and -l2.2 per cent from normal accord- ing to the respective weight standards, but was +7.55 and +0.8 per cent above normal in height at the beginning of the experiment. E, according to weight standards, was +10.00 and -0.2 per cent from normal respectively. In height, he was +7.77 and +1.20 per cent above normal. He was of good physique and very sturdily built. The little girl, A, was “short and stocky" and varied from normal in weight +8.06 and -2.5 per cent with the two standards mentioned. In height, she was -l.8h and -5.8 per cent below normal. Throughout the study, the children lived as normal children, but under constant supervision, in a Home Management House on the campus. The routine observed was regular in regard to meals, toilet, hours of sleep and afternoon rest. The procedure fer the daily determination of height, weight, and rectal temperature of each child was as uniform as possible. The children played out of doors several hours each day except when weather conditions prevented. During the entire study the subjects received a constant normal diet, to which calories were added, differing only in the variables as mentioned above. The diets as shown in Table III furnished the children with an adequate supply of all the known dietary essentials. They received 1.173 and 1.256 gm. of calcium and phosphorus daily, approximately 3 gms. of protein and 90 calories per kg. of body weight, To secure similar intakes of food for each individual child, body weight determined the amount for consumption. Thus per kilogram of 1M mmm.H maa.a mama m.wm mo.mm m.~mm Hence m8 .0 mo .0 m“ m .a x .ml 0: ammem mmo.o mao.o mza who m.m m.mm ow eeeem moo.o ow 0.0m om hemem moo.o [moo.o :mH o.mH m.o om seepsm w:o.o Hao.o mm H.o w.H N.sa om eeeeeeem mmo.o oao.o om H.o :.m m.m:, con weeeeeee @oqamupm mumphmw mao.o mmo.o am m.a w.a ooH meson menses cocamnpm muopnmw aoo.o mao.o a m.o ~.o om sesame wao.o HHo.o mmm m.a mao m.mm\ oma sense mamas mmo.o :mo.o Amy, «.0 H.H m.wa oma emaeeem mmo.o moo.o mm m.m‘\ n.m o: mama qweem mmo.o wmo.o mm m.am com ocean omeeso owo.o moo.o m, a.o w.m a.:H om meeemaem :a~.o omm.o mmm, o.mm :.mm 0.0: com aHHe maeae wees .am .am .5 :3 .em .3 «stone opeeesa seem eased -1 .heam seaeaeo measeaeo use eaeeoem uepeeo schema no.9: seem eaaao seem .oz .eaaao sensoaaa ma e we mahem he mamsaaq< pone emphaseaeo .HHH capes 15 Hmm.H Hmm.a amam a.mw m.mm o.amm mo.a 4 mon.H amm.a maam m.am m.wm m.om« so.H a ) wHH.H omo.a HHmH s.mm 0.0m m.mwm mm. o heeem mmm.a owH.H mmom m.wm m.mm m.aam oo.H .sm om >H mma.a :HH.H mama o.mm a.mm m.mmm m. 4 mma.a :HH.H mama o.mm :.mm m.mmm mm. a seesaw omo.H mmm.o emwa m.ws H.m: m.mmm mm. 0 shoe wmm.a maa.a mama o.mm e m.mm m.mom oo.H .em om HHH oom.a omH.H mmwa m.mw m.mm m.mam mm. 4 oom.H omH.H mmwa m.wm w.mm m.mam m. a see mmo.a amm.o mmma m.ma a.ma m.mwa mm. o hepeem mmm.a maa.a mama m.mm w.mm m.amm oo.a .em on HH mma.a :HH.H Hmma o.mm a.mm m.mam mm. 4 mmm.a maa.a mama m.wm m.mm m.amm oo.H .HHH Hume» a mmo.H mmm.o Noza m.o: m.~: :.HmH :w. no wowgflw n: noon 0 mmoz H o 0 o 0 .EM .Ew .8m .8w assonm, eunuch: doom vowed. umonm adaoamo moflnoamo pom awoponm topumo nopomh mo.uB pooh oaano pooh .oz eaaao seem an eeeaeeem seashea eeeeaeeaeo .hodum on» we muumm pdoh ox» mnfiusm .>H mapma 16 body weight each child received approximately equal amounts of all the constituents of the diet (Table IV). In addition, each child received daily one capsule of Parke, Davis & Co., Haliver Oil (Natola) equiva- lent to 9h00 U.S.P. x 1 units of Vitamin A and 9&0 U.S.P. x 1 units of vitamin D (natural). For calculating the composition of the diet, the tables from Rose "Handbook for Dietetics" (l6) and.Bridges "Food and Beverage Analysis" (h) were used. The phosphorus content of the calculated diet increased very slightly during the butterfat supplement to 1.26} gm. but remained the same as the constant diet, 1.256 gm., during the carbdhydrate supple- ments. The three children 0, E, and A received su.00, 100.00, and 95.00 per cent, respectively (Table IV) of the calculated constant diet. As the children gained in weight the proportion of the constant diet for each child varied with each change in diet, and they received 82, 95, and 95 per cent respectively, for the food periods of butterfat and cornstarch additions. During the period having additional sugar the amounts re- ceived were 89, 10h, and 106 per cent. All food which the children received was accurately weighed on a torsion balance having a sensitivity of 0.1 gm. To insure a repre- sentative sample all food was either ground or sieved and mixed thorough- ly before weighing. Green beans and tomato puree were used. Sufficient food for a three day period was prepared at one time and the daily supplies weighed and stored in the refrigerator. The food was cooked and served in the same dishes so there would be no loss by transferring. All food was eaten, the dishes scraped, and rinsed with distilled water which was later consumed. The children received distilled water 17 exclusively in controlled amounts. Duplicate samples of food equivalent to the diet of C were saved for analysis. The food was weighed into previously weighed glass dishes, later dried in a warming oven and placed in an electric Freas oven at 600 C where it was kept until it had reached a constant weight. The sample was then ground finely, sieved through a #50 copper wire mesh and stored in glass bottles. All excreta were collected and preserved for analysis. The urine was collected in 2“ hour samples, its volume, specific gravity, and creatinine content were determined daily. Any significant drop in the daily creatinine output was interpreted as a loss of