T3933 9432' $519 Daqma 3*: M: A. 01‘5“ STATE {NE 1333?? ria Ad .32: ' earn E9638 TH ESlS ' LIBRARY ’ Michigan Stat: University MAJOR OLD HIGH GERMAN CLAUSE STRUCTURES IN ISIDOR AND TATIAN By Portia Adams Brown A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Linguistics and Oriental and African Languages 1969 z‘fl'fz’r/ é;.)b Jr)? /Q/ZB5AQ9 CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION . Introduction . APPENDIX I: Abbreviations . CONTENTS Relative Clauses . Declarative Clauses APPENDIX II: Slot-Filler List . APPENDIX III: Clause Formula List . BIBLIOGRAPHY Interrogative and Imperative Clauses 11 25 3O 35 36 39 50 52 CHAPTER 1: Introduction Old High German was spoken from about 600 A.D. (when it evolved from Proto-Germanic) to _ approximately 1100 A.D. (by which time it had developed into Middle High German) in the area where High German dialects have been spoken ever since then, present Southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria (Braune, Althochdeutsche Grammatik, pp. 1-2). Our knowledge of Old High German is limited to what can be reconstructed linguistically and a few manuscripts, most of them very short. The four sizeable manuscripts are Isidor, Tatian, Otfrid, and Notker. Isidor, Tatian, and Notker are close translations of Latin theological works. Otfrid is original Old High German poetry. Isidor and Tatian are dated around 800, Otfrid 860-70, and Notker about 1000. Previous research in Old High German has produced detailed accounts of its phonology and morphology (Braune, Althochdeutsche Grammatik) and also some information on syntax (Behaghel). An interesting fact is that there were only two tenses native to Old High German, present and past, future actions usually being expressed in the present tense (Brinkmann, pp. 28-32 and 61 and Lawson, p. 64). The numerous spelling variations in different manuscripts reflect the phonological variations in different dialects. There are two major Isidor manuscripts, found at Paris and Monsee (near Salzburg) and presently located in the national libraries in Paris and Vienna. The original Old High German translation was made between 790 and 800 into either the Rhine Franconian l 2 or the Alemannic dialect (Eggers, pp. V—XX). The primary Tatian manuscript, dating from 850-900, was found at the monastery library in St. Gallen, Switzerland, and is still there. It is a translation into the East Franconian dialect of a 2nd Century Latin manuscript, which has been in the monastery library at Fulda since the 6th Century. The manuscript at St. Gallen is believed to be a copy of the original translation made by several persons at Fulda about 830 (Sievers, "Einleitung" to Tatian). The Old High German Isidor and Tatian are respectively about 35 and 140 pages long. My analysis is based on about the first 150 clauses of Isidor and the first 100 of Tatian. Hence, it includes most of the clause types used, especially the most common ones, but probably not all clause types appear- ing in the manuscripts. Although there are great spelling differences between Isidor and Tatian, I could find no differences in clause structure in my data. With minor exceptions due to limited data, I found exactly the same clause types and tagmemes in both. For example, each manuscript contains at least one clause of each type listed on the following clause chart: declarative, interrogative imperative, relative, transitive, transitive passive, etc. For all clauses of which I have more than three or four examples, formulas made separately for each manuscript would be essentially the same (at least the nuclear tagmemes, potential tagmeme fillers, and basic syntax). Possible variant orders of tagmemes listed after formulas occur in both manuscripts, not just one. Since both are close translations from Latin, there is some Latin influence on the syntax, but there is little more of this apparent in Tatian than in Isidor, although Tatian is a more literal translation. 