9.? NATURE AND EXTENT OF FARM MACHINERY USE IN RELATION TO FREQUENCY OF ACCIDENTS IN MICHIGAN AND OHIO Thesis: for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY HOWARD JOSEPH 0088. II 1973 Jan“... A -- "AL hi: -.‘-“'."‘;' ‘_' . I . . . * LIBRARY 2"}: Michigan State University ' E BINSI‘M‘EY 5 -_ HMS 8 SUNS’ BOOK BINDERY INC. LIBRARY amoens autumn. moms“ ABSTRACT NATURE AND EXTENT OF FARM MACHINERY USE IN RELATION TO FREQUENCY OF ACCIDENTS IN MICHIGAN AND OHIO By Howard Joseph Doss II The Farm Machinery Use Study was conducted to obtain information on tractor and farm machinery use that could be coordinated with existing data on farm accidents in order to determine accident frequency rates for various machines and operative conditions -- like age of operator, day of the week, type of farm, etc. The results of the study showed that the accident frequency rate .for tractors was somewhat lower than the established rate for all farm work. The rate for farm machinery, on the other hand, was higher than the rate for all work. Tricycle-type tractors showed an accident frequency rate twice as high as that for wide-front tractors. The accident frequency rate for tractors driven on public roads was four times as high as the overall rate for tractor use. Operators under 15 years of age had the highest accident frequency rate of any age group. Operators between 25 and 64 showed the lowest rate. Of all the farm machines studied, farm elevators showed by far the highest accident frequency rate. 5 JI” Howard Joseph Doss II There were no appreciable differences between Michigan and Ohio ApproveflW7/ Major Professor in the findings of the study. Approved Department Chairman NATURE AND EXTENT OF FARM MACHINERY USE IN RELATION TO FREQUENCY OF ACCIDENTS IN MICHIGAN AND OHIO By Howard Joseph Doss II A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE DePartment of Agricultural Engineering I973 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express his appreciation to Dr. Richard Pfister, Department of Agricultural Engineering, for his inspiring guidance throughout the study. Appreciation is also extended to the American Farm Bureau Research Foundation, Dr. Warren E. Collins, managing director, for their financial support; to Ohio State University and especially to Mr. N. E. Stuckey for extensive cooperation in the Ohio phase of this study; and to Mr. Bill Hanford and the Farm Division of the National Safety Council for assistance in the design of this study. The author would also like to thank the 2,2l9 farmers in Michigan and Ohio who cooperated by keeping logs on their machine use; the 20 interviewers who collected the information; the 23 county extension directors, agents, and staff who supervised the study on the local level; Charlie Hausmann for his good thoughts and labor; the Center for Rural Manpower and Public Affairs and the Agricultural Economics Department, Michigan State University, for their support; and specifically to Judy Stephenson, Lora Robbinson, Jim Landre, Vanda Freeman, and staff, for their work in preparing and programming 18,000 computer cards. Special thanks to Sandy Clark for her excellent editorial assistv ance, to to my wife, MaryJane, for her patience and understanding. 11': TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES . CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION Need for a Study . Overall Objectives Specific Objectives . . Limitations to the Study . Definitions CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . Introduction . . . . . . . Related Studies Farm Accident Studies . . . . Summary CHAPTER III. PROCEDURES Summary of Procedures Developing the Questionnaire . Selection of Sample Counties . Selection of Farms Within Sample Counties Sample Size Selection of Interviewers County Extension Staff Cooperation Project Coordinators' Responsibilities Training Meetings Data Collection Summarization of Data Page vi . viii \lU'l-bd 12 12 12 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 28 30 3O 31 32 33 35 CHAPTER IV. RESULTS OF THE STUDY Introduction . Farm Machinery Exposure Data . Exposure on Tractors . Exposure with Tractors Hitched to Farm Machinery . Exposure on Public Roads with Tractors Exposure on Public Roads with Farm Machinery . Projected Farm Accident Frequency Rates CHAPTER V. SUMMARY . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . Review of Literature . Procedures Findings . Machinery Use Data . . . . . . . . . Accident Frequency Rates Per Million Man-Hours CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER VII. RECOMMENDATIONS Education Legislation Engineering Research . APPENDIX A A-l -- Basic Information Sheet A-2 -- Machinery Use Log . A-3 -- Interviewer's Guidelines . . . . . . A-4 -- Supplement A: Machines and Equipment Hitched to Tractors . . . . . . . . A-5 -- Interviewer's Schedule APPENDIX B Michigan: Key to Computer-Printed Output Michigan: Total Hours of Tractor Use iv Page 36 36 36 36 41 4l 43 44 50 50 50 51 53 53. 55 58 61 61 62 62 62 64 64 65 67 79 80 81 81 82 Michigan: Total Hours of Farm Machinery Use Michigan: Tractors on Public Roads Michigan: Farm Machinery on Public Roads Ohio: Ohio: Ohio: Ohio: Ohio: Key to Computer-Printed Output Total Hours of Tractor Use Total Hours of Farm Machinery Use Tractors on Public Roads Farm Machinery on Public Roads LIST OF REFERENCES Page 93 98 . 109 . 114 . 115 . 126 . 131 . 142 . 147 Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. LIST OF TABLES Tractor horsepower classes Average hours of annual use, Illinois and Indiana data combined . Projected farm machinery accidents, Michigan and Ohio, 197l . Analysis of 364 accidents involving farm equipment on Michigan public roads and highways in l97l Analysis of 359 tractor accidents on Ohio public roads and highways in l97l . Number of accidents involving selected machines per l00,000 hours of use on survey farms, New York, 1969 . Farm Machinery Use Study -- Ohio sample Comparison of sample data versus l964 U.S. Agriculture Census for type of farm in Michigan (in percent) . . Hours of tractor use in Michigan and Ohio according to hired and family labor (in thousands) during 1971, by age group . . . . . Hours of tractor use (in thousands) in Michigan, according to type of tractor, by sex . . Hours of tractor use (in thousands) in Ohio, according to type of tractor, by sex . Hours of machinery use, Michigan and Ohio, l97l Projected overall tractor accident frequency rates, Michigan and Ohio, 197l . . . . Projected overall tractor accident frequency rates by age of operator, Michigan, l97l . . . Projected overall fatal tractor Operator accident frequency rate, Michigan and Ohio, 1971 vi Page 14 15 16 16 17 27 28 38 4o 40 42 45 45 47 Table l6. Table l7. Table l8. Page Projected overall farm machinery accident frequency rates, Michigan and Ohio, l97l . . . . 48 Projected accident frequency rates for farm equipment on public roads and highways, Michigan and Ohio, 1971 . 49 Farm machines exceeding the overall farm machinery accident frequency rate . . . . . . . . 57 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure l. Michigan counties selected by a stratified-randomized sampling procedure . . . . . . . . . 23 Figure 2. Ohio counties selected by a stratified—randomized sampling procedure . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 3. Farm Machinery Use Study organizational structure . 32 Figure 4. Data collection flow chart . . . . . . . 34 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Need for a Study The productivity of American agriculture has shown astounding progress over the last quarter of a century and particularly during the last decade. Various developments, including new technology and bigger, more functional machinery, have contributed to this progress. More- over, there is evidence to suggest that the rate of progress in farm efficiency and productivity will continue to accelerate in the fore— seeable future. Unfortunately, while advancing technology and the resulting in— crease in agricultural output has brought great good to many Americans, it has also brought problems. Among the more serious of these is an alarming increase in farm accidents. Due mainly to hazardous conditions involved in the operation of Increasingly large and powerful farm machinery, thousands of farm people are fatally injured each year, and hundreds of thousands are crippled or disabled. Although losses in human resources alone amply justify corrective action, the cost of farm accidents is manifested in various ways. Most important among these are skyrocketing farm costs in the form of medical bills, idle equipment, work schedule disturbances, labor losses, and rising outlays for farm and ranch insurance coverage, not to mention 1 2 the grief and suffering generated by accidents, which cannot be ex— pressed in monetary terms. I Secondly, because of the contention that private farm and ranch interests are failing to meet the challenge to reduce accidents in ag— riculture as it is being met in industry, attention of state and federal governments is being attracted to the farm accident problem. Typically, the government's approach has been to try to solve the Problem with regulatory and legislative measures. Among the more 1°mportant government actions to date in this regard are the following: l. Compulsory state workmen's compensation programs for agriculture 2. Federal regulation of work rules for employment of young people in agriculture 3. Recently passed automobile safety legislation 4. The federal Occupational Safety and Health Act 5. The recent Department of Transportation hearings on safety legislation relating to farm tractors The National Safety Council reports that nearly half of the deaths resulting from machinery accidents occur on farms and that approximately three-fourths of these involve farm tractors. The Council, Farm Bureau insurance companies, and others are concerned about the Problem and the urgent need to secure data for developing corrective action programs. Information presented at a l97l meeting of the Farm Conference of the National Safety Council stated in part: ”Necessity for new infor- mation from which to attack the roots of the problem becomes more ob- vious each day. Opinions are plentiful, but they are next to useless I i{.lllli((lllll 1‘ {I'll 1' I 3 in giving hard and fast guidelines for specific changes in equipment or procedures that will be of identifiable benefit." Although specific information is limited, it is apparent that the problem of farm and ranch accidents is reaching alarming proportions. It is also apparent that in order to formulate intelligent plans for alleviating the problem, the first prerequisite is accessibility to factual information on the nature, causes, and surrounding circumstances of these accidents.) The procedures for collecting information on farm accidents is available through materials developed by the National Safety Council. The Farm Machinery Use Study (FMUS) is designed to provide data on farm work exposure that can be coordinated with avail— able farm accident information. Determining the frequency of accidents in most nonagricultural industries is relatively simple. The number of accidents on a partic- ular machine or job is divided by the number of hours workers are ex- posed to the machine. In agricultural operations, the determination of accident frequency rates is more complex. Farmers and ranchers do not generally record the hours worked on a particular job, nor do they do the same type of work year—around. Numerous machines and labor—saving devices are common on today's modern farm. Work patterns are not well-established for farm machine use; a high-priority task is usually done first and the remaining tasks are Completed on a priority basis. To determine accident frequency rates in agriculture, one needs to look at the number of accidents with a :particular farm machine and the time spent by an operator on that specific machine. Accidents have been documented in Michigan and other states 4 concerning specific farm machines. The study of accidents occurring to farm people in Michigan by Hofmeister (1968) gives a perspective of the accident phase of agricultural operations in Michigan. The frequency of use of farm machinery with operator character- istics has not been determined accurately. The need for a study of the nature and extent of use of farm machinery in relation to frequency of accidents is warranted to obtain accident frequency rates on selected pieces of farm machinery. Overall Objectives l. To develop a uniform procedure for obtaining and analyzing information on the nature and extent of farm machinery use. This procedure will be compatible with established methods for collecting farm accident data recently developed and used in Michigan and Ohio, and adopted by the Farm Depart- ment, National Safety Council. 2. To determine accident frequency rates per million man-hours of use of tractors, combines, balers, and other selected farm machinery. This information will: a. Serve as a basis for developing and evaluating farm accident prevention programs b. Be useful in better tailoring insurance policies and programs to meet the complex insurance needs of modern farmers and ranchers c. Provide specific facts from which fair and equitable insurance rates may be developed for farm accident coverages on different types of equipment and practices. Specific Objectives l. Hours of use and minutes spent on public roads by type of farm, day of the week, equipment ownership, and sex of operator of the following types of equipment: a. Tractor alone or hitched to one of the following types of machines: 1) Harvesting Equipment -- Baler Mower conditioner Corn picker Forage harvester (chopper) 1 Rotary mower 2) Stationary or Materials Handling Equipment -- Forage blower -- Elevator -- Forage wagon Front-end loader 3) Fertilizer and Chemical Application Equipment -- Manure spreader -- Anhydrous ammonia application equipment -- Boom sprayer 4) Planting and Tillage Equipment -- Plow -- Planter b. Self-Propelled Equipment 1) Combine 6 -- With corn head -- With grain head 2) Mower Conditioner 2. Additional information on the total hours of tractor use, as well as minutes spent on public roads was desired. narrow, and crawler tractors were studied. Wide, For purposes of this study, tractor horsepower was grouped into the follow- ing classes: Table l. Tractor horsepower classes. Tractor Horsepower Class l 2 3 4 9 40 60 lOO Horsepower Range thru thru thru and 39 59 99 over Yearly totals of hours of use and minutes on the public road .for Michigan and Ohio, combined and separately, were gathered for: Type of tractor Tractor horsepower classes Tractors according to year Tractors according to make By the following categories: Age and sex of operator -- Age and sex of operator -- Day of week built (manufacturer) family labor hired labor Type of farm -- according to crop or product 7 Size of farm -- acres Time spent working farm -- full- vs. part-time farmers Type of labor -- farm family, hired labor Sex -- male, female Hours of day (not analyzed at this time) Fuel used Ownership of tractor -- rented, borrowed, farmer-owned Tractor make -- Allis Chalmers -- J. I. Case -- John Deere -- Ford -- International Harvester -— Massey Ferguson -- Minneapolis-Moline -— Oliver -- All others Limitations to the Study A survey of farms was conducted to gather data on the nature and extent of farm machinery use. The following limitations were established: 1. The study will cover a one-year period from January 1, l97l through December 31, 197l, in the states of Michigan and Ohio. The study will be limited to farms that are similar to the U.S. Census Bureau's (l968) definition of a farm, and farms 8 that have petroleum-powered farm machinery]. 