urine for the 2h hour and such samples were discarded. The phosphorus determinations were made by the uranium titration method as outlined by Peters and Van Slyke (13). The principle of the procedure is as follows: An uranium salt in a hot phosphate solution at a pH not below 5 will precipitate out as an uranyl phosphate Ur203 (P0h)2. Cochineal as the indicator will change from the red in an acid solution to the green of the uranium--cochinea1 compound which forms when an excess of uranium solution is added. Five gram samples of food were dry ashed at 14000 C. The ash was taken up with 0.05 N Hcl, neutralized, then made slightly acid. It was diluted before adding the acetate buffer and before titrating the hot solution withtranium acetate. The total urinary phosphorus was determined by taking 25 cc of urine made up to 50 cc, heating and titrating with uranium acetate. All determinations were made in triplicate. The accuracy of the method was tested for both urine and dried 18 foods by recovering known amounts of phosphorus; Table V shows the range of recovery for the various tests made. It was found that in working with known phosphorus solutions that 5 mgs. of phosphorus in the sample was too small to give accurate results. The most accurate range was between 15 and MO mg. per sample. The average recovery of these was 99.02 per cent. The urine tests gave best results when 20 to 50 cc samples were useds When using samples of that size and adding 50 mg. of phosphorus the best recovery was at 25 cc of urine. The average recovery was 100.18 per cent. The food determinations varied to a greater extent than known phosphorus or urine samples. The range of recovery being between 96.3h and 100.27 per cent with an average of 98.35 per cent. The percentage recovery was low on several of the determinations which indicated a possible loss, but all determinations were within 2 per cent of the average. There are many more chances for error in weighing, ashing, and transferring of food samples. The addition of a definite amount of phosphorus solution to a food of known analyzed phosphorus content did not lower the percentage recovery indicating that the food contained no substance which inhibited the phosphorus determination. emdwm 4. ammam no UmamHaHUo weasemow ow wwOmdwousm Redmom. zmaoewww acadoe mmsowm baapnwoumw mwomwwoucm moeoosnmmo wooo-- o n'- o - —. a- we. '- o p‘ 0.... . ' a. g , ‘ . . I I ‘ " .. . - .I. . - -9-g-o»- , L... - c-h-~~ -< 0'! - o O- a - L.-- ..- ‘ ~ o-O -~ I ~ - — . - - 0“. p o- o .4.- v.-.. - - --'—--' .‘--— o - '6 {you ’--~-.— -0 '..- - - o ' ..' . or, -..- ‘- - . . . - - . .- . _ ‘ ._- ~ .~ - "- - --" C . ' a I I I ’ ' . . , . . Ll ' L' ' o n o s 1 ' n J O - s' t v . g n ' '1 " " $11 1 . .; l L. a: g .L 1 o . ". ' ' I . ‘ v ’ 2 ": - rut-.81 - u '. . o . a . ll. . ‘ . O O C A. O O O There was considerable variation in the average of duplicate deter- minations from the mean of all determinations. The average for each part as shown in Table VII may be considered the mean average. The range in percentage variation of each analysis from that mean was 0.06 to 8.37 percent, with an average for the entire study of 2.71 percent, column 2, Table VII. Diet calculations from standard tables of food composition give only approximate values. This is due to a number of factors, such as variety of the product, degree of freshness, the type of soil, climatic conditions, the season, and the year in which it is grown. The factors will apply to the present results for food composition. Also, unavoid- able slight errors in weighing and chemical method of analysis will in- fluence results. The average phosphorus content of the constant diet as analyzed was 1.08M} grams. This was very close to the calculated figure for this part of the study, 1.055 grams. -here is a similar variation from the calculated figure in the other three parts as shown in Table VI. The least variation, when comparing the average for the four parts of the study with the calculated, occurred when sugar supplemented the diet. Therefore, in the third column of Table VII is shown the percentag variation of the analyzed values from the calculated. The range is from 0.10 to 11.37 percent with an average of 3.N8 percent. Although the precautions in technique as suggested by Hawks and her associates in 1937 (10), were carefully followed, slight variations in the composition of food were encountered. Thus the total amount of phosphorus intake per child was not the same, but changed from period to period as the mineral composition of n) M «a :H > awesdsoHs o mmuHm> nepeHSQHmo sosm (H mMJd LrHOBQw. WOHHUWI waHN. LP .ruwp._-w4r.s.0._r»u0 fl OnWmePuw dOHkmm «MO HHOHumHonbmm sedan mo page seem 00H a lit qmww n mo ewe: scam cashmeu 00H M H ersnu m n mpoHQ mumOHH;S@ chested monsem t seez GOHsmm mo coHpsHHm> m m oHosmm I H oHrEwm nomsump ucflpmHHs> v * vb P m:.m Hw.m m:.m mmmsm>¢ ma.m om.m . mH.o ma.m mw.m u mm.o :o.m Hm.: . aw.o eosepm sH \ .