FACTORS AFFECTING THE PAROLEES' USE OF TRADE TRAINING BY Sherdena M. Dorsey Robert L. Gavaldon Arthur T. Hilson R0 ernm .* 1‘41“): O‘J‘U' An?Abatract‘ Of A Reéearch Project I'. ’ .“ Lie "7’.- up. D‘.W' "' Submitted to Michigan State University ‘“ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK June 1969 I THESIS ° LmaARr; __ , Mitlzéa’mn State University I ‘7 w ABSTRACT It was suspected that parolees in the Michigan State Prison System do not use the vocational training they receive- in prison. This study was undertaken to search out some of the factors related to the non-use of trade-training. Our group hypothesized that parolees who have used the trade- training they received while in prison are more likely to be those who have a positive attitude toward work, and parolees who are interested in trade training are more likely to use their training in employment. Observations were also made of parolees' personal characteristics. Parolees who received trade-training while incarcerated were interviewed at various locations throughout the State. Interviews were conducted in two parts: paper and pencil tests and questioning by the interviewer. The data showed that there was a significant relationship between positive attitudes toward work and use of trade- training. It did not show a relationship between interest in trade-training and use of that training in employment. 5 v . ' I V - '.y I . < . , _. . , ~ - l . ' I - - - ' I I ’l A I“ I , - f _ . I , - . , ' I '. ’ I 1 . r I ' . I I' ' l l \ t r' - I- D " ‘ . I n' ‘. ‘ l w 9 I \ j . . - .. , u , ‘ I ‘ I ’ e ' ‘ . . 2 ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ . f _ . . . . - I' ~ . I . _ l . “. ,1 _ ’ l FACTORS AFFECTING THE PAROLEES' USE OF TRADE TRAINING By Sherdena M. Dorsey Robert L. Gavaldon Arthur T. Hilson R. Bruce Hume Research Project Submitted to Michigan State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK June 1969 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors of this study wish to express their appreciation to Mr.William Kime for his assistance in the preparation and presentation of this paper. We would to acknowledge the efforts of Mr. James Gilham, graduate student at the University of Illinois, for his cooperation in formulating the questionnaire used in this study and for his guidance in interviewing the subjects. Special thanks go to all those employees of the Department of Corrections, without whose cooperation this study could not have been undertaken, and to Mrs. Judy Gavaldon for graciously typing this paper. ii TABLE OF CON TENTS Page INTRODUCTION 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1. ME mODOLOGY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 7 ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 0 11 Additional Findings 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 13 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLI “TIONS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 18 APPENDIX A O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 20 BIBLIOGRAPI—IY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 23 iii INTRODUCTION Crime in the streets! Law and order! These are familiar words in our country today. One cannot look at a newspaper or listen to a news broadcast without seeing these notions alluded to. They are on the minds of most every man and woman in this country, from the man who runs the corner store to the President. "His (President Nixon's) priorities read neatly - Viet Nam, inflation and crime" (12, p. 19). When a topic warrants one of the top positions on the President's list of priorities, it must be important to the country. Crime is this important, because it involves the criminal, the victim, the police, the press and every man who is afraid that he, too, will become a victim, This means that it involves everyone. When people are con- cerned about a problem, they begin to find solutions and this is what is happening with the problem.of crime. There are attempts at every level of government to find some solutions to this problem, The most common:means used so far has been to legislate stronger penalties for existing laws in an attempt to make a.man think before he commits a crime. This has not worked, as it has been shown that a man who commits a crime is seldom.aware of the penalty