3. The study will be confined to gathering use and exposure information on selected farm machines for accident frequency rate determination and to determine the need for improved machinery storage and relationships between good management and safety. 4. The size of the sample survey will be limited to about 2,500 farms from both states (approximately one percent of each state's farm population) due to financial and manpower con- siderations. 5. The study will be limited to farms located within the two states of Michigan and Ohio. 6. Data collected on the "One-Day Machine Operation Clock'l will not be utilized at this time. 7. Some farmers using forage harvesters and other machines requiring a wagon to collect farm products did not record wagon use time. Therefore, this study will not account for wagon time in these situations. 8. This study will not necessarily account for more than one implement hitched to a tractor at one time. Definitions For the purposes of this study, the following terms and concepts were used: ¥ 1 See definition of "farm" on page 9. 9 farm_-- Any farm of lO or more acres from which the annual sale of agricultural products totals $50 or more. Also, less than 10 acres jj_sales of agricultural products is $250 or more. All farms that meet the requirements above must also use farm machinery in the production of farm products. Farm machinery_-— All petroleum—powered farm machines used primarily on the farm in relation to some phase of production, handling, or transporting of farm products. Such things as electrically Powered feed conveyors, pickup trucks, or rotary lawn mowers would not classify as farm machinery for the purposes of this study. Tractor -- All tractors, regardless of size, used as sources of power in some relation to the production, handling, or transport of farm products. Make —- Refers to the maker or manufacturer of a tractor. n9g91_—- A series of numbers, letters, or words that identify a specific tractor. Year built -- The year a tractor was manufactured, not the year it was sold. Narrow front -- A front single wheel or front wheels closer together than the rear wheels. Crawler -- A tractor that uses a track in place of wheels. Wide front -- A tractor with front wheels set as wide or almost as wide as the rear wheels. Rented or borrowed tractors or equipment -- A farmer does not have to own tractors or self-propelled equipment to be included in the study. Use can be reported from machinery that is owned, l0 rented (leased), or borrowed, as long as it is operated by a family member or by his hired help. Custom work for others is included, but custom work being done for the farmer interviewed was not included. If a farmer and his neighbor share labor, and the farmer uses his neighbor's combine, it would be recorded as a borrowed combine. However, if the neighbor operates the combine on the farmer's land, it is not recorded. The user must be family or hired help to be reportable. Type of farm (cash crop, dairy, livestock, fruit, general farming) -- In this study, the type of farm is determined by selecting the one commodity that is the major source of income. If this cannot be determined, the farm is recorded as general farming. Employment off the farm -- Any work for which there is some type of reimbursement. More hours employed off the farm -- Over one-half the farmer's working time performed off the farm. Acres of cropland operated -- In this study, any land where farm machinery could be operated for production or for farm—related activities (e.g., tractor used on woodlot) is included to show acres of cropland Operated. This includes rented land, orchards, etc., where machinery could be operated. Fuel used -- Refers to the type of fuel used in tractor or power unit. Relation -- Means in relation to the farm operator. Agg_-- Age of operator on the day of the interviewer's visit. Accident frequency rate -- For the purposes of this study, accident frequency rate is the number of accidents that resulted in injuries that required professional medical care (doctor, ll hospital, nurse, x-ray, etc.), or resulted in the loss of one half-day or more of time from normal activities per l,000,000 hours of exposure. The following definition was accepted from "A Study of Accidents to Farm People in Michigan" by K. M. Hofmeister (l968): Reportable accident —- Accidents which result in injury to a farm family member, regardless of where the accident occurs, or accidental injuries to hired hands while on the job are report- able. Injuries occurring to hired hands not on the job, or to their families, are not reportable. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Introduction No studies were found that surveyed farm machinery use involving a log of time per operator per farm machine. Studies that determined the hours farm machines were used generally involved farmers' estimates of the number of hours they used their tractors during the year. Use of a daily log or record of machine time was not evident. Related Studies Related studies were reviewed, but meaninngl content relative to the scope of the Farm Machinery Use Study was not generally found to be helpful in the survey or instrument design. Some of the interesting approaches to collecting hours of use were: l. Machinery_Repair Cost Survey -- A survey of farmers who were paid to answer questionnaires on a monthly basis. This particular survey was to obtain the repair cost pattern for equipment used in cash grain farming. Use was recorded by asking for: a, Hours used during year l966, and b. Acres covered during use for several farm machines used in cash grain operations. 12 2. 13 A Computerized Farm Cost Accounting System -- A computerized weekly labor report that collected the job, enterprise, specific man—hours, regular man-hours, truck miles, auto hours, and special equipment hours specifying the tool used with a quantity (volume) rating on the work performed. A Crude Framework for Bypassing Exposure -- A mathematical method used to employ numerical transformations of the accident data, based on plausible conjectures, for conversion 0f "raw" accident figures into "exposure—corrected quantities.“ This method did not collect hours of use; rather, it calculated relative involvement rates in accidents without determining exposure. Application of Mathematical Formulas to Repair Cost Data -— In l966, the Agricultural Engineering Department of the University of Illinois obtained repair cost and machine use data on ll different machines on l,800 Illinois and Indiana farms. To determine the annual hours of use, farmers were asked to estimate both hours and acres of annual use. Table 2 is from ASAE Paper No. 69-156. 14 Table 2. Average hours of annual use, Illinois and Indiana data combined. 2 .8 8 Z 2 Age u. m u. E 8 5— CI) 0') S— (6 Since 8 .E a B m 2 ‘C B. .1’.’ m .2 New 8 E ii E. E “3’ .93 2 .2: a :1 Years 1‘: 8 E E: E g 53 63 s '5 3 1 428 222 124 75 151 49 57 48 56 111 83 2 483 231 120 64 154 52 76 91 49 105 99 3 495 207 87 64 115 38 76 78 26 105 90 4 554 157 91 60 110 53 89 53 31 99 82 5 504 148 71 57 123 43 6O 57 33 102 105 6 449 128 74 52 111 43 65 26 25 67 86 7 468 99 77 64 139 36 63 77 21 92 84 8 471 80 76 43 84 35 54 106 26 92 58 9 485 99 57 55 98 31 51 1 24 69 65 10 455 68 63 39 85 31 41 68 27 61 66 11 461 64 48 46 60 34 34 - 23 67 45 12 422 59 52 38 60 31 41 65 24 6O 68 13 407 66 32 41 72 32 74 - 32 72 65 14 362 52 52 36 62 36 35 - 19 63 54 15 382 54 35 32 78 25 31 28 41 72 63 16 374 38 39 31 68 32 35 - 16 43 42 17 349 41 46 56 72 39 41 - 18 33 33 18 281 31 50 25 50 27 24 — 24 20 43 19 455 30 63 35 85 18 20 - 20 57 64 20 284 29 34 31 46 24 - - 20 28 33 15 Table 3. Projected farm machinery accidents, Michigan and Ohio, 1971. NSC 8—State Total 1 2 Mich Expanded Agcident Type of Accident Mich Ohio & Ohio Data TRACTOR Tricycle (narrow) 189 399 588 Wide Front End 231 177 408 Other Tractors --- 54 54 Not Identified by Type 231 --- 231 All Tractors 651 630 1281 6700 MACHINERY Corn Picker 114 159 700 Combine 152 265 1700 Wagon 493 371 4000 Elevator 152 424 2700 Baler 189 --- 500 Other Machinery 682 848 7800 All Machinery 1782 2067 18200 Accidents involving farm equipment on Michigan public roads and highways was also obtained from Michigan State Police records. It is summarized in Table 4, which shows an analysis of 364 accidents involving farm equipment, resulting in only 60 tractor operator injuries. 1 Projected by H. J. Doss from data accumulated by K. M. Hofmeister and R. G. Pfister, "A Study of Accidents to Farm People in Michigan." 2 Projected by 6. Howard Phillips and w. E. Stuckey, Ohio State University, August 4, 1971. 3 Data from Bill Hanford, Farm Division, National Safety Council, May 30, 1972. 16 Table 4. Analysis Of 364 accidents involving farm equipment on Michigan public roads and highways in 1971. Age of Operator Tractor Operator Injuries On Farm Equipment Fatal Disabling Total 0 - 14 O 5 5 15 - 24 3 18 21 25 - 44 1 9 10 45 - 64 2 16 18 65 - Over 2 3 5 Not Stated 0 1 1 TOTAL 8 52 6O Ohio tractor accidents on public roads and highways were also Obtained from Ohio State Police records and are summarized in Table 5, which shows 64 tractor operator injuries from the analysis of 359 tractor accidents on Ohio public roads and highways in 1971. Table 5. Analysis of 359 tractor accidents on Ohio public roads and highways in 1971. Age of Operator Tractor Operator Injuries ‘ On Tractor Fatal Disabling Total 0 — 14 O 4 4 15 — 24 4 ll 15 25 - 44 2 10 12 45 - 64 O 19 19 65 - Over 1 13 14 TOTAL 7 57 64 17 A 10-county survey Of farm accidents in New York found the following concerning tractors and farm machinery: "The accident frequency for tractors was low, 0.8 accidents per 100,000 hours of Operation. A11 harvesting equipment had an accident frequency of 3.1 accidents per 100,000 hours of operation" (Hoff, 1970). Table 6. Number of accidents involving selected machines per 100,000 hours Of use on survey farms, New York, 1969. Number Average Total Annual Number Accidents of Hours Used Hours Of of Per 100,000 Machine Farms Per Year Use Accidents Hours of Use Tractors 5,891 421 2,480,111 21 0.8 Mowers & Haybines 2,127 170 360,590 4 1.2 Corn Pickers 387 126 48,762 3 6.2 Forage Harvesters 1,334 135 180,090 11 6.1 Combines 712 113 80,456 3 3.7 Field machines with less than 3 reported accidents were not included. Farm Accident Studies Two studies were used as reference points in the design of this study: 1. Accidents to Farm and Rural Nonfarm People in Ohio (Phillips and Stuckey, 1967). 1 Annual hours of use from farm account records averages, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. 2. 18 A Study of Accidents to Farm People in Michigan (Hofmeister and Pfister, 1968). Both studies used similar methods and definitions to obtain a sample farm population. The results are therefore compatible. Findings from these studies were used as a basis for the accident component of the projected accident frequency rate. Summar From the previous studies reviewed, the following general observations may be drawn: 1. No studies involving a detailed daily log of farm machinery use per operator per farm machine were reported in the literature reviewed. Studies of farm machinery use which asked farmers how many hours they used their tractors during the year were found, but specific exposure information using a detailed log or record of time per day was not evident. Related studies were found that showed alternative methods for obtaining farm machinery exposure information. State accident studies are increasing in number. More accurate and complete exposure data is needed to determine accident frequency rates. Exposure and accident data on farm equipment operated on public roads and highways were not included in reports of various state accident studies. CHAPTER III PROCEDURES Summary Of Procedures A proposal for a study Of the nature and extent of use of farm machinery in relation to frequency of accidents was prepared by Dr. Richard G. Pfister during February 1970. The proposal outlined the objectives of the study, some of the points to be investigated, justification for conducting the study, and the procedures for con— ducting the study. No previous study of this type had been done in Michigan. Investigation began on July 1, 1970, to establish procedures for . Obtaining and analyzing data on the nature and extent of farm machinery use. On September 2, 1970, arrangements were made with a nearby county (not one of the counties in the study) to pretest equipment and labor inventory forms with the farm machinery use form. Pretests were made on September 10 and 24, and October 15, 1970, by Doss and Hausmann. A meeting with persons concerned with this study representing Ohio State University, the National Safety Council, and the American Farm Bureau Research Foundation was held in Ohio on September 28, 1970, to review the forms developed. On October 22, 1970, a meeting with one Of our interviewers was held to allow a final test of forms using one of our study counties and our hired local interviewer from that county. Positive results from our pretesting schedule allowed the final 19 20 selection of interviewers and farms to be studied in each county during November 1970. Similar selections were made in Ohio by Ohio State University cooperators. During December 1970, two interviewer training meetings were held to familiarize all interviewers on study and interviewing pro- cedures to increase accuracy and consistency of data collection. Develpping the Questionnaire Several questionnaires were developed and tested before the study started. It was determined that a two-stage questionnaire was of most value. The total questionnaire was divided into two main parts, a yellow information sheet and a white with green ink, two-page farm machinery use form printed on NCR (noncarbon reproducing) paper. The Basic Information Sheet (Appendix A-l) identified the person answering the questionnaire, size and type of farm, full- or part-time farmer, 16 questions on machinery storage buildings, and a question on an investment in a tractor cab. The Farm Machinery Use form (Appendix A—2) was a log sheet that Identified details on the tractors and self-propelled equipment used, family members or hired help operating the equipment, and a l4—day log 0f machinery use. Also on this sheet was a One-Day Machine Operation Clock that recorded the time of day the machines were used by operators. This form could accommodate 44 distinct entries on machine use with the provision that most common ruled sheets of paper could be added if more entries were necessary. The questionnaire, along with supporting instructions, was 21 developed into an interviewer's training kit, which assembled all the necessary items for one interviewer to conduct the exposure study for a one-year period. The kits and forms were distributed at the training meetings. Selection of Sample Counties The technique for the selection of the sample farms to be surveyed was based upon a stratified-randomized procedure. This method insured that the sample would be both representative of all farming types in Michigan and Ohio, and also reflect the wide economic spectrum among like types of farming enterprises. For these reasons, a purely randomized sampling procedure would have been inadequate. The procedure was to take each county and classify it according to the most predominant type of farming. The following 10 classes of farming were developed from Michigan agricultural statistics (the Ohio farm classes were based on the previous method used in the Ohio farm accident study). Classes of Farming 1. Livestock -- A county with over $1 million of livestock sales, comprising over 30 percent of the income. 