SOME FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE STORAGE AND SEASONING 0F PECAN BUDWOOD THESIS FOB THE DEGREE OF M. S. Fred R. Brison 1931 o H." . ." I'l'. ‘l ' .' c . v a .‘ 5‘41 r ,‘t t ,."fk.; '-,:,', _ .. . ' .*.- ‘u.’ ‘. .7". { fi ‘wa‘ 19 9: “JV” t' '1. A .1, ‘ . I " -._, 117;“ @411“: '1 A. ‘ ‘ ' .‘.'. 1" , Of 1‘ ‘ f .. "'. ' A u 2.. . I "1 1‘4 I. «fitfirll " m“ . - ‘ y. - , ‘_ .‘ ' , .. - 0 .5. . 5‘ . 5'1’:3:‘:£:r;.15 $1. I If w. 3.1m!- ~ t = . .. x " «E‘s»: .. n ' ”.‘. '( o 7 .p . . '. ' ' ‘ ' v: I . § 3' \ ! L ‘ 'V' ‘ L‘ ' O . F , .. a“ a V fl? w: 4 IQMAJL‘ffi'C‘: 13: 1,2?“ “'11 w {“5“ . -. I _u,_‘1l . L015 n A - ' I ’5" I. ‘ . 'a’~ .1 ' I u ' - {. - I ' A _. .' _ ‘f' ._ v | . .. . » . ' 'a . I. . v . . " P ‘ a .0 . . a 1 ti . ‘ n . i o :L‘. r 1.1:" "‘4.“ .' .. ‘ ~' I «b. , ’ I . u 1 ' ' ._ [— -‘. U . 1 . 'o :I-|'o. n 1"; ' .1 . . ‘ l 2 .~ . ‘1‘ ‘ ‘ "I '1'“- - - , .v ' '.- n‘ df‘.’ ‘ o , - . . . 3 , ‘ 1 ' . 7 . ‘ > 1‘ . ' ; l -| y ’ ,' . — A ‘ - ‘. ._‘. " . “ t .A w ‘ I . '. 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" 'wv' .- t ‘ . ~ -". .. 7 .I ‘ ~.|" l V " . ' ' m.‘ f; “'3' ""?‘~"-\‘31 fir‘ ' k .I. I- 'r H " "' 3"“, .f-\ 7 {L v1 ' "fl .L‘J ‘y‘l 5'37»). Mb ' - >{I ‘l”vA“~ 1 1." I!" 6‘1 2;?! , r. . .L- Mp ‘f‘v' .v . 0‘ 7 IA _.f,. 3»: ‘ ‘fv‘-"’ _ 5-,; .' ‘3 IT. 1' I, 54.11 , 5‘"? . . .7.-¢" '.'\_' ' 3.3.3 -' 'r r ‘r .5 51*er A: I ‘§‘:' :xh'.‘ ‘ - )I . ~ v: (11.? . ‘1’ \ 1'- 5* 73¢, {*é.‘ “‘1' Q Hr“ ”1 T." nwvvv." "Vii” I‘TfiTTm‘Y‘f’ r‘wrv.“ "#161,: r ("TC . “1‘. C": r‘ ""T“"‘ UV; :_.._. .L It" -- K1113) -'.d .451; .3 -3 J '..'-J- \ _.# ...‘...‘4 Q .. L. 4 JL~_4.~4 AL. .L/ Vfl—‘J‘v A” .L-J--\J "‘r‘ ‘ 11* *‘x‘r ‘r *- A'- (37“ Tn s,|fi\ ( KL.) . v ‘ . \J.L' .L-...AVJL.L'€ A.) :44 T%9918 for Degree of I.3. Tred R. Vrlson “ P.’ l '.-’l 0 Way /7, 43/ //// gA—Zm/ THESIS Some Factors that Influence the Storeee and Seasoning L. V of Pecan Budwoed. Submitted to the Debartment of Horticulture of the Yichigan State College in partial fulfilment of the re- quirements for the degree of Easter of Science. Fred R. Brison A. and fi. College of Texas C) College Station, Texas. AUEUSt 10, 1931. 9413-13 Introduction Of the genera included in the Juglans family, the walnuts (Juglans), because of their comparatively ride geographical distribution, were first to receive the at- tention of prepagators. Thomas Andrew Knight (1799) in- dicated inferentially that prOpagation of walnuts asex- ually was a problem (12): "...the walnut succeeds $0.111 when grafted, unless by approach, that I can scarcely recommend attempts to prOpagate them in any other may." During the late forties interest in the prepagation of the hickories (Hicoria) resulted in successful asexual prepagation. A slave gardener, it seems, Antoine by name (19), first succeeded in grafting the pecan (Hicoria pecan). In 1846 or 1847 he grafted sixteen trees of the Centennial variety. If there vere earlier successful attempts, they seem to be unrecdrded. During the period of fifteen or twenty years follow- ing 1885, a few nurserymen, principally of the southeastern states, began the production of trees of named varieties of the pecan. A report in 1901 of experiments conducted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture (1) indicates that the Whip or tongue graft, was in use at that time. The cleft graft and flute bud were used prior to, and during that time in the prOpagetion of walnuts, and since hrve been used also on the hickories. It seems reasonable, then, to presume that pecan trees produced by graftage during the period referred to above may have been propagated by the cleft graft, tongue graft, flute bud, or a slight modification of one of these metzcds. In 191:, Van Deman (:1) stated that grafting and budding were employed in nut tree propagation, that tongue, or splice, and cleft graft Were used, that he patch bud was satisfactory, but that the shield bud could not be used vith assurance of success. Since then, the use of the patch bud and its various modifications has undoubtedly become nore general. In 1917 J. A. Evans, A. and K.College Extension Service, College Station, Tex: demonstrated that patch buds could be successfully inserted in rough thick bark of limbs three or more inches in diameter. That possibility renders it especially valuable for top- worhing native or undesirable trees. (—f- e that earlv attempt— U (1 Stuckey and Kyle (l9) indica to use the cleft graft in pecan prepagation vere not entire- ly satisfactory: "So the ring-bud was introduced, being first used by E.E. Risien. ...The patch bud, or medified ring bud, has become the most important method of tcptork- ing native pecan trees, and is rapidly replacing the vhip graft in the propagation of nursery trees." Though other methods, notably the bark graft, may be used, the patch bud and its various minor modifications constitute the principel means by rhich the large najority of pecan trees of named varieties are produced at the pre- 123 ent tine. Incidentally, the patch bud is no recent contri- bution to the art of plant craft. Colunella (4), about 25 A. D., described three methods of Creftege, "...the third hind, vhereby the tree receives the buds themselves, with a little bark, into a pert of itself from vhich the bark is taken 8 ey....It is not fit for all sorts of trees, but for the most part, such as hzve a moist, juicy, and strong berk...as the fig." His further description is convincing that he was referring to the patch bud. In the propugution of the pecen by the patch bud, tro different types of budvood are used. Wood of the current season's grovth is suitable from nid-suvner until the end f -e budding season. On account of its immaturity it 0 c+ 9 cannot be used earlier than perhaps July 20 vith any as- surance of reasoneble success in even the most southern localities. These buds are known as "current season" buds. Previous seeson wood must, of necessity, be relied upon for Spring and early summer budding. There are tvo principal ways in thich such budwood is customarily handled f 0 prior to its use. One practice involves the cutting the buduood directly from the trees as it is needed through- out the budding season. This is knovn as "fresh" budnood. An objectionable feature of this practice is that, vith the beginning of grOVth in spring, many of the most valu- able buds force into gro th and either form trigs or abs- ciss, before the budvood can be used. The "basal buds uhich v'ere forced out as a result of freezing of the term- insl and upper lateral buds," referred to by Shuhart( ): vere undoubtedly lateral buds of a type used as a source of patch