l' I! H H WI H1 |.. WI I) II I \ J l 106 744 THS ‘7 -- a: ~-: '2‘ ' WP? 1.! (‘53: AN £XPng£EE§fQL gihaz w“. i? L ‘3' A 3 ’2‘“? "flush {or the Degree 53 B. S; 24§C§~EEGAN STATE COLUQE : . x flutes L. Swanson THESIS L’, f/ An Experimental Study of Fly Ash A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science by James L.‘pgnaldson Candidate for Degree of Bachelor of Science March 7, 1946 THES!S f. / I ‘74 l a 1/” r / A [J I. The ancient Romans knew that volanic ash.mixed with lime produced a hydraulic cement. The Romans used this for years on buildings and roads. TA fly ash with low carbon content and high fineness may prove to be a artificial puzzalonic material. The ash is generally Spherical shape and extremely fine, and may produce a portland- puznalonacement of superior progerties. Fly ash is a residue from the burning_o£ psowered coal. The powered coal is passed through the boiler and the carbon is burned. The residue remains in suspension in the form of fused particles. The particles are still in suspension and are carried to a low temperature where they solidify to form fly ash. The ash is then passed into the staCks. The ash is caught by precipitatcrs before it has left the stacks. The chemical composition for the ash will depend on the type of coal used. The more common compounds are silica, alumina, iron,oxide and lime. Silica makes up the greatest part ofl the ash and there is a small amount of carbon in the ash. Fly ashes are characterized by the extreme fine- ness. All the ash used in this eXperiment would pass a 200 mesh sieve. 17873: Two different cements were used. the first was‘afihltes cement and second wasxa peerless cement. All the cement used had passed a 20 mesh sieve. Standard Ottawa sand mas used for all mixes, which is sieved to pass a No. 20 sieve and retained on a No. 50 sieve. The condition which fly ash is produced are similar to those of volcanic ash. Chemical Analysis of Ely Ash Carbon ...................;............ 11.53’*1 8102 ....... .......................... 45.46 A1205 ................................. 28.87 FeO ................................. 1.51 Fe205 ................................. 6.55 CaO ................................. 2.04 MgO ................................... .28 SOS .................................. .89 Ignition loss 1800 degrees F .......... 11.78 Na20 + K20 ............................ .96 Insoluable Res ........................ 88.83 Free Lime ............................. 9.00 Water soluble alkalies or sulphates ... .27 Total water soluble ................... 1.90 All the fly ash used in this experiment was obtained from the Detroit Edison Co., and came from their Trenton Channel plant. Fineness and Specific Grafity of Flv Ash carbon ....ooooo‘oooo 0000000001234; Specific Gravity ............. 2.16% Percent Passing Sieve Dry No.200 (74 microns) ......... 89.7 N00325 (44 fl ) 0000.000. 8601 gergent Finer Than 10 microns .......... ...... 38.0 lmlCI‘On 0.0000000000000000 0.0 Specifig_surface, Sq. Cm/Gram 3220 . The following tests were made: tensile, com- pression and duribility. The samples were made up in the following manner: Sample Part Cement Part Ash 10 'IEIF‘JUOUJb 010400 (fihCflml-‘O Sample Part Cement Part Ash 4 ta #4 :3 C) 6 3 7 2 8 l 9 Determination of Normal Consistency of Portland Cement and Ash. 3 The cement and ash was mixed as explained and a consistency test was made on each sample. This test was to determine the amount of water for normal consistency. A 500 grain sample was made for each test and mixed with different .. (as. percentages of water. The material mixed, reacts normal consistency when the plunger of the vicat apparatus settles 10mm in 50 seconds. Several trials for each.sample were made. The percentage of water for the samples ran from 25.5 to 58.5. The following test were made with each.mix. A.mixture Test 1 - 500g Cement, 120cc H20 24% H20 50 sec. - 5 m” Test 2 - 155.cc H20 or 27% .30 sec. - 15 Mm. Test B mixture Test Test 0 Mixture Test TeSt ' D Mixture Test E Mixture Test 125 cc H20 or 25.5% 50 860. - 10 ml... 450g cement - 50 g Ash 125cc H20 - 25% 50 sec - 5 mm... 155cc H20 or 27% 30 See. - v10 mu. 400g cement - 100g ash 145cc 320 or 29% 50 sec. - 7.5 mm 154 cc H2 0 - 51% 30 Sec. - 10 mm. 550g cement - 150g ash 160cc H2 0 or 52% 50 sec - 10 mm 500g Cement - 200 g Ash 162.500 320 or 32.5% There was Gale error in this test and it can not be used. F Mixture Test Test G Mixture Test Test H Mixture Test Test From is No. 1. 