3 Even in Tatian the predicate is the first or second tagmeme in independent clauses as Opposed to the final position of the predicate in the Latin (Ruhfus, pp. 24-25). The only noticeable difference I found between the two manuscripts was that in Tatian the present participle is used more freely and in a greater number of places within the clause. This is presumably due to the greater use of participles in Latin. All the assumptions in the above para- graph are based entirely on my data. They are presumed to be true for the whole manuscripts but easily may not be. There are certain differences in frequency of clause types due to content. Isidor.is a theolo- gical treatise and so contains, for example, more "if" clauses and questions than Tatian, which is a gospel harmony. My clause structure anaysis of parts of these two manuscripts is based on the tagmemic theory of linguistics as outlined by Pike (Language 2; Human Behavior), Longacre (Grammar Discovery 232: cedures; ”The Notion of Sentence"), and Lind ("Clause and Sentence Level Syntagmemes in Sierra POpoluca"). I have considered one nuclear difference plus one of the following: one non-nuclear difference, one potential transform difference, or one distribu- tional difference, as minimum criteria for judging any two clauses to be of separate types. The following chart shows the clause types I found in Isidor and Tatian. Numbers indicate the number of clauses I found of each type. 4 declarative interrogative imperative relative transitive 48 3 3 10 transitive 22 l 6 passive appellative 2 l appellative 4 passive quotative 41 1 4 3 quotative 8 passive dative 2 l intransitive 21 3 1 stative l4 1 l descriptive 46 6 6 Except perhaps for the imperative ones, I am sure that the blanks in the chart are due to lack of data. Exactly what is meant by these various types of clauses is explained in Chapter 2. Use of the subjunctive in Old High German is often connected with what verb is used (Frank, p. 69). Since I could find no difference, except for the mood of the verb, between indicative and subjunctive clauses, I combined them into one declarative clause type. Even nuclear parts of any of the clauses may be deleted if the clause is in the latter part of a sentence and the deleted parts are obvious from context, For example: 5 2e 0" e SC3 .G?pn StPrl.StVP SBtOpic’NNP l. wala nu auh1 hwes / mac / dhesiu well now also whose can this Pr cont SCl:GNP stimna/ wesan l/nibul dhes nerrendin voice be If not of the saving druhtinees (1,111.9)3 Lord Well now, whose can this voice be, if not that of the saving Lord? Here the whole nucleus of the dependent clause has been omitted (Longacre, ”The Notion of Sentence," pp. 19-20). The above example also serves to illus- trate sentence level conjunctions. The first three words, "wala nu auh," serve to link the following clause to whatever precedes. Hence they are fillers of sentence level tagmemes and irrelevant to the clause structure (Longacre, "The Notion of Sentence," p. 15). The following words have been analyzed as sentence level conjunctions and therefore omitted from the clause structure: Egg; 'but', dhanne 'then', g3 'now', ‘12 'as', 32h 'also, end; 'and', igh 'and', ing ‘now', 2h ‘also', gala 'well','§gg 'behold‘, and thg 'then'. There are some exceptions to this, since some of these words are not always used as sentence level conjunctions. l. Underlined words in examples are fillers of tagmemes above or below clause level and not con- sidered in the clause structure. 2. See Appendix II for explanation of subscripts. 3. Isidor, Chapter III, Paragraph 9; references to Tatian are similarly indicated. 6 NB 'now' is used as a time word in Tatian: Tl:t StPrl:StVP SltopicgNPn SCl:pres part 2. nu /wirdist /thu /suigenti (T,Luke 1:20) now become you dumb Now you will become dumb. End; and 32h are used frequently to link not only clauses but also individual words and phrases. In the latter cases they have still been omitted from the clause structure, because they always link two coordinate fillers of the same slot, and hence fill tagmemes at the phrase level: Sltopicszn StPrl:StVP Bl:Dpn SC1:Ade 3. her /ist / thir / gifeho inti he is to you joy and blidida (T, Luke 1:14) exultation He will be a joy and exultation to you. SltOpicngnP StPr1:StVP M1:m 4. dhazs ir selbo Christ/ ist / chiwisso/ that he same Christ is surely SCl:NNP got ioh druhtin (I,III.l) God and Lord ' that He, the very Christ, is surely God and Lord §g can also be used as an adverb in various positions, sometimes coming into the clause structure as the filler of a manner slot: 7 Ref :RefP TrPasPr :TrPasVP Ml:m Pr cont 1 1 5. umbi dhiz/ nist / so / chiscriban/ about this not is so written L1:LP in dhero siibunzo tradungum (1,111.3) in of the seventy translation It is not so written about this in the Septuagint. AOlgoal:Apn TrPrl:TrVP Slactor:NNP 6. mih / deda / got / me made God A0 cont £9 sel £2 dhih (1,111.10) as wel as you God made me as well as you. Conjunctions relating dependent and independent clauses are also fillers of sentence level slots, since their purpose is more to connect the two