budding meterial. At any rete, these buds are available for use only during a relatively short period in the early spring. The result is that propagators ex- perience difficulty in obtaining suiteble budvood for late spring and early summer vork. Varietal differences ere reflected in the usefulness of buds thich msy be found on trees of a given list of varieties at a given tire. In general, the vestern vs- rieties yield little setisfzctory budvocd after gro th hes begun in the Spring. The etstern verieties, on the other hand, in general produce from tvo to five or more buds at each node and, even though the largest and host valuable bud of the group may have advanced too far to be of use, others are present v'hich say be depended upon for setisfzctory grovth vithout undue fercirg. In addition to the foregoing, climetic verietions in the spring influ- ence the number of suitable buds, vhich may be present on the tree at any given time during the early prepegzting season. Another Wey of handling budvood of previous season's growth involves the cutting of scions from trees during the dormtnt season and storing them, properly insulated O O '7 to 08 F0 against desiccation, at a tempereture of from 52 Budvcod handled in this “3y vill be referred to hereafter in this paper as "storage vood." Since it is cut While ormant and, favored by a 10? temperature, remains in a .04 dormant condition in storage, it must be subjected to conditions that will result in the slipping of the bark, 0') before it can be used as a source of patch buds. Thi latter process is known as "seasoning", and is accomplished by providing moist insulation and a Tarm atmosphere. By seasoning, Toodvard (22) says, "We mean taking the budmood from cold storage and keeping it rarm and damp until the bark till slip freely." Continuing, he suggests, "the best way to season budwood, after taking it from cold storage, is to cover it vita moss or stray. Then 'rap a vet burlap sack around it and place it in the shade. Hor- ever, if the Weather is still cold the budvood and burlap sack may be placed in the sunshine provided the seek is kept moist at all times. In case of emergency, then bud- vood is needed and must be seasoned in a short time, the sticks may be placed directly from cold storage into warm tater, which is kept at a constant temperature of 900 F. The sticks must be completely submerged and within a few hours the bark rill begin to slip." Blackmon (2) suggests that sticks for ring and patch budding should be taken out of storage three or four days prior to being used, "as the higher temperature at this later season causes the sap to become sufficiently active to permit the removal of the buds... It is important that the budsticks be kept in moisture holding material after removal from storage until used." C‘. hutchins (lO) mentions "from Jenuary to the letter part of February" as the season for cutting pecan bud end from trees, and suggests "a mixture consisting of equal proportions of vet and dry sawdust or shavings" as satis- factory storage or seasoning media. He further states that seasoning is "somevhat of a problem....in early spring before the temperature reaches T50 or 80° F.", and says it takes from "three days to tvo reeks to bring the vood to a forkable condition..." Burkett (3) recommends "lete vinter" as the season for cutting budvood, and sa"dust, shingle tow, fine shav- :5 ings, clean sand, Sphagnum moss, and nevspapers as i su- lating materials. He advises to"moisten the (packing material uniformily, but not vet it." According to this writer, a "method of seasoning the budnood is to take a package of it and put in wet moss, sawdust, sand or other good material and lay it out in the sun until the bark slips. A quicker method is to insert the budsticks in a vessel of'water with a temperature of from 90° to 1000 F. and leave it from two to four hours. With reference to the length of time during which budwood may be used after it is seasoned, he says "remove only enough budwood to be used in a week or ten days." Thus a variety of materials of unknown comparative merit and various moisture contents are recommended and used for insulation in storage and during seasoning; like- vise opinions are at variance as to the most favorable time for cutting budwood. As a consequence perhaps, prOpagators experience much difficulty and inconvenience in seasoning it. The fact stands, however, thet storage budwood is the principal type used prior to July 20 of a budding season. (‘ Objects of This gtHfiy The obvious indefiniteness, if not contradictions, in directions for seasoning budvoed, suggesting diversity of experience, seemed to indicate that several factors may affect the process. Accordingly, the investigation reported here was designed: (1) To determine the relationship between time of cutting budvcod of Stuart end Delmas varieties and the 5 length of time required for seesoni 5; (2) To compare the responses of budvood of the Stuart and Lelmas varieties to conditions considered fav- orable to seasoning, and (3) To record the length of time during which stor- eee pecan buds mev be expected to remain in viable condition 0 v _ in cold storage after they have been seasoned. Treliminerx Studies Before these investigations could be undrrtaken, preliminfry studies to determine an optimum tvnpereture ' J r- r" -, J— . vww n ‘»\1‘ 'n o . ‘ ‘v- -".-. ‘h ‘r‘ . v {NR '- ent “n optiudn nufiditJ for tLO sees ning process were necessary. At the outset it was thought thet perh:i~_;‘s the idt el seasonins tenperoture vould be bet een 95° and lCOO 5. ts tere made to s;eeson lots of budvcod in an incubator at these temperatures. Each attempt was nore or less unsuccessful; perhans of a given let, a linited number of budstic is Would'beccm~ portly seasoned, but en; tire lots did not.seas on norrally. Consequently tests ere conducted to deterrine Optimum conditions of temper- ature. A given lot of Stuert budvso ed res divided into three mess of given moi s ure content, end vrepped in waxed paper. 7 0 0 One bundle was held at temperatures ran; in; from 95 to 98 1'1 1 no Para 1 ° 1 2., a second at from 73 to no F., and the third at from O O . 63 to 68 F. The test was repeated Vlth another lot of budwood of the some variety and substantially the seme results were obtained in each test. Buds icLe did not seas- on noruelly at either the hiIh or the low terperature . - , o ranges. They did seeson norreily at temperatures iron 78 l o J . . . . to h5 F., end through out the investigetions reported in this pap erfids temperature rence res found effective in seasoning buduocd. 