\ W o x; o \o o o o I. an): om.m ow.u . ea c mm m so m u :m 0 mm m we N m:.o sense HHH \ _\ . ., 7.. I \ 0H.u om Ha . mm o os.m 0H.e : ma.o we.m mo.w :e.o use HH \IO 0 O 4 . .14 mw.m at as - as o NH.m am.m - mo.o :2.H m:.m . am 0 paws.too H 9‘ 0m 0m 1 D‘ on V K t E E e. ommums< mm mm mmmsmhs omssm mmmsmes mmqmm doHuoa msde> @opwH mesa mo pham 30mm tdono comm mWesw>< mo com; Bosh one sees mpmHm mpm QHHQSQ @onmm mo soHpaHpm> eoHsem mo soHpu Hume smospmm moosmsmwwHQ . .uwflm ouuoHT aeo eoapamomsoo ea spaaapeases .HHs magma the food varied. Another point is that the total amount of phosphorus intake per child was based upon the size of the child. Tables VIII, X, XII, XIV show the amounts of phosphorus each child received throughout the studr. To measure and compare each child's utilization of food, it was necessary to establish a basic amount for intak and this was done on a per kilogram basis. The phOSphorus intake per kilogram of body weight for each child was aporoximately equal and thus the intakes and excretions are discussed on a per kilogram basis. Each section of the study will be discussed separately. Constant Diet After nine days preliminary feeding on the constant diet, the ex- perimental observations were started. During the twenty-seven days on the constant diet, analyses were made of the phosphorus intake and ex- cretion, and Table VIII shows the total intake and excretion for each childs Even though the diet was as constant in composition as could be obtained under the conditions of the study, analyses showed a variation in phosphorus content. The range in values for C. was from 1.0285 to 1.16u7 grams. Similar range occurred in the diets of the other children. The amount of phosphorus excreted by the children showed a period to period variation. The excretion values for C. ranged from 0.u767 to O. 6H1 grams of phosphorus per day or 0.0319 to 0.3373 grams per kilo— \YI gram of body weight. The phosphorus excreted lid not correlate with the phosphorus intake either in amount or percent excreted (hh.60 to 5M.06b), but the variation in diet or excretion was relatively small. E. had a total phosphorus excretion which ranged from 0.5489 to 0.605h grams or Table VIII. Daily Phosphorus Intake and Urinary Excretion on Constant Diet.* 1 l. I ‘ 4 Subject 0 if Subject E Subject A g Period E Total ; Total I Intake T{Urinary fl 72' Urinary E: Total Total T Intake {Urinary % Urinary Total {Total Intake Urinary {% Urinary , ! Phosphorus: Urinany Pa P/kg (P per kg; P of Intake: Phosphorungrinary Pf P/kg ' P per kg P of Intake? Phosphorus Urinsmy P P/kg P per ha; P of Intake ; ‘Intake ; Excretion: 1 ;Excreted i Intake gExcretion , Excreted Intake Excretion ' Excreted 7‘“ x : “'1‘ e 57 : i ‘ 1 GM. ; gm. 1‘ gm. ‘3 gm. g; gm. : gm. 1 gm. em. em- smo . em. on. : 1 1.1170 1 0.5310 §.0.0748 5 0.0355 3 47.54 g 1.3297 3 0.5958 i 0.0765} 0.0343 44.80 1.2633 0.4686 ‘ 0.0736 0.0273 37.09 g 5 § 2 1 i 5 : é t 2 1.1647 1 0.5415 i 0.0780 ‘ 0.0362 g 46.49 W 1.3865 5 0.5854 g 0.0798; 0.0337 42.22 1.3172 0.5019 0.0767 0.0292 38.10 2 i : . T: i E g 3 1.1041 € 0.5248 : 0.0739 g 0.0351 E 47.56 a 1.3144 i 0.5994 j 0.0756} 0.0345 45.60 1.2487 0.5681 0.0727 0.0331 45.49 E E . ; .4 .1 3 b ' z .‘ I =4 , 3 s E 4 1.1031 ‘ 0.5641 3 0.0738 I 0.0378 g 51.23 H 1.3132 g 0.6054 j 0.0753; 0.0347 46.10 1.2475 0.5641 0.0720 0.0325 45.21 1 ‘ f it i l i 1 5 1.0548 Z 0.5422 2 0.0706 a 0.0363 ' 51.40 i 1.2558 ; 0.5863 ; 0.0720: 0.0336 46.69 1.1930 0.5494 0.0688 0.0317 46.05 3 J i i; , 5 ‘ : f ' U I t : ' l 5 1.0874 ' 0.4850 ; 0.0727 1 0.0324 g 44.60 Q 1.2945 5 0.5489 3 0.0741; 0.0314 42.41 1.2298 0.4767 0.0708 0.0275 38.76 ,= < - a :: s * . . z 7 1.0409 0.4934 : 0.0696 2 0.0330 E 47.40 g 1.2392 3 0.5946 f 0.0709‘ 0.0340 47.99 1.1772 0.4955 0.0678 0.0285 42.09_ 1 1 ' ; 33 I f i 8 1.0582 0.4767 3 0.0707 E 0.0319 5 45.04 fl 1.2598 3 0.5675 ; 0.0721: 0.0325 45.04 1.1968 0.5432 0.0689 0.0313 45.39 I ’ ; z i i “‘ i 9 1.0286 ‘ 0.5560 ; 0.0688 ; 0.0372 i 54.06 h 1.2245 5 0.6042 ; 0.0700; 0.0345 49.34 1.1633 0.4910 0.0663 0.0280 42.20 . , f r i , s t , '9 «J 5 3 i E i f i i l T I a i i 1 ‘1 i ‘ R 1 Average , i i s 3‘ 3 i 1‘9 1.0843 0.5240 s 0.0725 : 0.0351 1 48.37 5 1.2908 f 0.5875 Z 0.07401 0.0337 45.58 1.2263 0.5176 0.0708 0.0299 42.26 I z E " 3 5~9 1.0540 0.5107 1 0.0705 j 0.0342 i 48.50 i 1.2548 j 0.5803 a 0.0718! 0.0332 46.29 1.1920 0.5112 0.0685 0.0294 42.90 L ! ~ . _ m *Each figure given is 1/3 of the total amount for a 3-day period, than making a daily average for the period. --- ‘ -_- . _ .--- -- .h" O--|~“~h-*r.~-w~"-O--*~ ‘ I . n l I v " , I ._'_.-. ‘ ‘ -. ..-..‘. o--..—-b~~—.~M-p-.<»odg-Oow-s».<" ‘ . g . ~ . ‘ I . t I ' < . \. L ~~ irur -JN41'_ . . . 5' w. ' , ‘_ . ' . -. \11 ‘C.. . . n I . u f n . n ' . ‘1‘ <9. «r— -~-~o--. c...- c - - — ,.‘ -. Q- ~ I.’-‘.--*‘--- '4‘ .u. -0.- u .. | . I C; I . I _ ' . . v I I A. ' ’ I P u o . u - . - O n l n . o . . . . | . 0 ~ - 6.031M to 0. H3}? 3r ram Hper xml ram of oody weight. The percent urinary phosphorus of inter ‘Ie excreted rangedf rom L2.22 to h9,74 percent. Again, there was no relation betmeen intake and excretion. A. had an excretion f O.hqo6 to 0.5681 grams or 0.027} to 0.0331 grams per kilogr m.m of body 0 wei ‘t. The percent of inta1:e phosphorus in the urine ran3ed from 37. 09 to h6.05. There is no definite p2 ttern that hi 3h values for urinary out— put always accompanied or followed high intake figures, nor that low values for into ice and out_ out always occurred on the same or folloinng days. The figures indicate that the children apparently did not ‘tilize phosphorus in the same manner. The average figures of intake are similar for all the children, but individual variation is evident when excretion and percent excreted are considered. There is, aoparently, no definite scheme indicated as to the way and the amount of phosphorus excreted. C. excreted more phosphorus in the urine than the other two children. He was tall and slender with indications of previous undernourishment, and was not gaining in weight as rapidly as the other children. A. excreted less than either of the two boys. From th gains in weight made during this part of the study, Table IX, it would seem probable that A. and B. were receiving calories in excess of their need. While C. was a little slower to make a gain in weight, since he made only a 0.02 kilogram gain in comparison to 0.19 and O.MO