THE mm 0F WET Masms AND CERTAIN WATER
tmmm'rs as sovaems UPON mmmmca
or cmcxms ’

Thai: for (“he Degree of M. 5.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Khafid Ai-Sauéi
* 19:65

 

 

TH 1
E53 LIBRARY

Michigan State
University

 

 

 

 

ATHE EFFECT CE NET NASHES AND CERTAIN HATER TREATMENTS 0F
SOYBEANS UPON PERFORNANCE 0F CNICKENS

by

Khalid Al-Soudl

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

NASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Poultry Science

l965

THE EFF!

Raw soy!
enlarged pan!
to find 3 pr
be used in p

Treatme
growth of ch
Ire enlarge
stantiaiiy s

Soybean
thenicais in
“d '50 hens.

during the t

ABSTRACT
THE EFFECT or NET HASHES AND CERTAIN wnTEn TREATMENTS or
SOYBEANS upon PERFORMANCE or CHICKENS
by
Khalid Al-Soudi

Raw soybeans in the ration of chicks cause retarded growth and
enlarged pancreases. Studies were therefore undertaken in an attempt
to find a practical means of treating raw soybeans so that they can
be used in poultry feeds on the farms where they are produced.

Treatment of the soybeans with water alone did not alter rate of
growth of chicks but feed conversion was adversely affected. Pancreases
were enlarged somewhat as early as the fifth day of age, and sub-
stantially so by ten days.

Soybeans were ground and treated with solutions of a variety of
chemicals intended to inactivate the inhibitors in the raw beans and
fed to hens. There were no significant differences in egg production

during the test.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is extremely grateful to Dr. Philip J. Schalbie.
Professor of Poultry Science, for his guidance and special interest
in this study.

The author also appreciates the guidance and help provided by
Professors T. H. Coleman. H. C. Zindel, of the Department of Poultry
Science. and Dr. M. Larzelere of the Department of Agricultural
EconumT633

Thanks also go to Michigan State Uanersity, the Department of
Poultry Science and the people of Michigan for providing laboratory
and farm facilities used in this study.

My gratitude is extended to the Iraqi government for the field
grant provided to support my participation in this research program.

Finally. to my father for his advice and encouragement which

prompted my further study in scientific areas.

ACKNOWLEDGE}
TABLE 0? C0
LIST OF TAB
LIST OF APP
INTRODUCTIO
REVIEW OF L
Het ma
Raw so
GENERAL PRO
Experi
Statis

PART A . co.

EXperi
Merl

PART B . EX

inner:

EEvert
DIscussmu

Slim“ AND
”PENDIx .

TABLE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . g . .
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . .
LIST OF APPENDICES . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . .
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . .
we: mashing . . . . . . .
Raw soybean inhibition .
GENERAL PROCEDURE. . . . . . .
Experimental plan . . . .
Statistical procedure . .

PART'A - COMPARISON OF VET AND

OF CONTENTS

DRY

NASHES IN

CHICK

Experiment I -- Addition of various levels of
to a crumble form of diet . .

Experiment II-- Addition of various levels of
to a mash form of diet. . . . . . .

PART B - EXPERIMENTS WITH RATIONS CONTAINING SOYBEANS

Experiment III--Hen experiments with soybeans
treated chemically. . . . . . .

Experiment IV -- Feeding raw’soybeans thchlcks

DIETS

water

water

DI scusslo" 0 O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

SUNNARY AND CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

li

Page

ii
iii

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2.3
3-1
3-2

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Con

LIST OF TABLES

Number v _ . _ y Page
l-l Composition of basal ration used in Experiment I. . . . . l2
l-2 The effect of water added to mash on body weight and .

feed efficiency at four weeks of age. . . . . . . . . . . l3
l-3 Analysis of variance of body weights of four-week-old

Ch'CkSa a e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e-e e e e e e e e e '6
2-i Composition of basal ration used in Experiment II . . . . l7
2-2 The effect of water added to mash on body weights and

feed efficiency of heavy strain chicks at four weeks
Of age In EXPQrIment I! e e e e e a e e e e e e e e e e e '8

2-3 Analysis of variance of body weights in Experiment II . . 20
3-l Composition of basal ration used in Experiment III. . . . 22
3-2 Effects of soaking raw soybeans with certain chemicals

on egg production of hens in Experiment IIIa. . . . . . . 23

3-3 The effects of soaking raw soybeans on egg production
Of hens In Experlment IIIbe e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 2“

3-h Analysis of variance of egg production for laying hens

during month of April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
h-l Composition of basal A and B rations. . . . . . . . . . . 27
h-Z Dietary treatments in Experiment IV . . . . . . . . . . . 28
h-3 Body weights at stated intervals in Experiment IV . . . . 30
h-h Feed efficiency for the five dietary treatments at

Stated Intervals. e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 3'

h—S Effect of feeding raw soybeans on size of pancreas of
ChICks in Experiment IV 0 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 32

h—B A Analysis of variance of body weights of five-day-old
COCkCre's In Experiment lye e e e e e e e e e e e e e a e 33

h-6 D Analysis of variance of body weights of ten-day-old
COCkerels In Experlment IVe e e e a e e e e e e e e e e e 3“

h—G C Analysis of variance of body weights of lS-day-old
COCkOrO'S In Experiment IV. a e e a e e e e a a e e e e a 35

ill

LIST OF TABLES

Number ~ M Page
h-BD Analysis of variance of body weights of 20day-old '
cockerels inExperiment IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
h-6E Analysis of variance of body weights of 25aday-old
cockerelsinExperlmentIV .............. 37

iv

LIST OF APPENDICES

. Lass
Appendix Table l. Composition of vitamin-trace .minderai mix. . . . 1&5

INTRODUCTION

Soybeans are native to Eastern Asia and ancient Chinese literature
reveals that soybeans were extensively cultivated and highly valued as
food centuries before written records were kept.