1-3 0 measure possible dii 4 erences in results secured by seasoning under various degrees of humidity, a given lot of Stuart budvood res divided into three parts. One of these was seasoned in spheerum rose to each lOC grams U f nhich 688 enams of tater had been added; a second psrt 1n smuvemun POSS to each lfO gre he of hich 544 grens Of a. “ed, thile the third ‘as seasoned in moss £1. Water hed been a that contained only 172 grams of ‘ater per lCC Crone of moss. In each instance Waxed naner ras used as trappins material to restrict evaporation and raintain a uniform Ioisture content. This test res duplicated *ith the Delmes variety. Somevhet later 2% budst'cns vere placed for seasoning in moss ha t cont t..ined lOfO grams of noisture to each 100 grams of rose; and a duplicate Lot of 24 that contained only 150 grams CI? sticks vas placed in ros of rater to EC‘Ch lO« 5rams of moss. In all these tests, budnccd seesc cned in the en.e length of time re5ardless— of the relative moisture of the mess. The deduction seems reasonable that the role of moisture is only to prevent desiccation. Of incidental interest in this connection is the fact that budsticks seem not to char5e in nei5ht to any marked extent during the seasoning process. In two tests in which a total of 64 budsticks were veighed carefully before and after seasoning the differences in the ne15hts were in all cases so snall as to come x‘ithin the range of experimental errOr. In connection with results obtained with insuleting materis ls of ve rious moisture contents, the statement of Shippy (20) With respect to the callusing of apple cut- tinrs is possibly pertinent, though it refers to a dif- (.2 ferent process. He s ye: "Considerable leStuTE tolerance is indiceted by the fact thet cellus forzed elrost eguslly Tell in media verying in rater content fron 97 to 437 per- cent. Further these results indicate that once the nois- ture content of the mediun is saturated, additional quan- tities of water have little or no stimulating effect on cellu fornation..." Ye indicated further "the desir- U1 ability of actually having liquid moisture in contact vith the cuttings", rather then merely to expose the cuttings to a saturated atmosphere... ;he liquid noisture perhaps .L need be no more than a film, for good callusing has be 4") n had repeatedly in a medium only slightly moist to the touch; in feet a medium in thich cuttings have sctdslly decreased in veight due to water loss." ll " '..- .‘1 .’ ., ' ‘ ° - “Elfitluflfifll” fet'een Wine of Cuttin5 Fuewooo en; U) ‘1) (‘1 O 3 ,4 ‘ 3 .1 o T511e, leneth of Tine heouired for Since the seesonin5 process results in chenges simi- lnr to, if rot identical "ith, those cherscteri in: resurp- tion of 5rovth in early sprin5, the period required for seasoning budwood out at verious tires during the vinter lilGYlOIT£1*€ o rile», 1 .L 6. I'\ 'l r“; meg conceivably be 5overned by =t period this is so 0 nnot be assumed e yriori, he“ever, since sees- oning affects primarily the carbiun region, While rest pc- the other hend, the smell enount of definite study of \ Embiuw behavior in rest period investigetions leeves the 1 a possibility that this behavior follo s tre phenOLene ex— hibited by buds. Jost (ll) cited 1 Hertig as shoring that callus fori- stion end root develOpment in cuttings, both products of cemhium activity, occur during the rest period. In sodi- tion Jost report d experirents of his 0"n leedin5 to the same general conclusions. Sinon (19) observed that cellus forms from the camb- ium on out surfeces of cuttings, es a round reaction, even during the vinter rest, but that it res produced more readily and ultinetely in greeter quantities from cuttings :tinc condition. he concludei that s...‘ In that Vere not in the re the rest period no longer appeared es s time of conplete inectivity, but sinply as one during xhich only certein LJ I 5r0“‘h functions in con:ecuenc c oi tte constellation of inner conditions “ere brouQnt to e st:nostill , and that resfirction and certein other f gei ologic l fuxcti ns, so fer as not inhibited 1y outer conditions, continue t eir course. In Anerice, Curtis (5) reporting on the behavior of ,i,istrum ovelifoliun cuttings, treeted vit; :oteeoiur .L pernongenrte solutions, considered th't the treatrents did not breek the rest period of the rhole cuttirg, since bud develOTNent res alike on treated and untr ated cuttirfs. Ye considered it yossible, however, that disturbances loc- to st rt ercvth in s.— C'J alieed at the bases hey have serve the dornent cenbiur, since roots formed nore 316(15 on the treated rn'teriel. Perhaps it is Eeceuse rest rest period investig:tion hes been done in Europe, “here the pecan is ve rv rare, n't no info rzzti on is available as to its rest reried be- of J cf- -“J c+ ' J c) O "J ievior, except a ;T1LF7€NU bv Poverd (?I ‘ V 1 "icoric are refractory toverd ending tne rest. 3et"ern the f f eenth and t entieth of each of the nonths of Dccenber, January, -elru: y,, rrd lfrCh of each of the Winters of 938-?9, 1929-30, 7 lCSC-Sl, budvood :5 m .n 'it {CPU from pecan trees ijiiflne oroherd of the Departnent ‘ of orticult ure of tie A. and T. College of Texas. The trees had been rl n ed in the orchfrd in 1910 and 1951, ard cons eI‘entlJ hzd reeched beerinj are prior to the beginning of this test. Individual budsticks obtained from "hese y 4. i r at one ffl trees "ere e proxinstely ore-half inch in Cisret bese, from 17 to l? irches long end had b‘en forned during he previous frovin: season. In general, budsticks used in this test ‘ere of a type considered ideal for the pur- pose of patch budding. On the date on 'hich erch lot of budwoed was cut, it *as packed in sphrirum rose, to each 1C0 grams of which 688 grams of ”rter had been added in a ray that ensured uniform distribution throughout the moss. Apjle boxes “ere used es storage containers. Packed in such boxes, the budwood vas stored in the college ice house. The storage temperature ranged from 58° F. in the early part of the period bu as” r. during the latter part. With the approach of the season for patch budding each spring, samples of budwood of each of the tvo varie- ties cut during each of the months of December, January, February, and march were taken and held for seasoning. Uniform conditions of moisture and temperature were pro- vided by packing all the budsticks to be used in a test, in a single container. Sphagnum moss, moistened with 688 grams of water to each 100 grams of moss, was used as in- sulating medium during seasoning. Waxed paper was employed to restrict evaporation of moisture, though no attempt was made to make the package