kilograms made by E. and A. respectively. The average daily gain for children of this age is 0.005 kilograms daily (20). There may have been some water loss due to perspiration, as the temperature was exceptionally high during the latter part of August and ,the first pe rt of Septemoer. Since the children received a la.rge supply COMPARISON OF HEIGHT AKD WEIGHT OF SUBJECTS AT END OF TABLE IX CONSTANT DIET WITH STANDARDS OF BALDWIN-WOOD r '1 . “i Part Age Observed Percentage Observed Percentage Average Average I Weight Variation Height Variation Gain in Gain in Value From normal From normal Weight Height m0. kg. % cm. % kg. cm. 0. us 1n.96 —3.17 10u.0 .7.75 0.02 0.50 E. 51 17.57 +10.02 105.6 46.75 0.19 0.10 A. 58 17.57 +8.86 101.5 +2.98 0.u0 0.N0 of water, it should not have enough to influence their gains in weight. It is interesting to observe that the child who showed the least increase in weight C. (0.02 kg.), also excreted the most phosphorus (h8.37%), while A. who gained the most weight (0.H0 kg.) excreted the least amount of phosphorus 042.90%). E. who gained about one half as much as A. (0.19 kg.) excreted phosphorus midway between the two chil- dren (”6.29%). phosphorus needs. Butter Fat Diet Evidently the growth needs of the children increased the Immediately following the constant diet, sufficient filtered butter- fat was added to the constant diet to make a 20 percent increase in cal- ories. fairly constant as in the preceding part of the study. ranged from 1.0985 to 1.1357 grams. Table I shows the total intake and excretion for each child. The total intake per child varied from period to period but remained The range for E. C.'s intake and A. was 1.1915 28 Table X. Daily Phosphorus Intake and Urinary Excretion on Diet Supplemented with Butter Fat. ! V ' Subject 0 a Subject E , Subject A } Perion Total Total Intake Urinary I % Urinary 'i; Total [Total f Intake 1 Urinary % Urinary Total Total Intake Urinary % urinary ‘ Phosphorus. Drinany P P/kg :P per 2 P of Intake gPhosphorus.Urinary P ; R/kg P per kg P of Intake Phosphorus Urinary P P/kg P per 23' P of Intake ' 3 Intake ‘ Excretion f. jExcreted iélntake EExcretion} Excreted Intake Excretion Excreted E 8m. 1 gm. Sm- :1 gm. 1 E 8m. va I 8m. ' 8m. Sm. gm. 6m» gm. . . l i Q 10 1.0959 0.5055 .0.07555 0.0558 g 46.10 5 1.2696 0.4477 E 0.0720 0.0254 55.27 1.2696 0.4165 0.0725 0.0257 52.81 ,, i ’ - - ‘ i 11 7 1.1107 0.5208 10.0755i 0.0545 g 46.88 [. 1.2868 3 0.4542 ; 0.0725 0.0255 55.29 1.2868 0.5551 0.0719 0.0299 41.58 . i i E 1‘ g 12 f 1.1557 0.5594 f .0748i 0.0555 5 47.50 { 1.5157 0.4606 g 0.0756 0.0258 55.00 1.5157 0.5510 0.0750 0.0295 40.56 ' é 3 * i , E 15 i 1.1052 f 0.5088 0.07213' 0.0552 % 46.11 i 1.2781 0.4961 $0.0710 0.0275 58.81 1.2781 0.5446 0.0707 0.0501 42.60 I i J I ‘ r 14 1.0926 1 0.5017 0.0708 0.0525 E 45.91 3 1.2659 0.5259 ; 0.0698, 0.0289 41.59 1.2659 0.5554 0.0688 0.0501 45.72 i . i . f , ' t . z 15 i 1.1019 i 0.5586 $0.0708 0.0546 E 48.88 1.2766 0.5515 1 0.0699 0.0291 41.62 1.2766 0.5479 0.0680 0.0296 42.92 , '7 t i ' ‘ 16 1.0285 g 0.5486 i0.0661 0.0555 E 55.26 1.1915 0.4796 0.0650 0.0262 40.25 1.1915 0.5309 0.0640 0.0285 44.55 17 1.0651 g 0.5970 0.0677 0.0580 g 56.62 : 1.2516 1 0.5755 0.0668 0.0511 46.57 1.2516 0.6228 0.0657 0.0552 50.57 18 ‘ 1.0525 I 0.5660 0.0665! 0.0558 1 55.79 E 1.2191 % 0.4856 0.0658; 0.0262 59.82 1.2191 0.5899 0.0648 0.0514 48.40 ‘ t i g i g {Average » i - " 7 10-18 1.0871 0.5565 0.0706; 0.0548 g 49.45 I 1.2594 i 0.4947 0.0696 0.0275 59.54 1.2594 0.5415 0.0689 0.0295 45.06 a g g i 14-18 1.0677 0.5504 0.0684 0.0552 1 51.69 i 1.2569 0.5188 0.0675i0.0285 41.95 1.2569 0.5690 0.0665 0.0506 46.05 to 1.3157 grams respectively. They received the same amount of food during this time. The total average intake remained fairly constant. The average phosphorus intake per kilogram is slightly lower in the sec- ond.part of the study. This decrease can be explained by the fact that the diet remained constant during the period and the children all gained in.weight. The phosphorus excreted in the urine is irregular: C. excreted from 0.5017 to 0.5970 grams per day or 0.0325 to 0.0380 grams per kilogram of body weight; E.'s excretion ranged in values from 0.hh77 to 0.5735 grams or 0.025M to 0.0311 grams per kilogram of body weight; A.'s excretion was from 0.hl65 to 0.6228 grams or 0.0237 to 0.0332 grams per kilogram of body weight. Again there is no relation between intake and excretion. C. excreted more phosphorus in the urine than the other two children (average h9.h5 percent). E. made a considerable dr0p in the percentage excreted (39.3hfl). However, A. shows more variation in the amount ex- creted than the other two children (32.81 to 50.57%. average 43.06%). The percentage of phoSphorus intake excreted in the urine in the tenth period shows a decided drop. The change in diet may partially explain this. If the last five period averages are considered, allowing the first four for adjustment to the diet, there is relatively small variation from the averages for the percent excreted on the constant diet. A All three children made gains in weight (as expected) during this part with additional calories in the form of filtered butterfat, Table XI. All the children were above average in weight. and made greater gains than when on the constant diet. The growth in height is the same as the growth on the constant diet, except for A., who shows a slight increase. The weight growth is more irregular. Again, it is true the child making the least gain in weight, 0.. (0.9M kg.) excreted the most phosphorus in the urine (#9.M5§). E. who made more nearly the same gain in weight (1.03 kg.) as A. (1.31 kg.) excreted the