involved. The stronger penalties lead to longer prison sentences for the men who commits a crime and is apprehended. At this point, society has placed the responsibility for caring for the law-breaker in the hands of the prisons. Prisons were made to serve two purposes for society. First, and foremost to society, the prison was designed to punish the criminal for his crime. This is done by forcing him to spend some part of his life away from his "loved ones" in a situation with few personal freedoms. The second purpose society has for prisons is rehabilitation of the prisoner so that he will return to society without committing any more crimes. The prisons are to rehabilitate the man so that he can return to his community better able to cope with its demands in socially acceptable ways. One of the demands likely to be made of any returning prisoner is that he must find a legitimate means of earning a living. Since :many of the men placed in prisons do not have the skills or knowledge necessary to hold a job, responsibility has long been accepted by penal authorities for attempting to train inmates who have the desire and ability to learn a trade. "When we go into the occupational history of any prisoner ‘we find a tragic record of vocational incompetence" (8, p. 4). “A concrete contribution the institution can make toward the reduction of criminal behavior is to furnish the offender ‘with.work skills and habits which will make him.employable and which will furnish sufficient renumerations to meet his needs" (7, p. 97). Thus, trade-training got its start in prisons because, "For the majority of prisoners there is real A! hope in vocational education" (8, p. 4). Trade-training, or at least development within the prisoners of good habits of industry was one of the main means of rehabilitation of the reformatories in the 1870's (1). Vocational training was started in the reformatories then moved into the prisons as authorities realized the importance the training program.had or could have. Vocational training gained additional importance when Congress passed the National Vocational Education Act in 1917 (The Smith-Hughes Act). Although this act did not provide for any direct help to the pragrams within the prisons, it did further the cause of vocational training in prisons by providing for the training of vocational training instructors. JMany of these instructors found their way.into the prison programs and these programs were vastly improved. Trade- ‘training has grown through the years so that now "over «eighty-two per cent of all institutions indicate some use of this (trade-training) program" (6, p. 614). This growth is good, but the programs and the idea of trade-training has a long.way to go before society can realize the fullest benefits of trade-training. Unfortunately, prisons have not put forth the greatest effort to make the most of vocational training. This may be, 1J1 part, because the prevailing attitude of the public has not been most conducive to rehabilitation. The classical '30 gantnieua-ebez'l' .(A .q ,8 "“1339ng 1“.” 10 solder! Doc; ”to axenosizq ed: “lash: namelfltb' ”.631 to mpnuxygun to anneal Meal ed: 30 em 0‘ f~ -- ,wa Wfl321, 1118naOV .(I) s'OY8I ed: a1 seizes) 2;: selzosamaoies eds aJ bed: -og§.bestlaez saladsodanl ,.¢smgd blues :0» a “,~,'~.I . . I ,- .0 1 -. '.‘_ fi-.j:" . . '5'. -. .. _’ . - 1n: * ' '5 JP!“ you assets "as ,1 _, : u:¢“‘“ .5? ‘ Jéri ,' ‘fififfl'lo eeflao ed: -y3ns:_1 11H '31-,”‘11tzf-c‘1 -1: 3:1}.(‘1'21éq‘3-3‘), 5-111 ‘1’“: 9113-10} 7 (1.; 11.11.11,.- 1- Gfi'f: meq~ta.;, 7' - A: 81033111213215 “We - '_- r .- ¢ ' . . 7.: ' ”mayo-10 en's,- =7"? 11'; word” a " ' ' ' i - .. . 1.»! «auxin? rr~ ‘.. -~ 11 3) 3-33 :eu er-degie mfi7993” {snfnisaJ-sbsi33 8ffi” ’ 1ft . r‘ l 30 as»: -413 has emazgo‘zq .9513 .N SSIIBST use vjejooa enoiefi o as: mm} m m 9W «‘th mm.” ,1 -4». .. Q L. e ofidm 9,153- -.f, “5.1.. L.