air-tight. When packed, the boxes were placed in a steam heated room, the temperature of which could be maintained rather accurately at from 80° to 85° F. 14 Iudwocd vas inspected at intervals and the date on which a considerable number of budsticks of a given lot were found to be seasoned wzs recorded as the "date of inspection". Results of all tests conducted vith the pur10se of determining the relationship bet een time of cutting pe- can bud ood of the Stuart variety end the length of tine LI required for seasoning are surnerized in Table I. In- l...’ ed in that table C; Spection of results of any one lot inc u indicates that seasoning of budsticks cut relztively lete in the dormant period, takes place in a shorter period than is required for those out early. Of 30 buieticks cut in December, only 10 Vere seasoned on dste of inspection; a. 12 of 50 out in January, 52 of 50 cut in February and d“ ) C of i0 out in Torch *ere seasoned on date of inspection. '1 J The quicker response of budfood out late in the seas- on seems to indicate the existence of a rest feriod in the “scan and thet the influences governin. the end of the rest veriod are oreretive in need rerzining on the tree r a; 4- ~~ ~r ~ \ f' . r . ‘1‘ 1 I‘ r‘ 4- J- ‘. wt ,-.--r 'L“ '- ‘. anu.ru)t fulld, OftI%.th€ 3?? one lielc (lb ten er. texts sli“htly above freezing. lifferences in the response of Delmas bUCTOOd to ;hosc record- s-rsonins conditions are less pronounced than L.) ed for Stuart. The totals given in Table II. shots thet of SC budsticks cut in Decenber, QC Were seasoned on date ‘ f“ of inspection; :5 of St out in Kenuary, and all that tore .. . 1H '1- 1 ._ ,, .1 T“ ._ '1 .. ‘ K'- _ ‘. j 1 ' H . o , n“ \ Cut in r~ordcry end ”tron \cre sesscztc on o.te oi inspec— 1') Table I Relationship between Time of Cutting Budrood of Stuart Pecan and length of Time Required for Seasoning (in 1929, 1930, 6nd 1931). V0. Date Date Cut in Dec- Cut in Out in Cut in seas- in- ember January February pierch in oning spec- No. No.‘ Do. No. began tion F0. 8888- V0. seas- To. seas+ To. seas- test _ oned oned oned oned 1929 6 5/20 5/25 _ 2* 0 2 o 2 1 6 l5/2o 5/27 2 o 2 o 2 1 1930 16 5/1 5/3 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 16 ls/h 5/8 4 1 4 2 4 2 4 4 16 5/16 5/17 .4 1 4 1 4 o 4 4 1931 18 2/18 3/3 6 1 6 o 6 3 40 3/18 3/23 10 1 10 0 1o 4 10 10 72 5/1 5/6 18 5 18 5 18 17 18 18 Totals 50 10 5o 12 50 32 4o 40 Table II Relationship between Time of Cutting Pecan Budwood Delmas Variety and Length of Time Required for Seasoning (1929, 1950, and 1931). of in No. Date bate Cut in Out in Cut in Cut in seas- in- Uecember January February “arch in oning spec- ,No. No. Ho. Ho. began tion To 8e684 F063688- qu26as- Io. seas- test oned bned oned oned 1929 6 ‘720 5/25 2 1 2 1 2 2 6 5/20 5/27 2 o 2 2 2 2 1930 16 5/1 5/3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 16 5/7 5/9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 16 5km 5&7 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 1931 18 2A8 :53 6 5 6 5 6 6 40 3/18 3/23 10 o 10 8 10 10 72 5/4 5/6 18 13 18 17 18 18 Totals so so so 45 so 50 12 12 4-- .2 ' "' v r 7 ' 1 ' ~ 7" n, . - ., ‘ .t a. 4-2 .1 - VT” 1 ~ ‘ ' 1 A. ,4. rEmL113 to ccnu1t1rce2, 1%13 roles: c1 lJLC tlLE LA; .nlch 1t ~v-r 7" ‘vvr- , P) w ' r‘ r~ I 4" ‘ J‘ ' H ~ " r l ..8 out. o err (;) etutee tgzt: 'ihe rest does not end suddenly. On the ccnti ar m', un Ccr netur: l C) i .4 _J ”l ‘1 OJ 3- I ) H —. U“ A e ‘. \__/ U) C4 (+- "'3 4") 71 cf- , r- ‘4 (‘1' c“: . "'5 Co (1' -,__a '“2’ "'3 ’7 :3 7'} ,3 H. U *1 O H f') H H j H- 94 d ”3 “3 Q 4—; I’D "5 7') r '~. H -4 1 :1 fr.) F) .3 "'\ "S (71" 1—1. (.A 0 5:1 d- O "2 '1‘ ”3 L”) d. HI (1“ (”t .1. —n . f~ ‘ ;‘ l" ”WT-‘1 f . x “ 4'1\ . fl \ l ‘ I Teotiun-o1 an e 1 natien 01 enis obecrvetion. C“ k) b":_JL,r ‘ -- leitaer Stuart nor Dclxae, cut cirectly from trees, seasoned in the neriod fioy Decerber 15 to January 5; .5 -d on the letter date. Stuert and m 0 H. C) "3 F1 (‘1 H (D on 11 cut in Eecerber end held in cold sterege until genuary, and Delmes cut dir‘ctly fr m trees, seasoned in the 2e1Wi of 19 deys follo in; January 18; 36ue rt cut iresll fron trees on T6 .nue ry lS did not season in the sane period. De lnws budroed cut in Decenber, required 15 deye for sew: on'rg in Februrry, and only t o OEue in .ey. Of helmae cut in Janus y, five out of six sticqe eeeeene. February 1?; in the test con- ‘r 4 ‘1 c". -. 1.. . - n \ . ' -. , .. . . . , . “ JGCCCY‘rL : kun ' uEuSChTrU LELUI . ‘ a ebu; V‘f a if“ :3 I l '- ~K . 7 4 ' '- 1 t e - a o L t C r 16L, - 6- p ”00‘ 90 @315 Ffter Lec- 136 c g . -, 7 / r, 1. ‘1’“ n -. _ , l/l‘Q’/‘./l 64:105‘1' 13’ ‘J/l'h‘/Ul ‘}.;LT(‘ 1‘ 1r.) // 1/v51 o t m C (I . o r1 L_l "i 4 1 ('1 .1 (3‘ cut 6216?“ 19, . J 1 Days Says "0. leas- Days ‘days To. Seas Days aye Eel-Seas- 1n re- oned 1n Te- “nee in re- oned stor- qui- stor- Quir- storlqul- 3C6 red 3C6 6d 986 red 12/18 60 15 6 1 90 5 10 1 136 2 18 6 1/18 30 15 6 o 60 5 10 o 1C6 2 18 5 2/18 0 15 6 3 3o 5 10 4 76 2 18 :3 3/18 - - - - o 5 10 10 46 2 18 1; 13631162 8 12/18 no 15 6 90- 10 o 8 1/18 so 15 :/18 o - 5 10 8 10 10 18 18 03011.1 03 0 (“U1 C1 FJH 'Q C) (,1 0‘3 (:3 C) {\3 {‘7 [J }_J }-J H T. F_'.; 0303 30 +4 0 days; end Eli 'ee"s l_ter still sciens iron ‘Ve 2210 lot se’ccred 1n t’o (""0 out of 550““;0 (”‘y 4—7). Cf IC‘TES cut 1n Tebruery, all budrticks sr' cncd in 13 6:32 in ?ebruery, S deys in “erch, end S deys in ;ry. Data fer Stuert do not suggest the rest period phe- nomenon so Cloirly, perhrps bro use Stuert doe not season - U) norn:llv in H: short 2 tine es Deltas and conseguently progress of Delmas in seasoning d trrrined in e ler e r N V r! ’1 — f; - l‘} ‘V I'" ‘I ‘r \‘ v ‘1 - ‘ . . -‘ men Ldle cu te. 2:. a 1e17. (Lnlgi tiyree> out; of‘ 21.: ’3 7) 93 C0 ”:3 r.‘ ’D Li .1 Stuart scions, cut in February, seasoned in February in .rs. In.fe1%fl- four of‘lfli scicrwz<31t on the :ueve date, (98.5- (C seasoned in five days; end Yay, 17 out 0* 10 sciens l oned in tvo Cars. Of Stuart seions, cut in Iarch, ell U '1. ~. - .