2. fruit_-- A county with over $2 million in the sale of fruit, comprising over 35 percent of the income. 3. Cash Crops I -- A county with over $15 million in sales of cash crops, comprising 45 percent or more of the county income. 22 Cash Crops II -- A county with over $7 million of cash crop sales, comprising over 45 percent of the county income. 4. Dairy I -- A county with over $5.5 million in dairy sales, and 35 percent of its income from dairy. Dairy II -- A county with $2 million or more in dairy sales, comprising 35 percent of the county income. 5. General Farming I -- County sales are $19 million or more in agricultural products. General Farming II -- County sales are $13 to $18 million in agricultural products. General Farming III —- County sales are $5 to $12 million in agricultural products. General Farming IV -- County sales are less than $5 million in agricultural products. No fewer than 500 farms were accepted as a single group. In some cases, counties were grouped in order to make comparisons among a sufficient number of farms. This produced groups of farm classes that had farm populations of similar magnitudes. A random county (counties) was selected as a representative of each of the 10 classes of farming. This provided 10 sample areas in each state from which a random sampling Of farms could be chosen (see Figures 1 and 2). Selection of Farms Within Sample Counties From within each county or group of counties, the random sample Of farms was chosen according to the following procedure: 23 FARM.MACHINERY USE --MICHIGAN-- Class of Farm Livestock 8t. Fruit Benzie Leelanau Cash Crop I Saginaw Cash Crop II Bay Dairy I Inghan Dairy II Newaygo General Farming I Allegan General Farming II Jackson General Farming III Kalamazoo General Farming IV Barnga Dickinson Marquette Study conducted during 1971. Figure 1. Michigan counties selected by a stratified-randomized sampling procedure. 24 ' c w. o FREMON .0“. o “if VIN-5F 0.0.- a- .0 0 CAN IELO O WOOST E R m. OILEAOE§ “1“ C... 9' °‘ v “a I‘m ~.a ’ .n l o ‘0' 53,0... APAKONETA “- I o.‘ .. a O:’O‘. '1'.“ O... -' C EATON MCCOMNELSVII If M O WASHINGT ..M. a" '0, I. a- .i N. n .‘ '. nu..- \.' . O JACKSON "’ . '-,;‘ = Sample Counties Figure 2. Ohio counties selected by a stratified-randomized sampling procedure. 25 1. Each county agent has address plates or some type of mailing list for farmers in his county. The total length of the address plate drawers was measured and divided by 18, which is the number of visits the interviewer would make in that county. 2. These 18 farm people, identified by Step 1 above, were the starting points for each visit. Locating this person in the local county plat book, Mr. Doss, who was not thoroughly familiar with any of the areas involved, randomly selected a direction (north, south, east, or west) in which the inter- viewer would travel from the starting point. 3. With the aid of the county extension agent, the next seven farms in the direction selected from the starting point were identified so as not to skip any plot of ground that might have machinery use. There were many considerations involved in deciding to use this technique. The first question that might be raised is whether the county agent's files truly represent a random sampling. The rationale used to justify its validity is: 1) It was believed that the county agent's file contained a majority of the productive farms in his district, with the exception of some of the marginal and part-time farms. Therefore, the general conclusion was that, although there was a small group not represented in the address files, the hours of machinery usage of these farms would be accounted for in the long run by the fact that we were sampling in the farming areas. Also, by choosing a random direction in which to travel, a marginal farm could easily gain representation in the survey. 2) It was the best 26 available list of farms for the county. 3) Upon testing the technique, it was found to represent a good random sample geographically as the starting farms were well distributed throughout the county. Although the sampling technique appeared to be the best possible for the amount of manpower and monies available, two limitations are recognized. l) The county agent's files tend to contain successful commercial farms and, therefore, starting points will be established in farming areas. Experience indicates that there are areas of good farms and likewise areas of poorer farms, due to such things as soil type or topography. 2) The county extension agent may introduce bias by assisting in the selection of the next seven farms down the road. His recall and experience is used in this selection, and therefore he has the Opportunity to exclude an individual if he believes that the land is not being cultivated. There are basically two situations in which the interviewer has the opportunity to introduce bias: 1) If no one can be contacted, the interviewer has the Option of passing over a farm. Experience has Shown that this farm may be a small, part-time operation. 2) If the interviewer decides to replace the missed farm with a substitute down the road (which is his option), he may choose a more prosperous farm, since the interviewer uses the appearance of the property as his criterion for deciding whether machinery is used on the property. He may also have a tendency to choose a larger farm on the basis that the farmer may be more cooperative. These factors contributed to a less—than-expected representation of small, part-time farmers. Returns verify the presence of this situation, since the average farm interviewed was about 60 acres 27 larger than the average—sized Michigan farm, according to census infor- mation. The breakdown on the type of farm for the survey, however, followed the 1964 U.S. Agriculture Census data in magnitude. Table 7. Farm Machinery Use Study -- Ohio sample! Selection of Counties The following was the method used for selecting the 10 representa- tive counties for our 1971 Exposure Study. 1. Counties with a population of more than 500,000 were eliminated from consideration. These counties are: Cuyahoga, Summit, Lucas, Franklin, Montgomery, and Hamilton. 2. We selected one county from each Extension area by random numbering of each county in the area. Then one number was selected at random for the sample counties. A second number was drawn at random for a back-up county in each area. The following counties were selected: Extension Area Sample Counties Alternate Counties Defiance Henry Defiance Wapakoneta Auglaize Hardin Eaton Miami Preble Washington C.H. Clinton Brown Jackson Meigs Athens McConnelsville Harrison Jefferson Canfield Trumbull Geauga Fremont Erie Wyandot Mt. Gilead Morrow Knox Wooster Ashland Coshocton 1 By W. E, Stuckey, Ohio State University, 1970. 28 Table 8. Comparison of sample data versus 1964 U S. Agriculture Census for type of farm in Michigan (in percent).1 Type 1 Cash Crops Dairy Livestock Fruit General I 1964 Census: 27.8 33.6 17.4 6.9 14.3 FMUS Study I 30.8 26.0 17.3 11.9 6.8 h—— Sample Size The situation is quite complex regarding the statistical valid- ity Of the sample size. The technique involved could be considered as a sample within a sample within a sample. The first and most basic sample is the representative type and economic class sample. In other words, this sample should reflect all types and sizes of farms in Michigan. The technique to achieve this condition was the stratified- randomized sampling procedure described earlier. In terms of size, this sampling will constitute about one percent of all farms in Michi- gan. Excluding neglect of very small farming operations, this group should be highly representative of Michigan farming. The real purpose Of the survey, however, is to get a representa- tive sampling of the hours of machinery usage of all farm machinery involving tractors and self—propelled equipment. Approximately 1,150 Michigan farms (1,050 in Ohio) were interviewed, and they logged or 1 Table by C. T. Hausmann and H. J. Doss. 29 accounted for a total of about 15,820 days. There is a potential for 25.5 million log days for all Michigan farmers. Therefore, in terms of percent of the potential of the population, the sample was approximately .062 percent of the total days. With limited monetary and manpower resources, it is not feasible to obtain a lOO-percent sample Of the population's possible days of machinery usage. This would place a tremendous burden on all farmers in the state to keep daily machine use records for 365 consecutive days. Also, fatigue and guesswork would become a major problem if such a program were followed. Therefore, a smaller, more precise sample has the potential of providing reliable and valid data. The highly seasonal usage Of farm machinery also produces sampling difficulties. For example, sampling a farm in June will produce little combine usage. Therefore, this survey represents all types of seasonal Operations and gives proper weight to each farm type, size, and class. Two aspects that lend an added degree of representation to the sampling technique are: 1. Like types of farming enterprises will be performing essentially the same basic seasonal operations (i.e. plowing, planting, cultivating, and harvesting) that are necessary for the operation of that type of farming at that particular time period. 2. Similar types of farming enterprises will own and operate similar types of equipment. Studies show that 87 percent of all Class I dairy farms own a pickup baler, and 99 percent of all Class II cash crop farmers own combines (Wright, 1971). Therefore, in terms Of the kinds of 30 Operations being performed in a given period by a specific type of farm, there will be some similarity. Also, these same farms will likely have similar machinery to perform these functions, and, therefore, be exposed to similar hazards. Every effort was made to assure that the selection of sample counties and the size of the sample reflect the farm populations of Michigan and Ohio and describe farm machinery usage in both states. Selection of Interviewers Twenty interviewers were hired by the Agricultural Engineering Department, Michigan State University, to conduct the survey with the help of each cooperating county extension director. Ohio State University selected the Ohio interviewers, with the help Of each cooperating county agent and W. E. Stuckey. County Extension Staff Cooperation Cooperation was received from the County Extension Director and his staff in: 1. Helping locate and assist in the hiring of a qualified inter— viewer, as well as supervising the interviewer. 2. Assisting in the selection Of 18 starting points from the mailing lists and establishing a list of seven farmers down the road from each starting point. 3. Providing the interviewer with a plat map, county map, and a mailing list (cards or plates) or ASCS list. 31 4. Preparing and distributing letters of introduction for 18 visits and self-addressed envelopes for return of data. 5. Serving as a reference for interviewers and as a mail drop for survey forms. A contact was made with each of the county extension directors or agents in the Michigan sample, explaining the basic concepts of the study and asking their cooperation. All sample counties in Ohio were contacted by Ohio State University personnel, who also explained the Study to the county agents in the Ohio sample. Project Coordinators' Responsibilities Overall project coordination was done by the project coordinators at Michigan State University. Since all interviewers were hired and paid by the Agricultural Engineering Department, Michigan State University, there was a direct line of responsibility from the inter- viewers tO the project coordinators (Pfister and Doss). Training meetings were held in Michigan and Ohio. The Michigan training meeting was held at Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University (with the exception of one interviewer who lived farther than 500 miles from the MSU campus, in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, and was trained at his home by Doss), and the FMUS project coordinators were responsible for this meeting. The Ohio meeting was arranged by OSU cooperators and conducted by the FMUS project coordinators with the help Of the OSU staff. The FMUS project coordinators organized the meeting dates, trained the interviewers, developed the questionnaire, provided instructional 32 kits, set up sampling procedures, and analyzed data. Figure 3 shows the FMUS organizational structure. FMUS Project Coordinators Michigan State University (Pfister, Doss) l ’ - 1 Michigan Michigan County Interviewers - Extension Directors [7 l 1 Ohio Ohio County OSU Interviewers Extension Agents Cooperators Figure 3. Farm Machinery Use Study organizational structure. Training Meetings On December 1, 1970, the Michigan Training Meeting was held at the Agricultural Engineering Building at Michigan State University. The agenda for the meeting was established and given to the interviewers. An interviewer's kit was developed to aid interviewers in learning about the study and interviewing methods. The kit contained the following items: 1. Agenda 2. Brief facts about FMUS 3. 1970 Calendar of Events -- FMUS 4. FMUS Guidelines (12 pages) 33 5. Supplement (A) list of possible machines and equipment hitched to tractors 6. Visiting schedule for interviewers 7. Sample letter to introduce interviewer 8. Invoice for Machinery Use Data 9. Summary of key points 10. FMUS forms (basic information and log of machine use) The meeting told of the background and importance of the study, how to use survey forms when interviewing, how to follow up on returned data from farmers, and procedures for sending in reviewed and completed data and getting paid. Overhead transparencies and a simulated inter- view with a typical farmer using a cassette tape recorder were used as instructional aids. A similar Ohio training meeting was held on December 15, 1970, in Columbus, Ohio, at Ohio State University with the assistance of the Ohio State University cooperators. Data Collection Data was sent by U.S. mail to Michigan State University by the interviewers as soon as it was received from the sample farmers and reviewed by the interviewer. It was sent on a per-visit basis with late data returns sent with the following visit. A constant monitoring of data received was done by Doss and Hausmann, using a returned—data checklist and postcard. After a review of the data was received, the invoice for pay- ment was checked for accuracy and a request for payment for data 34 xwwgm> gonna aux .ummgm muse sucqumx ca name umuoumcg mo cwemcmeh .mmop Foc_m_co mcwuoumca .ema53: muczou 23 name mm—PL .xomcu cow ummscmc mmzmma .um>wmumc opmu mcwpmuwn:_ .v mesmwu .pcmcu 30F» cowuumppou mung .— . Lmzmw>Lmucp Lot. Pageuupoguumu_owo :owmcmuxm zycsou .mo_ see-e . .mm>mmp cmzm_>gmucp emote mm: mcwcuwe co mo~ xmuuo_ mummy mace; mPaEmm w uceupmoa co pmmcm mmouxumcu .“mmgm moOIxumzu m:_m: Um>wmumc mama 3mw>mm1||_ to xaou mvcmm cmzww>cmucHH¢|L .mpmu mcwmmws co acmmmmum: a? a: F mzoppoeuu moo; uwccaumm mzmw>mm Ammoo .cmpmwwav mcopmcwvcoou pummoca L“ was; — oo— .omcw— mo_ - . manna uwmoaxmu-o_ - H _- __ez .m.