least amount of phosphorus (39.36%). Evidently E. is re- quiring a greater amount of phosphorus for growth. There is not much difference in the percentage of phosphorus excreted by E. and A. Table XI. Comparison of Height and Weight of Subjects at End of the Butterfat Diet with Standards of Baldwin—Wood. Part 11 Age Observed Percentage Observed Percentage Average Average Weight Variation Height Variation Gain in Gain in Value From From Weight Height Normal Normal m0. kg. % cm. % kg. cm. 3 M9 15.90 +1.86 10h.5 +8.03 0.9M 0.5 l E 52 '1s.60 .15.17 105.7 .u.s9 1.03 0.1 A 59 18.88 .15.76 102.0 —6.53 1.31 0.5 Cornstarch Diet In part three of the study, sufficient cornstarch to increase the calories of the constant diet twenty percent was used in place of the butterfat. The phosphorus intake per kilogram of body weight was slight- ly lower than in part two, but approximately the same for each child. There was very little variation in the phosphorus content of the diet from periods 19 to 26, inclusive, Table XII. E. and A. received the same amount of food, but the amount per kilogram of body weight varied, because A. was 51 Table XII. Daily Phosphorus Intake and urinary Excretion on Diet Supplemented with Cornstarch. E Subject C a Subject E Subject A 1 ,7 6 Period? Total ! Total FIntake Urinary !% Urinary z§Tota1 ITotal g Intake] Urinary % urinary Total Total Intake Urinary % Urinary i Phosphorus? Urinary P 3 P/kg P per kg 'P of Intakei Phosphorus urinary Pt‘ P/kg I P per kg P of Intake Phosphorus Urinary P P/kg P per kg P of Intake 1 Intake ? Excretion g "Excreted Intake Excretion E ' ‘Excreted Intake Excretion Excreted f ‘5 ~ a - f . m. ; gm. I. gr“. 8700 3 8m- gm. : gm. gm. gm. m. an. an. t ; . E I . ' . i 19 9 1.0951 , 0.5410 3 0.0686! 0.0559 49.41 i 1.2688 0.4891 0.0680 0.0262 58.54 1.2688 0.6125 0.0670 0.0525 48.27 a P i ~ 3 g 20 2 1.0100 1 0.5515 30.0629 0.0551 52.60 1.1702 0.5017 I 0.0625 0.0268 42.88 1.1702 0.5709 0.0612 0.0299 48.78 i 21 I 1.0552 f 0.5601 i0.0650 , 0.0546 55.26 I 1.2202 0.4651 0.0647 0.0246 57.96 1.2202 0.5897 0.0654 0.0506 48.55 - E 3 t ‘ 7 g 22 E 1.0110 3 0.5565 0.0620 0.0529 55.04 5 1.1715 0.5065 0.0617 0.0267 45.24 1.1715 0.6240 0.0605 0.0521 55.27 i i g 25 ‘ 1.0526 § 0.5691 ’ 0.0652 0.0548 55.12 E 1.1965 0.5017 0.0627 0.0265 41.94 1.1965 0.5625 0.0612 0.0288 47.02 24 ? 1.0248 3 0.5787 30.0620 0.0550 3 56.48 E 1.1872 f 0.5167 .0.0618 0.0269 45.55 1.1872 0.5982 0.0602 0.0505 50.59 I 1 ‘ n ‘ i. 0' 1' r 5 i l 25 3 1.0109 4 0.5077 ‘ 0.0612 1 0.0507 ; 50.21 ' 1.1712 0.5527 5 0.0608 0.0276 45.48 1.1712 0.6528 0.0594 0.0521 54.05 L l I a f ' , 26 2 1.0726 2 0.5522 90.0649 ; 0.0554 i 51.49 i 1.242? 0.5527 3 0.0645 0.0276 42.86 1.2427 0.5744 0.0629 0.0291 46.22 E 3 ‘ t 7 r 7 ‘Average 3 a I ’ 19-26 1.0588 ? 0.5471 0.0657 1 0.0555 } 52.70 1.2055 0.5055 0.0655 0.0266 42.05 1.2055 0.5956 0.0619 0.0507 49.54 1 1 ‘ 22-26 1.0504 0.5488 i 0.0626 i 0.0554 55.27 3 1.1957 0.5180 0.0625 0.0270 45.41 1.1957 0.5984 0.0608 0.0505 50.19 -.-- - ‘-.-‘. «ov- _-.-" -. - .o.. '9‘.-. ‘N.~-«—---o~ 07-9”..- .. 9‘- ‘-on .?.--—‘-"—.~o<-- -n- r 9% . .. . - . .. . . . . - n . . . . . . n. . a.-. I . ... . o. .0 i ..\ r . 5|. . ... 3 «\o m. w .1. . O. \V .1). w . c : 7 . . . _ _ . .. . - n 4., . x . r «w .. . . .s« o . n . u o a . . . . . .c . . 9|. .r .( _ .. IL .L .. n \. .5 O C O O o n .. a .. l. n . .8 . .. L .L .. o . . (1 ».. x .o v. 0.. V“ ._ ‘e O 6 D Q.“ . »-' . . n..H....u- -. E .. . . w. .. . . n. V r \b . .5. no. - .. o .. . -o e e .e ,o e o e o 6 . heavier than B. C. excreted a slightly larger amount of phosphorus in the urine, ranging from 0.5077 to 0.5787 grams per day or 0.0307 to 0.0350 grams per kilogram of body weight. mately the same as when butterfat supplemented the diet. excreted more phosphorus in the urine as shown in Table XII. This averaged 0.0335 grams which was approxi- E. and A. both All three children showed a higher percent excreted in the urine, due to the slightly lowered ingestion. 0., E., and A. was 52.70, N2.05. and h9.5h percent respectively. The average percent excreted by This tendency to excrete a higher percent of phosphorus on a lowered intake was observed by Wang (18), Burton (5), and Sherman (18). Allowing a nine day preliminary period, the percentage of phOSphorus excreted in the urine during this part was slightly higher. The phosphorus excreted in the urine remained approximately the same, but due to a slightly lowered intake as compared to part one and two. the percentage was higher. Table XIII. Comparison of Height and Weight of Subjects at End of the Cornstarch Diet with Standards of Baldwin-Wood. Part 111 Age Observed Percentage Observed. Percentage Average Average Weight Variation Height Variation Gain in Gain in Value From From Weight Height Normal Normal mo. kg. % cm. % kg. cm. 0 50 16.60 +5.20 105.0 +7.71 0.70 0.5 E 53 19.32 .17.59 106.9 .u.ue 0.72 1.2 A 60 19.87 .19.99 102.7 -9.28 0.99 0.7 The increases in weight during the cornstarch diet are greater than they were during the constant diet, but still not as high as they were when butterfat supplemented the diet. C. and.E. made approximately the same gain during this period, while A. made a considerably greater gain. It is possible, since E. and C. were more active than A. that they were using a greater portion of their intake of calories to satisfy their needs for activity. E. made the greatest gain in height with 1.2 cm. while C. continued to gain 0.5 cm. regularly as he had in the other two parts. A. has made an increase of 0.7 cm. which is greater than she made when on either the constant diet or when the diet was supplemented with butterfat. When com- paring the growth made during this part