— seesoned in tive days in gerch and in tvo ea It will be recalled thet the scions thet coenosed €€Ch lot ”ere held in cold storage fron the various tires they “ere out until the seasoning process res begun for respective lots. The seasoning temperature for each lot ranged from 80° to 85° F. These results ere in accord pith the vievs of the Writers cited ebove regarding the tissue concerned in the rest. In they are found indications that ghe sens or a sinilzr influence - *hetever it ney be - vhich pre- vents or inhibits trif frorth like“ise prevents or inhibits .L .J r x ‘ J H. cenbiel ectiv nd cenbiel :ctivity is involved in the no . c} seasoning process. Though the difference in budroed cut eerlv erd thet -. cut ljtce (Tat: 1-4 e I) indicates thet storage ct terperztures sl ghtly ebove freezing del:ys the breaking of tie rest l—h period, the fect tlet 'oed cut on e s“iven dete seasons tore rapidly as the budding secson advances, indicrtes that the storage conditions do not completely :uspen. the end-' ing of the rest period. These tro retber contradictory manifestations suggest thet the breaking of the rest period depends on nore then one fector, one (or more) being af— fected, and one (or nore) being unzjfected, by lov tem- peratures. It is Worth recording that pecan bark slips prior to the tim. 1"hen the buds burst. In the spring of 1931, a half-dozen Stuart trees rere exenined. Lateral buis in terminal positions on trigs of the l930 season hen become greatly enlarged, end Were shoring tinges of green color, indicative of gronth, but none hed burst the bud scales surrounding it. Berk on parts of the trees representing each year's 5r0"th from 192; to 1930 slipped readily. Zudvood like ise mey be s esoned perfectly before any of J) the buds burst their .cales. Thether or not the rest per- 1'06., as pepulerly conceived, hes been conpletely broker prior to the (:0 tb of bud; in these ceses, cannot be etcted definitely ~-'ithout experinentel treetnent, but the renifes- tetions are identical in naturally and in artificially seasoned budrood. It frequently heppens that patch buds, inserted throughout th budding season, unite rith the stock, but the buds of the patch rennin dornznt for a considerable period. The primary bud, of the group of t”o, three, four or nore buds found at 6 node, ney either {rot into a t‘ig or limb, abscis: or r nein dorntnt, though this lest case is sometht unusuzl. It is not unusuel, hotever, for the J- other buds at the node to remain dornznt for tvo, hreo, end four yezrs. It is of course, thoroughly p ssible, .L 1,. and Quite probable, that continued dornency in ouEEC cases +s is prescribed by conditiune of nutrition and that one rest in" in v \ ‘1 . . " I” .l"4 " ‘i -. : ' ‘ ,' 1 0‘ chlthi — ii ‘ e nglhle fOI‘ia C tire ;uu.t J J a) ‘1 +4 (3 C) H. n ”3 O C 1” Ho }_.1 there is no re etionship bet‘een the tto. Consistent rith Voverd's (9) sufnestion that species of Uicoria are the nost refractory species vith reference to breaking the rest period, it has been observed that breeking of the premature rest period 01 pecan trees, brought on by severe drought, by late summer or fall rains is unusual. From casual observation covering a period of ten years, the triter recalls only one year in nhich“sec- 0nd growth" has occurred in fall after dormancy was es- tablished. Leaves formed during this second grovth per- sisted green until after Christmas, therees they usually fell by Tovenber l or 15 regerdless of veather conditions. :4 "W Zor”fi*':L?0" ”F "r€ww Tt7vtrt "‘L :JLZL;L_ ' 3ft: Ti CT tf ”IV'r; I. r‘ YT. ‘* , i ::r 1 <‘if‘ L27{7‘CF 1:“ "- '{;_ V’L‘ c: I? e "‘C *4 '52“ '¢ ‘ci: 1J.a_t or be}? ie 1:. Lo.e e::_e conditi n VhCE it receives the bud; regeneritien he ever, 7‘ ' 1’ s—I- w . v.“ ‘ ,, . A , w - . - _ “-1 ,2 . xw Lust occur Tore ireely en tne st.c . it bt€LL :_-u ole ‘ v thst death of fetches in such cases is due to the (l) leek 11s alreeo; been nen- ' - ' .i .-. ' ' 4": ,.. ' ' .‘ ' ‘ . ‘. ‘ .,... ‘ r (This lrsi lo si:niiie_nt in Vie. cf ;er's (lb) euptesteon thet cenbiel activity is initiated first in the best neur- 157—11765 i h!“ C"+,11r‘~1'og . --. L‘II ._4 u .5 . \_ h. i3 7"” “at . r“ F' R. l-c..L 1V, ( (I) O H d" (7) O. .3 1 ' 4 O I? A I.) F! V . «0 d (1 d (D (W F.) r—+. (I) d 1.4. :3 some trees diemeter r‘revr' n be fold; in edfiition he renoved ell buds from e "enn; beech q till found net wcod formee. Jest himself cl *JJ ., .1. (1“ gm n er} (0 e? rotted trees of heree chestnut, ork end red beech to grow in conflete eerknesr; these trees Cleo fennee neT reed, but Jest regerded the unfolding of beds to be nornelly entecedent to the fornrtion of nev teec. A lot of 13 dernent buesticks, Li H (D O (+- FJ (.4 0 L1}- 0 % six stiegs each. ’0 C1" 0 "3 “1 e, nos divided into three perts 0 sticks of one pert “ere conpletely disbueeed; the ter- : a) J Lu J .Jo 73 D al halves of 8 second pert, end the besel selves of the th «ere likenise distCded. Tith these nrelininerv ¢ ‘ v 1.1. Ch I‘ treetrents, the tere placed in spbegnum nose for seeson- 1' d. ine. Examination on the sixth dey shoved that all parts b "‘n 6’} of the budsticke, irresgective of treatments, #ere seasone‘. After nine and sixteen dege, trensveree tectiens "ere cut from terninel end ozsel rortians of buds icks that re- rresented each of the tre'tments nentioned above. The sections refresentin: the two Vere practically identical 1 in ‘rzt they shoved “ith resyect to onvelorrent end l.) O r‘. | - nificetion of vessels. Cf the sections fren diebufiigd sticks, (Tletes VIII - XII) none shoved vsssels; of trose from terminally disbudded sticks, bzsel sections sto‘ed vessels, vhile terninel sections eie not; end or those from sticks, besel nerts of “hich had been disbuCCed, basel sections shoved vessels on the ninth dry and terrinels did not, thile by ° 1 Counts of the nonber of vessels in eecn of iron .1 .ions, selected Lt ren- PF three to ten terninsl enl bePl s:c don and representing the treetnents nemed previously, were node. The range in anber of V€S£€lS in the half of the section in “hich the most prominent trace occurred is es follows: Treetnent flange in no. of Vessels in Sections 2 t‘ ‘r‘ ’7' 1'.'\‘ ~ 7—,\“ - r C“ L‘I‘ nitl occlqlima llelp<]_.J€CblU.S [.4 Completely dis— 0 udded ' C 0 Z. Disbndoed ter- minal half. 7 to 13 t 3.3isbudded bezel half. 18 to L6 9 to NO in otger VOILE: exrosed to light, ‘itl u. once, even to vessel Fxranding buds in tern;n€l f sitions exer an irjluence thich results in ves el formatio pertion, prior to t“eir tornetie buds gro in; on b sal fortiors c fluence cn disbnoded :19 Quinbydrone of dornznt Peri Vis oeelefi frow road in ner ' a r ‘ f " ‘ p. H ' surfcce soiapeo ere 0.1 UL. of t 30 of stilleo v7 —J- 0.0. d t - -‘- ~ ~ 4 1 I‘ f-v A r“ r7 -- ‘ v - ceteruinec cs o.«. 3x0 Lpgtc 19 r‘ ...“ 1".) .. (w 4~ . C‘ (30 tjj ‘l __ 1') fig fl 1' C-r-C- ....A a.‘OI:‘J U C C Q _'_-6U Cle‘p 6'). u 1 ‘ pr: 1* :fi . 1," 1 11 T“ oozront oucsticls testec, tne 1h q !no 5.6 resrectively. sin :- C d to 6.8 for _ ,3 ~\ 4.“- .30 -L-e b. O of t that could be cc not eveileble. In the absence 0 tests 1"ere ride on seasoned and iney were not uniforn, hovever, consistent Ciiferences v, I) in e; eidlbiuilec; 1': Ll n in t;< te"miral, but 0 liet <::eri;:3 SJJ'llEL? in- r134. ‘ \J'( Vivi": ‘7 Vvfi. JAN 1 “(\("flf‘fl'L— aCl.'