As far back as 2838 D.C., Chinese Emperor Shen Mung described
over three hundred medical remedies which contained soybeans. Soybeans
were first brought to America early in the Nineteenth Century. but
more than a hundred years passed before they were processed com-
mercially for oil and meal.

Although soybeans were grown for human food in the United States
as early as lBOh. they remained an agricultural curiosity and minor
crop for over a century. Since i92h, however, their value has been
gradually recognized and the increase in acreage has been phenomenal.
Since raw soybeans are poorly utilized by monogastric animals, there
has developed in the United States a large industry for the heat
processing of soybeans. After the oil is removed. there remains the
heated soybean oil meal which is used primarily as a source of protein
in animal feeding.

If raw soybeans could be treated in some way on the farm so that
they would be nutritionally satisfactory, transportation from the farm
to the processor and back to the farm. as well as the costs of cooking
the beans would be eliminated. Despite much research on this problem.
however. unheated soybeans have so for given unsatisfactory results.
An efficient way to feed raw soybeans is not only of academic interest

but of economic importance as well.

'The objectives of this study, therefore. were to find outif
soaking the raw soybeans with solutions of certain chemicals could
offset known inhibitors in raw soybeans and improve the utilization
of beans. Since water was used to dissolve the chemicals, it was
necessary to conduct preliminary experiments in which the effect of
water aloneat different levels in the feed was evaluated. This aspect
of the experiment harks back to days in poultry feeding when wet

meshes were frequently used.

rha.vi.‘ua.
M P

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Net Meshing

According to Heuser (l955), grain was first fed to poultry in
the form of a wet mash. It was fed one or more times a day. the birds
being given all they would eat. Dry-mash feeding, in which the dry
mash is kept continuously before the birds, came into use about the
year l900.

Lewis (l9l3) recommended wet mash when it is desired to force
greater production from adult birds which are laying poorly, and to
hasten maturity’in late-hatched pullets. During very cold weather
when it is desired to provide warmth for the birds, hot water should
be used for the wet mashing. It is also recommended in fattening
regimes, especially during the finishing period.

According to Lamon and Kinghorn (l922), a wet or moist mash
should in no sense be sloppy in consistency. It should be fed once
a day. preferably in the morning or at noon. and only in amounts that
would be consumed in about half an hour. A moist mash provides a _
satisfactory way to incorporate table scraps and cooked vegetables.

Juli (i938. l9h3) stated that feeding wet or moistened mash
was the usual method of fattening poultry for market in the late
thirties. Mashes moistened with skimmilk increases their paiatability.
It is sometimes done to increase consumption of feed for the purpose

of stimulating growth rate or egg production.

Heuser (l955) stated the following advantages of wet mash feeding;
More palatable when properly used, stimulates food consumption, less
sorting and wasting of feed, can readily include waste meat, table
scraps, etc.

In l923. Atkinson and Curtis gave puilets in the laying house
moist germinated oats scattered in the litter at about 7:00 a.m.
According.to them, moist germinated oats are more palatable than dry
oats for layers and. consequently, they eat more.

Charles and Stuart (l93h) stated that moist mash may be fed in
the fermented or unfenmented form. Either involves a considerable
amount of labor, both in mixing and feeding. Moist mesh was simply
the regular mash moistened with water or milk.

Everson‘gt‘gl. (l9hh) showed that germination of soybeans sig-
nificantly improved their ability to serve as the sole source of
protein for rats. They suggested the possibility of sprouting soy-
beans on the farm to increase their value as protein supplement.

It was observed by Newman (l935) that soaking grain for 25 hours
resulted in improved health of birds, better production and a slight
reduction in the amount of food consumed. From an economic point of
view. Hadlington (l93l) noted that a flock of l50 puilets fed for
three months on soaked wheat showed higher returns than a flock fed
on the ordinary dry ration.

Fry 3; 21. U958) reported that a slaple water treatment of
pearled barley markedly improved its nutritional value and made it

equal to corn for chick growth. The diet containing treated pearled

barley gave significantly better (P 0.0l) feed efficiency than the
diet containing corn or untreated pearled barley. The water-treated
barley was dried before feeding.

Willingham‘ggngl. (l959) found that a highly significant improve-
ment In growth and feed utilization occurred when diets containing
barley were supplemented with enzymes from bacterial and fungal __
sources. The variety of barley had little influence on chick growth.
In l960, they found water treatment of barley was more effective than
dietary enzyme supplements for improving nutritional value of this
cereal. probably due to two effects -- enzyme action and antibiotic
synthesis.

According to Leong'gt'gl. (l958. l960), the metabolizable energy
of pearled barley for chicks is increased by water treatment or fungal
enzyme supplementation. As measured by chick growth to three weeks of
age, wheat samples were only slightly better than barley. but were
improved significantly (ill. l0!) by water treatment so that they
were equal to or better than corn.

Berg (l959) found during his studies with White Leghorn puilets
that water-treated barley did not improve the rate of lay over that
of untreated barley. Neither did treatment with fungal and bacterial
enzyme preparations or malt barley. In i96l, Berg reported that there
was no significant improvement in rate of lay or feed efficiency obe

tained by addition of enzymes to diets containing barley.

Raw Soybean Inhibition

That raw soybeans are poorly utilized by monogastric animals has
been known for many years and many studies of the problem have been
made. Hayward‘gt‘gl. (l937) reported that soybean oil meal properly
cooked resulted in chicks weighing about twice as much at eight weeks
of age and requiring less feed per unit of gain than chicks fed ground
raw soybeans.

According to Chernick 25.21. (l9h8) raw soybeans contain at
least two inhibitors -- an anti-trypsln agent to which the pancreas
responds with hypertrophy, and a methionine inhibitor which counteracts
methionine. Dietary methionine supplementation had little effect on
the proteolytic activity of the pancreas of chicks.