\ 'Q w “r5 Lfe',"3 L‘fi. 7.... , r principle of punishment which matches the crime with an appropriate penalty established in advance by statute is still predominant in the policy of most state correction departments (10). Also, on the other hand, many prisons attempt to do too much with a good program by allowing every- one into the program. This does more harm than good as it tends to lower the level of the program. As Barnes (1) points out, tests show that many persons are manually unfit for trade-training. This is one of the reasons that "the trade-training mania that characterized the past half century has been found expensive and futile" (l, p. 655). It is clear that the prisons need to be more selective in their choice of inmates for the vocational training programs if these programs are to be most useful. Kendall (5) points out that prisons need some practical means of selecting the prisoners for such programs. If the prisons were more selective ‘the trade-training programs could be upgraded so that the students would receive only high grade instruction in relevant 'vocations. Many prison trade-training programs seem to have a problem with the relevancy of some of the training offered to work available on the outside. It would be more than ‘useless to give a man an extensive trade-training course in how to be a blacksmith, as this is a trade that is no longer needed by society. On the other hand, a man who took a course in brick laying or in tool and die work would be in a very good occupational position when he was placed on parole. He has a much better chance to make a success of his parole than does the prisoner who takes a course in an unmarketable trade. It is very important for a man on parole to have a good job, as Rogers found that one of the best predictors of parole success was good non-criminal employ- ment (11). This has many implications for the men who plan trade-training courses, as they are in a position to create programs in trades that will be in demand on the outside. It has been suspected for some time in the State of Michigan that quite a few parolees were not using the trade- training they received while inmates in the Michigan prison system, Therefore, a study was planned to find some of the possible causes for this apparent failure of the program. Our group felt that one of the factors of major importance in determining whether a man uses his trade- training is general attitude towards work. we feel that if a man has a positive attitude towards work he will be more likely to use the training he receives. It is obvious that Glenn Kendall feels the same way: 'Practical means should be provided to determine the individual's vocational interests ‘and abilities, and to determine his attitude toward work" v I \.‘ ‘ (5, p. 118). Our first hypothesis then is: Parolees who tmve used the trade-training they received while in prison are more likely to have a positive attitude towards work. We also felt that the inmates interest in a trade before he takes the training will be a determining factor as to ‘dwther he uses that training. Therefore, our second hypothesis is : Parolees who are interested in trade- training are more likely to use their training in employment. Finally, our group felt that it would be interesting to look at a number of personal characteristics of the men and see if there was any relationship between these characteristics and whether they used their training. We hypothesized that there would be a relationship between the use of training and these characteristics, but it was beyond the scope of this study to make detailed hypotheses concerning each one or to test each statistical significance. we will present these findings later in this paper. We felt that a parolee was more likely to use his trade training if he was white, married at the time of the interview, age twenty-four or less, has an l.Q. of 100 or over and has two or fewer felony convictions. We looked at each of these independently. F V" {1.1. r.r'~ ~; r11 Y .1, METHODOLOGY Data was obtained by interviewing parolees who graduated from the trade-training courses of auto mechanics, auto body repair, drafting, computer programming, machine shop, carpentry, food services and welding. The interviewees received their training at four of the institutions in the Michigan correctional system.