= 82> #Irppmw> mc_u:m mucmm 35 received was issued. A check was mailed from the Michigan State University payroll Office directly to the interviewer. All data received was acknowledged, using the checklist or postcard. Additional communication through a newsletter for inter- viewers was sent on an irregular basis. News releases for use by the cooperating counties were also issued. Generally, news releases were used in local papers within the cooperating counties. Summarization of Data The data received from interyiewers was first reviewed for correct information before being numerically coded on each original Questionnaire. The information from these coded forms was then placed on a special code sheet to assist keypunch operators. Each special code sheet was punched and verified to insure accuracy. The CDC 6500 computer at Michigan State University was used to accumulate the information from all FMUS forms. Appendix 8 contains the print-out from the computer program. CHAPTER IV RESULTS OF THE STUDY Introduction The data collected during the Farm Machinery Use Study was compiled by a CDC 6500 computer. The key for the computer-printed output on various machinery exposures precedes Appendix B. All machinery use data was projected to provide statewide perspectives on the nature and extent of machinery use. Farm Machinery Exposure Data Detailed information on all of the machinery included in the study is found in Appendix B. The intent of the following is to present some of the more important points -- not all the specific details. Refer to Appendix 8. pages 81 - 146, for complete details. Exposure on Tractors (For Michigan and Ohio; exceptions are noted) 1. Hired Labor -- Males from 15 through 24 years of age were primary users of tractors. Use of tractors was so intensive in this quyear age group that it exceeded use by males in the 20-year age group of 25 through 44. In Michigan, 50 percent of the hours of tractor use by hired labor involved tractors manufactured within the past 36 37 12 years. In comparison, 34 percent of the hours of tractor use by hired labor in Ohio involved tractors manufactured within the past seven years, and 55 percent of the use involved tractors manufactured within the past 12 years. The three highest levels of use of tractors by hired labor according to manufacturer were: Michigan -- John Deere, International Harvester, and Case Ohjg_-— International Harvester, John Deere, and Ford Hired female labor using tractors was very low in both states (Appendix 8, pages 83 and 116). Family Labor —- Both males and females had the highest ex- posure on wide-front tractors. In Michigan and Ohio, 42 percent of the use of tractors by family labor was logged on tractors manufactured within the past seven years. In Michigan and Ohio, 61 percent and 58 percent, respectively, of the tractor use by family labor involved tractors manufactured within the past 12 years. The three highest levels of use of tractors by family labor according to manufacturer were: Michigan -— (Male) John Deere, International Harvester, Allis Chalmers. (Female) John Deere, International Harvester, Ford. 9hjp_-- (Male) International Harvester, John Deere, Ford. (Female) John Deere, Ford, International Harvester (Appendix 8, pages 84 and 117). 38 Table 9. Hours of tractor use in Michigan and Ohio according to hired and family labor (in thousands) during 19711, by age group. All Michigan Labor Ohio Labor MALE Hired Family Hired Family 5 - 14 0 2,430 248 2,599 15 - 24 4,608 10,647 2,983 10,754 25 - 44 4,545 20,695 2,935 24,220 45 - 64 2,341 26,235 2,696 29,652 65 - Over 564 2,805 342 6,580 All Ages 12,058 62,812 9,204 73,805 FEMALE 5 - l4 0 220 O 109 15 - 24 0 514 3 363 25 - 44 0 1,076 O 948 45 - 64 39 792 0 1,096 65 - Over 0 0 0 12 All Ages 39 2,602 3 2,528 (12,097) (65,414) (9,207) (76,333) Total for all Total for all Michigan Labor = 77,511 Ohio Labor = 85,540 3. Day of Week -- Generally, there were no appreciable differences between days of the week and exposure on tractors, with the exception of Sunday, which had about I Data was projected from Appendix B, and adjusted to the exposure that would reflect the most accurate exposure information per state. 9. 39 one—third the exposure of any other day of the week. Type of Farm -- Dairy farms had the most use of tractors in both states (Appendix 8, pages 86 and 119). Acreage —- Farms over 1,000 acres used a greater proportion of new tractors (less than six years old) than smaller farms. Farms under 50 acres used tractors 20 - 25 years old more total hours than any other five-year range in tractor age (Appendix 8, pages 87 and 120). Tractor Types -- There were obvious differences in extent of use by horsepower class and manufacturer. For example, International Harvester was the most extensively used 40 - 59 horsepower tractor in both states, while John Deere was most frequently used in the 60 - 100 and lOO-plus horse- power classes (Appendix 8, pages 88 and 121). Fuel Used -- Gasoline—fueled tractors were used the most hours in each state; however, diesel-fueled tractors were more extensively used in the 60 - 100 and lOO—plus horse- power categories (Appendix 8, pages 89 and 122). Ownership —- Over 90 percent of all tractors were owned by Michigan and Ohio farmers. Thirty percent of the rented tractors in Michigan were manufactured within the past seven years, as compared to 69 percent in Ohio. ng_-- Female operators accounted for 5.9 percent of tractor exposure in Michigan, compared to 3.3 percent in Ohio (Appendix 8, pages 91 and 124). 40 Table 10. Hours Of tracto use (in thousands) in Michigan, according to type of tractor, by sex . TRACTOR TYPES Narrow Crawler Wide ‘§§§_ Front 8 Others Front All_ Male 23,484 1,084 48,385 72,953 Female 1,305 62 3,189 4,556 All Operators 24,789 1,146 51,574 77,509 Table 11. Hours of tractor use (in thousands) in Ohio, according to type of tractor, by sexz. TRACTOR TYPES Narrow Crawler Wide SEN. Front & Others Front ‘All Male 37,199 350 44,854 82,403 Female 1,024 3 1,832 2,859 All Operators 38,223 353 46,686 85,262 10. Type of Farmer —- Part—time farmers accounted for 9.3 percent of all tractor use in Michigan, as compared to 15 percent in Ohio (Appendix 8, pages 92 and 125). 1 2 Data projected from Appendix B. Data projected from Appendix B. 41 Exposure with Tractors Hitched to Farm Machinery 1. Month -- Months of peak use vary with type of farm machine. For example, 63 percent of all plow use in Michigan and 68 percent in Ohio occurred in April and May. Day of Week -- Generally, no appreciable difference was found in use by day Of the week, with the exception of Sunday, which had about one-half the average exposure of the other days in the week (Appendix 8, pages 95 and 128). Type of Farm -- Hours of use of certain farm machines varied by farm type and by state. For example, use Of anhydrous ammonia application equipment was highest on Michigan cash crop farms, but in Ohio, general farms logged the most hours of use of this equipment. Ownership, Sex -- Most of the hours of machinery use in— volved machinery owned by the farmer, rather than being rented or borrowed. Females used various harvesting machines more extensively than planting and tillage, fer— tilizing, or materials handling machinery. Exposure on Public Roads with Tractors l. Hired Labor -- In Michigan, males from 15 through 24 accounted for 47 percent of use of tractors on public roads. In comparison, in Ohio, males from 15 through 24 had 35 percent of the exposure on public roads, using tractors. Family Labor -- In both states, males from 45 through 64 years old had the highest use of tractors on the public roads and highways (Appendix 8, pages 100 and 133). 42 Table 12. Hours of machinery use], Michigan and Ohio, 1971. PROJECTED HOURS OF USE (Millions of Hours) Farm Machine Michigan 'Qflig Corn Picker 2.346 2.551 Combine 1.354 2.942 Wagon 6.858 7.276 Elevator 0.265 0.432 Baler 1.776 2.900 m 3. Day of Week -- Generally, no appreciable difference was found on hours of machinery use for different days of the week, with the exception of Sunday, which had about one-third the exposure of other days. 4. Type of Farm -- Employees and family members on dairy farms had a higher exposure on the public roads. 5. Acreage -- Employees and family members on farms Operating 200 through 499 acres were highest in public road use with tractors of all types (Appendix B, pages 103 and 136). I Data projected from Appendix B. Largest value was used per farm to reflect the most accurate exposure information per state. 10. 43 Tractor Types -- The most frequently used tractor on the public road, in the horsepower class of 60 through 99, was John Deere. In the 40 through 59 horsepower class, it was International Harvester (Appendix 8, pages 104 and 137). Fuel Used —- Gasoline-fueled tractors dominate the public road for all tractor types; however, diesel-fueled tractors have the highest use on public roads of all wide-front tractors and with all tractors in the 60 through 99 horse- power class in both states (Appendix 8, pages 105 and 138). Ownership -- Ninety-eight percent of all tractors used on public roads were owned by farmers in Michigan and Ohio. §g§_-— Males accounted for 96 percent of all tractor use on public roads (Appendix 8, pages 107 and 140). Type Of Farmer -- Part-time farmers in Ohio accounted for 12 Percent of all tractor use on public roads. In contrast, Michigan part-time farmers accounted for 5.5 percent of all use on public roads (Appendix B, pages 108 and 141). Exposure on Public Roads with Farm Machinery 1. 2. Month -- The two farm machines hitched to tractors and used the most hours on public roadways were wagons and manure Spreaders (Appendix 8, pages 110 and 143). ng of Week -- Generally, there was no appreciable difference between days of the week in regard to exposure of farm machinery on the public road (Appendix 8, pages 111 and 144). Type of Farm -- Dairy farmers are most likely to be on the public road with farm machinery in both states. For example, 44 approximately 50 percent of the use of wagons on public roads is by dairy farmers (Appendix 8, pages 112 and 145). 4. Ownership, Sex -- Males are the primary users Of farm machinery on the public road. This machinery was mainly owned by the farmer in both states. Projected Farm Accident Frequency Rates Accident statistics used in establishing the accident frequency rates reported in this study are based on Hofmeister's "A Study of Accidents to Farm People in Michigan" and "Accidents to Farm and Rural Nonfarm People in Ohio" by Phillips and Stuckey. In addition, farm equipment accidents on public roads as reported by Michigan and Ohio State Police are used as a basis for public highway farm equipment accident frequency rates. The average accident frequency rate for Michigan farm work is approximately 20 accidents per million man-hours, as reported in Hofmeister's study (1968). Data presented in Table 13 indicates that the tractor accident frequency rates are lower than the average farm accident rate. Table 13 also indicates that tricycle—type tractors generally show a higher accident rate than those with wide front ends. In general, there are no appreciable differences between Michigan and Ohio in this regard. Table 14 indicates that tractor operators under the age of 15 have the highest accident rate -- almost six times the average. Oper- ators in the 25 - 65 age groups have the lowest average accident frequency rate. Table 13. Michigan and Ohio, 1971. 45 Projected overall tractor accident frequency rates, Tractor Type Tricycle (narrow) Wide Front End All Tractor Types Accidents per million hours of use1 Michigan 9319 10.32 10.4 6.12 3.8 8.4 7.4 Table 14. rojected overall tractor accident frequency rates by age of operator , Michigan, 1971. Age of Tractor Operator lO - 14 15 - 24 25 - 44 45-64 65 - Over Accidents per million hours of use Michigan 43.0 9.6 4.5 5.6 29.7 1 Based on hours Of tractor use by type of tractor, Tables 10 and 11, and accident statistics, Table 3. 2 according to tractor type. There were 231 tractor accidents reported that were not identified These were distributed according to the 45 percent narrow / 55 percent wide front end accident ratio established by Michigan statistics where the tractor type involved had been identified. 3 Source for age data: Pfister, 197l. 46 Table 15 indicates the severity in tractor operator accidents. Operators ages 5 through 14 and 65 and over have the highest fatal accident frequency rates of all age groups. In Table 15, the total number of fatal accidents of 30 in Michigan and 27 in Ohio is based on reports from state departments of health from both states. The distrib- ution of fatal accidents by age of operator is based on an average percentage over the past 15 years, rather than the actual 1971 total. This was used as the best measure of the number of fatal accidents by age, since a small change in number of deaths in any age group leads to wide fluctuations in rate. Machinery had an appreciably Ifigher accident frequency rate than tractors, as indicated in Table 16. Elevators appear to be the most dangerous type of farm machine, from an accident frequency rate Standpoint. Accident frequency rates for all machines seem identical for both states. The accident frequency rate on public roads appears to be four times higher in both states than average tractor work, as indicated in Table 17. The 65-and—over age group has the highest rate, followed by persons under 15 years of age. Table 15. 47 rate, Michigan and Ohio, 1971. Projected overall fatal tractor operator accident frequency Million Hours Fatal Accidents Age Fatal Accidents of Use of per million of 1971 Tractor3 Hours of Use Operator MICHI OHIO2 MICH OHIO MICH OHIO 5 - 14 3.0 1.9 2.650 2.956 1.10 0.70 15 - 24 3.7 3.7 15.769 14.103 0.24 0.26 25 - 44 5.4 5.4 26.316 28.103 0.21 0.19 45 - 64 9.6 8.4 29.407 33.444 0.32 0.25 65 - Over 8.3 7.6 3.369 6.934 2.50 1.10 TOTAL 30 _27—_- 77.511 85.540 OVERALL FATALITY FREQUENCY 0.39 0.32 I Source for age data: 2 Source for fatal accident data: 3 Pfister, 1971. Stuckey, 1971. Use data from Table 9. 48 Table 16. Projected overall farm machinery accident frequency rates, Michigan and Ohio, 1971. Accidents Per Million Hours of Usel Farm Machine Michigan 9319_ Corn Picker 48.6 62.3 Combine 112.0 90.1 Wagon 71.9 51.0 Elevator 573.62 981.52 Baler 106.4 ID3 OINeNaTH;HeTractors 40'9 40'] 1 Accident data from Tables 4 and 5. Hours of machinery use data from Table 12. 2 Accident data includes all elevators -- exposure data includes petroleum-powered elevators only. 3 ID = Insufficient data. Table 17. 49 Projected accident frequency rates for farm equipment on public roads and highways, Michigan and Ohio, 1971. Incident Reported per Million Hours of Use Accidents per Million Hours of Use2 Farm Machine MICHIGAN OHIO MICHIGAN OHIO Tractors and Self-Propelled 205.0 145.0 33.8 25.9 Equipment Age of Operators Injured on Farm Equipment 0 - 14 Not Available 66.7 50.0 15 - 24 52.1 24.8 25 - 44 17.6 17.3 45 - 64 31.6 19.9 65 - Over 96.8 101.5 Report rate is based on incidence of reportable accidents involving farm equipment that was investigated by the Michigan and Ohio State These reports include incidence of property damage, in Police. addition to injury accidents. only one tractor. Ohio data included those involving 2 Accident rate is based on frequency of injury or death of operators on farm equipment involved in accidents on public roads or highways that were reported to the Michigan and Ohio State Police. Riders or passengers were not included. CHAPTER V SUMMARY Introduction The primary objective of this study was to determine accident frequency rates per million man-hours of use of tractors, combines, balers, and other selected farm machinery. Farm accident data had been established in Michigan and Ohio, so the main purpose of this study was to Obtain and analyze information on the nature and extent of use of farm machinery in the two states. Once the hours of use of various types of machines was established, accident rates were calculated by relating hours of use to existing machinery accident data. Review Of Literature Several studies were reviewed, but none were based on a daily log system. Some of these studies included: 1. Machinery Repair Cost Survey -- used monthly questionnaires to determine cost patterns for equipment used in cash grain farming. 