clauses than to be a part of one of them. Which conjunction is used to introduce a dependent clause has no effect on the syntax of this clause, and, if a clause can be preceded by one of these conjunc- tions, it can be introduced by any of them ( with limited exceptions forinegation). The subordinating conjunctions and conjunctive phrases are: ghgh‘ghig hwederu ‘which (of two)‘, hwgg 'how','§g 'as', aefter ‘thg dhazs 'after', dhazs 'that', $23 'if', bidhiu 'because', ggg; 'where', ghgh 'although', hwanda 'because',‘ni ’not' (subjunctive introducer), gibg 'if not', git thig 'while', and ghug 'when'. Of these only £9, mentioned above, is used in other positions. Following is an example of a sentence containing a dependent clause introduced by a conjunction: 8 Slactor3NNP TrPrl:TrVPl AOlgoal:Apn 7. thes hoisten megin / biscatuit / thih of the Highest power overshadows you SltOpicsznP StPrl:StVP bithiu thaz thar giboran/ wirdit / because that there born becomes SCl:Ade heilag (T, Luke 1:35) holy The power of the Highest will overshadow you because that which is born there will be holy. The only difference between the clauses introduced by a subordinate conjunction and independent declarative clauses is that the predicate is usually final in dependent clauses and usually not final in independent clauses (Holmes, p. 198; Behaghel, pp. 45-6). Therefore I have considered these two as one clause type. For example, consider the following sentence: StPrl:StVP Bl:Dpn SltOpiczNNP _ 8. ni ward / in / sun / bithiu wanta not was to them son Because sltopic:Nn StPrl:StVP SCl:N pres part Elisabeth / was /unberenti (T,Luke 1:7) Elizabeth was un-bearing They didn't have a son because Elizabeth was barren. Here bithiu wants is the subordinating conjunction introducting the second clause, but this second clause, "Elisabeth was unberenti,” could be an independent declarative clause in another context. Because dependent declarative clauses are separated from the main clause and because they 9 are placed in no particular position in relation to the main clause, they are considered to fill sentence level slots. Hence, in the example above, the dependent clause is not part of the main clause (see Lind, esp. pp. 352-3). Dependent purpose clauses are declarative clauses and so do not fill clause level slots. In- finitive phrases eXpressing purpose have the same function, since they comment on complete clauses and sometimes on more than one clause. Hence they are regarded as clause modifiers on the sentence level and omitted from the clause structure. Following is an example of a purpose infinitive phrase modifying two clauses: S :an IntrPr1:IntrVP L :LP lactor 1 9. inti her / ferit / fora inan / and he goes before him H1:MP in geiste inti in megine Heliases/ thaz in spirit and in power of Elijah that Slactor:an TrPr1:TrVP AolgoalgANP her / giwente / herzun fatero / he turn hearts of fathers leLP AO cont in kind / inti ungiloubfolle/ to children and unbelievers L1:LP zi wistuome rehtero garwen truhtine to wisdom of just to make ready to Lord thuruhthigan folc (T, Luke 1:17) p???§f€d“"'§§6§le And he goes before him in the spirit and in the power of Elijah, that he may turn the hearts of fathers to their children, and the unbelievers to the wisdom of the just, to make ready for the Lord a people prepared. 10 Since vocatives also comment on a whole clause, they also are assumed to be sentence level. Any tagmeme filled by more than one word, especially a predicate, may be discontinuous. In this case the two parts of the predicate are both indiCated in the formula. It is never obligatory, as in modern German, that predicates filled by more than one word be discontinuous. In addition, one clause may contain two separate manner tagmemes, usually filled by one manner phrase and one manner word. For example: TrPasPrl:TrPasVP Ml:m L1:LP 10. _s_9_ chisendit ward / chiwisso/ zi dheodum/ so sent was surely to‘peOple M1:MP after dheru sineru gotnissa guotliihhin(I,III.9) according to of the his deity glory So He was surely sent to the pe0p1e according to the glory of His deity. In the following three chapters I will discuss the various clause types in detail, starting with the most common, declarative, clauses, and going on to interrogative, imperative, and relative clauses. The appendices should help especially in understanding my formulas and examples. These appendices contain all the abbreviations, slot-fillers, and clause formulas mentioned in the main body of the thesis. CHAPTER 2: Declarative Clauses The term "declarative" is used to distinguish these clauses from interrogative, imperative, and relative clauses, which are all different in distri- bution. Interrogative and imperative clauses fill interrogative and imperative slots in the discourse structure, and relative clauses must be embedded in another clause, while declarative clauses fill de- clarative slots in discourse. Declarative clauses are also distinguished by other factors. They cannot contain relative or interrogative pronouns or interro- gative manner words. One of the first of these must occur in every relative clause and one of the last two in every interrogative clause. , There are nine kinds of declarative clauses, as indicated on the chart in Chapter 1. These are distinguished mostly by having different types of predicates. Transitive Active Clauses The declarative transitive active clause is so named because it must contain a direct object, which will be in the accusative case. The only other declarative clauses containing accusative objects are the appellative active and quotative active clauses, each of which contains a tagmeme not found in the transitive clause. The appellative clause contains the name tagmeme and the quotative clause the reference tagmeme. The transitive active clause is also dis- tinguished from all other indicative clauses by hav- ing a unique predicate filler class and.function. Its formula is as follows: 11 12 - + . t :6 . DcTrCl - -Slactor +TrPr1.TrVPa Bl TrPrl*.TrVPb +I +M +A01goal ' 1 ’ 1 S after Pr, B, or A0 B before Pr B after M or A0 A0 before Pr AO after L M before Pr or B + 4 “T1 'L1 *In Tatian the predicate can beddiscon- tinuous with the second part being a present participle occurring in this slot. The statements below the formulasiindicate possible variation in syntax, meaning "S may occur after Pr, B, or A0," etc. In all declarative clauses the predicate is usually final if the clause is intro- duced by a subordinating conjunction (see pp. 7-9). The following are examples of declarative transitive active clauses: ' SlactorgNPn TrPrl:TrVP B1:Dpn 11. 1h / wendu / imu / I turn to him AOlgoal:ANP chuningo hrucca (1,111.2) of kings backs I turn the backs of the kings towards him. 4. Since all slots designated the same way in my formulas have the same fillers, I have listed the fillers in a separate Slot-Filler List (Appendix II) in order to avoid rewriting them in every formula. Only the fillers of predicate slots, which vary con- siderably, are listed in the formulas. 13 A0 :ANP B1:Dpn TrPrl:TrVP lgoal 12. dhiu chiborgonun hort / dhir / ghibéiI,III.2) the hidden treasure to you I give I give you the hidden treasure TrPr :TrVP A0 :Apn M l lgoal l:MP 13. sendida / mih / after guotliihhin/ he sent me in glory Bl:DP zi dheodom dhem euwih biraubodon (I,III.8) to people who you robbed He sent me in glory to the peOple who robbed you. 5. One might suspect that geban ‘to give' would be different from other transitive verbs in having an obligatory dative beneficiary. Although my data is too limited to throw light on this problem, I have found an example from later in Tatian, where geban appears without a beneficiary: TrPr1:TrVP AolgoaleNP gibu / dezemon allero thero ih in ehti I give tenth of all of which I in possession bihaben (T, Luke 18:12) own I give a tenth of all I possess. While geban can occur without a beneficiary, it is still possible that clauses with geban are of a different type, since two beneficiaries are semanti— cally possible; i.e. "The doctor gave the nurse the medicine for the patient." l4 TrPrl:TrVP SlactoerNP L1:LP l4. regonoda / druhtin / fona druhtine ubar rained Lord from Lord over AolgoaleNP Sodomam endi Gomorram/ swebil endi Sodom and GGomcrsa sulphur and fyur (1,111.6) fire The Lord rained sulphur and fire from the Lord over Sodom and Gomorra. Transitive Passive Clauses The declarative transitive passive clause is the passive transform of the preceding clause. The filler of its predicate differs by being obliga- torily in the passive voice. The clause may also contain an agent tagmeme common only to passive clauses. Since it has an agent tagmeme and a unique predicate, there are at least two factors that distinguish it from all non-passive clauses. It differs.from appel- lative and quotative clauses in the same ways as its active counterpart: it can contain no name or reference tagmeme. The declarative transitive passive clause formula is as follows: + + . i * DcTrPasCl = -I1 -Agl +TrPaBPr1*~TrPa°VPa "Slgoal + + + + --B1 -M1 --T1 -L1 +TrPasPr1*.TrPasVPb S before Pr or Ag L before Pr T before Pr *In passive clauses the predicate always consists of two verbs, one of them aux- iliary (wesan or werdan). 