1 - 2503 cement - 250 g ash 1700c H20 or 55% 50 sec. - 8.5 mm 2 - 177.5cc H20 or 55.5% 1 - 200 g Cement - 500 3 Ash 185 cc H20 - 57% 50 sec. - 12 mm 8 - 182.5 cc H20 - 56.5% 50 sec. - 10 mm 1 - 100 g Cement - 400 g Ash 190 .8 H20 - 58% 50 sec. - 7 mm 8 - 192.5 cc H2O or 58.5% 50 sec. - 10 mm these values a graph was drawn which Finding the lepe of the curve and applying this to the water ratio of cement only, I obtained the value of 10.75%. This value is based on the weight of cement, sand and ash. Tensil Strength. All mixes were based on the standard mortar of one part cement and three parts sand. For normal consistency, 10.75% of water was used. The one part of cement was broken down for each mix as: A.mixture 255 g 705 g 101 g 705 g 8 mixture 211.5 25.5 101. 705 C mixture 188 g. 47 g. 101 g. 705 g. D mixture cement sand water sand g. g. g. cement ash water sand cement ash water sand 164.5 g. cement 70.5 g. ash 101.9 3. water 705 g. sand mixture 141 g. cement 94 g. ash 101 3. water 705 g. sand mixture 117.5 g. cement 117.5 g. ash 101. g. water 705 g. sand mixture 100 g. cement 150 g. ash 107.5 3. water 750 g.sand mixture 75 g. cement 175 g. ash 107.5 g. water 750 5. mixture sand 50 g. cement 200 g. ash 107.5 3. water 750 g. sand J mixture . 25 g. cement 225 g. ash 107.5 g/water 750 g. sand These samples were cured and tested at the end of seven days and twenty-eight days. The results are as follows: Tensile Strengthgp.s.i. Sample 7 days 28 days % ash A 260 540 0 B 254 559 10 C 254 550 20 D 200 275 50 E 165 240 40 F 155 228 50 G 108 190 60 H 100 170 70 I 90 150 80 J 75 155 90 The adding fly ash in place of cement did not increase the tensile strength at seven or twenty- eight days. The samples of ten percent and twenty percent was increasing with strength at a more rapid rate of speed than the sample with only cement in it. I believe that at the end of six months the samples of ten and twenty percent ash will have more strength than the one with only cement. The samples beyond fifty percent ash.had no value being used as tensile strength. These values are muchfit§>small and if the value would nise in six.months, it would not equal the 2". values. ” Compression. These samples W646 made up the same as the others with one part cement and three parts sand with a normal consistency. The size of molds were four inch cubes. The mixtures were as follows: A Mixture 500 g. cement 1500 g. sand 215 cc water 8 mixture 450 g. cement 1500 g. sand 50 g. ash 215 3. water C mixture 400 g. 1500 g. 100 g. 215 g. D mixture 550 g. 1500 g. 150 g. 215 cc E Mixture cement sand ash water cement‘ sand ash water 500 g cement 1500 g sand 200 g ash 215 cc water F mixture 250 g. 1500 g.’ 250 g. 215 cc G mixture 200 g. 1500 g. 500 g. 215 g. cement sand ash water cement sand ash water H mixture 150 g. cement 1500 g. sand 550 g. ash 215 cc water I mixture I 100 g. cement 1500 g. sand 400 g. ash 215 cc water J mixture 50 g. cement 1500 3. send 450 g. ash 215 00 water The results of the seven and twenty—eight days tests are: Compression Test, Psi Samples 7 days 28 days % ash A 1600 2170 0 B 1545 2145 10 C 1520 2120 20 D 1505 2075 50 Samples 7 days 28 days % ash E 1485 1885 40 F 1455 1750 50 G 1560 1555 60 H 900 1105 70 I 520 605 80 J . 