with the percentage of phosphorus excreted, the child 0. (0.70 kg.) making the least growth excreted the greatest percent of phosphorus in the urine (52.70%). E. who made only a slightly greater gain (0.72 kg.) in weight but the greatest in height (1.2 cm.) excreted the least percentage of phosphorus in the urine (h2.05%). He is evidently making better use of the phosphorus which he takes into his body. A. made the greatest gain in weight (0.99 kg.) but the percent (“9.5hfi) she excreted was more nearly the same as C.'s. Sugar Diet Sufficient sugar was added to the constant diet to increase the cal- ories twenty percent as in the previous parts of this study. There is a slight increase in the total phosphorus intake, Table XIV, for each child. Total phosphorus intake for C. ranged from 1.0706 to 1.1825 grams or 0.0621 to 0.0688 grams per kiIOgram of body weight. E.’s total intake of phosphorus was from 1.2510 to 1.3818 grams per day or 0.0622 to 0.0688 34 Thble XIV. Daily Phosphorus Intake and Urinary Excretion on Diet Supplemented with Sugar. 3 h ‘7 7 E; — ~~ *9 w i - E Subject 0 4E Subject E Subject A “I ‘r “ ‘ If“ " " “ * l Period Total E Total Intake Urinary % Urinary EE Total Total Intake Urinary E36 Urinary Total Total Intake Urinary 73 Urinary . Phosphorusi Urinary P P/kg , P per kg. P of Intak E Phosphorus Urinary P P/kg P per kg P of Intake Phosphorus Urinary P P/kg P per kg P of Intaké E Intake E Excretion E “ Excreted é Intake Excretion Excreted Intake Excretion Excreted a 7 E 4 __ fl _w fill , Sm. Sm. gm. E 8111- EE gm. 6"“ gm. gm. 6310 930 8m. 51!. E 27 1.1272 0.5346 0.0677 E 0.0321 47 .43 E 1.3172 0.5398 0.0680 0.0279 40 .97 1.3425 0.5377 0.0672 0!.0269 40.05 :1 E 28 1.0720 0.5582 0.0658 E 0.0520 E 45.91 E 1.2526 0.5498 0.0645 0.0282 45.89 1.2767 0.6006 0.0652 0.0297 47.05 E q E 29 1.1050 E 0.5427 0.0657 0.0323 E 49.11 E 1.2912 0.5557 0.0658 0.0283 43.04 1.3150 0.5989 0.0647 0.0295 45.52 50 1.1518 E 0.6059 0.0667 E 0.0556 ‘ 55.57 E 1.5225 30.5460 0.0668 0.0276 41.29 1.5479 0.7055 0.0657 0.0545 52.80 51 1.1497 E 0.5555 0.0674 E 0.0526 48.50 2 1.5456 0.6264 0.0678 0.0516 46.62' 1.5695 0.7045 0.9664 0.0542 51.16 E 52 1.0998 E 0.5270 0.0642 E 0.0508 47.91 1.2852 0.6552 0.0642 0.0517 49.42 1.5099 0.7090 0.0650 0.0541 54.14 E 55 1.1825 E 0.6006 0.0688 0.0549 50.79 1.5818 0.6149 0.0688 0.0506 44.50 1.4084 0.6945 0.0675 0.0552 49.29 E 54 1.0706 0.5966 0.0621 0.0546 55.72 1.2510 0.5554 0.0622 0.0275 44.27 1.2750 0.6990 0.0606 0.0552 54.82 E E E E Aggige 1.1173 0.5624 0.0658 0.0331 49.82 1.3056 E0.5777 0.0660 0.0292 44.25 1.3307 0.6559 0.0648 0.0319 49.28 '3 50~54 1.1269 0.5767 0.0659 0.0557 E 51.22 1.5168 '0.5952 0.0659 0.0298 45.22 1.5421 0.7020 0.0646 0.0558 52.52 1 __ ' ~ grams per kilOgram of body weight. A. had a greater total intake than the other two due to her weight. Her total intake ranged from 1.2750 to 1.N08N grams per day or 0.0606 to 0.0673 grams per kilogram of body weight. The phosphorus per kilogram of body weight is approximately the same for all three children, but A. is slightly lower. The total phosphorus excreted in the urine by C. ranged from 0.5270 to 0.6039 grams or 0.0308 to 0.0356 grams per kilogram of body weight. E.'s excretion ranged in values from 0.5398 to 0.6352 grams per day or 0.0279 to 0.0317 grams per kilogram of body weight. A.'s excretion was from 0.5377 to 0.7090 grams per day or 0.0269 to 0.0343 grams per kiIOgram of body weight. The high or low phosphorus excretions do not accompany or follow the high or low intakes of phosphorus by the children. There is only a small difference in the percentage excreted in the urine by 0.. E., and A. in this part of the study, 149.82, 1411.25, and 149.28% respectively. If the last five periods are considered, the percentage is slightly higher. The first three periods might be considered as an ad- justment period to the new diet. The two boys, C. and E., made similar gains in weight during the su- gar supplement. Table XV, while A. made an excessive gain. The activity factor should possibly be considered for A. was not as active as the two boys. The growth in height was the same for C. (0.5 cm.) as in the other three parts of the study. E. made only a small gain in height (0.1 cm.) while A. made 0.9 cm. which was the greatest gain that she had made. The comparison of the growth made and the percentage excreted in the urine is interesting, for C. making 0.63 kg. gain in weight only excreted h9.82%, which is approximately the same as excreted by A. (49.28%), but Table XV. Comparison of Height and Weight of Subjects at End of the Sugar Diet with Standards of Baldwin- Wood. Part IV Age Observed Percentage Observed Percentage Average Average Weight Variation Height Variation Gain in Gain Value From - From Weight Height Normal Normal #5:“ mo. kg. 7% cm. 3% kg. cm. 0 51 17.23 +7.89 105.5 +7.23 0.63 0.5 E sh 20.13 +£0.90 107.0 .2.57 0.81 0.1 A 61 21.03 425.78 103.6 -10.62 1.16 0.9 she made 1.16 kg. gain in weight. phorus than he had previously. C. is undoubtedly retaining more phos- He develOped and appeared in much better health than at the beginning of the study. has the smallest percent excreted in the urine. same as the other children. E., as in the previous parts, Table XVI. Comparison of Height and Weight of Subjects With Standards of Iowa Research Station. Subject Age Observed Percentage Observed Percentage Weight Variation Height Variation Values From Values From Normal Normal ========£====fl=========F==L_______ moo kg. % cm. % C 51 17.23 ~1.l 105.5 41.2 E 54 20.13 +12.5 107.0 +0.9 4 61 21.03 .17.2 103.6 -5.0 It is more nearly the 7" 1 Again. it is interesting to notice the comparison of the standards