Almquist and Merritt (1952) noted that growth inhibition as-
sociated with raw soybean meal was fully achieved when one-fourth of
the protein of the diet was supplied in raw form to chicks. The low
nutritive value of raw soybean and extracted raw soybean flakes for the
chick is due to their poor digestion and/or absorption (Renner and
Hill, 1960).

Saxena‘gt.gl. (i96l, l962) observed that growth inhibition. in-
creased pancreatic weights and reduced feed efficiency resulted when
raw soybean meal was fed as the sole source of dietary protein to
chicks and poults.

In rats. fed lh percent of protein from raw soybeans, slow growth,
reduced feed efficiency and pancreatic hypertrophy were found (Booth

[35.21.. l960). Addition of 0.6 percent L-tyrosine. 0.6 percent

DL-methionlne, 0.6 percent DL-threonlne, and 0.2 percent DL-vallne
corrected growth and feed efficiency but did not prevent pancreatic
hypertrophy. These results suggest that decreased growth rate and
protein efficiency due to feeding raw soybean meal are related to
pancreatic stimulation which, in turn, causes excessive flow of pan-
creatic juicerwhich is lost. along with its amino acids to the feces.

Brambila 55,5fl, (l96l) also reported that chicks fed diets con-
taining raw soybean meal showed a marked hypertrophy of the pancreas
compared with chicks receiving heated meal. Supplementing the diet
with a crude trypsin preparation reduced slightly the pancreatic
hypertrophy but crystalline trypsin was without effect.

Carew and Neshelm (l962) found the growth rates of chicks fed
diets containing ground soybeans were less than those of chicks fed
similar diets containing soybean oil and soybean oil meal, whether
the diets were pelleted or not. ’

Saxena‘gt'gl. (l963) observed pancreatic hypertrophy within 72
hours after the chicks were put on raw soybeans. Pancreatic enlarge- __
ment was accompanied by increased zymogen accumulation within the cells.

Nitsan (l96h) reported that hypertrophy of the pancreas occurs
in young rats fed raw soybeans and explains the situation as follows:
In animals which receive raw soybeans, the pancreas shows faster
growth and greater secretory ability. It is still not clear whether
the induced growth of the pancreas is directly caused by the inhibitor

or is a result of a low level of trypsin in the small intestine.

8

Singh‘gg‘gl. (l96h) found that when raw soybeans were fed to
commercially hatched chicks. they were significantly smaller than
chicks fed cooked soybeans. Host of the difference in performance
was due to lower feed consumption of chicks fed raw soybeans. The
birds which were fed soybeans also had enlarged pancreases.

Applegarth gt 21. (l96h) noticed the weight of the pancreas
decreased during a four-week period in chickens fed heated soybean
diets but increased in chickens fed a raw soybean diet.

Nesheim'gtlgl. (l962) observed that fat of raw soybeans was
poorly absorbed in two-week-old chicks but not in chicks four weeks
of age. However, in the older chicks, growth rate continued to be
depressed even though fat absorption was satisfactory. Evidently,
other factors than fat were involved.

Experiments with laying hens were conducted by Carverl_t'gl.
(l9h6) with regard to the utilization of raw soybean meal for egg
production. No adverse effects were observed when raw soybean meal
was incorporated into practical laying rations.

Fisher gt'gl. (l957) fed hens raw soybeans supplemented with
vitamin BIZ and methionine. These supplements greatly increased
growth and gave normal egg production. However. vitamin 312 supple-
mentation was started after the birds had been on the raw soybean
protein for four weeks. They suggested that older birds were less
sensitive to the inhibitors of soybeans which are detrimental to chicks.

Yates (l963) found that young chicks and poults were severely

affected by feeding raw soybeans. Retarded growth. poor feed consumption

and utilization. and enlarged pancreata were general symptoms. When.
raw'soybeans were used in the rations of puilets from 9 to i9 weeks of

age. no significant depression in growth occurred.

GENERAL PROCEDURE

Experimental Plan

The study reported herein includes four experiments conducted
over a period of six months. The report is divided into two parts
with the first consisting of two experiments on wet mash; the second
part, with one experiment on soaking the raw soybeans with solutions
of certain chemicals and feeding to laying hens and the other ex-
periment on feeding raw soybeans to growing chicks.

It was necessary to study the effect of adding water alone to
the ration since water was used later to dissolve the chemical com-

pounds in treating the soybeans.

Statistical Procedures

Certain data from the experiments were subjected to statistical
analysis. The most common analysis used was the analysis of variance
as outlined by Snedecor (l956). Data for individual birds were used
in most cases. If the F value was significant, the standard error
of the mean was then calculated and Duncan's (i955) multiple range
test employed to determine which means were significantly different
at the .0l level of probability. Egg production for treatments is

expressed in percentages.

l0

PART A -- COMPARISON OF WET AND DRY MASMES IN CHICK DIETS

Experiment I -- Addition of various levels of water to crumble fonm
of diet.

For this experiment, 200 day-old Single Comb White Leghorn-type
cockerels were weighed and allocated to groups with birds within a
given group differing by no more than two grams in weight. From these
groups. the birds were randomly distributed among twenty pens in
starting batteries, ten birds per pen. Thus, the average weight of
the birds in each pen was approximately the same. Each of the ex-
perimental rations (Table l-l) was fed to four replicate pens of
chicks. The experiment was conducted until the chicks were four
weeks of age.

The treatments consisting of increasing percentages of water
for wet mashing are given in Table l-2. These diets were prepared in
the following manner:

The feed for each pen was mixed with its appropriate amount of
distilled water each day. The feed not consumed at the end of the
day was weighed and discarded. The unconsumed feed naturally con-
tained water that was added 2h hours earlier but the amount left
would vary with the temperature and humidity during that period.