~ .lJ ‘-r- “(_l L‘... _,‘ 1 ‘ '.L ‘ gIL) <<>re¢ traoei . s eljf7cr'cc . le r:terwe.rzz cerztee in 3‘ V" 'lle C‘ I'iyic}: 1125i lyeeii re Lsde on each boosticfi ithin C.3. CT the tEree v:lues tore 6.“ 6.2, ’ elues for seasoned bud— [manti- seven budetiels. cles es that mould jUst- nsidered tristtortty “ere q I ‘ C" (I. l :40 t r C 1 1" Enfl 11- J. bet“een the tVO. reverse, so that it disc“ ears at one “oint and ev"eers {t - . ‘— — .‘.. ’D ,_l O (J —J. f3 0 n) le (D *‘3 H O ’3 "D (I) r“) ”J {‘n ‘1 v‘) H J y +- g- 7‘ y n 1‘ ”‘1 ’r‘ [‘1' {..J H: K‘- E. |- (D m f‘ U Ft leest in e rether crude YFDFF“, bv the iodine tee 3, they vere useo as a neens of comprrln' plenorene in seesonefl ene in normel budvoed. It is, of course, iX3'be recognizeo iflu t storegx>aws oil or fzt.nx‘f be en irportant factor in the pecan. H "’5' . ‘. .,.'- ,4' 1.7 . W- , -le..-,L.,.‘ ' ‘m 7- ..- -._‘Itx 1‘01). TILT! b.1011 11!. E) r)‘ 61’] 3 G‘A‘J L-(LKI .117 EU? P. (1 be i]. oy severel investigators. ’ '— ‘ . 1" . a W" ‘ . r1 1' - . ~ . '. ' 11 - . ‘ er \ltq 311 tiCCir1, ¢:e PlLfiJ.L70h oi sun ion 3}? tmfi ole and otlem'swuwzie: found t Ii,:it traveled f” '1 ‘V‘A .‘ - “‘\ ." ‘- \“~~.~‘- ‘I»\ I _~~ 1 r r .. fl (m1. -‘. . towofrt, C'LU 1F; f__lO(.-..t.'; till “Hp-IL fut?" r. .131: t I‘ l‘lt}. c It. 1;.1C a , -.-- ..,‘ nternoots FCtTFSL the iosl Vi cruos F U C *— J O C _ (D \J H H. ‘1 ‘4 ‘4 j 1L4- frO'inp rTritoots WTich in rest C see ”FE neer tTe ttrrinel. “e, - on the tree, and detached, - Vthd hsd been ne.tielly disbuoded, he concluded tltt starcn ac- c11m11'r6 ted zil‘sevs in the prorii‘ity of the rem irim; bud, leaf, or gro in: shoot. I m Leicfizrdt \lr), vorkin: tith TlllOT, .- Jith sheeth, xylem one yhleem yrrerchyfie, M”, ,--.. . .‘ -. -. l r 1"1 . . r" ‘- 1.- , J. ' M .. . .M ltl;r rays, :rt bvt lioers. his OpCfirV~b3CTc :ere or U r -- 1 J-....: . .. :- v ‘. ' W. ... ,. .L .1- l w ., one-dettr-olo b L s, sun e Cl ' -icdl» cre prn€h ciire ct-. V V - 1 ‘- ‘W 4.‘. - ... 1- . -2" P,“ ._‘ -L ' ..-. i3o~ oe tree nile owners ere ufptltc as cuttii s. E jlrce cnlv efter erorth begin. 1 3" "“, 7. .f‘ :3 r» \ .1-x r - _,‘_ - 1" ‘ . J - ~ ~\ '~. ‘- H r. 1 1 '~ ~ . deu oorti OF: bsitvew li.r intervenes. ltti n cist* e r(( 0 ~ v. Y r ‘ l- “‘l"' '1 “I U! V" i“ ii. 'l‘ . firw -« . 1"- :flrst i‘ ii otezjm renc-vli , toen fficu; :OLLL.leC ;;, pith sh-eth, and from rithin out' rd in the medullcry ray. Treneit r" stercb first eureared in tile bzrk, then in stercH-conteinirg cell: in the vicinity of redts :revided ‘5. -~\ ‘L ft l' ‘n f -r-r ~.. I": - l ‘ - x -1 r- ~L fi '1 -. . 1 .0 re orts tie ,vtll ole on :trrcn trris, :ztt on 31 "1 1r- ~n A r- ~« ‘I F‘-‘ ~ 1 I. ;1(21Cvclsm: sect” i”: (re 1~t C fies iritlirmi e Cl .. 4,,.'1l .c - - - , r‘w . . .. -. r‘ '3 oed switetle l : 3‘5 0 L. _ner (re Cat bet 6 n a tro 30 microns in thickness, treated vith a five percent sol- ution of iodine in potassium iodide for e yinute 5rd 0 hrl, end eremined immediately under the ricroseoje. The first tests vere nsde in December and others msde on various lots until June 1. Repeated tests "ere node on Cornent budrocd throughout the storege period. In N u- b nersl, clusters of starch grains apnesred in I'D abundance in the periphery of the pith, in medullzry rays from pith to ccmbium end in xylem perenchyme. If starch was present in cells outside the cambium, its presence seems to he ve been obscured. Considerable variation vas found in the amount of starch indicated and in the frequency of its occurrence in cells of the various tissues. It was not at all un- common 1v: seCt unS from two sticks of a given lot to present differences in tissues in Thich starch res de- posited; perhsps one Tould 810W an abundance in th xylem parenchyma, another only a trace, or none at all. Reich- ardt (17) noted the same inconsistency in the solution of starch from trigs. He said "... with equally :(venced development of the voun; branch and leaves tie solution V g of tne stcrch did not neintcin uniform relation, but ... preceded in one and legged behind in another..." ‘v * .o differences in amount of U) terch present, or in its occurrence in the verious tisaues could be detected betTeen sections from dormant wood, re urclesc of when ~1- it res cut or how long it had been in cold storage. so consistent differences could be detected betteen either basal or ter inal srctions of en? of the follOVin;: (1) ‘l -‘ I I. u ‘ . I ' — dormant buctooo fror storege, \S) corncnt buotodicut iron trees, (3) normally-s : , . i / ~, « asonee weoc from storz;e, \4) flesh (l) buduocd cut just prior to the beginning of grorth in Spring, (5) firtfi1*.ood cut “hen curjeitlgiwrifliizis six inclues lewuj crnl cetfla as I‘ere In; rl;*1g=tuiw= 2nel \3) :sees- oned buduood *hich had been returned to cold storage LKQ held three reeks. These obsrrv:t one, in so ftr as they apply to dor- mant bucrood and screened budvoofl prior to gromth of cues, are in so the conclusion of LeichtrCt (l?) to O O *‘3 F“, (- H ('1 ’J the effect that, "The s lution of starch occurs only after . , . '1 - . _. ‘- tlbllth pf UVCguH . Crr‘CDC ‘fi F=vc K- \- ‘- -‘ " ~ _ LV‘U k) ed 17W(“'lC’77" V“ . .- -.. \ .l -_ '- -1--.¥‘ 1‘“) y” ‘1-“ ‘.- 1 r , 1.. .r-cl.-..~ l4- -lL I“.;L. '1 , _ 1' p, .7 . - . lot nee L50 3 (wt -_"-..._ 1-.. " " loropipll not ce- 1. . '7 1.. ‘7 » .1 *1, . 4:. ... 1 . 1 " b.1v Lil. .th‘xuu bib 15 u o 0 L— l L :‘(i ‘v C 'l\ (. E} i_( 'x- "W'14' v," " W “ : -\ " ‘H I ‘L ' “‘13-, 1 I‘ '- — ‘ bl“U, *JUJ—LLUJA'I". UJ. 1-4111,- on 1,0 O'F'- V166 C" . — ' rt .\ ' 5 , . ' l.- , 1 4 _ . w ,- .JCCbTWlWS fro: ,cel.t1cns ,-icP 151; l l: r< 1 '\~ J“ fl 1'- v-' . - ,1 \1. _. ‘ cHQ conceauentlJ ‘ere ovei-eee.l1»1 :41” a l I ~ 1‘ . A 7 a -< . 1 an,‘ ‘¢\ —— . -~ — ‘ -~ s-er : in t r _itn .c onl ccrsici l p .1 if“ _ , e 1.-- ., ML 1-, :1 -‘ _‘.: _ and “Olen siren “are. -ne «do: of t-;s f- n irp‘fi (11" f 1'1 11' n“ ' “1 , r 7“ ' l" “‘11 + -.-, -‘ 1- _. 4.1,. -. 2.211 .. .vc .. ' -L. t .ILC. .s. ’ L2 -2 v 0 C1,; ' '1 .\ .3 Ni. O n _ _ _ '1 . O _ ~.‘ Keic :c. min, too, 12 in rccore 11th A v'.‘ ‘- I +- I 4' 1' J‘ 7" r v 1 cervceicn c“ v tf.er oun lCdI s hate d ' ,1. . ‘ fi _ _ ‘ . v... » -: 4 1s .. 1'./~ of cccueu.:1s to oe perceidex_ an u.t ‘nol -~—~r-1\t" W! dHLc—‘v LL U tCL. " :0 in corglete dcrkn es, * VV 1 J" . 1 V" v' ‘ I ‘ " l‘ stmpticn by tne nek grovtn. Jeri»;- r‘- t‘ r. 1 wrv ‘- (flw‘r \ ‘ 1‘ \' e eicn nuy neye been consumed in c 1..., .A-(- ve bee to ‘71 .. a . I I .-. L." thos~ nzoe in CCLUFCtjen Tlufl en from buduood out directly fro '1‘ H . vv -. A 11 1 rV l" ~~ ‘s' ‘N V —1 .1 f‘ ”:1 r ‘1 fins 81“ thnCS ionb Lin VLSeCLQ rte r - 4. 