of Baldwin-Wood with the more recent figures of the Iowa Research station. Iowa's standards are considerably higher than Baldwin-Wood. Using the standards of Iowa, 0. is within a 110 percent of the standard with E. only slightly above for their weights. For heights they are all within the ‘10 percent of the standard. The standards of the present day would indicate that the normal child has a better physique than in the past. GENERAL DISCUSSION Thus far, the data has been discussed in four sections; the constant diet, the diet as changed by the addition of calories in the forms of butterfat, cornstarch and sugar. To consider the whole eXperiment, Graph I was prepared to show the period variations in phosphorus intake and E excretion for each child. The graph shows the milligrams of phosphorus intake and excretion per kilogram of body weight so that it can be com. pared. 'E Through the entire study, the intake for each child shows a slight ~m« decline and then a rise during the last part when sugar supplemented the diet. C. excreted almost a constant amount of phosphorus, with a slight drop during the last part. E. had a different picture, as he made a definite drop in urinary phosphorus excretion during the second part when butterfat sUpplemented the diet and this excretion remained low through- out the study. A. showed a consistent increase in the phosphorus output as well as a gradual increase in the percentage of phosphorus eliminated. It would appear that during the cornstarch supplement there was a lowered intake of phosphorus but the same approximate amounts excreted. The relationship of urinary phosphorus to intake was determined sta- tistically by finding the correlation coefficient between the urinary ph08phorus output and phosphorus intake. The statistical formula used W88: edx - edy ryx = eddy - “ / [edzx - (edx221 [edgy - (edy)2] Q q This means that at 0.0 there is no relationship of one factor to the other, and as ryx approaches 11.0 the relationship becomes signifi— cant as eXpressed and calculated by Fisher (8). These data show no significant difference from zero in any of the four parts of the study The ryx being +0.336, -0.0§5, +0.125, and -0.016 reSpectively for the constant diet, and when supplemented with filtered butterfat, cornstarch, Mfmgmu HcdifiCations of the diet seem to have altered the relation between phosshoru. elirination and gain in weight (Table XVII). C. has raue the lowest rain in wei“ht and also excreted the hi E) pho ‘s per kilogram of body weight in all parts of the study except the last one when an adjustment of three periods is allowed. He is slightly under that of A. when a similar adjustment period is allowed. 0. had ht but was not consistent. He made his great- q est gain in weisht during the butterfat SUpplenent as did the other two children. A. made the most rapid gains in weight and was considerably above the average standards for her age. While on the constant diet, she made the greatest gain in weight with the lowest percentage of phosphorus excreted. The percent of phosphorus excreted continued to increase dur~ ing the next two parts, but was only slightly lower during the last part if no adjustment period is allowed. This increase in the urinary phos— phorus output hav indicate that she received a higher ingestion of phos- phorus due to the fact that she was overweight. The gain in weight for 3. was in between the other two children. He made the greatest gains during the butterfat and sugar su1plements. The percentage of phosphorus eliminated dropped decidedly during the mm.mm smuom mH.om mmumm no.0: mated om.m: mtm mw.ms mH.H smuem am.m: mm.o mmuma mo.m: HM.H wa.oa mm.ma 0:.0 mua « mm.m: gm-om H:.m: mmsmm mm.a: wa.:a mm.m: m-m mm.:: Hm.o :m.~m mo.ms ms.o mmuma :m.mm mo.H mauoa mm.me mH.o m-a a mw.am em.om m.mm mwhmm mm.am mausa om.w: mam mm.ms mm.o :musm o~.mm o~.o mmtma mn.me m.o ma:oa ~m.ms No.0 01H 0 m .mn u .ms . u .mx a .ma WqupmnoKm woumaoem downpomm llLr dopmnon manomm “gmHmh wfihoMm uflnmmn adhotm p1wwmk mduonm pgmflmb teoxm.m Ha oflsw Imort m a“ s.so Imogm a ma sflmw twoxm m a“ memo usesmflaeim mpofiaom usmuoflcenm mp0waem pemWQHMMWm chfinm pcsumco mwoflpmm dafigo nmmsm Seesaw poo pswmopusm .mcapb ex» ea depmaoxm mahonmmoxm mo owsunmonmm was unmask ca msflmw .HH>M manna :gplement, then raised to approximately the same amount dur- 'JO n: the starch and sugar surélements to what it was during the constant ,> C. *- iet p; The data Just presented €3110ws rather closely the work of others. The amounts of phosphorus excreted in the urine when similar intakes .\.-. ~o n‘.-,' 1 uF‘flvv A‘ a v. ‘ ‘ u .t‘ ‘ - '.a" , ., are inéestel, colpaie Vci- Clueslg with tne iesults oi uhéfu¢n and T, _ fir '7 {:5'1 r r ‘3 .. .. 5" r;'] 7‘ ' " “r “3 a r l ‘ hawleg 13a2 (l1), willard and hldut ljgl (1;), and paniels and her as‘o- n o a-w‘o K m w o o slates in 1:;s (o). ihe percentage of nnosnhorus excreted in the urine is also similar to that of the W‘rkers mentioned shove. (~qu 1 -w 0 \I‘M‘ -w‘LY ‘ The date is froma long ti :e stud_v on metaim Mi :2 of normal 3 children. The three children, 0., E., and A., were M7, 50, and 57 months of age respectively at the beginning of'the studV. é Th3se children were fed approximately tne same amounts of yhos» phorus per kilogram of body weight for 3h consecu ive three day periods. ‘ This diet was constant for 9 three day geriods, then a sun; lem nt of filtered butterfa was added so as to i.cree se the celo ric in eke twenty w- t' nued for the next0 tr ree deg period swhen a ‘a 11 percent. This diet cc cornstarch sugglenent reglaced the butterfat, and increased the calories rcent more than on constant diet. This