(lonia Reformatory, Michigan Training Unit, Cassidy Lake Technical School and the State Prison of Southern Michigan ) between 1963 and 1968, and were on parole as of November, 1968. The original sample involved 157 parolees of which 120 were actually interviewed. The breakdown of those not interviewed is as follows: did not appear for the interview, 14; refused to be interviewed, 5; located too far up-State, 4; unable to supply sufficient information (lack of time or speech problem), 6; and inter- ‘viewer missed appointment, 8. The questionnaire was assembled ‘by Mr. James Gilham at the request of the State Department of Corrections and was designed to test the motivation of the parolees towards using their training. Each parolee who participated was told by the interviewer that his answers would be held in the strictest confidence and would not be made available to his parole officer, and that he was not required to participate in the study. We did tell each man that the study was being done so that the Department could improve the program and thus they would be helping men who ‘11-] would take the courses in the future. The present authors were given clearance to participate in this study for the purpose of this research. We assisted in the interviewing and data collection. The hypotheses, analysis and discussion contained here are entirely those of our group and have no connection with the Correction Department's project. To test the hypothesis regarding the use of trade- training and attitude towards work, the parolee was given a paper and pencil test in which the individual was asked to answer some questions about work. There were 57 statements in this section and the respondent could either agree (strongly or mildly), disagree (strongly or mildly) or remain undecided. From the 57 statements, 21 were chosen as clearly indicating the respondents' positive or negative attitude towards that statement. If his response was that he disagreed, again either strongly or mildly, his attitude was regarded as negative towards the statement. The total sample for this test was 116 parolees, who fall into two groups. The first group (Group 1) consisted of 73 individuals who either never applied for a job in which they could use their trade training, or else applied for a job but were not employed. The second group (Group II) consisted of the remaining 43 men who, since their release from prison, had at some time used their trade-training. For each of the 21 statements, the number of respondents in each of the two groups who had a positive attitude towards that statement was counted. Table I gives the results of this procedure. The total number of positive responses for each group provides the measure of motivation. In the second part of our investigation we were interested in looking at the relationship between parolee interest in trade-training and use of this training. we hypothesized that parolees who are initially interested in trade-training are more likely to use their training in employment. Interest in trade-training was measured by parolee response to the items in the questionnaire, "Why did you get into this particular sort of training? Was it something you were interested in?" The responses to this item were coded into four categories. These categories were: (1) no interest in trade-training; (2) interested, but no prior related training and/or experience in their trade before imprisonment; (3) interested, and had prior related training and/or experience in their trade before imprisonment; and, (4) not interested at first, but became interested in training. Those responding to the above item were condensed into two groups - parolees who expressed an interest in the trade- training (2 and 3) and parolees who did not express an interest in the training (1 and 4). Groups divided into interested and 0-;- 'l 10 not interested groups were compared with respect to their use of the training in employment. TABLE I GROUP I GROUP 11 Question id Not Use Training Used Training Pos. Responses # Res. Pos. Responses # Res. l 56 73 33 43 2 45 72 34 43 3 69 73 41 43 4 44 71 33 43 5 33 73 25 43 6 35 73 28 43 7 16 73 8 43 8 27 73 15 43 9 26 73 8 43 10 43 72 35 43 ll 42 71 29 43 12 43 72 22 43 13 52 73 35 43 14 71 72 48 43 15 66 73 4O 43 16 42 71 34 43 17 62 71 4O 43 18 51 71 32 42 19 63 70 38 42 20 63 73 31 42 21 66 73 41 43 1015 1516 644 900 -- .‘ ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS TABLE II GROUP I GROUP II N = 73 N 8 43 Dlé.fl2£.!