In order to determine daily feed consumption as accurately as
possible. the following procedure was used:

(l) Each day 500 grams of crumbled feed per pen was weighed

and mixed; its proper amount of water measured in a
graduated cylinder to the nearest one mi.

ll

l2

 

Table l-l. Composition of basal ration used in Experiment 1.
Ingredients Percent of ration
Ground yellow corn . 53.00
Ground oats 5.00
Wheat middlings 5.00
Soybean oil meal. h4%.protein 25.00
Dehydrated alfalfa meal l5.00
Meet and bone scraps 2.50
Fish meal with solubles 2.00
Dried whey .z.oo
Ground limestone 0.50
Dicalcium phosphate 0.50
Salt, iodized 0.30
Vitamin-trace mineral supplemenvk 0.25
Total l00.00
Calculated analyses:
Protein 1 20.27 Prod. energy Cal/lb
Fat 1 3.25 Vitamin A IU/lb
Fiber 2 5.” Riboflavin mg/lb
Calcium 1 .90 Niacin mg/lb
Phosphorus 1 .68 Choline mg/lb
Arginine 2 l.210 Vit.‘ Bl lug/lb
Methionine z .35 Pan. acid ' Tug/lb
Cystine 1 .3l
Lysine % l.03
TryptOphan ‘ 2 .25

37:
use
2

23
see

7

.97
J?

.l

 

* See Table l (appendix).

'3

Table l-2. The effect of water added to mash on body weight and feed
efficiency at four weeks of age

Average body

 

Diet 7 Added‘% wt. in gms. Lbs. feed/
No. water A wks. of age lb. gain

I O 26A.5 2.HZ

2 5 270.6 2.57

3 l0 266.7 2.6h

A 25 270.2 2.82

5 50 273-9 3.00

 

lh

(2) In order to determine loss of moisture from the exposed feed
during the Zh-hour period. a hopper half full of each diet
was placed in a pen so that no chicks had access to it.

(3) Each day these control hoppers were weighed and the moisture
losses determined. These moisture losses were then applied
to the unconsumed feed for each pen of chicks to obtain a
corrected dry feed weigh back which was then subtracted from
the amount originally supplied (500 gms.). In this manner.
feed consumed for each Zh-hour period was determined.

The following is an example of the method used in the case of

Diet 2:

Control hopper

Feed 500 QM.
Water 25 9!:
Feed f water 525 gms.
Zh-hr. weigh back 5l3.3 gms.

500 : 5l3.3 - 97.E% air-dried feed in weigh back

If the feed weigh-back of a pen of chicks was 250 grams, multiply
this by 97.“ percent to correct for the amount of water in feed. This
gives 2h3.5 grams which is the actual amount of alradried feed re-
maining. This. when subtracted from 500 grams gives the actual amount
of feed on an air-dried basis consumed for the 2h—hour period.
Results

The body weights of the chicks. feed conversion, and statistical

analysis of the results are shown in Tables l-2 and l-3. When starting

l5

chicks were fed a diet to which was added 5, l0, 25 or 50 percent of
water, the rate of gain of the pens was not significantly different
(Table l-3). However. the feed conversion was adversely affected by
the addition of water. The gain per pound of feed without water was

the best.

Experiment II -- Addition of various levels of water to a mash form
of diet.

The procedure was the same as in Experiment I, except for the

following:

i. The birds were a heavy strain of Cobb's Strain White Rock
cockerels.

2. A different basal ration was fed (Table 2-l).

3. Feed was supplied and weighed back every #8 hours instead of
every 2“ hours.

h. Mash instead of crumbled feed was used.

5. A sample of the feed weighed back each #8 hours was obtained
and the percentage of moisture determined by drying in oven
l7 hours. The amount of moisture in the dry feed was sub-
tracted from that in each diet to determine the amount of
added water remaining in the unconsumed feed.

Results
Table 2-2 gives dietary treatments and the body weights and feed

conversion at four weeks of age.

l6

Table l-3. Analysis of variance of body weights of four-week-oid

 

 

 

chicks
Scurce Degree Sum
of of of Mean F
variation freedom squares square ratio
Total 19 “.977-73
Treatment A 2l3.8l 53.h5 .l6
Replication 3 772.h5 257.AB .77

Error l2 3,99l.h7 332-52

 

'7

Table Z-l. Composition of basal ration used in Experiment II

 

 

Ingredient Percent
Ground yellow corn 59.2l
Soybean oil meal, 50% protein 26.2h
Corn oil 3.00
Dehydrated alfalfa meal 2.00
Fish meal with solubles 3.00
Corn distillers dried solubles 2.00
Dried whey 2.00
Salt 0.50
Ground limestone 0.90
Dicalcium phosphate 0.80
Vitamin-trace mineral supplement* 0.25
Methionine hydroxy analogue ' 0.l0
Total l00.00

Calculated analyses:

Protein 1. 2| Prod. energy Cal/lb l000
Fat % 5.9 Vitamin A IU/lb li01i0
Fiber ‘1 2.5 Riboflavin mg/lb 2.9
Calcium ‘1 0.8% Niacin mg/lb 22.00
Phosphorus z. 0.6l Choline mg/lb 677
Arginine 2. 0.35 Pan. acid mg/lb 6.8
Methionine ‘1 0A8

Cystine % 0.33

Lysine ‘X 0. l8

TryptOphan % 0.26

-§

* See Table l (appendix).

l8

Table 2'2. The effect of water added to mesh on body weights and
feed efficiency of heavy strain chicks at four weeks of
age in Experiment II

 

 

Percent

Diet No. of added Av. wt. of body
no. birds water at h wks (gms) Lbs. feed/lb. gain
1 no 0 609.5 l.67* l.67**
2 no 5 593.8 1.57 1.67“
3 no lo 60l.5 i.69 i.68

h #0 25 590.h l.72 l.68

5 1+0 50 603.3 1.81 1.70

 

* Calculated as in Experiment I
** Calculated as described under Experiment II

l9

When broiler chicks were fed rations containing 5, lo, 25 and 50

percent water. their rate of gain was quite similar. There were no

significant differences in fouraweek body weights (Table 2-3). However,

the feed conversion was adversely affected by the addition of water as

in the previous experiment.