1. V. ' . 1 w, . alone the sune st te of 1evele‘rent #7,. “5.". , ~ - ... .‘wxv‘ q elite OVEL~CC< {30175.0 but. end “did L.renchy:: 1- .L - q r.“ h 1cei \o from free of from 10 to in nzny l A the tre es ‘ (.7. n6 ‘\~r'. ‘ 1 . 06 --n-‘ 4 CE? E E‘ J. 1-, L116 C‘. U .11» v 1161’; li “n vel lKC‘ sniformed 7-. l ‘-- rjerently O ‘c‘ J 1 f‘ t. poi.) C ’ t tieee observe examination of icetion 1' C pecan C I ticns 11th S.» C C {J :L on 3,! h ell n in trees 1", r“1 chOthD notflier ,1. 1_ ,q ;.C;16L.. r». c. S , 4" 1 ‘7" w e" xylem his been lrlc cO'n, (11¢; {-tevcrfl 17.311753 0; .‘ -v . _. V. _._ _>_. ‘. o . ‘7 .1' 1‘ v . * ‘1‘ _ ’ J. O _ _ . --." CC. 1'30 trace 0;. 5‘ 4' ’ l (7:; 3.17 < V" (Ii- JL. ,9 SC: rem-cor b5. 7 71!!" It f'J cf- ('1 ('2 (1 CC nJ P1 ,'\ .2 b—é I "J ' ) I J ’7‘ (’1 (~1- [.1. O l J Y \ U3 (‘1- ( Q (—1“ 1.4 I J (\ I C ('1. I" :3 Vere 1‘: given the various disbucdin: treetrents discussed pre- V1ously. To differences in the enount or location of etar.h in sectiuns thzt reureeented the various treatrents could .L l . :t the end of sixtven 6: s. ‘It “il. be recalled 0" (') (“J r4 rn d- (T) O (‘f‘ t. (j, (‘1 J“_-‘ IN . r- V' 1 « ‘ . - - r‘ l‘ - --‘ 1 fl ' ‘t "\ -\ 4-“ . 1 - - f: twat fr_Cth-lld sil_et:rch Liseppetrec lien OV€r“LCLLChCu v' r\ I: — 77' ~11 '. ~-".' 1‘ - ( ~ ' tott-111 t entj—eig,1t toys. 1“ \ s ‘ J' .1 x "'1” H \ I ('~ 4 ~—-~ - r ‘ ‘- 1‘ W ‘A .ul SL011, unen, niie pecrrirrpgeeie: m3 lollo Hie ”OWlefi ~ q -r‘~‘ ‘,‘ ~ M-r' ~_( - . . 1 ”1 .v‘ n. - -‘- -'. '.-~ '1 -. -‘ ~‘V -. ‘ . -. Of‘fctLIC;l urfnsiOqu tion cenzzen LA); out (x131euexw; trees: ‘ z r"< m -' I. a“ -'m . ‘w. - '-~ >1 1 .-~ ‘.‘I“ chbOIGH cuo1oou 1n tnis IES~€Lt teens 1“: {3 CL. (51" ,', if ”D cf {’3 ..- ...I ‘3 <1 5.4. ‘1' O “1 'n . - . c -- . 1 —‘ 4 n — ‘1 3‘: fir 1 V' x .. P 1. I" ‘- - V 1 ~ ‘ ' ‘N l ent1c«l ‘1th Lust Ol norncl nucreoc. Sue ebeerce (f .ro— ‘ q 'r‘a ~ ‘ ‘. ( v 1‘ A t‘ w ' 1' '4 - ‘l' r“ . Y r I 11 - 1 y” ‘, Q t 1 . '- . neuncer st: on c (npvs no; he tgncetivelJ (eeurec (s inc-- Gating absence of pronounced chrn es in fats, since in rost woody plents there seems to be a rough reelproccl ...: reletionship (7) betVeen the tto during the rinter nontis. Icn'ev t; o‘ ?9 .rWW< Tfiub‘ecc ‘?arfifl;'knf fiCCicerflg Vie "riter“:ma prcrjflnxi to in- . I" 3 Q 0 1'. r ‘ -C‘ ....— 5 q ' . fi‘ . v . ~ ~ tee stutg. eesoneG-lnub'ood oi'ifl4e "as es 9 r tter of convenience put b¢ck in later exerinetion indie tec O (:1 }_J p _. C+ O l—J ' J r"! ID (3 '3 J P‘ A \1 r? '0 !_—J ' ) ’) Lwning and the bwowood TLS in coed condition for use. At tbe end of nine, 16, €3,3n6 57 ceys burl-s vere then f or.) ti-is lot and inserted on nur- sery stock. Of 8 total of 16 buis, one failure res re- corded ernl Hie ioentitz'cd"t“o others vzws lost. lift it “es significant thet three out of four buds inserted :t the enfl of a store e neriod of 37 df¢S, FFGV. .1. In 1930 anc 19?l more comprehensive tests Vere con— ducted. In eech yefr budwced res cut ebout tbe riecle of Tebruery end held in cold storege until the early pert of 5nril. At thét tine entire lots vere renoved from s And-a allO"ed to sea.on and were returned to cold storage (t ”4. _ ‘ .. . who "no I, m, .. W . tempere,ures TENClP; from On to on r. iney were tien in ideal condition for p:tch budding and could be used directly out of storege Without preliminrry treatment. Simples of budwood of different Verieties included “ere taken out, as in {31 fer as practicable at “eekly intervals and inserte uniform nursery trees. Results of these tests, tsbuletec in Table VI, shov t i (—1.. yd L J .43 C+ }—Jo U) . fossible to hold se sonec budvood of the varie- ,JK tics indiceted in 0016 storeCe for ct letst a 3ericd of three or four reeks vithout a significant Cecreese in the number of buds the fill grov then used for proprieticn Purfioses. In 1931 a Coed Percentzge of bads crew after is days in storage. Incidentally the buds mede no ejparent growth in storage. Cembisl activity stimulated during the J seasoning Process di- not proceed in storage, though the (' bark continued to slip during the entire storage period. Cross-sections from lots of seesoned bud ood the.t had been lield ill colti stor"‘;e for-£33 de3ms slici'zi can oii.un refixni in- distinguishzble from that of normelly-sezsoned bufircod, and no dccrerse in emount of starch in any of the tissues res annrrent et thft time. On the contrary, es hes elreadv been reported in sections from over-seasoned bHCTOCd, at the end of F8 2's, VESsClS hzc formed, buds hrd gretn out en inch or mort, end starch hed disc: erred from all the tissues The precticel utility of noldine seesoned buds in storage arr—ers esreciell3 that nurserynen and protegttors in general experience dif- ficulty in setting budnoed to seeson at the proper tine. This difficulty _ey be due to cool re: her or lrck of con— stency in the resyonse of budroed to seasoning cenditions. Troneevtors who use storege buds occasionally have to sus- pend York, rerbens durinr 5 critical period, on :cccunt of a lrck of yrcrerly so ees oned bue‘ooc; likevisc it hen— 'If"? ,I.’ renS tbft budvoou is lost or recornt of rrin or other ‘w,_ -. . ,. v -.. d... V J V _ __1-, -. ... .1 - . __ . ..-- . ---,- r --.1I- -\ w- r-- J 1 , -‘ . - . ‘v1t- —~r v- ,-. r ~r ' J— . . unt vo «ble ettner con#4\ H 1.: l rdsaw mcnaam 01' 1 l“) ("'1 F) K L (-40.qu momHmmCOI-Jsbmen P3P LJ I4FJFH4 if) a”) 4.x Q) O O (0 '71) 0 p Q} n . H FHOQOC)Q-JF’ 1H 1"! 1 F3 (‘3 h) "EL-17‘“, (“J-i» CDQQHLRKOOf—‘O fl 1 (‘i‘ '5 ...] . Ln tie grwctiC'T -v \‘ ‘ C r u -. - av- V - ‘11 - -. , I ~--... — '-—" l I 'v E \a. A ‘1... _. 1 L4 \11] V; I | (\J J.‘ , - . - .. '7‘ L. if- ‘3'- r mul' I" L‘ C A. - \— V .- J. L' . C‘ ‘1', v! ( V...‘ ( .-. _ . . I H W fir ‘l ‘ - ‘ I ...! ' l'r I I- I .. i, I ‘5.“ n- 3 - .. - -- " '7- 1(V" I " l " 1 I' It ‘ '- " g V V' ‘ ‘ u b‘ (' ' ’I ‘ - I ‘5 ' 'H 1 ‘ ~s ‘ “V- CE Yfi‘wi'lLvV , ’1 (“-‘fa‘ '.r. .h 6 ... 41 I O f 1 u \r _ I .‘ - ‘ ‘ _ ,' (-'--6C 1-'-'.(JE 1|.) 0 Jr..( - O 80 }_a. n F.) inor' thei; Ctunbiiun ;(3t1 irk, before cell div: cteble on c rest *6: ‘ riod “ finerozztsnm, e‘ s s " I t fresh - in tbe tre eri ccnzcerufed."it21 lnz‘ (“1" ‘1 (Y) I 3 .F-Tr"? "(.J‘ ivhtly above freezing, “n nerel, hovever, judged bv od seasoned rrtifici :ooon.eoverces, Igctne wv- . '- N r. r k V O nce fron the res V lly 1: \ I v —4. :V" . { 2. If M I ‘1' 1 L' \—/ ‘ ‘ r ' -,"w--J.'- "7" H3. L. (fl‘;_‘~ 1‘,.__ «“ "('(‘t '--‘ L. ' 'V A ' " ' L- ‘ ‘ a _ H 1 n a {’I 1"I‘ \1 r “t k v x - 7) _° L "-.. ‘ ‘l', L. 7} L] J, t. J .