§2.lzelflifla UssQ.I:aiaiaa (1015 Responses) (644 Responses) Positive Responses 66.9% 71.5% Negative or (501 Responses) (256 Responses) Undecided Responses 33.1% 28.5% TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% Table II summarized the results drawn from Table 1. Of the individuals in Group 1 who did not use their trade-training, 66.9% had positive responses toward the 21 statements chosen, 'which indicates a positive attitude towards work. Of this same Group, 33.1%.gave negative or undecided responses, indicating a negative attitude towards work. In Group II, the parolees who are using or used their training, 71.5% made positive responses to the statements, indicating a positive attitude towards work, and 28.5% made negative responses, indicating a negative attitude towards work. When these results were tested for significance with the Chi Square test (with correction for percentage figures), the hypothesis was confirmed, i.e., parolees who used the trade- 11 tr of e 12 txaining they received while in prison are more likely to Inve‘a positive attitude towards work (X2 = 5.75, one degree cm'freedom, significant at .02 level). TABLE III Interested No; Interested Lg Training 1g_ Igaining TOTAL H 2': ii i H 2. missus}: flsed 50 61.0 26 68.4 76 63.3 Iggining used 32 39.0 12 31.6 44 36.7 TOTALS 82 100.0 38 100.0 120 100.0 Table III shows the results for our second hypothesis that parolees interested in trade-training are more likely to 'use their training in employment. Of the 120 respondents interviewed, 63.3% had not used their training in employment since release from prison. 36.7% had used or were still using their training experience in their employment. When the interest variable was introduced, it was found ,.v. < a - . . - , - - a 7 - e -— - . .. t 5 .1 '1 ,, , .— ... . o I . ‘ V > —- . : ~ ' ' - I . ' 1 . 1,. ,_ , 1 -1, l' r, i L‘ s . . . _ .L. “ - -- - . . D‘- Q a . 1-. .. . - 1‘. v -. ('0 'g ' A - ,‘ 1 . 0 ~. V. . 1‘_ 1 ' . .K .-V .‘7 . ' I ' t - I‘ffl ' «1. n! ' ‘ ' ( .,, W1 A. '7' I ’ a- "a w. I I — .....-. 13 that 82 respondents expressed an interest in their particular training. However, only 32 (39%) of the interested group ever used the training in employment. 50 (61%) parolees who expressed an interest in the training had not used it after release. In the group which was not interested in the trade- training they received, it was found that 26 (68.4%) parolees expressed no interest in the training and had not used it. 12 (36.6%) parolees in the not interested group had used their training at some time or were still employed in training related jobs. The findings were subjected to the Chi Square test for significance. The hypothesis that parolees interested in the trade training are more likely to use their training in 2 employment was not confirmed (X = .599, one degree of freedom, not significant at .05 level). A____9s_ddit1° 1 Eagles; Observations made of parolees' personal characteristics indicates that men who were still using their trade-training skills at the time of the survey tended to be white, married, had fewer than three prior convictions, had I.Q.'s between 120 and 129 and were over 25 years old. TABLE IV BASE Percentages Negro (N=48) White (N=69) Never Applied 39.6 37.7 Applied But Rejected 27.1 23.2 Used But Left 7 25.0 21.7 Still Using 8.3 17.4 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 Table IV shows that while a slightly greater percentage of Negroes never applied for trade-related jobs, those who did apply were more likely to be refused employment. It also points out that while relatively more Negroes than whites use their training, they tend to not keep their jobs. TABLE V MARIE; ms 3 Percentages Married (N=15) Unmarried (N=103) Never.Applied 33.3 38.8 Applied But Rejected 20.0 26.4 Used But Left 20.0 22.3 Still Using 26.7 12.6 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 l4 . ‘3. —.- ..v a '.., ‘- n .,. a v. a - ... 7-. ..‘ -1 ,r ‘ (u... . L ’ v - '_" k .. _, . - 7' . -- w . -‘ V ' . . . , 7.7‘ , _ - Cu O o ' .04 . __ ‘ . t -‘ '- “ 'r _ .. ~ . p n, ._, ’ ,_ I“ } A . ~’ .. _- c . n.~... “. - o- .. g, ' ‘ 'o-. . . h . "* a. ‘r ""V-ar ‘. ¢‘-v... 5.. ~‘ “ - . g e ‘ u , ‘ ' r ‘ u A "H ‘ -. I I o ‘V .— .. "" _‘ . 1, ,, , ""0". . 7 - a . ‘ ' -. ‘- v... a I ".s ..- ... u-u. 0-.