20

Table 2-3. Analysis of variance of body weights in Experiment II

 

 

Source Degrees Sum

of of of Mean F
variation freedom squares square ratio
Total '9 9227-7
Treatment A 930.6 232.7 .h9
Replication 3 2632.l 877.4 l.86

Error l2 5665.0 h72.l

 

PART B -- EXPERIMENT WITH RATIONS CONTAINING RAW SOYBEANS

Experiment III - Feeding soaked raw soybeans to laying hens.

Twelve groups of seven-month-old White Leghorn-type (DeKalb
strain) puilets of eight birds each were placed in laying cages. one
per cage. Water was supplied from individual founts ad libitum. The
basal ration was formulated as shown in Table 3-l. The raw soybeans
were treated with certain chemical compounds chosen with the hope of
inactivating the inhibitors of raw soybeans. A surface-active com-
pound was used with the idea of helping the digestive juices to get
in intimate contact with the fat and protein of raw soybeans. Concen-
trations of the chemical compounds used are shown in Table 3-2 and
were arrived at imperically. The birds were on experiment for approx-
imately two months.

Each diet was prepared as follows: Raw soybeans were ground,
weighed and soaked in the solution of the chemical overnight. The
proportion of one part soybean to l.8 part solution permitted the
beans to soak up all of the liquid. They were then mixed separately
with the basal ration and the moist mash was fed to the puilets. Diets
were prepared twice a week; the residues at each interval were dis-
carded to minimize possible Spoilage.

Table 3-2 gives the percentage of egg production. Some
treatments shbwed some improvement in the production -- sodium
chloride, detergent. ammonium hydroxide, acetic acid and Nopgro.

All birds were then reassigned to the six treatments which

showed up best. These treatments are shown in Table 3-3 which also

2l

22

Table 3-l. Composition of basal ration used in Experiment III

 

 

 

Ingredient Percentage
Corn, ground yellow 60.80
Meat and bone meal, 501 2.00 1
Fish meal with solubles 2.00 '
Alfalfa leaf meal 2.50
Limestone, ground 6.00
Dicalcium phosphate l.20
Salt, iodized ‘0-25
Vitamin-trace mineral supplement* 0.25
Methionine 0.25
.Total 75.00

Raw ground soybeans (Parts dry)

25.00 + 115 Parts liquid - 7o

 

100.00 dry lhs moist
Calculated analyses:

Protein 1, l6.65 Prod. energy Cal/lb lONh
Fat 1 7.50 Vit. A IU/lb “H.223?
Fiber ‘1 3.l7 Riboflavin mg/lb 2.37
Calcium 1 3.00 Niacin mg/lb ' 9.60
Phosphorus 1. 6.96 Choline mg/lb , 509.00
Arginine 1 .9h Pant. acid mg/lb 3.l0
Methionine 1 .65
Cystine 1 .l6 ,
Lysine 1 .83
Tryptophan 1 . l8

 

* See Table l (appendix).

23

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3-2. Effects of soaking raw soybeans with certain chemicals
on egg production of hens in Experiment IIIa
Percent'egg_pr68uction
Percent of Eagerimental Period
Group chemical in Pro-exp. Feb.+
no. Treatment solution Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar.
l Distilled water -- 79.3 77.8 69.8 70.0
2 Sodium chloride 0.9 69.0 72.0 75.0 73.h
3 Detergent* 0.l 73.8 8l.0 80.3 80.6
A Sodium hydroxide 0.l 7l.9 77.3 76.9 77.]
5 Ammonium hydroxide 0.l 68.l 79.3 79.3 79.3
6 Acetic acid 0.l 7h.6 83.2 80.8 82.0
7 Formaldehyde 0.1 65.0 68.5 76.9 72.h
8 HydrOQen peroxide 0.l 7#.6 62.5 77.h 69.5
9 Copper sulfate 0.l 75.0 7l.l 62.0 66.8
l0 Iodine (Tincture) 0.00l 73.h 62.5 79.3 70.h
ll Papain 0.00l 78.8 72.h 74.2 73.2
l2 Fungal-bacterial ferm.
Product** 0.0l 66.l 72.h 8l.2 76.5

 

* Alconox - Alconox, Inc., New York 3, N.Y.
** NOpgro - Napco Chemical Co., Harrison, N.J.

21.

Table 3°3. The effects of soaking raw soybeans on egg production of
hens in Experiment IIIb

Percent egggproduction durigg

 

 

Pre-experiment

Group Percent of IIIb same birds
no. Treatment solution (April) for March

l Distilled water " 75.7 75.8

2 Sodium chloride 0.9 77.l 76.9

3 Detergent 0.l 80.7 8l.5

h Ammonium hydroxide 0.l 68.2 77.7

5 Acetic acid 0.l 75.0 7h.5

6 Fungal-bacterial

fermentation product 0.0! 73.3 73.l

 

25

gives the egg productibn for these hens. It is evident that puilets on
all rations laid well and did not differ significantly from each other.
The analysis of variance for egg production is shown in Table 3-h.
Experiment IV -- Feeding raw soybeans to chicks.

For this experiment 200 day-old Cobb's Strain White Rock
cockerels were allotted to pens as in the previous experiments.
Dietary treatment

Two basal diets were used -- Basal A formulated with AA percent
soybean oil meal, soybean oil, and cerelose was made isocaioric and
isonltrogenous to Basal B in which raw soybeans were used. The
compositions of the two rations are given in Table h-l.

Five experimental dietary treatments were used with four pens
receiving each diet as outlined in Table h-Z. Each of the replicate
pen treatments was given a weighed quantity of feed. Unconsumed feed
was weighed at the end of every five days for a period of thirty days.

In the third and fourth diets ground corn was given for the first
five days to deplete the chick in an attempt to magnify any depression
caused by raw soybeans. In diet 5, ration A was given so as to give
the birds a normal start.