2. A Computerized Farm Cost Accounting System -- collected data on the job, enterprise, regular and specific man-hours, truck miles, auto hours, special equipment hours, and so on. 50 51 3. A Crude Framework for Bypassing Exposure -- presented a mathematical formula for converting "raw" accident figures into "exposure-corrected quantities" without actual ex- posure. 4. Application of Mathematical Formulas to Repair Cost Data -- involved a repair cost survey on 11 machines on 1,800 farms in Illinois and Indiana. Statistics compiled by the Michigan and Ohio State Police were also reviewed. Two studies served as reference points in the design of this study. One was "Accidents to Farm and Rural Nonfarm People in Ohio" (Phillips and Stuckey, 1967). The other was Hofmeister's "A Study of Accidents to Farm People in Michigan" (1968). These studies used similar methods and definitions to get their sample farm populations. The findings from these studies were used as a basis for the accident component of the projected accident frequency rates with the various types of farm machinery. Procedures Howard J. Doss and Dr. Richard G. Pfister of Michigan State University's Agricultural Engineering Department were the two FMUS project coordinators. They were responsible for establishing procedures for the study for both states. They developed questionnaires, selected and trained interviewers, selected sample counties and farms, and handled and evaluated the data. W. E. Stuckey of Ohio State University handled the selection of interviewers for Ohio and other Ohio phases of the study. 52 The_Questionnaire -- After testing several types Of questionnaires, it was determined that a two-stage type would be the most useful for this study. The first part of the questionnaire requested information about the farm -- its size and type, and whether it was a full- or part-time Operation. The second part was a l4-day log sheet, which collected detailed information concerning tractor and farm machinery use. Selection of Counties -- Ten sample areas for the study were selected in each state, using a stratified-randomized procedure. First, each county was given one of 10 class— ifications, according to its most predominant type of farm- ing. The classifications were: Livestock, Fruit, Cash Crops I and II, Dairy I and II, and General Farming I, II, III, and IV. (More than one class within a certain type of operation indicated different levels of income.) After the counties were classified, a sample county or area was randomly selected to represent each of the class- ifications. Selection of Farms Within the Counties -- To select the sample farms in the selected counties, county extension agents were consulted. Their farm mailing lists were divided by 18, and each of these 18 farms became a starting point. From the starting point, the interviewer visited the next seven farms in a randomly chosen direction (north, south, east, or west). A total of 18 visits to groups of seven or more farms was scheduled during the year for each of the interviewers. 53 4. The Interviewers -- Twenty interviewers were hired by MSU'S Agricultural Engineering Department. The Ohio interviewers were selected by Ohio State University with the help of the participating county agents and W. E. Stuckey. These interviewers were prepared for their year-long assignment at special training sessions at East Lansing, Houghton, and Columbus. They were supplied with training kits developed by the project coordinators. 5. Dgtg_-- Data from 2,219 farms was sent to the project coordinators by the interviewers as it was collected. It was then checked for accuracy, transferred to special code sheets, and run through a CDC 6500 computer at Michigan State University. The final results were evaluated and interpreted by the project coordinators. Findings Machinery Use Data (Statewide Projection) Total hours of use of tractors in Michigan was 77,511,000 hours per year, and 85,540,000 hours of use per year in Ohio. In both states, tractor operators under 25 accounted for less than 25 percent (24 per- cent in Michigan; 20 in Ohio) of the total tractor use hours, compared to tractor operators 25 through 64 years Old, who logged 71 percent Of the total hours. Operators over 64 accounted for less than 9 percent (5 percent in Michigan; 8 in Ohio) of all the hours of use of tractors. Tractors on the public roads and highways represented about 3 percent of the total hours of tractor use. Hired labor logged 15 percent of the total hours of tractor use 54 in Michigan and 11 percent in Ohio. Males from 15 through 24 and from 25 through 44 accounted for about 35 percent (38 percent in Michigan; 32 in Ohio for both groups) of the total hours of tractor use in each age group. Male tractor operators 45 years Old and over accounted for the remaining 30 percent Of tractor use hours. In Michigan, 50 percent of hours of use of tractors by hired labor involved tractors manufactured within the past seven years, and 70 percent of the use involved tractors manufactured within the past 12 years. In comparison, 34 percent of the hours of tractor use by hired labor in Ohio involved tractors manufactured within the past seven years, and 55 percent of the use involved tractors manufactured within the past 12 years. Hired female labor using tractors was very low in both states. One-third of all tractor use in Michigan (two-fifths in Ohio) involved tricycle-type tractors, while almost two-thirds of the tractor use in Michigan (one-half in Ohio) involved wide-front tractors. Use of crawler-type tractors represented only about one percent of the total tractor use in both states. Almost 60 percent of tractor use in both states involved gasoline-fueled tractors, with about 40 percent of the tractor use associated with diesel-powered tractors. Use of LP-gas-fueled tractors was very low. Two percent of the tractor use involved tractors over 100 horsepower, with 31 percent of the tractor use involving tractors under 40 horsepower. Farmers recorded the highest number of hours of use on equipment 55 classified in the stationary or materials handling category. The fewest hours logged for any group of farm machines occurred with fertilizer and chemical application equipment category for Ohio, and the harvesting equipment category for Michigan. The category including self-propelled equipment accounted for about five percent of the total use hours. Plows, manure Spreaders, and wagons had the most hours Of use of any equipment hitched to the tractor. Plows were highest in Ohio, and manure Spreaders had the most use in Michigan. The two farm machines with the most hours Of use on public roads and highways were wagons and manure Spreaders. Approximately 50 per- cent Of the use of wagons on public roads was by dairy farmers. This might be partially explained by the fact that dairy farmers had the most use of tractors in both states. Farms over 1,000 acres used a greater proportion of new tractors (less than six years Old) than smaller farms. Farms of less than 50 acres used tractors from 20 to 25 years old more total hours than any other five-year range in tractor age. Accident Frequency Rates Per Million Man—Hours The overall farm accident frequency rate for Michigan is approx- imately 20 accidents per million man-hours. The tractor and farm machinery accident rate was found be be 30 (30.4 for Michigan; 29.7 for Ohio). The accident frequency rate for all farm machines other than tractors is 40 for both states. Tractors (both wide and narrow front end) have accident frequency rates of 8.4 and 7.4 in Michigan and Ohio, respectively. The tractor accident frequency rate is less 56 than that of average farm work and lower than the average farm machinery accident rates. The overall rate of accidents for farm equipment on public roads and highways is 33.8 accidents in Michigan, and 25.9 in Ohio. Operators of farm equipment on public roads and highways under the age Of 15 have accident frequency rates twice as high as the overall rate on public roads and highways. However, Operators over 65 have accident rates on public roads that are three to four times as high as the average. Tractors with narrow front ends have a higher accident frequency rate (10.3 for Michigan; 10.4 for Ohio) than wide front end tractors, by a factor of almost two to three times the wide—front tractor accident frequency rate. Operators of tractors in Michigan under the age of 15 and over 64 have from seven to ten times the accident frequency rate of tractor Operators in the 25-through-44 age group, whose relatively low rate is 4.5 accidents per million man-hours. The severity rate (rate of tractor operator fatalities) is about one death for every 2,560,000 hours Of tractor use in Michigan, and one death for every 3,120,000 hours of use in Ohio. In the under~15 and over-64 age groups, the severity rate is two to four times greater than the average. Farm machinery accident frequency rates are twice as high as that for average farm work, and four to five times as high as that for tractor Operation. The overall farm machinery accident frequency rate Of 40 is exceeded by the machines shown in Table 18. 57 Table 18. Farm machines exceeding the Overall farm machinery accident frequency rate. ACCIDENT FREQUENCY RATE Farm Machine Michigan gyugy Corn Picker 48.6 62.3 Wagon 71.9 51.0 Baler 106.4 --- Combine 112.0 90.1 Elevator 573.6 981.5 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS Tractor Operators have a very high accident frequency rate on public roads and highways, as compared to general farm or tractor work. A higher tractor accident rate is experienced by young operators under 15 years of age and Older operators over 64 years Old. This reaches greater proportions when operators in these age groups use tractors on the public roadway. A relatively low accident frequency rate exists for tractor operators from 25 through 44 years of age. Farm elevators have a very high accident frequency rate compared to all other farm machines, even if one considers electric-powered elevator use to be high. Harvesting machinery accident frequency rates (70 to lOO-plus) are greater than rates of fertilizing, materials handling, or tillage and planting equipment (average farm machine rate = 40). The farm machinery accident frequency rate is twice as high as the overall farm accident frequency rate in Michigan. The tractor accident frequency rate is less than one—half the Michigan farm accident frequency rate Of 20 accidents 58 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 59 per million man-hours. The tractor and machinery accident frequency rate is 50 per- cent more than the farm accident frequency rate in Michigan. Frequency rates for the operation of farm machinery in Michigan and Ohio were not appreciably different, although measurable differences did occur in some instances. The tricycle-type or narrow-front tractor accident frequency rate was appreciably higher than the rate for wide-front tractors. Females make rather minor use Of tractors, especially hired females. Most of the hours of use by women operators in- volved harvesting machinery. Over 84 percent of tractor work was done by family labor in both states. Over half of the hours of use of tractors and farm machinery in Michigan and Ohio occurred during the months of April, May, June, and October. It takes 10 years after a new tractor design is provided before it is involved in as much as 50 percent of the total tractor use by employees in Michigan and Ohio. Corn pickers and wagons are in the same accident frequency rate range (51 to 62) in Ohio. Balers and combines are in the same accident frequency rate range (106 to 112) in Michigan. Approximately one fatality occurs to the operator of a farm tractor for every 2.86 million hours of tractor Operation. 60 T For youth under 15 years of age, it is one fatality per 1.11 million hours of tractor Operation. CHAPTER VII RECOMMENDATIONS Education 1. Emphasize the importance of tractor operator training at the pre-high-school level (15 years old and under). 4-H club programs should expand their tractor operator training programs to meet this need, or summer programs should be initiated at the pre-high-school level. 2. Educational programs should give more emphasis to farm machines with the highest accident frequency rates. These include such machines as portable elevators, balers, combines, and wagons. 3. Use the mass media to develop awareness of the increased hazards associated with people over 64 years Old operating tractors and farm machinery. 4. Educational programs for operators Of farm equipment should emphasize the hazards associated with the Operation Of farm machinery on public roads and highways, and safe Operator Practices that should be used when on the public road. 5. Driver education classes should intensify their instruction on slow-moving vehicles on public roads, with emphasis on slow-moving farm machinery. 61 ll 1.. II! T III-ll 62 Legislation 1. Action should be taken to regulate the eligibility of a person to Operate tractors and farm equipment on public roads (automobile driver's license, farm tractor operator's license, other?). 2. Portable farm elevators should be included in the United States Department of Labor's hazardous occupations order affecting youth under 16 employed in agriculture. P 3. Rollover protection systems should be standard equipment on ;I new tractors manufactured in or imported into the United I States as a means of reducing the severity rate of tractor I I accidents. Engineering 1. Narrow-front tractors should be reevaluated from a safety standpoint. 2. Manufacturers of portable elevators should make major changes to provide a safer product for farmers. Research 1. A study of the nature and extent of wagon accidents should be conducted. 2. A study should be conducted concerning farm machinery on public roads and highways, using state police farm machinery accident investigation reports, to determine the causative factors and corrective measures needed to reduce the farm equipment accident frequency rate on the public road. 63 Determination of livestock handling, tools and power equip- ment, and other related accident frequency rates should be made to compare to the rates already established for tractors and farm machinery. More detailed information on farm machinery accidents is needed to calculate accident frequency rates, such as accidents by: a) Age of tractor b) Horsepower of tractor c) Age of operator More comprehensive data is needed on the type and age of machines involved in the accident, including number of accidents involving the following: a) Manure spreaders b) Mowers c) Manure loaders d) Many others More comprehensive farm machinery accident data is needed in order to establish accident frequency rates for all items of equipment used by farmers. APPENDICES APPENDIX A DATE MK ADDR PERSON mswtmnc OUESTIONS?DOperator DWife of Operator DOther l. 10. ll. 12. ‘3. 14. 16. 17. 