“ 15 Table V indicates that similar numbers of married and unmarried men never applied, applied but were refused employment or used their training but later left. However, more than twice as many married men than unmarried men were still using their training at the time of the survey. TABLE VI PRLOB OONVLCTLONS Percentages 0(N=31) 1(N=32) 2(N=l6) 3 or more (N=39) Never Applied 41.9 40.6 50.0 28.2 Applied But Rejected 35.5 21.9 12.5 23.1 Used But Left 9.7 21.9 25.0 33.3 Still Using 12.9 15.6 12.5 15.3 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 The results in Table VI are interesting in that there does not seem to be any difference in the percentages except among those who used their training but later left. This means that the more convictions the man had the more likely he was to use the training but later leave. TABLE VII 119- Percentages Below 90 90-109 110-119 120-129 130 Plus Sc°res (N=34) (N=54) (N=l7) (N=10) (N=2) Never Applied 41.1 40.7 41.2 20.0 0.0 “$152116?“ 29.4 20.4 17.6 30.0 100.0 Used But Left 14.7 25.9 29.4 20.0 0.0 Still Using 14.7 13.0 11.8 30.0 0.0 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table V11 shows that those with I.Q.'s up to 119 tended to never have applied for a trade-related job. There does not appear to be any particular pattern within the I.Q. range of 120-129. It is also interesting to note that the two men with I.Q.'s of 130 and above applied, but were not hired, for trade- related positions. TABLE VIII AQE Percentages 25 or Under (N=88) Over 25 (N=31) Never Applied 45.4 19.3 Applied But Rejected 25.0 25.7 Used But Left 19.3 29.0 Still Using 10.2 26.0 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 l6 a ---- . v‘ Q‘“_¢~ 17 The results shown in Table V111 are interesting because 55% of those over 25 used or were still using their training at the time of the interview. Only 29% of those 25 or under had used or were still using their training. Also, a larger percentage of those over 25 never applied or applied but were refused a job than were those under 25. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Each year just over 1,000 men graduate from trade-training programs offered through the Michigan Correctional System. Of this large number, it has been shown that few actually use their training once on parole. Our study indicates that if a parolee has a positive attitude towards work he is somewhat more likely to use this training, but that interest in a trade course is not necessarily related to use of the training received. Both of these results have implications for developing more adequate training programs. In our interviews with parolees, we formed an impression (not documented in this report) that two major areas affect the parolees' use of training. First, many of them take a trade course to favorably impress the Parole Board, even though they are not interested in the work and have no intention of seeking employment in that area. This may account for the high number of graduates that never apply for a trade-related position. The implication here is that perhaps this waste of training time could be avoided if the selection process for courses included a test to determine interest in that area. Coupled with this, a better coordinated program with industry and parole officers in large communities to insure employment in the trades after release is needed. The second area of concern we noted was that most parolees felt their training was inadequate, out-dated and not 18 19 amflicable to most positions open in the trades, even though timy were positively attracted to the course and their attitude Unmrds work was one conducive to continual employment. This any account for those men that apply but do not receive the jobs, or who leave their trade-related positions once employed. {Hm implications for change in this area are evident in the statement of our concern. Through our contacts with the Corrections Department, employees, parolees and prisoners, we feel that trade programs have a great potential for resolving problems facing parolees and concerning the public sector. The parolee's positive attitude towards work must be encouraged and/or developed to insure a meaningful return to community life. APPENDIX A The following questions were taken from the paper and pencil test as items indicating the respondents' positive or negative attitudes toward work. 492.21: mm Stgongly Mildly Undec, Mildly Strongly 1 think that one of the important things about working is that it gives me 5 4 3 2 1 something to do all day. I think that working makes me feel that I 5 4 3 2 1 am somebody important. I think that neigh- bors, family, friends and other people think more of me when I hold down a steady job. U1 .p 1» to ,. It makes me feel real good after a hard 5 4. 