At the end of each interval, starting from the tenth day, two
chicks randomly selected from each pen were sacrificed. The pancreases
were removed immediately after the chicks were killed and weighed in
the fresh state. Pancreas weights are expressed as a percentage of
the body weight of the birds in all tables. This experiment was con-

ducted until the chicks were thirty days of age.

26

 

Table 3°“. Analysis of variance of egg production for laying hens
during month of April

Source Degree Sum

of of of Mean F
variation freedom squares square ratio
Total 90 lll8.7
Treatment 5 ll5.9 23.l8 l.96
Error 85 1002.8 ll.80

 

27

Table h-l. Composition of Basal A and B rations

 

 

 

Ingredient Basal A Basal B
1 1
Corn, ground yellow h6.h7 52.87
Soybean oil meal, 4w; protein 32.28 --
Soybeans, ground raw -- 36.08
Cerelose 1.1.3 ..
Soybean oil 8.07 --
Alfalfa leaf meal, 201 protein 2.00 2.00
Fish meal with solubles 3.00 3.00
Distillers dried solubles (corn) 2.00 2.00
Dried whey 2.00 2.00
Salt 0.50 0.50
Limestone, ground 0.90 0.90
Dicalcium phosphate 0.60 0.60
Vitamin-trace mineral supplement*' 0.25 0.25
Calculated analysis:
Prod. energy Cal/lb l039 l039
Protein 1 2l.00 2l.00
Fat 1 .l0.58 9.35
Fiber 1 3.110 3.211
Calcium 1 .8l .80
Phosphorus 1 .58 .6l
Vitamin A IU/lb #097.00 hl90.00
Riboflavin mg/lb 2.83 2.8l
Pantothenic acid mg/lb 6.83 6.65
Choline mg/lb 755.00 78h.00
Niacin mg/lb 2l.00 22.00
Arginine 1 l.lli l.li
Cystine 1 .3l .311
Lysine 1 l.l l.25
Tryptophan z .20 .28
Methionine 1 .3l .33

 

*' See Table l (appendix).

28

Table “-2. Dietary treatments in Experiment IV

 

 

Diet Basal
no. ration Dietary variables Other variables
I A Soybean oilmeal None
II B New soybeans None
III B Raw soybeans Corn only for
lst 5 days
IV A Soybean oilmeal Corn only for
- lst 5 days
V B Raw soybeans Ration A for

lst 5 days

 

29

Results

Data in Tables “-3 and 4-4 show that the chicks grew sig-
nificantly (P 0.01) faster and had better feed efficiency with
soybean oil meal in the diet than with raw soybeans. Pancreas
weights up to thirty days of age, along with the average body weight
of chicks in five treatments are given in Table h—S. Tables h-6 A,
B, C, D and E show the analysis of variance of body weights in
different intervals. Results revealed pancreatic enlargement at all

stated intervals in chicks which received diets 2, 3 and 5.

30

Table ““3. Body weights at stated intervals in Experiment IV

Diet* Average bodyfweight

 

 

no. 5 days l0 days is days 20 days 25 days 30 days**
I 82 A 145 A 2211 A 307 A #39 A 568
II 70 8 98 BC ins Bco 185 8CD 252 BC 298
III #8 c 73 c 107 D 152 0 229 c 295
IV #7 c 94 BC 151 at 2i8 B 348 AB #87
v 85 A 120 AB 167 B 217 BC 315 BC 391

 

* The diets which have the same letter are not significant.
** Numbers of birds were insufficient at this interval for
statistical treatment.

 

31

Table h-h. Feed efficiency for the five dietary treatments at stated

 

 

 

 

intervals
Diet ‘ Feed efficiency les. feed/1b 49.1."—
no. 5 days 10 days 15 days 20 days 25 days 30 days
I 1.16 1.h7 1.43 1.67 1.87 1.99
11 1.78 3.00 2.57 2.27 2.31 2.99
111 “.52 2.22 2.62 2.25 - 2.13 3.2h
IV “.81 1.31 1.67 1.68 1.70 1.81
V 1.1# 2.69 2.5“ 2.70 2.2h 2.91

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table h-S. Effect of feeding raw soybeans on size* of pancreas
of chicks in Experiment IV -
h—:::%f g! Pancreas weigh3§:gt stated interggls
10 days 15 days 20 days 25 days 30 days
‘1 -0.65 (.83)- 1.20 (.57) '1.3h (.82) 1.67 (.38) 1.63 (.29)
11 0.79 (.78) 1.16 (.79) 1.66 (.88) 2.20 (.84) 1.88 (.63)
111 0.39 (.55) 0.81 (.78) 1.39 (.89) 2.00 (.86) 2.12 (.71)
Iv 0.116 (.116) 0.90 (.117) 1.03 (.119) 1.50 (.1111) 1.58 (.35)
v .0.93 (.78) 1.50 (.89) 1.75 (.Bh) 2.5h (.82) 2.hh(.62)

 

* Percentage of body weight in parenthesis.

33

Table h-6. A. Analysis of variance of body weights of five-day-old
cockerels in Experiment IV

 

Source Degree Sum
of of of Mean F
variation freedom squares square ratio
Total 193 63.019
Subclass 19 55.859 2.919 59.50**
Treatments 1. 52.407 13.102 311.95“
Replication 3 385 128 3.05*1
Error 179 7,550 #2 ”

 

* Significant at .05 level of probability
** Significant at .01 level of probability

3h

Table #-6. 8. Analysis of variance of body weights of ten-day-old
cockerels in Experiment IV

 

 

 

Source Degree Sum
of of of Mean F
variation freedom squares square ratio
Total ‘ . 198 1611,6211
Subclass 19 71.760 3.777 7.29**
Treatment 1, 120.1110 30,102 58.11114:
Replication 3 1,039 3117 .69"
Error 179 92.86“ 513

 

** Significant at the .01 level of probability

35

Table “-6. C. Analysis of variance of body weights of 15-day-old
cockerels in Experiment IV

 

 

 