64 Appendix A-l BASIC INFORMATION Fm Nahum Use ni Steve-p FARM N0. Co. Visit ho. TELEPHONE ESS CITY ZIP Are you (operator) eIIpIOyed off the fam? Duo YES‘ 00 you work more hours Duff farm or Don fem. Fro- whet fer-in operation do you receive most of your income? DCesh Crop [504w DLIVestock Dfruit DGeneral Farming Now any acres of cropland do you operate including pastures and lend diverted to soil bent? (This includes rented land. orchards. etc. where yOu cauld operate machinery). ACRES. here do you store east of yOur fer- nedtinery? Have you ut u a new machinery storage building in the last 5 years? no What SIZE is it? (width) (length) b. Is there anything about that building that you would change if yOu could? Do you think that e separate uchinery storage building is worth the investment for you on your form? 0'55 Elm—’5“? TO oucsnou 19 I GET M INDICATION OF YOUR PREFERENCES FOR A MACHINERY STORAGE BUILDING. that outside COVERING do you prefer? CITIluninue CMteel *If Steel or Aluminum 13qu CIOther 0 or 0.: ng or . CIUnfinished What FRAMING Materiel do you prefer? DSteel DWood Boo preference 00 yea went a shop in this building???” FYES‘ HeatedlleO DYES What style ROOF do you prefer? Q B G [B Other (sketch) What DOOR ARRANGEMENT do you prefer? LL] L63 [ :c.: ] l d. J1 e. J [I] Other (sketch) Would you have any open sides on this building? How Many? m m E] E rip-Duo... Would you put up a machinery storage building by YOURSELFD‘. or hire a CONTRACTORD . Do you have plans to build or buy e Inchinery storage building in the next 5 years? CI"ES 5x19 10 QUESTION 19 How big do you expect it to be? (width) (length) or Ddon't know. what kind of e Inchinery door do you wentIDI-iinged DSliding DOverheed or Duo Door. that kind of manner (check all that apply) Uliindows USkylights DElectricel Duane Would you want any of the DVentiletors ' C1 Electrical Outlets following features in this DPertitions D Service Door building? (check all that DGrein Storage Concrete Floor epply) 0 Insulation Other ' you plan any other fer- buildings in the next 5 years? '0 DYES (state) . Which two features wOuld be lost important to you? (check) UWeather protection I'lAir conditioner Overturn protection Duoise and vibration reduction CJHeeter - defroster DCanS: with is the least imrtent? (indicate by zero (0)]. 65 Appendix A-Z Machinery Use Log I I i'uunLy‘ Vlult .I'm r 1 FARM MACHINERY USE STUDY um TRAI‘IURS USED (during 3 HOURS covered IIIIu ut ) I' ruut unrn YEAR m I‘DDEL llU I L? N :u'rcv LIST SELF-PROPELLED USED ( 2 veelte covered by this etudy) YEAR TYPE MAKE HODBI. BUILT III ARE ANY OF THE ABOVE TRACTORS OR EQUIPMENT EENTED OR QORROHED? (indicete by placing en.§ or §_in the appropriate columns in III above) First Name Relation First Home Set Ia 2' " '5 3 6 V. DAILY 100 01' “CHINE USE -- Begins through . :0. date W" TRACTOR USED or HITCRED TO. HEAT of SELF-PROPELLED VHO USED I’I'? MACHINE? “o c " List each deyo-It lechinery is not used that day, draw line thrOueh blanks. em i. -3 “Va .r .1‘ 66 Appendix A-2 Machinery Use Log (Reverse Side) ll;"l'l&l'."l‘it"N.l: Your mmprrutivn In vow-mirth»: Iliin tun wI-vh hut in nm-ri-usiuIa-‘I. Your luau log entry uhuuld bu amiv on .00 l‘lmuw send this to your tummy lixteneion Office on won nl'ter thII dutt' mi puss-“‘10. U:7‘:.' Tilt: l‘-):"l'.\I3i-I I-‘lilz'if ENVELOPE PROVIDED v. out! we or mama: u:=:-: (continued) 0”". THAC'IOR USE? OR III'I‘CIIED '10 WHAT of SELF-PROPELLED IMO USED 11'? MACHINE? "List each day—Ir nucMnery to not used that day. drew line through bunks. Inc-Ewe") APPENDIX A-3 FARM MACHINERY USE STUDY] PROJECT INTERVIENER'S GUIDELINES A. GENERAL 1. When do I make farm visits? How many? You will be assigned l8 dates for making visits. Two-thirds of these dates occur between May and October. On each of these visits, you are scheduled to stop at eight farms. 2. Can I skip any farms on the list? You will normally contact all farms on the list, including any farm of 10 or more acres from which the annual sale of agricultural products totals $50 or more. (Also include places of less than 10 acres 1f_sales of agricultural products is $250 or more.) You can see that this includes most part-time farmers. Skip any farm that does not use farm machinery in the production of farm products. 3. What is included as "farm machinery”? Farm machinery includes all petroleumrpowered farm machines used primarily on the farm in relation to some phase of production, handling, or transporting of farm products. Such things as electric-powered feed conveyors, pickup trucks, or rotary lawn mowers would not classify as farm machinery, for the purposes of this study. 4. In generali_what type of information will I beggetting from farmers? ' a. Basic Information Sheet -- covers general information on the farm and the machinery storage. (Takes two to eight minutes to complete.) .1 Michigan State University / Ohio State University. January - December 1971. 67 B. 68 b. Machinery Use Data Sheet -- includes tractors used, who used them, and how much and when they were used during the past four days. (Takes 10 to 25 minutes to complete.) You will leave Page 1 of the Machinery Use Study with the farmer, asking him to complete the log for the next 10 days and send it to the County Extension Office in the envelope provided. When he does this, you will have a complete l4-day log on machinery use. You take Page 2 of this form with you when you leave the farm, so if the farmer does not send in anything, you will have the four—day log you filled out to send in. 5. All information is confidential. Do not discuss information Obtained from one farmer with another. Interview adults or mature youth who know abbut machinery use. . Your actions will reflect both upon the County Extension Office and the University. Do not promote any private interest or service on any of your visits. PREPARATION FOR VISITS l. 5. Get a listing of dates* and the farms to be visited on each date from your County Extension Office. . Spot each of the l8 samples on a county map and sketch in the area to be covered in each sample. . Fill out your "Calendar of Activities”* with the scheduled l8 dates for farm visits. . Contact the office secretary at the County Extension Office on Monday, 10 days before the scheduled farm visits, to remind her that the letter of introduction* should be mailed out on Thursday (one week before your visit). Also enter the date to contact the secretary on your calendar. Plan visit strategy a. Make visits on Thursday (70% of the time or more), but consider a rainy Wednesday or Friday if farmers will likely be available at that time. b. Start early in the day, especially during the summer. This will vary with season and type of farming, but try to be there at the "right time." A period such as 8 to lO a.m. or during the noon hour might be a good time to find farmers at home. * enclosed 69 6. Be ready to get the information quickly. a. Write the name of farmers and their farm number on the basic information sheet before leaving home. b. Take your county plat map along, if it is available, and a copy of the letter of introduction sent out by the County Agent. 7. Upon arriving at the farm -- introduce yourself and ask, "Did you get a letter from the County Extension Agent telling you I would be here today?" Ask, "Did you make any notes on your use of machines over the past four days?” ”Would you be willing to help us with this project -- it takes about 20 minutes of your time.“ a. If person appears uncooperative, say "thank you" and go on. (After contacting Farm #8, you might stop in at the next farm down the road to replace this one.) b. Work towards trying to get the information as efficiently as possible. BASIC INFORMATION SHEET At the top of this page, the first entry should be the farm number. The first two digits are the Count Numbers example: Erie County is gn_ The next two digits are Visit Numbers example: On February 25, the Erie County interviewer will make his first visit. The first visit number is O 1. example: On December 16, the Erie County interviewer will make his last visit. This visit number will be l 8. The last digit is Farm Number example: During visit #1, the interviewer will contact eight farms. The first farm you contact and receive information from is number 1, The eighth farm you contact and receive information from is number 8, example: county visit 70 Check the name, address, and telephone number of the farm operator with the information you filled in before you got to the farm. Check the appropriate box to identify the "PERSON ANSWERING QUESTIONS." If it is someone other than the operator or his wife, indicate after "other" that person's relationship to the operator (i.e., brother, hired hand, etc.). Now you are ready to begin the 20 questions on this form. For clarity and uniformity, a brief explanation of the key points of each question follow: 1. The operator is the person who is in charge of the farm you are visiting whether or not he owns it. He is the one who makes decisions in all matters concerning the management of that farm. Employment off the farm includes any work for which there is some type of reimbursement. If the operator is not employed off the farm, record an "X" in the "No" box and proceed to Question 2. If he is employed off the farm, record an "X" in the "Yes" box and ask the farmer the question immediately below the "Yes" response. More hours employed off the farm means over half of his working time. 2. Check only the one enterprise that is the major source of income. If the farmer cannot designate one response for this question, then record him as General Farming. 3. List acres operated as of the day of the interview. 4. Responses could include: outside, barn, machinery shed, etc. 5. A machinery storage building is any structure built primarily for the purpose of storing machinery. If the respondent answers "Yes" to this question, ask him Questions 5a and b before going to #6. Summarize statements for Question "b" briefly, but try to be complete. (Example: doesn't like door arrangement). 6. Find out whether the farmer thinks a building made primarily for machinery storage is worth the expense on his farm. If he says "Yes," read to him the statement in capital letters preceding Question 7, and continue with #7. If he says ”No” skip to Question #19. 7. If he chooses either steel or aluminum, ask if he would like a color coating or have it unfinished. (Note: unfinished includes a galvanized finish.) D. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. T7. 18. 19. 20, 71 . Framing material means framework (like rafters) that the outside covering is fastened to. . If the farmer says "Yes," he would want a shop, ask "Do you want it heated?" Show the roof types and get him to point out his first choice (one only). If he likes something other than those shown, sketch or have him sketch his choice on this sheet. Same directions as in #10. Use the door arrangements shown to indicate modifications. Open sides are sides without doors. Check "none“ indicating no open sides for a completely enclosed building. If the farmer is not sure on this question, mark both responses. For a “Yes" response, go to Question l5. On a "No" response, skip to Question l9. The width is the most important dimension. Mark it down even if he doesn't know the length. If he has no idea on either dimension, mark "don't know." Only one response. Check more than one, if the farmer indicates so. Indicate his choices as you read them to him. Ventilators include roof or gable hardware to reduce sweating. Partitions are walls to separate parts of the building. Electrical outlets include all types of electrical service. A service door is a door for people (not machinery). After "other," indicate other features the farmer may be interested in. Possible responSes for this question could range from a fruit stand to a dairy barn. If he answers “Yes,“ read the uestion under "Yes" and the answers. Make sure you check two. Then ask him which ”one" is least important. Put anEWOV'in that box. FARM MACHINERY USE STUDY FORM (Fill out farm number box) 1. List Tractors Used (during two weeks covered by this study) a. "What tractors were used during the last four days?“ 72 b. "What other tractors will probably be used in the next l0 days?" c. Include all tractors regardless of size, as long as they are used as a source of power in some relation to the production, handling, or transport of farm products. d. Example: John Deere 4020, wide front, diesel, built in 1967 Allis Chalmers D-l2, wide front, gasoline, built in 1964 Oliver 770, narrow front, gasoline, built in 1963 Fuel Used § Gas LP Diesel X >4 X Make -- Refers to the maker or manufacturer. Abbreviate as shown below: A.C. = Allis Chalmers 0.8. = David Brown Case = J. I. Case Cat = Caterpillar Tractor 0.0. = John Deere Ford = Ford Tractor Farmall or I.H = International Harvester M.F. = Massey-Ferguson M.M. = Minneapolis-Moline Oliver = Oliver Model -- A series of numbers, letters, or words to identify a specific tractor. Year Built -- The year the tractor was manufactured, NOT when it was sold. A good guess on the year built is okay. Type -- Narrow Front -- A single wheel in front or front wheels closer together than rear wheels. 73 Crawler -- Uses a track, no wheels Wide Front -- Front wheels set apart as wide or almost as wide as rear wheels. Fuel Used -- gas gasoline L.P. = liquefied petroleum gas (bottled gas) diesel = diesel fuel 2. List Self-Propelled Equipment Used. Equipment such as combines, balers, forage harvesters, or windrowers that are self-powered (not hooked to tractor) are listed in this section. Some common types and makes of self-propelled machines are: Type Make Forage Harvester Fox, New Idea, Gehl, New Holland Windrower Hesston, Owatonna Baler, Combine N.I., N.H., A.C., Case, 0.0., Ford, I.H., M.F., M.M., OTiver The Model and Year Built have the same meanings as in the tractor listing. 3. Are Any of the Above Tractors or Equipment Rented or Borrowed? Ask if any of the tractors or equipment that were listed are rented (leased) or borrowed. If some are, lace either an R or B in the appropriate spots in column @ , in sections I and II. m Year Type Make Model Built Mainline, JD. 55 MM /3> A farmer does not have to own tractors or self-propelled equipment to include them in the study. Use can be reported from machinery that is owned, rented (leased), or borrowed, as long as it is operated by a family member or by his hired help. Include custom work a farmer does for others, but do not include custom work that someone else does for the farmer you are interviewing. 