250 510 90 None of the samples with fly ash were equal to the sample with cement only at the end of twenty-eight days. The increase of strength between the 7 day that and 28 day test, showed that the samples of up to 50% fly ash increased at a more rapid speed than the sample with cement only. If this increase of strength will pep up for a period of 6 months the sample with 10% - 50% fly ash wili surpass the sample of cement. The test made on 50% ash to 90% were of no value at all. These strengths have no use. Curing and Durability. The samples were placed in a water bath for a period of several days and then taken out and kept moist. The temperature was kept near 70 degrees F. at all time. The time of setting depends on the amount of fly ash in the mixture. The greater the amount of ash the longer it will take to set up. These times are still within the standard specifications. The strength of the fly ash samples at the” end of 7 and 28 days was somewhat less than the cement. As has been pointed out, the increase of strength between 7 and 28 days for the 10% - . 50% fly ash samples was greater than the cement samples. If there had been time to cure the samples longer, the ones with ash up to 50% would have had a greater strength. If any mixtures were to be used in construction, the fly ash could be used up to 20%. If this test was to be run over I woald use the fly ash in a much different way. Instead of replacing part of the cement with fly ash I would use it in place of the sand or fine ag- gerate. Keeping the same amount of cement in each \\ sample. From this you would get a much lighter \ &E, ‘ii concrete per cubic foot. The weight of the fly ’X‘ " ash is much less than the sand. For buildings /// 1 this would cut down on the amount of steel that Due to a time e1 ment an accelerated test was used. Using 525 grams of anhydrous magnesium sulphate (MgSo4) mixed with one liter of water, the samples are placed in this solution for 18 hours and then removed. They are then placed in an oven at 110 degrees F for 6 hours. Five cycles were tran> At the end of the five cycles there was no change in any of the samples with fly ash up to 60%. The samples from 60% to 90% ash had lost weight and had started to crack up. Conclusion. This experiment should be run over a much longer time than what has been done. It was found that the first mixtures had too much water and were not workable. From about 50% ash to 50% ash the mixtures were workable, but from 50% on up the mixtures were again not workable. It was found that using fly ash the mixtures required a greater water ratio. For this type of experiment a diffggent water ratio should be used for each mixture or some other method should be found for a water ratio that will apply to all the mixtures. is needed. There are many more tests that should be done. Some of these tests are autoclave expansion, volume changes and weathering resistances. 'The cost of the fly ash should be very small. Many plants dump their fly ash in lakes and the ocean. The cost of the transportation would be the greatest part of the cost. I do believe that a fair test should be made, such as a small section of road or building built with the use of fly ash. REFHRANCES Journal of the American Concrete Institute Vol. 57. PrOpe rties of Cement and Concretes Containing Fly Ash, by R.E. Davis. Mechanical Engineering, Nov. 1958, Vol. 60, No. 11. —_..-- Fl: :5 ’0 ~13 5Q . -.___"’_.'___ j“; I -9 \ Q “T: 0 & "was a a- 91/ W w .. . I lift+lvvtxatlylli Tit"); # l. I I- 4 1' "' 11 £ 4 i 3 E ‘1' i i } E ». .— .kk____._.—— .1- ___ - o » I {rtlr tit.- l. '4 ——.—.—. ...._ ... n-ov—t-«u- ...-e o--.. . , . ....k. . ...,,,,._ ...-.-._._ i 4 >s... .-aa. \ - . spOO>> r s . 4 . v 4 . .... ..». u . --.... . H . -r- - 111.44.}: .- . Le . . LL . 1 , ... a c . y-.. .v-os. F... -o'k.-r.- ..-. . . fi . . . . _ .l¢4['|ll|lr!. rellv'ul L ‘44 n. I! [Isl-.\1IbllOllr1r4.v.l x I :41 III? 4‘ 44.11.1113 ..I\ 1154..b\rv . 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