3 2 l day's work. If, by some chance, somebody left me enough money to live 5 4' 3 2 1 comfortably on with- out working, I think I would not work. If I didn't work all day, I would be free to do whatever I felt 5 4 3 2 1 like doing. 1 would like this. If I didn't work, I think peOple would 1 2 3 4 5 think less of me 20 17 8. 10. 1. 21 AGREE Strongly M ldly_Undec. Mildly Strongly When I am unemployed 1 2 I feel ashamed If I did not work, I think I would be fed 1 2 up. I have had such a good work record in the past that it 5 4 will surely help me to get work again. Since I'll take any decent job, my 5 4 chances of getting work are good. If people only knew what 1 could really ‘5 4 do, I would probably be hired on the spot. I think there are many employers who 5 4 would hire me. If I try hard enough, I will find 5 4 a job. My chances of getting 5 4 a job are good. The jobs they offer you nowadays are few 5 4 and far between. Even if there were jobs around, I don't 5 4 think an employer would hire me anyway. These employment agencies are no good; 5 4 they never find any- body a job. 3 masses 4 5 4 5 2 l 2 l 2 l 2 1 2 l 2 l 2 l 2 l 2 l 19. 20. The easiest way to advance oneself is to work hard and steadily. People who have jobs that they like completely are more liable to get ahead than are people who like only part of their jobs. Trying to plan how to get ahead is useless. 22 AGREE D GRE Stgongly Mildly Undec, Mildly Strongly 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 l 5 4 3 2 1 1. 6. 10. 11. 12. 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY BARNES, HARRY ELMER, and TEETERS, NEGLEY K. Ne ew Horizons $3 Criminology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1951. CHENAULT, PRICE. "Education," gontgmpogggy gaggggtigg. RAUL W. TAPPEN (Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1951. FOX, VERNON. "Blueprint for the Progressive Prison," Egdergl Probation, Vol. 20, (June, 1956), pp. 19-26. GLASER, DANIEL. The Effggtivengss 9;,g Prison gag Pgrolg Systgm. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1964. KENDALL, GLENN. "Reception Center," gontgmpogagy gggggggigg. PAUL W. TAPPAN (Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1951. KERPI, ORVO, and COULTER, CHARLES W. "Rehabilitation Programs in American Prisons and Correctional Institutions , " Jou;n_a_l 9__f,§;_imi_1_1_o_§_gy gnd §_;1;13g1m. Vol. 45,1January-February, 1954 , pp. 611-615. LOVELAND, FRANK. "Classification in the Prison System," W 92:32:12.. PAUL w. TAPPAN (Ed.)- New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1951. MacCORMIC, AUSTIN H. Ihg_Egu§a§ion 9:,Adult Egisong; . New York: The National Society of Penal Information, 1931. NEWBERG, PAULA M. "A Studyt of How the Self is Affected by Incarceration," vggygh%%ggy,gnd on 2; 1525.151 We Vol- 1 . (May. . pp. - 67. ROGERS, JOSEPH W. "Parole Prediction in Three Dimensions: Theory, Prediction, and Perception," So 01 ggg Sogigl fiegggrg . Vol. 52, (No. 4, 1968;, pp. 3 ~39l. SIDNEY, HUGH. "Nixon's First Quarter," Iimg. Vol. 93, (No. 17, April 25, 1969), pp. 19-20. VEDDER, CLYDE B. and KAY, BARBARA A. Penology. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publishers, 1964. WALLACK, WALTER, and KENDALL, GLENN M. Education flithig ggison walls. New York: Bureau of Publications Teachers College, Columbia University, 1939. 23 . I . - . , - ' - >‘ . ' I. .- O . I u . O ' e o o o s 7 O O ‘ ' ' C “I... - - .-_.-.:-‘ . . - e o e -- I e ' . C J . , . . U I O p. - 2 I I - ’ g r ’- t " . ‘ e 9 - . - ‘ - - . . -1 0 ~ 0 f o O . - , . ,- C — ' v r_ e e .' I _ -- . _ -~._____‘ ‘ . . ’- 4' . . _ b - . . fl . I . ‘ ‘— .- u :9 . ‘F:(-, e :'4 A ! r ' ‘ ,1- ‘ - ‘ ‘ .~.:- _. 13..---. . - -.'..‘.- .--. - - -Ei-.;... .. N..- 4...... ' t *Wx'nn'zr- .- " .- *‘C 7"":7Tr‘W- ' z: ."7: f . _ . » . A — - -_- - , . .. . 1 ' ' 2","- " '_‘ J _' J “I ":1: ""7 .‘O "It‘b’j ’. -. . ’ s... '1 1 ‘ o ' ' . ' "-1 Wow“ writ": ‘9'}.th ‘. 5.1153793??? - ‘. - —. - ..._. - .. m. _ain—n-C—I—oafi ‘g-m ( '- he ' ' F'- . ‘ - I . -13.. - . \ v I. 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