74 If the farmer and his neighbor share labor, and the farmer uses the neighbor's combine, it would be recorded as a borrowed combine. would not record it. order to be reportable. However, if the neighbor operated the combine, you The user must be family or hired help in 4. Who Operated Equipment During the Two Weeks Covered by this Study? a. Any person who operated machines listed in the daily log (Section V) must be listed under this section. b. Persons who operate equipment are divided into FAMILY MEMBERS and HIRED HELP. c. Use the first name only. If two people have the same first initial, aiso enter their middle initial. d. Relation means what relation is this person to the farm operator? Some common relations are: Head (person whom we sent letter to), son, daughter, wife, son-in-law, brother, father, mother, etc. e. 599 means age on the day you visit, If the person answering does not know exactly, an approximate age will do. f. Hired Hel -- List their first name, sex (M or E), and age. there are more than three hired hETp, use an unused space under family member and place a large H over the number of that space (see example). FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY MEMBERS l HIRED HELP First Name Relation Age First Name Relation AgJ First Name Sex Age 1.2m Head 44 4 SIM Son IS 7pm— M 55 ZLEUUOIE. (SOP) V7 5 8 :jlrrl A4 45; . {§£) - , 3marx We 43 Tom Male .25 gSAFA F’ 40 .5. Daily Log_of Machine Use -- Begins on through I mo. ate mo.aate a. Fill in the first and last day of the log. Example -- Henry County on its visit #01 would look like this: 75 Begins on JAN. /0 through Jan. .93 mo. date mo. date Example -- Miami County on its visit #01 would look like this: Begins onJA/u .34 through EB. 0 mo. date mo. date Be sure to write in both month and date. This can be done before you get to the farm. b. Fill in a four-day use log, starting with Sunday, if you visit on a Thursday. (Start with Saturday if you visit Wednesday, or Monday for Friday visits, etc.). Example: *— __L N WHO HITCHED TO Day** TRACTOR USED or USED WHAT MACHINE? of SELF-PROPELLED IT? (Or Crop Week Date MACHINE (lst Name) Used in) Shun-J4 JID. 1710.30 30’7” firm: wagon Mon/«95‘ **List each day -- If machinery is not used that day, draw line through blanks to tell us that machinery was not used. Day of Week -- Sun., Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri., Sat. Date -- List month by number and date such as l-24. Use another blank every time the tractor is hitched to something else or there is a change in operators. Tractor Used or Self-Propelled ; These should be listed in Sections I (tractors) Machine ) and II (S.P. Equipment). Who Used It? ) Persons should be listed in Section IV (who (first name) ) operated equipment). :;EE?:2 to What a See list of implements. Be specific. (or Crop Used In)) -- Only with self-propelled equipment. g%£%%35995§- I List hours to the nearest l/4 hour. Min on Public ) Of the total hours of use, how many minutes were Road ) spent on the public road? 76 6. One-Day Machine Operation Clock a. 8. At this point in the interview, tear the two sheets of Machinery Use Study apart. You will then be able to write on the back of the second sheet, which has the clocks displayed. Write in the most recent day that machinery was used. Example: Day used zggéueuu g;oécj /%1 ’7 7 Fill in the names of operators who used machinery on this day in each of the designated boxes. Using Part V as a guide, ask "During what time of the day did you (John) use machinery on Wednesday?" If the farmer replies, "From 8 a.m. to ll:15 a.m., I mowed hay and from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. I combined wheat,” fill out the clock as illustrated below. Write in what power unit was used, if more than one was operated on that day. r e‘IOV Noon T :1» Mid- , ni ht :5}9V\v\. I Repeat for each operator who used machinery on Wednesday. HAND THE FARMER PAGE 1 OF THE MACHINERY USE LOG ON WHICH YOU HAVE RECORDED 4 DAYS OF MACHINE USE. Ask him to continue the log for the next l0 days. Show him the back of the sheet and point out the date of the last log entry (see sample). 77 Instructions :::::::::::&§&Wfifl7&fifii§’__ USE POSTAGE-FREE ENVELOPE PROVIDED Give him this envelope. FOLLOW-UP 1. Four days after the scheduled date of the last log entry, check with the County Extension Office to see if returns are in. If they are not, it may be to your advantage to call the farmer and ask whether he has filled out the lO-day log you asked him for. Encourage him to respond. In exceptional cases, a follow-up visit may be justified to help complete this log. 2. When you receive the returns from the farmer, look them through to verify results. Check to see that the date columns are filled out and that the description of "machinery hitched to" is specific. You may wish to make a telephone call to fill in information gaps. SENDING DATA AND INVOICE T0 MSU l. When should I send in the results? Two weeks after each visit, check with the County Extension Office for returns. If 6 or more returns were received, put with your information on eachifarm andfisend them in. *If less than six returns are in, it may pay you to check with the farmer and encourage him to complete the log and send it to the Extension Office. Try to send data to MSU within three weeks after your visit. 2. How do I get paid? Complete the "Invoice For Machinery Use Data" which is found in each l0" x l5" envelope and send it in with the results. This will be used to determine your payment. If you send in 6 or more complete l4-day logs, you will receive $40. If you send in less than 6 complete l4—day logs, you will receive $6 for each complete log, plus $3 for each incomplete log. (A minimum of $25 is guaranteed, providing you send in data from 6 farms or more.) We anticipate you should range between $33 and $40 for each gpoup of data, providing you contact all 8 farms on the st. 78 You might make a note on your calendar of the amount due for each set of data you send in. It will normally take between 2 to 4 weeks to receive your check. You will receive the $lOO bonus along with the payment for your last set of data (providing you have sent data from 6 or more farms for each of the l8 scheduled visit dates). . What about excessive expenses in collecting data? If you must travel over 70 miles to interview farmers on any visitation date, you will be reimbursed for the extra miles. Simply note miles traveled on the invoice. If you must spend over $2 for long-distance phone calls on an 8-farm sample to follow up and encourage completion of the l4-day machinery use logs, you will be reimbursed for the extra cost. There is a $10 maximum for extra costs for each of the l8 samples. In most cases, excessive expenses will not be required unless you are covering two or three counties or have an occasional difficulty in getting the farmers to send in completed logs of machinery use. H. EMERGENCY HELP I. In most cases, you will be able to iron out questions by discussing them with your County Extension Agent, but do not hesitate to ask us any questions. We will also have an "irregular" newsletter to interviewers and we use a question-and-answer section. The answer to your question will be of interest to other project interviewers. If you have an urgent problem that requires our imnediate attention, call collect to Howard Doss or Richard Pfister, Area 5l7, 355-4720. Instructions: APPENDIX A-4 FARM MACHINERY USE STUDY Supplement A: Machines and Equipment Hitched to Tractors When filling out the Machinery Use Log, please refer to the following list of equipment when answering the question "Hitched to What Machine?“ PLANTING AND TILLAGE STATIONARY EQUIPMENT E UIPMENT l6. Forage Blower l. Plow l7. Feed Grinder 2. Disk 18. Grinder - Mixer 3. Drag 19. Elevator 4. Land Leveler 20. Generator 5. Planter (corn, 21. Irrigation Pump beans, beets) 22. Manure Pump 6. Grain Drill 7. Row-Crop Cultivator MATERIALS HANDLING 8. Field EQUIPMENT Cultivator 9. Rotary Hoe 23. Wagon -- Flat bed 24. Wagon -- Gravity 25. Wagon -- Forage FERTILIZER ANDCATION (Mechanical self- E-UIPMENT unloading) -£L———-——- 26. Front-End Loader lO. Manure Spreader 27 égpfikft%tTines) ll. Boom Sprayer 28. Blade 12. Air Carrier ' Sprayer l3. Bulk Fertilizer Spreader l4. Anhydrous Ammonia Applicator l5. Crop Duster 79 Be specific. HARVESTING E UIPMENT 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Sickle-Bar Mower Mower-Conditioner Hay Conditioner Side Delivery Rake Hay Baler Combine, Pull Type Corn Picker Forage Harvester (flywheel, flail, and cylinder type) Potato Digger Sugar Beet Harvester Rotary Mower Cherry Harvester Cucumber Harvester Pea Harvester 80 VISITING DAY 01 02 D3 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 January ‘ 7 14 21 28 IO February 4 11 18 25 March 4 11 18 25 10 April 1 8 15 22 29 $00 10 May 6 13 20 27 10 10 June 3 10 17 24 10 ‘10 ' July 1 8 15 22 29 10 10 August 5 12 10 10 September 2 10 10 10 October 7 10 10 j November 4 10 December 2 10 APPENDIX A-S. Interviewer's Schedule APPENDIX B 81 MICHIGAN Key to Computer-Printed Output IMICHIGANI Hours of 7 Use Total Hours ‘ . of Use I _ Hours on Public Roads J \ . i . [Tractor§_]|fMaci1nery ] |_Machineryj [Tractors] By:- Month Day of Week Type of Farm Ownership Sex According to: Tractor Types Self-Propelled Tractor Hitched to Selected Equipment -- Planting & Tillage -- Fert. & Chemical Appl. Equipment -- Stationary or Materials Handling -- Harvesting By: Hired Labor Family Labor Day of Week Type of Farm Acreage Tractor Types (Mfg.) Fuel Used Ownership Sex Type of Farmer According to: Tractor Types Year Built Tractor H.P. Make (Mfg.) 82 MICHIGAN Total Hours of Tractor Use {33 .u .a .n .u .o .a .mmn .o .u:« .Nn .3 ‘ mmwtho no .o .o .n O, .o .«:o .u» .omm .ron usiosma .1 .o .a .o .u .1 1 .mum oo .rnu OHN’ ..nm 01 C «N.Huo .Ramo .usm .mmm .mn~ .Nmmfl .a VI moumomu zaomruHx zH haunm :40HImHt 2H Amozqmnorb 2H. 0 0 ~73 '2 e .3 ca ca C) .oo«~ .mo .msw .Nmn ..~n :oiuomu no «nu» «ma .anamaoxh 2H. .m .u .u .mm .u .3 .a .u .a .1 .3 .a .. .n .o .u .a .m. .S .u .n 0“ On .3 Ch. 0.." OJ C" .a .u .n .n .a .. .o .o .a .a .o .a .n .u .nauu .nsmr .ARnn .manfl .~.~ ..90 .aea .mu .MH .5.« .HJ .a .nm .n .od .4mn .nku .oha .rua .mn~ .0 .ma. .msofl .mom .nm. .rNN .urm .0“ .onw .RAHN .msm .qmo .34. .aow .r~ .a .u .a .4 .4 .q .. oxma mmmua mvuzuaru en); >umaz grow mmqu .z.H nmou mauua nzq )1 wear 0» nzHomonua mmohuquh mama; nuch »m meat 0» oz~nmnuu« menu04wh zameuHx an mma mmo m6 m~fio£ thnh .mw .u .a .9 0“ .0 on. e... aMN e) 0... ea 0’. .m 0a .m .0 e0 on .0 on. an on. as. .NmNH .mNmu .:n~ .Nm .:0 .0 .0 odd .mflN CM:, 0’0 ON .Rmo .mmr .uya .rr .«mm .«u: .au .mm 0.) en. 0” . 00 mmimmma «noommu maim:ma o:oorwd humnm raw» or qunwonnd mvnpodm— xnmdd nmxux >m mam» o» oanmooo< manhoawb mu: no mwaor Jawoh to e«.» «ma .mnzdmAux» . Qtaajtfirau .snn o 0.3 "5 '0 V) C .r-n; I T.- mniomma 24nHIUmr .n .w .n .3 .n .u oosuf .mm .hms .nmm« .uumd mm Oh mumnuuo 49 at ummu H. on“ .n k :9 ZN «mnzqmjoxu 2H. 1 . \. CWObLu .mu .MN mmn“ J44 e). a) WU..)IJW .ua .mm «bum: I.H eI I'Inu .u .m Jmimu OJ Dru 'O'im mausmm .unhm .iuhm mum: :Ju ..mm ..~n ”M.M-.a .mme .um Join; .omnu .aufiu reimu .nnin .iu Jmimn 0.. OJ Jfl-“ muar mm mm «pdamnu mo " Fa A.r mnwnuwh mood; nmwnr »m o» mzunwnuud mvnnvavh mmw no mmioz Jana" .n .nN mmmu 444 .n .n omen-.n .3 .MN fuinr .0 .m trimm O) 0.. ’MImI .n .u 14." muarwu .4nw .omnm name 1J4 .m .rm ambu-mw 0.. O‘NO\ '9'“, ..w4 .mnuu irimm .$4 .ruw twin” .9 on TIHH ”Jar smundwo wznmu wharmmu um knkuz xmm e mod M0»Qdflb mnnuq Oman? uh» uh mam» m an no mvnmx 44k P. YEAR OF P: AN .- J A?! BUILT IN MICHI TOY E i..‘. V . JR.) 9 C .5 1933-59 TOTAL HOURS OF U. BY FAMILY LABOR. TRACTQiS A 19.5-49 L'w‘a liSt'Sg 1 (IV T10J \7 N ”ICHISMN ALL 5 A C: TRACTOR" Ciékgdn ..-Y LAJGR T (AC-TO? Ftr' BY 84 eeee ea ea ace. ‘6 anmaopfifi HCIIfla‘DU‘ m"Ifl-""\D '. 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O O .f «II‘IU‘JO‘NI v0.f m, up go mmmqun mo Maw» ym¢ .mwaamwnrw 1Hv .u .mn .o own .nm: .amu .nm;a .Nufl .un Jllnrwa m10»uqm» .nm« .044 .msd .amn .mm: .mm .:m~ .Jcn osmm mmnanod .mNNfl .Kmmm .nmmn .mMJm .:~n¢~ .anom .~¢uo« .wmam .quo JJr zdmmrout zn CI. 7' .omo~ .:~ma .omda .nmnmu .vrnt .mo.ua .nnom ch07: hzoru onz .mn21Wfinth 2H. N H muuhuu a. .L nu Nb .:mn .mum .mmma .mmflN .»- .flmh .-mmu .ac:m .mfi¢n .aahm .mnmm .Jmuw .aaan .uuun .hma» .xmmm oJAJu .hUbu mm ¢m oh 0» u: m .r vnhnuyp you .uum wmu onucm u .mwun m .mum mmm .::um um .uwm wnm .m.-o n .mur ”mu .m-nu ”chmu prawn wOflWflz o»n wonnavu mmmrh mohud no mm>» an wum wMfi “a uwnox .:>~r In N I‘- mm 5“? on .‘vo 't -l FIJI" -J >- T. In! II \9 '0 ‘v’ M! 7 o 0 C) W373f0t) lu'.\'.’»0 in In " III 'V H I.) I1! U (I 2. C 0 vi IA. *0 '5 merkn «Human In I" -|I 7 H O Idfi'1f II 9- (I. an 89 ems: .moNd coon .hmJN .mammu .JJNM .nmo? .Mmmm .Nde .dhrd oedhmu .nmmn ounmm .o onm .Jum .0 .MJ .dN otnN ea omm .3 okmu .muJ .«J .msb .mmmm comma .thm ouNNNd oflamd .smmnu oflmkx oJNmJ Ikm .msuh .mhnmu .Lmauw wander udmu mxmuu mImtadrU Mm>o mm mm mm WMMIbO dm>HJO 22H: >mmqt ZtOS wmno otoH omom WHJJd 03d Oh Oh nh aqfi no at m Myat Oh ozHONOUUG mNn»H«Mb mmdeJU .mot “Ownth QmmD Jmnu >m fimmD Junk rm ZdoHrth 2H Nydx Oh MZNUNOUUd mmOHUth zaoHtUHt 3H MMMMdJU at HuHu 0h GZHDYOHHH MMOthVM mo daw> «ma AMDZdMDOIk 2H» mm: mo wmfiot dawn» no «4m» Mwa .ngQmfioth PH. mmn mu mWfiUI Adhah omOJ: oMMmmH .nwmo oOde omdm oJm odd .ONAH .anum omMMQN .Mnm ommmm oJN .mmm .nud .OMH osm .a .0 .mm ommn o um on oMMJ nomad cemnod onusm .0100 oJmNm owymn omumd .nndd .mm103 odmmmw .Jmm .thMd ”sicko“ molmoma dmnmomu mfitmmmd :mlfimma mflmrmd ’Jtudmd onlammfl 444 wrumu 1HJ14V0 hwowm mm”: zwnfldx hJHDm Mam» Ob YHOMOHUd mMobudxh mma>k moMOHWb 0mm? JMfiu >m fimmj Jmnu >m ZQQHIUHI ZH hJHDm dam» Oh OZHHMUDUd MMOHUth Zamncoux 2H MYOFUth no ma>h ufi Nam» Wmm no dam» «ma .mnzdm301h sz MMD mo manor Jaw0h andefiOIw 2H. MMD no mmnor Jakob 90 on on .9 on ohm ouma .n: on .mN .0 .mm .:m .uwd .o .o .o: .mw .a .30 .noa .- .a .a .n .¢mfi .ucfl .ummu ommmm onwan .momm .5453N .mQJm .mmmhd oa¢os .smmw .mmma .mmumm .NmmJM .nnmnm mzHJQt 01mm mammn mYMXJdtu 1m>n mm mm mm a mmm no amnHJQ 22H: >mmu: grow mmqu .r.H amok .mH44« own 0» n“ a» and :0 ur m mvax oh nanmnoua mwnpnqxp . wwwma-u .a.r wnbquh gnxnrmzxo >m amrmwuu;n >m z«oH1th 2H My“: o» qu0mnmud mmo»04mh zamHIoHt 7H mmmmuJu mt HMHu 0k oanvnnnu muohunw» mo ~«m» «ma .moxamaoxh 7H. um: no wwnox Jakob no «am» «mu .mnxqmsot» 2”. “ma no mwuox dawn. .uwa .om .Nm .a~ .m: .u .a .a .mam .ou~ .n .m”u .9 .50d .um .u .o9 .mw .n .um .mom .Nam .3 .mm ooumm .amnmw .nnooa .ommnd .owmm .mumn .mmmd .mmNN .amkos .mmmam .mwud .wmmam “numumu mm-moma fonuooa mm-mmm« :munmmu mr-m:ma :vuu¢ma on-qnma 444 hromm muxqmo pznwu nHr MJHx rawmuz wuHam m«m* o» uzunmnnua manhoaMh mma»h «nhu«VH marmym240 >m .aHrmwmgcn >0 zuoHtuH: 2H ”Jaam «am» 0» oanmouua weapoaw» :48HruHu an mwohuth no mu)» no m-m, wmn no «am» «mu .m zamanxh 2H. mm: mo mmnn: Jake» .mnzamao:p 2H. mmn nu muuox 44km» 91 .om cum» .m:afl .«oJm MMmtho Mwquo .nmn .nam .anmN cuafim mzHJo: 61mm 22H? >mmu. ZquIon 2H my“: Oh mo «4w» «ma .m024m301» 3H. .mhn .Nnra .thm .nom¢~ «hiahmd $00momu .ouqa oars odmuma .amwod :ovaoma mmlmmmd .omm« oomm oommu .00: od~m cosd .ono .¢:mu .numa MJaxmu .hTrnw .mmnm .nmoxa .«umo .mNu .nmna .owamm .suwmm .«namw wdat MMmmn mwmzadto «use mm mm mm xmw zrofi wwau otoH amok mH444 nz< n n» n» and an m: m my“: oh ozHoMnunw mwnwndm» mmmmqqu .1.r anuth xwm pm xmm >m ozHomoooa mzokuaMh um: no mmaoz Jake» .rnm .mmd .mumm .mmmm amlnmma m:om¢@a hJHDn Xdu> on ozHomou xmm >9 de town 2H hJHDm «am» 0» exunMOQUd mMn~oa~p no «nu» «ma .mnzumaoxh 2H. mm: mo minor dawn» on mioHUddh zaonzuH: 2H mmmmqao at HmHu oh nanN und mmowndvh mo Mam» «mm . nxqmnozh 2H. mma no mmsox Mtwnh .mm .NNN .fimm: .mmam .Nm .mumn mJntum .mnoa .Nmam .nmmuh .mmmua .rmmu .ro:mm maur rJIQde mmtamma 444 brawn MMJxawu pan/u xmm mo“: IQMWuz mmn>h yuponm» x no «um zanmuunt 2H mYo—Udmh nu » w o mwnnz a» .mquMDorh 7H. m 2.. 92 .N«« .oom .umt. .me .nJma .Nmo .mmJN .oun .umu .nna .mmm .mrnu .n .mndd .0omm .«umm .hnn: .thMN .OJum {Emma .mmmo 2..th .murw .souum .hmmum .m m mzHJox ovum mmmmw Vuqucu ymbo mm «m mm mmmrho wm>HJo zen; >mmq: axon mmqu .x.H “you mHJJq nzu oh a» o» no” no t » mud: ch oanauuua mmohuqu mmnmen .¢.r wouu‘mh amau zo nszmox hrmxm mzn» yo rmau Jo uzuyror hruam gunk yo zqmunqu 2H mng a. 4H .oun« mmohuayp zantuH: z“ nmmmado a: HMHu uh m:anonuq mrapnam» no Mam» «mm “mnzqmoorh 2H. um: no mqnoz Jakob mo ram» «ma .maeamuOIF z”. mmn no “730: Jahnh .~m« .u-~ .amo .m:m« .aoma .mss .-m .Na: .mm4~ .¢oun .«qn .nunm .ofimm .-n:m .5NJma .NHHad .oa,o .nMNn .3umd .~mm« .Jdnq .omosa .o,m .nmhfim «~-o~o« moumoou :c-uoo« wmummma :m-ammu ¢¢-m:ma 3:-aamfl on-amma 44« hzomu um-2qwu h.u~u mu”: 8 xnmuqz haHam mam» o» ofiHououuq mqopoqap awn.» mo»uam» xmqm zo quxmoz azmam mxH» ym swam no azummnx hzmam uxnh .m zqouxuut zH hdem «4m» 0» mzHomnooq mqohqa- zanqus 2H «yuhnaah no mapp no mum» yma no «am» «mm .mnxqmnoxh 2”. mm: no mmnox 41—3» .mozamsor» v“. mmn no mwno: 44w.» I. II. 93 MICHIGAN Total Hours of Farm Machinery Use 94- o I I '0 o in K o ‘0 N 11 IV C m M "3 IV 0 ... m “an .nusd .osm.« .9 mnnw .»oo. .finuo .o.»u .nnm .uv~a 013M 0.... OJ 0'?" on... .3 ouflw 0U 0N9 oNfiN kom 0.. 0.”. 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'5 I. N‘ .‘ "1 I: \— I J ‘. I 95 .mmna .Jam» .¢~nd .sdm« .mnma .u «a o : o 0' V0 uzbsWdI 44¢ .oomu .Nmoa .non .mnna .mmma ceama .mno muuuu uou 441 Quadm .ana .Nmfl .0 .mm» .m0 .»