diet was continued for 8 three day periods, when sugar re laced the cornstarch supflement in increasing the calories of the constant diet twenty percent. The phOSphorus intake shows during the study a $1 i*ht decline dur- n the brtterfat and cornstarch surplements, beinr the lowest dur ri n3 N .. e . $ ’Jl the cornstarch supglement. Then a slight rise oc urs d“rine the sugar surplement. All the children gained in weight with the greatest gein in weight I... Zurir" the period v.hen butt fat sunjlements th diet. 0 There is definite indica ion that as the children gained in w=ight there was a greater percent of urine y phosghorus excreted. n in hei ght was fairly consistent for the three children \— kJ‘ The gs with the exceytion of E., who made an excessive growth in height during the part when cornstarch su4plemented the diet. Euring this yart did not gain so much in weight and the gercent of ghosghorus excreted in the urine was lower than the other children. The constancy of the urinary ghosghorus excretion is qtite strik- ing even though there is an agparent lowered intake during the corn- starch supplement. .' J- ‘. r . ' _ J- J- ”is Seuij it would seem that (0' CD ft: *: (h ct- <2 {‘3 H F. 10 m r f ’ J. (J '3 0') E3 0. (D. :3 O 3 1 S (D H. ’3 ('1' L)‘ Al. e utilization of phosghorus, - 10. 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ascham, Leah. The Influence of Bulk in the Diet Upon Fecal Calcium and Phosphorus. J. Nutrition 3: Mll, 1930. Baldwin, B. T. and T. D. Wood. Standard Tables for Height and.Weight as accepted by the American Medical Association. Bridges, M. A. Food and Beverage F Analysis. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1935. pp. Bu-BS- Bloom, Margaret A. The Effect of Crude Fiber on Calcium 5 and Phosphorus Retention. J. Biol. Chem. 89: 221. 1930. Bridges, M. A. Food and Beverage Analyses. 3 Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1935, .»e Burton, Helen Brown. The Influence of Cereals upon the Retention of Calcium and Phosphorus in Children and Adults. J. Biol. Chem. 85: M05. 1930. Daniels, Amy L., Mary K. Hutton, Elizabeth Knott, Gladys Everson, and Olive Wright. Relation of Ingestion of Milk to Calcium Metabolism in Children. Am. J. Diseases Children, M7: M99, 193k. Daniels, Amy L., Mary K. Hutton, Elizabeth Knott, Olive Wright and Mary Forman. Calcium and Phosphorus needs of Preschool Children. J. Nutrition, 10: 373. 1935. Fischer, Ronald.Aylmer. Statistical Methods for Research. 5th editionn Edinburgh. Oliver & Boyd, 193M. Hawk, P. E., and O. Bergeim. Practical Physiological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Company, Inc. Hawks, Jean E., Marie Dye, and Merle M. Bray. An Improved Technic for Metabolism Studies in Preschool Children with a Statistical Determination of its Reliability. J. Nutrition. 13: 51, 1937. Hubbell, Rebecca.B. and Martha Koehne. Effect of varying Sugar Intake on Nitrogen, Calcium and Phosphorus Retention of Children. Am. J. Diseases Children, u7: 988, 193M. 13. 1M. 16. 17. 18. 20. Kilpatrick, Ann. Variations in the Phosphorus Metabolism of Preschool Children. Unpublished Thesis for the Degree of M. S.,.Michigan State College. 1932. Peters, J. P. and D. D. Van Slyke. Quantitative Clinical Chemistry. Methods. Vol. II. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1932, pp. 861. 70. Porter-Levin, Thelma. Calcium and.Phosphorus Metabolism of Normal Preschool Children: II Successive Balance Studies Showing the Range of Variation in Calcium and Phosphorus Storage. J. Am. Dietet. Assoc., 9: 22, 193M. Potts, Rena Klooster. A study of the Phosphorus Requirement of Normal h year old Children. Unpublished Thesis for the degree of M. S., Michigan State College. 1931. Rose, Mary Swartz. Laboratory Handbook for Dietetics, Third Edition, New York: Macmillan Company, 1933. Sherman, H. C. and Edith Hawley. Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Childhood. J. Biol. Chem., 53: 375, 1922. Wang, Chi Che, Ruth Kern, and Mildred Koucher. Minimum Requirement of Calcium and Phosphorus in Children. Am. J. Diseases Children 39: 768, 1930. Willard, Alice C. and Katherine Blunt. A Comparison of Evaporated with Pasteurized Milk as a Source of Calcium, Phosphorus and Nitrogen. J. Biol. Chem. 75: 251, 1927. Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Physical Traits of Young Children. Am. J. Diseases Children 38: 5h1, 1929. l l r A I ll ' I I l l n I 5 o h I V . v . t . . I. . . / . . ‘u L.-. . . I \ 5 " O r v . A n O t... ‘15‘ : . . . . e I. . ... . ens, .... . ... L1 i .. . , . . . a x... TQ 4.. . \. ...4 w. . .. . ...: ..w....\..... IR..- 1... . . ... L]. Y. .r. xiicfii ... s‘ememhen... ..L..\ ...”... \.....I...m.-“ . . s . . . ... #. ..o.) _ .‘.r . .u. t..- .. I‘. ‘.c a“ D.» In I. .~ . . u . . _ I. : ., ..l . . o- . bVi. ' , . v . e . , . n V) . . : 2 . e , I. y L p . . o . . ., H- .. . ,.. p . . . . . o .. . I. a . 3 .... s. .e . - ct . ... e . . . a; . . . J. V. .9. _ . . i .. .... .. .‘J . . .\ .5 . 1 u . e u l . _ . .. ... . 3‘: ~ .1 . I . . a; . . o ..I . « I v . n I \ 29.. ...... .. _ s . . o . . . M .. . .. l . \ . .... . . . 0 tv . .v \. . A .... C .y ... (I. on . 3. ... Se 2: n‘ o.\ . . . A .. .,. . . . -. ...m.. n..-. .... I . s v .... . ~J...\-. . s . ... . . v .I A . I I I n e .‘O . y . . \ . . .. u . a J .. Q . r . 5 . .. . v. ..vo . \ . . i .. . 4! I: ... . . I . ..n\..‘\... . u u . ...... I~ 3.. L .. .. L . r}... . he. v . . p .. . t but-t e LH . l I a A . . - . _ L. 1‘ v I r l'. I l~.. . . mic... . \x \ \ . .. . . . u 3. 7.) ... ...t. s _ D . v 1.; ..‘h‘ . n ..1‘ .3 v \ . \ .o.b‘.. .eefiv . . (.3. 4 . ... l . a ._....... ... .. . . ,. , ... . ,_ .. .... .. : ... ..._\