‘ ( 1 Ln 4'1 - r c 9 u-’€: i'C'L'Ij 7 n 3 .L ‘r. r i3‘\(:x ”FL-f :( i' U "" h' " . - '. ‘ 'T 1 ' r '7 -‘ C ‘. \ [1‘ J k’ . i J_( ~- I begin :cflc J. t fer seems ..J. ;acticns of conbium near tornds. ire t sore tennerrtures thrt be"on6 e certs .rrortcrt indigenderfl; fzctor :nd ’ ‘1 : l .' 1. .. - -- A- Ev ' I ‘ . _. ’1 t ' \v . - f‘ . 4 - _ , ureter increase or —J. ....‘ \ 11.. t V "II 1 I "- V 1‘1 - L sent studies n s O O r—0 *1 I J r "' ’D oi‘idie ferfimxrs cone of ,- "Q l .L U. . f", |.- (. 4.\- C wa \. (2 JV 1 \ Lil- {3 r‘ p. A. _.\. oo groceed at tempertture not to c ,hers are retarded. is not receeeerily e Jere, 'hep cell Civfir eance in ex“ K 1‘ fi. [—1. med Vood. " I" '3 ‘q ..t l GECLOD cam. tfle :i e Cfrhium region, but ir yertl; This lairing tne recorflre , "W“ ‘u 1"“ L. (+- '4' r . “ V I . :V’ — O 30 ta; ll Lisetl C pt 4‘. t Slipyin; of Li; rs L !-._J l CJYlClOF. .r- . Q ~ ' ‘ 4' A '4 CG irreb;;- I sliweirf Cf the bark A. A k.) on begins, (3 J fJ'tTEJ- feet ma ble p“actieel fl‘ ( 9A ‘1 Lave com: i CCTE- ‘ poorer results secured Yith ’7 Q. (.31 Q} o The patch bad is the prieciycl method exgloyed in the propagation of the pecan, and storage hudwood is uses (0 e 3 source of huds rere extensively than er The most effective seesonirg tcnyersture 'zs fethd to C‘ Q. , P. Sufficient rcisturc in insu- ('71 range from 90 to ’3 "3 (’1 H: O G $3 1 r1 ting mfteLiGl only to rrevent deeiccetie. to be satisfactory for seasoning, and higher noisture contents vere no yore effective in stimultting the pro- cess. Inevood cut relatively late in the Corment geried {PCS- oned in a shorter tire than that out early. fmdrccd of the BClFfiS vsrietv seasoned more re oily than thzt of the Stuart. An influence regulates the czwbicl activity and the re- tun? oct , six i131? to ' O ‘0 ‘ O -'\ - 0 a V5 _ 'l.‘ r. . I" _“ salt1r+ fillw‘lhf oi LL? bark Oi the one thich prescribes tie rest reriod of glsnts. Feeling of berk involved in se sorir; Fey occur yrior ‘ to visible changes in size or share of c mbiel cells. I" In mood overseesoned in the dark, hues expehc, rater vessels oifferentiste 3rd ligrify, end stereo sissy- Peqrs.b lhen birk of over-seasoned vcod sessrates from (-8- O '3 the reed, the line of Splitting is not elem: ‘he regi - of the cambium cells, but next to the xylem, the result apperently beirg that partly-differentiated cells go with the bark to interfere vith its union vith the stock. (3) ‘ The tree of cushiol votivity flier VJ. results in the fO‘r- .‘ L—Jo *4 J (—4- ’3 n1 (W (7 ’73 ‘g— stion of voter vessels is first initiate of e hvdstick, but very':xxni exterds to the terrirzl. Developrent of vessels seems to he derendeht upon hud grovih, even though the contexrersry process of rheto- ;eesels (0 not develop in 1" J1" . . .(N ' -~" . Ir 1 ‘: Sid-11.1.6818 l IlUc lIll-CJ-V£:Cro fortions of partially or ccrjletely eiahveoed (X ,0. disbudie scions. Seasoned huflwood kept in cold storege can be preserved in a vi“hle condition for et least 3 period of from. three to four feels During tlis storage rerioo there are no visicle cgzr es in structur: of cashizl cells, nor of the amount of s; rch irdiceted in the different un-n-; ~w~-u~v ll eLle‘- " ‘1’ v ' ~I " " v- r—. » . ' ,‘ V" g H I ."n ’x ‘ l. “norvrous. - hier. Cerderinu. M2.o07 tltolg. - "“ .‘ 1.. ... {V Y' -n ,. f. n .. ' ‘ "‘ W. ' ; , "r . "‘ r»- rw ‘ ;. ;l-chior, o.h. - ,90eh re r. in ;lolile. rel. 111 (l: ,J. *3 .1, 4. 'Y' 7' 'r , . . ' q ’ . r1 -..- .. "m h . ‘ u. .urhett, c.l. - ”ezfr Crc‘ir' 1r _en.e. vol. «5, 7tete legit. ef‘.{;r., rhistiri, Tezg's (l€t'€}. luc1us curius Yong-re tus — Iiiisorrei‘;, lorexm L x O i) ‘3 H E "D *4 l u E. (hirtis, (3.1. - Stlrlflj‘thP o: j.oet ehvy.th ll? Cnttfii;; by treetrent viih Chericel Corjocros. Cornell Agr. ij. Ctr. -rr. 1; (lClA). .3. (Hianelx r, V .K. - Iiwxit C1ro~irq;, yffi”%-NR, I’e‘ Zkirk, (1?:i32. 7. gischer, A. - ‘eitrege Vur Thysiilogie der Ko z;e“reh e, 8. 30*EV0, .h. 2 Ah Ixrerirehtrl StuVJ of the hest ° 1'"! ‘e r. ,, “.... rw .... "_ ‘ -,~ .fi (' ’ _"\ ff 1]" I .Lwnts o _: O o 11L)? 0 JLJ.-i7 o ,v to? o 419%) o llli-L o ('41 \l‘; lu ) o (- ~'f \ . r0! '7‘ m . r ‘ - r . - PJS~ . .- ‘-‘ . T“ - ‘ ;. Lastiups, C.r. - lire oi lDCTGrSFO lyicmress in lrees. Leience, lfzSFS (l9Cf 1C. Tutorins, 2.". - A—7-C's of Tecen Tr09e .— Tecen fUTSCTJ: CtPThFNVille, Texrr (1926). ll. Cost, 1. - Yeber TeZiehtn: stischen oer :lettentrickelur: who oer “efesshildnog in der Tilerse. Pot. Ztr. 11:59-134 “w c+ I-J. (‘1 q, o 7 _- ‘ .3 . I ,- T: 1 v-.\ r ~ . - 1‘ 1 1;. “might, Tnowes LDQTPV - (Citation) ilOwc .on of galnut Trees. Gard. Chronicle, 46:758 (175?). V- -- a lii. Tfivioeeni, IJ". - (erflxial llctifirit,r of‘ CEIWJJJD Ixirtixiulinirel . -‘ --~. - .W" {‘7‘ c \ Tlerts. Torrey rot. Club Jul. wC:5wu-u.7 (1316). ll. ’Jfbel, 17. - lflnflvich or}: Cbetlywis emf TR"E1C1C fISCFEI‘ r: I" ‘ “ " 4..- I . ) ~...J J ‘5 All 1- tfi I“ 3 0 e 1 ) I 11 \J ‘0 l I "J g '—Jn "IS I" l . ‘ (1‘, T . - :1“ l' ‘"e: rizit ..r a r l't:"\ 91‘ (5: 1 “tr r' n3: (es :l'hten li;.cn “‘;‘ #1591, fail: It" ' '..' ”(fig 1.. :5..- "" ‘ [$3 j " 1 '2' ‘ 3' ’92 I...”- v- ~ (3:, - {“0 &, gap 1.8%.“. v” .sv fir ,. m)“. 14‘. ‘-.‘J\'.;"‘..‘<.-¢'jfl .. V) 1: 3 3!," L' 5' "...H-zfl'l ‘r ... 2}” .l'.'.“;:"'5 ...»; 1'”.va "T": .' ‘0’!- (a. 5‘ 8:! _ A ‘ " f: .4; ...- . ‘é " ‘ _ I}... " ' ; :"1' .. 4‘ 3’; .: s ' . v . F J D _‘¢ ‘ IV ‘A l - -‘ .‘-‘ 2f. ‘ \ . n" .a‘ ’. ' -'..".fi ». ' u v '- u ‘ . .I. ;..' 1 " ’L Y "Wk-1”“ ' l u}: 'l’ 7 " O I ' ' ~, , 0‘ a. ‘ if) \ L "3 V . 'v- ‘.- .k'. : '- . w £- W. .4» gay"- ' d" 5 e73?! : ¢ WW; ”’3' “1 aw ~ 2‘: - .. 14.; ... .a . .. . 'I ' .3} "~ r’C-w -. $031M"- .‘w- u 'x“ fp"“x4_"‘\.’~ uéi'w“; v :N". ‘ ‘v ' W8? ~,;.’~ns-.Jv,;, -f—3 . . W4 ,. -. 1 . 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" M .21.?- A'I-‘ 1 \ W6» - f "11% '1’ 5*?“ :23, r.‘ -‘ ,3". ’vri’t‘wzr-N: -r.- ‘: 1 .4, a 1' \ u wi‘v-xwa ‘f" “’9 an)? \ h c. ‘3ij fig! 939633 «4 \ 3," ? '3). :‘ _l.- ‘I‘%' 1‘ a 1‘ ' - :51“ it??? ‘5) § “-1.9. :\. . ‘I. ’S'h. .‘g ‘9 .55} : ‘0...- . I x . I“. 1 ',,'.(L.', 'I' .. . L '." ‘ ~ ’ ~21“; . f:‘b’srfil_" >ng,“" “.I“ :l ‘ . ‘~:'-«"‘V'i'-""‘"i'.'5“ «.1 FW§.';¥*S‘5 33;"? "IR-.39 "5“ .‘ . :1. A . . v t '. -_' V'- 7‘ :\ :1]? ”KR . 7.7}.1:_\'.u-‘-! Irfi‘j " ‘t\-§". ‘ .-.'-‘ s i' y" . . L a ., ”I; , - ->_ ’ e. 1“. .‘ A. . " 1"- '-"-‘v .'.‘:. flan ‘1 L - rt. .'%'-.\ "fluflr! “ . s". -.,»<" ‘ 4 .. -. u u. ‘. ‘ Iw‘f . .y -_,7.. y , 1 , .‘ r. ‘ ‘ fl ., v1.3.5... wig-.0 “(7‘ ‘1... .V... A“ .5- '3“.'I.s- x p ; L). 5' 9': 'i'. f'fi ... ‘J ' " . '7 5.. '3 ‘ v’ém‘bfim, ”' 6:31...va3/91,“ - ’wf’. ... .rtafi ... I I n ‘ .1111],- ~ & flaw-,5. wamfi-fi : de‘.’~'..oQJ-Tfi mam. Raw. 3;". . “"TITI'ITIQI’IIuil’IMIIjfiJ Iflffll‘flilfijfliflmfifilfim