Source Degrees Sum
of of of Mean F
variation freedom squares square ratio
Total 158 3h0.620
Subclass 19 270.775 10,251 28.39**
Treatments 11 229.8611 57.1166 ”11.11719:
Replications 3 9,687 3.229 6.113501:
Error 139 69,8115 502 H

 

** Significant at

the .01 level of probability

36

Table h-6. 0. Analysis of variance of body weights of 20-day-old
cockerels in Experiment IV

 

 

 

Source Degrees Sum
of of of Mean F
variation freedom squares square ratio
Total 118 973.2h3
Subclass 19 360,014 18,969 l6.63**
Treatment A 320,185 80,0h6 70.2188
Replication 3 12,166 11,055 3.5511-
Error 99 112.829 1,1h0

 

* Significant at the .05 level of probability
** Significant at the .01 level of probability

Table “-6. E. Analysis of variance of body weights of 25-day-old

cockerels in Experiment IV

 

Source Degrees Sum
of of of Mean F
variation freedom squares square ratio
Total 79 661,786
Subclass 19 507,959 26,735 10.h3**
Treatment 4 846,150 111,538 83.5088
Replication 3 6,916 2,305 .89--
Error 60 153,827 2.56“

 

** Significant at

the .01 level of probability

DISCUSSION

The results obtained in Experiment I showed that the wet mach
and dry mash forms of diet produced about the same body weight of
chicks to four weeks of age. However, the wet mash diet was inferior
to the dry mash diet with respect to feed conversion. Obviously. wet
mashes require considerably more labor, both in mixing and feeding.
These results are in agreement with those obtained by Berg (1959,
1961).

Experiment 11 confirmed the results of the first experiment with
respect to body weight of chicks and feed conversion. Thus. crumble
and mash forms of feed act similarly with regard to wet mashes.

It was noted during the course of the experiments that chicks
tended to pack the feed containing higher levels of added water.

The packed feed would tend not to lose as much moisture as the un-'
packed feed in the control hoppers. This would result in some
moisture being calculated as feed in the weigh-back; when subtracted
from the amount of feed offered, this would calculate as smaller
amounts of feed consumed. Thus. the values for feed conversion for
diets with high moisture levels would tend to be conservative.

As the percentage of water was increased in Experiments I and
ii, the feed conversion concomltently became less efficient, even
though differences were not great. More feed was eaten with the in-
creased amounts of water added, but there was no improvement in the
growth rate. Hat mashes would not require time for moistening as
in the case of dry feeds so it was expected digestion and absorption

might be enhanced.

38

39

In Experiment III, 12 different chemical compounds were selected
to soak the raw soybeans, with the hope of neutralizing the lnhibitor(s)
in the beans. Some of these chemical compounds are known to destroy
enzyme action. Others are generally active on the proteins and fats.
For example, formaldehyde and copper sulfate tend to denature protein.
Papain and the fermentation product are enzyme products that act on
proteins. Sodium chloride aids in solubilizing protein. The detergent
should help emulsification of fats in the beans. Acetic and the
alkalies should expose the inhibitors to drastic changes in pH.
Hydrogen peroxide should provide a medium for oxidation. Iodination
with tincture of iodine could cause production of additional com-
pounds. The distilled water was used as a control diet.

The percentages of the chemicals in solution were not high,
eSpecially after the soaked ground raw soybeans were mixed with the
dry ration. There was little or almost no adverse effects on the
body due to treatments.

Treatment with the detergent resulted in better egg production
than the other treatments. However, these same birds also laid at a
higher rate prior to this experiment. Probably these were the better
producing birds. Copper sulfate tended to depress egg production.

But to be certain that real benefits were achieved, it would be neces-
sary to repeat the test with a much larger number of layers. Hater
additions to the ration had no effect on egg production and the
chemicals selected did not improve the situation. This is confirmed

by the analysis of variance of the rate of lay.

#0

Raw soybeans fed to chicks caused greatly enlarged pancreata. (In
addition, feed efficiency with raw soybean rations was not as good as
that produced on the soybean oil meal ration. These results may be
due either to poor digestion and/or absorption of the nutrients as a
consequence of the inhibitors present in the raw beans. One inhibitor
causes pancreatic enlargement without affecting growth; a second
affects growth rate and pancreas size. Possibly, poor absorption
may be related to the loss of normal pancreatic function and incom-
plete digestion.

Mesheim et a1. (1962) also showed that the fat of raw soybeans is
poorly utilized, and this would result in lower metabolizable energy

and an inferior rate of growth.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Two experiments were conducted wfth chicks up to four weeks of
age in which dry and wet mashes were compared. In the first experiment,
the basal feed was in the form of crumbles; in the second, it was in
the form of a mash. Rate of growth of the chicks was not significantly
different, but wet mashes gave slightly poorer feed efficiency as the
percentage of water increased.

In another experiment with layers, ground raw soybeans were
treated with solutions of chemicals intended to neutralize their
natural inhibitors. Some chemicals improved, and others lowered, egg
production slightly but the differences were not significant. In
general, treatment with detergent gave the best results and copper
sulfate depressed egg production.

Raw soybeans in the diet of chicks caused enlargement of the
pancreas as early as the fifth day. Feeding corn only for the first
five days to deplete the birds of nutritional reserves did not ac-

centuate the condition.

#1

LITERATURE CITED

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on growth of the chick. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med. 79:277.

Applegarth, A., F. Furuta and S. Kepkovsky, 196“. ReSponse of the
chicken pancreas to raw soybeans. Poultry Sci. 93:733.

Atkinson, E. M. and G. M. Curtis, 1923. The production of 300 eggers
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Berg, R. L., 1959. Enzyme supplementation of barley diets for
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Berg, R. L., 1961. Effect of adding enzymes to barley diets at
different ages of poults on laying house performance.
Poultry Sci. 40:3“.

Brambila, 5., M. C. Nesheim and F. W. Hill, 1961. Effect of trypsin
supplementation on the utilization by the chick of diets
containing raw soybean oil meal. J. Nutr. 75:13.