~a .om .«N .» .o« .n mmuwo: M >m<~om m. .«:n .ama .non .mua .mmu .rma .mmu .n .oo~ .mm .Jau .~u .:m .on xqmam Jana room orrq ma>mza oOAMd .mndd oo~aa .muuu .Nmm osww .umm Maxum 4ma¢ 4aomrmtu o pawn .omn .mo .na» .«aNN .a .uww .omc .moaa .¢m .~fl: .mm .omn .nu:~ .m .oqm .mmm .mmaa .mo .«mm .~m .-~ .-n~ .a .~u« .~o~ .Nmua .~m .m~m .m~ .«on .~dmm .o .m~« .oo~ .nan .hr .Nmn .mna .nu~ .mmdm .8 .mod .ma~ .MmJA .mm .mmm .~.« .omfi .mama .u .n- .mmm .uu .mmn .u own» .omo« .m .-u« .mn .90: .mm mmwuua .azou «udam mHnom 14m «madman Mun404 magmas m: amnu «mzox x m 444 anatu mocum ozm-mu mo pzmummaom uzukmm»«<: hzuzaHDGM uzmuoxar m.«u~mhnr mo >mazo ch nmeFHr mMokuqm» .mana .mmh .aom .amnaa .~a: .9 .0m .a:« .mfimoq .«uma .m- .:¢au .nnmua .nm: .. .4«« .na« .mmnmd .7noa .ooo .oam .ammaa .son .o .o~ .:n« .smmud .omaa .~mm .om~ .momaa .om4 .u .hm .m:« .«mmaq .»o~« .mu. .mn~ .ommna .oam .a .m: .«oa .snmm .Kmaa .nNN .oon .nflmn .now .3 .No .om« .«Nom .no: .mo« .noN .m:a. .m:u .a .um .mu .~.mm aunum mmmpzaqa mona 04M» . muam .ozou zuqmo zyou wropoamp muam 444 xmxo: mmzamxou J44 «Hoam 44a “0444“” . oth244a hzuzaHaom ouJJMaoma-m4mm op omrnbuz mmobuam» gum; no .40 pm zquarnnx :u «m» «mu mnzqmnorh 2H mm: no mmanx 44HOF mmvadz boa 44d 6"”“h1f‘l” ”harm .a¢.~ .nowm .Koos .nqus .mmwu .mxsm 07") .l . mon .m:« .0.“ .man .un« .mmu 01m .mm Mmqwavu mvnkoqw» I-J 'fl .“Ol- o-IIVu‘IJ! .mwkm .mm.m .m.~n .udmn .Nu.m .amoN 0) II P ..v xoyxar >anwnpam »unnuu >unawwxh .«nwmxnmc .«nmmn» >unrax )dnxum vmm: no >4» >qn~3kum .4nuxm panmwnxk ranmmromz >«nmmaw >u.........,r yaner vmmz un >un S96 .40. .~n .mma .m .Nu .4.“ .mm. .N .nn ...~ .mn .mm« .04» .ndm .o .a .o .m .mnmu .«m .mnw .58. .0. ..mn .4... .sm .wowu ..mm4 .nmm .owm .w.~ .n.n .no .mu« .nm .mnu mzkamax mummu: www.m«x mmxuuu .ngou mm.4m 4.“ .aahom “mayo. zwuo «Mxo: hzmxamaou quh M.M.: .omna .~o« .am .JNN ..~m .nam .mo. .oao .Nm .u ..flm .omm .mkm .4mm .onm .o.m .o .0. .”.~ .mmu .mnu .mdoa ..nd .~m ...m» .~.~« .o~. .mmh .moa. .0.” .mm .mflom .mumN .aon .n~.~ .nQNu .90. .AN. .NNM .Nwmm .mmm .mom« .Hanm »amum 4... «ommm mung www.244m mIQJa u.u 444 room or:« mmnzaz h.. 4.4 «0.xzq auaom .Huam a... .«uuxmru . hmm. 4.444Hh . 82H8244. on omranx mmOHUquh zm«. .xnaa .Nmm .mNM .mnmm .Nmm .mnam mHnUM : m 44 .mmoo .mmnm .Nnhr .uxco .mmmum .mmmmd ndmk . dmuam 44d mo mark >m mnzN<30up4hm omIUhHI manh04Mb .m:« .o .m:« .o .ammm .«an .Num .a .N« .o .mnnm .o.mm 0° on 0° 0° ONMN'. 0"]... .ama .4 .4 .t~ .muom .munm .mon .: .mJH .wom .osaom .msnnu .034» .u .mum .nnN .mmrmu .m-u« «mum .azou zHamu ZMOu MM0H01~» mam: 444 Mmroz mmsztoo 44a azutmundm 3w44uuommom4mm zamut 2H 1«u> Mum Dr! mm: no manor 4q»0h .0.- MMUM 1...».qu . . . \‘I la N NIOW\0 : .umw ouch.” «m4quo mmnhunvh romraz M4amh43u 44mmzmo hu)yu vu pmmuMJ >quu nnwn rmHn tutu mo ma>h M4amh4nx Ju/mrmo WHHMM vuowmmqu >~uun nonu Tmau rack no mu»w 97 .afi. .o.m~ uz»udqt 44d 0 ”In QHJOU 4mm< 4 O, s .mN .moao oZMu14t 444 .o 04N .m «w mufiou com 444 zoom anndu 4a¢< .Jn .«o .N: .o« .auu .on~ .~m- .Hm- .non .okra mmmxoc «mpanx wmwomm .oxoo ”M4am >rqhnw moxmnm ymou «muox kzmxumauu n2.»muuqu .h« .n .moa .Jmu .um .3uu .nmua .una .~:oo .nnmo .mnmn .uamm >qw¢m 4Qma Nnmmm annuu mmmhzq4a mroJm toom orzq mmnzax h.m 444 mn>xzu muaom «outmxu . pmuu mou44Hk . oxHhhu.m Oh omtupmr manhuqxh xmm ngmauom mouwom 2~ou MMth hZMtamficu quhmMsMcz< mmndm 4¢thMtu o hmwu mua44mh o 94H»241a ow nmrnhmt m(0ho«Mh aHtmmmzxo .m«o .a .am .J .«K. ..m .~ .m« .snnn .a .son« .NJm: .mmmo .anu ...m .nnh mundm 24m mum41um xmnc04 manger menu“: mmnk u..m t m 44a zmutu muqu ouuumm 444 muzwwm a.m4m mnaMuu zwzangam uzu4nz¢r m4aummhux «a rmazonwapm n» omcnhaz mmobua.u .nmam .~m .9 .mm .a .mmvw .mmxu .m~ .mnm .a~onm .mmn .4 .mm: .uum .mm¢mm .nmsu. .ouo .afi~am uamh . mnmu .mzou amaze x no wuo»ua- mud. mm.zqvu romuu; Mnam 44a «mwo: mmzmmnn: 444 44a bruxaHngu um44mmoamuu4mm mmn..«mu >m zauqum: zH yam» 2mm 2H mm: mo wmnox thn» 1° 0° 0° .0 0° Ca 0“ OD .no~ .a .a .nm .on« .4 .m .n .a¢flsa .u .mmmu .mom. .msom .nmmfl .mou .omwu nunUm 24m mmmamum «m0404 mznw4x mrnoxt meh mys4m : m .44 zHaru mod.“ nzm-~m 444 mnanu «>m4m mwuyou hzmraaaow mzHanqr m4aaymhan mo >«420Hpqpm o» omcopmr mmo»o«xu GO ON... 0) O) 06. 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Equipment Stationary or Materials Handling Harvesting By: Hired Labor Family Labor Day of Week Type of Farm Acreage Tractor Types (Mfg.) Fuel Used Ownership Sex Type of Farmer i_Tractors J According to: Tractor Types Year Built Tractor H.P. Make (Mfg.) 115 OHIO Total Hours of Tractor Use I‘ Ann-‘1 3. AA" Ah; 1' ' 9’ 116 ._ 4.44:... vii-'1‘, 0° 0“ Cu 00 0“ 0° 0° 0” 0" 0‘ 0d 0”, 0” .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 0o 0” 0° 0” o 00 0’- OP- 0m 00 0° 00 0’“ 0” 0° 0“ Cu 0“ 0° .- 05 Ca 0’. .6 .r’ 0‘. 0.3.: .4 .4 .u .4 .4 ..4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 4 .4 .44 .444 .44 .mms .4~n~ .444 .Nm4N .s:~4 .4- .own .4444 .mm- .4444 .n .4 .4 .4 .m4 .4 .444 .mm .m4 .2 .44 .4. .o:m .44 .44. .44 .444 .anm .40 .444 .44: .444 .:4~ .404 .44: .4m44 .4 .:4 .4~ .444 .444 .44 .494 .m4~ .44 .444 .4444 .44. .:44 .44 .444 .44 .4mm .44 .4 .4.44 .444 .444 .o .444 .4.4 .444 0° 0“ 0“ 0:" 0m 00 03H” 0”; O'N 0“ 0n.“ 0'“ 0N4." 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OD OM'NfiN CU 0“- O’WM strand“ cabqlin O'LWU .o .o .u .o .a .u .n .nm~o« .n .mmm .n154 .mIIn .mm.: .a .o .u .u .a .o .a .J .uam~ .mwu .«nnu .run‘ .u aw Jar mzHJOt mam; wmmm. mmuxgato rw,n om mm mm mumrpo «Mango 22m: rmmux zrow mmau .r.H Oman mnqqd Inn 0» 4» mp no" In a: m mvaz o» nzHorouua mvohuth nummadn .L.r unhnqw» mmmxp xokuawh >m muo>n wwhuu¢p >m ono 2“ mxaz a» an mmnuua mohuum» aura 2m mmmmaJu a: “Mun p» wrugannUJ magpuqv» no Maw» «mm .mnzamnnr» 4H. mm: no major Jake» no mam» “mu .mozamwox» 2”” mm» um wwsoc dawn— .¢~m .mam .«o .m:: .oom .m: .nu .~n .moqm .omwu .mu .«mn .u- .«flmm .mmfiu .nmma .aom .«m: .5: .un .mmo» .mnu‘ .Nflu .mm:¢ .Huw .«mm .«mm .mmn .omn .:H« .4: .mm .mmum .9mau .. .a.m m .nms .sm:m .QNHN .«xaa .amnu .Nmm .mm .wa: .«Amm .oomo .ru .,um a .m:o~ .mmuo .onsm .oauw .m:~« .nww .Awm .mmm .nmtww .rumnu .nm ..unuu m .n~m .vmm .mmw .mmo .okm .~,n .m34 .onu .mkmm .rInu .Jo .munu m .nmfla .snwm .m~o~ .aman .nnmw .uann .nnm .wnw .wfhum .~unm .4” .mmmmu .mmo .msnm .onma .mnru .m:«~ .~nm .yo .mw .anIH .ymor .a .uvdu .anm .mmm« . nnu .oama .nmmu .«mr .mm .mnm .anmk .mmmr .mm .mm~m ant u~ua~ma mmomoma eouumoa omnmmmd :munmoa oJImea ::-u:wa mmujmma 44¢ kzovu YMqumo :nuu mnmz wnwwu. hJHDm «4w» 0» wxuownnud min—uqxh mmqrh MohUnw» ’fl mmarp «whode >m mu OHIO 2H hgunm x oh ozHOunna MNUpudmh OHIO 2H wOpuqu um m no Mam» «mm .mczamnoxh sz um: no MNDnt 44»Op AngdMfioxh 2H. I I 122 uo Mam» «um .u~nm .n .amnu asco~o« .mmsn .uua .a .um .m:mn .homa quJn. mw>u40 zzuu oHro 2H .mozamnuth sz .Nomwd .ommo .nm .mfl .amom .JMJs moImmmfi :QIUomu oHto 2H hJHDm no Mum» «mm amnzamanxb sz Ill.|.b .mumn .oou~« .«oma .n .a .a .xmnm .3mnn .«Ama ommm mmmmn puma: 7T0fl mmdu uxax n» qunxcuua numn Jufiu »m «24: o» ozunyouuq mmohnqm_ mm: no muwor 4 .momN .mum .a .0 OJ" 0° .a:~m .4mo~fl .momo mm-mmm« :m-mm¢« m:-mamd .Jmmo .~mmm .m ON! In .0 .mmnaa .moa~ .o mw .t.n owou Mm mo yam» Nut .0 .mno .m .u .aaou .¢¢~d 33-9:ma mm-qnmfl hqunm mam» ch mZHnmnnnn mmo»u«¢w nmmfi JMfim >m yahna mm: no mwnor Adho Maw» ow manmfiuoq m .mmam .m .u« :xru «mun n?« u:« oHro AH mmmmng Ammzqmnnt» um .omomn .mo .mm:m: 44d Onto .mnzqmwoxh 2“ mmmmaau .u. .m.mo .tu1m .mm .s .4m~su .mmHJu mm on an nu 3.0. m. I ‘l ) I nmmu m3 u at “mun u asunNnnaq mmun . umn nu “man; J .mmstm . mm .:un»a 03m 0 0mm .nawuw . w .am:h~ hzomu ¢m424~u hznuu moH: 1nwwuz mML»h rohuanp ammo Jma rm mmupoawh nu muyh no wqm» . mmw no mwnnz 4 mz u >m nav» aka» m2 u »m Wma uwn~ .J '1 L‘! 123 ‘11"; ,I .a .omu .9 .mN .4NN .un .onfl .3m4 .aa .a .mnm .omm .nm amxammnm .u .n .9 .nm .mn .mJ .n .nu .u .m .:m .nm .mmn nmkamm .omaw .omm .mmu~ .n¢~m .«uanw .Nmfln .nmmflN .n4~mfl .n~m~ .mndu .ANJmN .m.m¢~ .mnNNN omon mzHJO: uxmu mummn . .mmx44rn «who mw mm on anrmymxxu mmuxuo am>Hgo 22H: rmqu 2x01 umqo .t.H . omou .mH444 and o» nu a» mud no a» m my“; oh uzunaouua mynhnau» mmwuqdo .m.r mnhnumh nflcmwmz‘o »m nHrnmuzxo >m oHro x“ mxar a» m ”a Jana avohuamh onto nu «-nuadu as “man a» ouuchnua mmopuamh no «am» «ma .mnxnmnnr» z”. mun “a mmno: I4ho» no mqa» «mu .wwsqw.qy_ 2”, was hr ammo; dawn» .o~« .m¢m .o .m: .«m« .a .9 .«~ .aam .nmo .u .m- nmxowmon cum .35 .u .u .¢~ .oa .a .mN .NJN .nm« .Mr .rm numkmw .soao .«ao- .o-:d .munwa .ndJna .mmmo .:umd .omnfl .moa:o Imarmc .mmm .nomsn nh:.n «~-a~wa mo-mow« Ja-uomd om-mmmd :m-amod mrImyma 3,-JImfi mm-anm« J44 hzowm «Mdcqwu hanmm aurmwmx‘u “aux znquz h4mam «am» oh.nzunm and mmoPuth mmaph «nuuum» auxmmmzro pm aurmmma1n ya oHro 2H FJHnm «am» a» uzmnuooua mmOHuaab omxo 2H mmoF04yk no ”a,“ un mum ”mu no mam» «ma .mo24mnoxh 2H. mm: mo muoo: Jakob .mazamaor» z”. mm: no mwnux 44km» 124 O C r! ‘7: K “0 «h MWMtho o~od .nNmm «suosmd to «am» mum 1". .k .mmm .om .umu .mnvs .wmum .mmum mzH40t amuu MuhHJO 22H: >mer ono ZN wxqr o» .mnxamnoth 2H- .mmau .nJJ .onm .Nodsw oucnnd .«nmdd monmoma tonumma mmImmm« oHto 2H hquam «am» Oh «mnzdmaorh 2H. .Mnh .snu .nun .mx' .Nrn .mm .sm 4 .n.h .“mm m:«:mu .wfioaa .nnmm .Ivnuu . Jmau .mmmh .u.I- .-:;.w . .uxu .-an.u --r mmmmn av}:4az: xm‘u mm mm on xuw anew mmnu .r.H nwom mHJJx n24 oh p" n» and Jo .r 0 my«: op ozuomouua mmahuam» mmmmaIu .1.r wnhuuyh xmm >a xum ~m zuomouua mmobuam» oHro zu mmmmaau m: ”mun uh annoyanua mwohna u umn no mama: Jake» no «4m» «ma .mnzamnor» 2H. mmn nu mwnox Jaynu .:m: .6» .5: .sn« .mmnm .~mn« .m .¢~n« mqnxmu .«oaMd .owmn .mmma .ahsa .nasmn .Jmm¢: .amm .mmflsn m4": :muomma osumaoa ::ua:ma om-onod 444 hznvm mMJxamu ”an“ xmm mama anWqJ quDm «am» Oh u7unmono« mmohnamh mo¢>p wnFUuuu xmm >m xqm ym oanmooua man»u«m» oHro z" mmo»0uw~ no mark mo mam» ”mm mm: no Mann: Jako» .mczqmaotp sz an mo mmnnx Japan 125 onmn .mnm osma .mmsd .mwwo .mu\u quaox muwtho mw>H40 zth xmum zo Onto 2H no «am» am; .mnzqmnorh any .moo ommN: .onod .nhoo oo¢mn~ .nmmmd «non~od moImomd «ounowa imam zo Onto 2M hJHDm no Mam» «um .mnz«maorh sz .émsu .hmwm .dwm .1mw .NJmN .mmwd on“ .mme .omon .qum .mmmh .ohama .ammm .mwsou .m¢:u .mmmo .mmu .MMmMN .mnsun .umunm umuu mammn myuXtho rwao mm mm mm >mMuu 2103 undo .I.H nmom mH444 024 0» 0b 0» go“ no at m mvur 0h mzHovooua mwnhndzh mmwmquo .n.r unhoavh oszmoz hzwam mth >m tmau zo ozuvwo1 hrmnm urn” wvar o» ozmumonua muchndch oHto zw mmmdeu at “Mum ow mxmnvovnn manpnq um: no mMfioz thnh mo dam» «ma .mnzamnork 2H. mmn mm m~301 44w .4Nu .nmaw .oo3H .«Na .mmm .mwand .mmmm .Mmu .MJJM onnmad .Nhaa» o3mum .mo:a .Oama onnawh .naamn .maw .nmsmn @mImmad :mInmmd m4om:0d :4Iaawa mnoanmd 44¢ hzomu «Mquru hzoxm HIGH: Inanz qunm «am» oh ozmomnnu« mmOhuqdh muuuh vowudx» QZHVMOJ hzwam wtnw >m :mqu no owmvmox hrm mun» 14m» Oh ozmnmonod mmohndw» oHto 2H m~o»n«7h no mu>h no Nam» .mnzqm30t» 2H. mm: no mmaox Japnp wmn uo wwnor Jake» «mu mrH» hdum mrwh 445m 126 OHIO Total Hours of Farm Machinery Use 127 .m©o@ .Nn4 .mJ:d oduflN .unJu .aMNH .mmsd .ONJd .amu .0“ .u .- .mn n2h>m«r .D‘ .n .ncnn .moo .Jam .~nm .Jmn .mmn .Nms .-m .H'.“ .mumd .m:m .mnud anndm com 44¢ mmmro: >Mawou .a .a bamam tuom M .omam .«JmN .sm: .o~u~ 0. 0dr. 0” 0° .un .~ow .o .m« .no¢ .a~:« .no .4: .mom .sm .- .~o~ .NNM .o .504 ..mm .mow .u .94“ .flmua .-m .n .omu .nmw .mn .n .mfl .mn .mg .m .m .u Oé on On la .n .o .a .- .a .a .n .m» «whuM¢r mmzouu .oznu «mJam munmom zmou muzoz hzmxauauu uzawmm5xqr .:m: .4945 .uauna .m:~: .tcm¢ on Omofiw 00“” OD .mflfl .naa .494 .mnn .n .unm .u .ran .uJo .umn .omm .o .mmn .moo .mmn .sam .u .ww~ .om: .ow .mn. .n .mo~ .om . u .oo .mmu .mmw .smm .om .mnm .:u« .h3m .u~:m .mm.~ .«hm .om .nmm .NJmm .wou .ammm .o .mama .nwo .m: .oss .o .m.o .on .o .04 .o .mwua .u .o .n Jqu Mommm munum mmmhzaJQ meJA onx mmnzqz ~.m 44¢ n>tza auaum mmndm 4mma 4duurmto . hxum qu44Hh ¢ quh244a on outnuur mdo~uqm~ thxo: .~:sn« .600 .mn:« .AQQN .m:n~ onh)d .m.mn .mum OHOO .nma .mom .mmm .mmm muficm t m 444 .t3nss .mmmm .Hsmm .mnnua .nmmm .-om .m~o~ .nm34d .naaua .humua .ummv .tmma .nmmm mam» . nmuum 44a >m mnzamfiorh zH .NN .omwu .anon .MJNM .Nama .«m: .mouu Idboh .n .Nn .mmn .mwd .nm .0 .o .umn .3 .Nma .ooN .umn .4 .NMd .N .904 .4 .«MH .haN .mmnd .nwu .mm .mmn . an .0 .m04 .som .omnd Mn, .aJ .mnm .unum .u .Nm .4nu .msn .u .0» .mt .nau .a .fin .«Md .unm .mo .;9 .mn >4- .3 .on .40H .«&5 .50M .Nm .mmu M33 .a .n~ .uam ostu .m» .m .uu wtr .mm .m~ .amm .mo .4» .m .u 4Hw¢a .m .Nfia .ona .Nma .. .a .m an4r .4 .¢o .Au .mmn .u .5 .u .nuu CU IMHO 0H6”? ohm .0 CNN Cu Dunn.“ tam muuamum Mun404 aroma: n?nn«z wvnh mmr4u rpuur zmdtu undum uzmomm 44d wadmnu anmnm mnuw>u hzuth.um qu4024t m4u~1mwat Yo >Mmzuuhuhw outuwux mmo»udmb .tomm .9 .ma: .Ndmu .mawnn .Nount .mnm .mouum 4unuw .»n« .a .u .an» .rauu .mmm .n .uMN .0mn .snma .o .u .snaa .:m:m .mwrm .Jm .ummu .902 .danm .4 .m .and .nmmn .mmat .u .m.mn .hnn .uwm .u .mm .rx .Jduw .m-N .N’ .Jmnm .pwmm .mm .u .n« .o .nmum .Nnmn .mdu .Nm.m .mna .«ru« .9 .mhm .m .vwmo .afiam .m .tmnm >4nfi .u .u .n .1 .hmt-« .mumm .« .0mum mans .u .a .o .a .mdund .muwm .mn .nmm: >ur .u .o .u .a .mumma .pvmu .um .mmmr 4wwLn .0 .u .3 .u .ummr .Ow. .rm ..mwu ranx 0%.. 0U 01 on. 09.0“” omlffl our: 037d 0mm.“ .0m .0 .n .1 .wau .nmma .u .Juuu .zuw amnmw .ozo Zudro zmno mMnhuaMH mnur mm414mu toyma? rkzot 44d «MIC: mMZHmtou 44¢ pzmzmuacw Qm44maoNaIu4mm tn aw ddu> Mum mm: mo wmaor 4dhnw MMnuu4~w 128 ...04 .~¢~n .n.m» .nmmu .ummd .NNHM .omo .Mmma .usnu .ofimu .~mn« .amon .mudn .wmu nuanm Uta 44¢ .umn .u- .wa .MMN .Jha .044 .nn mymxoc >mawom .40» .m:« .mmd .mua .3nd .oma .ho >dmmm room .- Cam .4? 0'1” .Nu 0". 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N ”A 1cmmnz .m .mn44 Iowan? omrowmnm OMpJMN nmzcn nurmwm/co LIST OF REFERENCES LIST OF REFERENCES Bowers, Wendell and D. R. Hunt (l969). Application of Mathematical Formulas to Repair Cost Data. ASAE Paper No. 69-l56. Haight, Frank A. (1970). A Crude Framework for Bypassing Exposure. Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 2, No. l. Harsh, S. B., C. D. Kearl, and D. P. Snyder (l969). A Computerized Farm Cost Accounting System. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Hoff, Paul R. (1970). Accidents in Agriculture: A Survey of Their Causes and Prevention. Information Bulletin 1, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Hofmeister, K. M. and R. G. Pfister (l968). A Study of Accidents to Farm People in Michigan. Rural Manpower Center Report No. l4, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Michigan Department of Agriculture (l97l). Michigan Agricultural Statistics. Michigan Department of Agriculture, Lansing, Michigan. Michigan State Police (l972). Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents in Michigan, Period, Year 197l. A Summary of Farm Equipment Accidents on Public Roads, compiled by the Michigan State Police, Lansing, Michigan. Pfister, R. G. (1971). Unpublished computer print-out summarization of accidents to farm people, l956-l970. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Phillips, G. Howard and H. E. Stuckey (l967). Accidents to Farm and Rural Nonfarm People in Ohio. Extension Bulletin 500, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Phillips, G. Howard and H. E. Stuckey (1971). Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Personal communication, August 4. Stuckey, H. E. (1972). Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Personal communication, July 12. 147 148 Stuckey, N. E. (1972). Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Personal communication, July l9. University of Illinois (1967). Machinery Repair Cost Survey. Farm Research Institute, Urbana, Illinois. Wright, Karl T. (1971). Characteristics of Michigan Farms and Farmers by Income Level. Research Report No. l34, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. ER ”'l’frillluijlllfillfllulilllllllll“