Booth, A. M., D. J. Robbins, H. E. Ribdin and F. DeEds, 1960.
Effects of raw soybean meal and amino acids on pancreatic
hypertrophy in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med. 109:681.

Carew, L. B., Jr., M. C. Nesheim, 1962. The effect of pelleting on
the nutritional value of ground soybeans for the chick.
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Carver, J. S., J. McGinnis, C. F. McClary and R. J. Evans, 1996.
The utilization of raw and heat-treated soybean oil meal for
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Charles, B. T. and H. 0. Stuart, 193“. Commercial Poultry Farming.
Interstate Printing Co., 132 N. Walnut St., Danville, Ill.
p. “36.

Chernick, S. S., S. Lepkovsky and L. L. Chaikoff, 19h8. A dietary
factor regulating enzyme content of the pancreas. Changes in-
duced in size and proteolytic activity of the chick pancreas by
the ingestion of soybean meal. Am. J. Phys. 155:33.

Duncan, 0. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests.
Biometrics 11:1.

Everson, J. 0., H. Steenbock, D. C. Edgerquist and H. T. Parson, l9hh.
The effect of germination, the stage of maturity, and the variety
upon the biological value of soybean protein. J. Mutr. 27:225.

#2

#3

Fisher, 0., D. Johnson, Jr. and S. Ferdo, 1957. The utilization of
raw soybean meal protein for egg production in the chicken.
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Fry, R. E., J. B. Aired, L. S. Jensen and J. McBinnis, 1958. Influence
of enzyme supplementation and water-treatment on the nutritional
value of different grains for poults. Poultry Sci. 37:372.

Hadlington, E., 1931. Feeding experiments at Hawkesbury Agr. College.
Poultry Motes, Dept. of Agr., M. S. Hales, August.

Hayward, J. H., J. G. Halpin, C. E. Holmes, G. Bohstedt and E. B. Hart,
1937. Soybean oil meal prepared at different temperatures as a
feed for poultry. Poultry Sci. 16:1.

Heuser, G. F., 1955. Feeding Poultry. John Wiley 5 Sons, Inc.,
M. Y. 632 pageS.

Jull, A. M., 1938. Poultry Husbandry. Second edition. McBrawbHill
Book Corp., Inc., New York and London. 598 pages.

Juli, A. M., l9h3. Successful Poultr Mana ement. McGraw-Hill Book
Corp., Inc., Mew York and London. 567 pages.

Lamon, M. H. and J. H. Kinghorne, 1922. Practical Poultr Production.
Hebb Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. P. 365.

Leong, K. C., L. S. Jensen and J. McBinnls, 1958. Effect of water-
treatment and fungal enzyme addition on metabolizable energy
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Leong, K. C., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, l960.’ Improvement of the
feeding value of wheat fractions for poultry. Poultry Sci.
393'3o7e ‘

Lewis, H. R. F., 1913. Productive Poultry Husbandry. J. B.
Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and London. 530 pp.

Marsden, J. S. and J. H. Martin, 1939. Turke Mana ement. First
6d,, The Interstate Danville, Ill. PP. 708.

Meshelm, M. C., J. 0. Garlich and D. T. Hopkins, 1962. Studies on
the effect of raw soybean meal on fat absorption in young chicks.
J. Mutr. 78:89-9h.

Mesheim, M. C., 1963. Studies on the utilization of soybeans by hens
and chicks. Proc. 1963 Cornell Nutrition Conference. p. 80-83.

an

Newman, T., 1935. Soaked Brain. A year of discovery. Exp. Farm
Egg., Oct.

Hitsan, Safrira, 196A. The influence of food antimetabolites on
protein utilization by the chick. Thesis submitted for the
Ph.D. degree. Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

Renner, R. and F. W. Hill, 1960. The effect of heat treatment on the
metabolizable energy value of soybeans and extracted soybeans
for the chick. J. Nutr. 70:219.

Saxena, H. C., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1961. Growth inhibition
by raw soybean meal for chicks and turkey poults. Poultry Sci.

80:1952.

Saxena, H. C., L. S. Jensen and J. McGlnnls, 1962. Influence of
dietary protein level on chick growth depression by raw soybean
meal. J. Nutr. 77:241.

Saxena, H. C., L. S. Jensen, J. McCinnis and J. K. Lauber, 1963.
Histophysiological studies on chick pancreas and influenced
by feeding raw soybean meal. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med.
112:390.

Singh, M., P. J. Schaible, H. C. Zindel and R. K. Ringer, 1968.
The effects of cooked and raw soybeans supplemented with niacin
as a multienzyme preparation upon the nutrition of chicks.
Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Quart. Bull. h7(1):17.

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in Agriculture and Biology. 5th ed., Ames Iowa State College

Press.

 

 

 

 

Hillingham, H. E., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1959. Studies
on the role of enzyme supplements and water-treatment for
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Ibid, 1960. Relation of superiority of water-treated barley over
enzyme supplements to antibiotics. Poultry Sci. 3931307.

Yates, J. 0., 1963. The feeding of unheated soybeans to poultry.
Thesis for the degree of Ph.D. Michigan State University.

, 1961. Soybean oil for better living. Soybean
Council of America, Waterloo, Iowa.

 

, 1958. The Soybean. Soybean Digest, Jan. Box 571,
Danville, Illinois.

Appendix Table 1, Composition

#5

of vitamin-trace mineral mixt'

 

Vitamin A, USP units
Vitamin 03, 10 units
Vitamin E, I units
Riboflavin, gm
D-pantothenlc acid. gm
Miacin, gm

Choline chloride, gm
Vitamin B12, mg
Butylated hydroxy toluene, gm
Manganese, %

Zinc, %

Iron, %

Copper, %

Iodine , ‘1

Cobalt, %

Per 5 lb
h.000,000
1,500,000
7.500
3
5
20
200
10
113.8
2.h
1.1
0.8
0.08
0.098
0.008