1f the predicate is discontinuous, the auxiliary verb occurs in the first predicate slot and the other, a past part- iciple, in the second. If the predicate is con- tinuous, it may occur in either slot. This is true for all passive clauses. 15 The following are declarative transitive passive clauses: 15. 16. 17. SlgoalgNNP 11:1P TrPasPrlzTrPasVP alliu / thuruh thaz / wurdun gitan (T,John 1:3) all through that was made All things were made through that. T1:TP TrPasPr1:TrPasVP in themo sehsten manude/ gisentit ward / in the sixth month sent was SlgoalzNNP Agl:AgP L1:LP engil Gabriel/ fon gote/ in this burg angel Gabriel from God to the city Galilee thero namo ist Nazareth 21 of Galilee of which name is Nazareth to thrornun gimahaltero gommanne themo virgin engaged to man to whom namo was Ioseph (T, Luke 1:26) name was Joseph In the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent by God to the city of Galilee named Nazareth to a virgin engaged to a man named Joseph. L1:l TrPasPrl:TrPasVP slgoalzun dhar / ist / Christ / there is Christ Pr cont chizeihnit (1,111.2) indicated There Christ is indicated. 16 T1:TP TrPasPrl:TrPasVP 18. in dhemu daghe/ werdhant / in the day become SlgoalzNNP Pr cont manego dheodun/ chisamnoda/ many people gathered L :LP 1 zi druhtine (1,111.9) to Lord In that day many people will be gathered to the Lord. Appellative Clauses The fillers of the predicates of the decla- rative appellative active clauses are only verbs meaning to name or call. Therefore these clauses have unique predicates that separate them from all other declarative clause types as well as an obligatory name tagmeme. Besides the obvious transform differ- ence between the two appellative clause types, they also differ in that only the active may have an ac- cusative object. The appellative active clause formula is as follows: DcApCl = +ApPr :ApVP is A0 +Name 1 lactor + lben lgoal An example of this clause type is as follows: ApPr :ApVP A0 ANP Name :An 1 lben: lgoal 19. ginemnis / sinan namon/ Heilant (T, Luke 1:31) you name his name Savior You will call His name Savior. 17 The appellative passive clause formula is as follows: + + + DcApPasCl - ’M1 --11 -Slben +ApPasPrl.ApPasVPa 1T1 +Name1 +ApPasPr :ApPasVPb goal 1 Name before Pr Following are appellative passive clauses: Slben:an ApPasPrl:ApPasVP Namelgoalan 20. thaz / wirdit ginemnit / gotes barn(T,Luke 1:35) that becomes named God's child He will be called the Son of God. Slbeann Namelgoal:Nn 21. ther / thes hoisten sun, / he of the highest son ApPasPrl:ApPasVP ist ginemnit (T, Luke 1:32) is named He will be called the Son of the Highest. Quotative Clauses Quotative clauses are characterized by verbs of speaking, writing, or knowing and a unique tagmeme indicating what is referred to (i.e. phrases like umbi'dhig 'about this', umbi‘dhgg 'about whom (or which)‘, ggg‘thgg 'about whom (or which)'). Quota- tive clauses always have a potential subordinate clause indicating what was said. The subordinate clause indicates whatrwasrsaid; the reference indi— cates what (or whom) it was said about. There is a potential transform difference between the active and passive quotative clauses, since each can be transformed into the other. Each quotative clause type has a unique predicate distinguisheing it from 18 all other declarative clause types. Following is the declarative quotative active clause formula: DcQCl = iRef it 11 1A0 M + + l l lgoal ' + 1 + -3 -S lactor l I after S Ref after S AO after Pr S after B S before Pr or T B before A0 or Pr Following are quotative active clauses: QPrl:QVP Slactor:Nn Bl:DP 22. quad / Zacharias / zi themo engile(T,Luke 1:18) said Zechariah to the angel Zechariah said to the angel. Ref :RefP QPr1:QVP l 23. umbi dhesan selbun Christ/ chundida / about this same Christ witnessed SlactoerNP Il:IP almahtic fater / dhurah Isaian (I,III.2) Almighty Father though Isaiah The Almighty Father witnessed about this same Christ through Isaiah. Mlzm QPrl:QVP Slactor:NNP 24. ans / quhad / dher gomo dhemu izs firgheban thus said the man to whom it given ward adhalsangheri Israhelo / was noble-singer of Israel Ref :RefP l umbi Christan Iacobes got (1,111.7) about Christ of Jacob God Thus said the man to whom it was given, the noble singer of Israel, about Christ, the God of Jacob. l9 QPrl:QVP Bl:Dpn Slactor:NNP 25. quad / iru / ther engil (T, Luke 1:30) said to her the angel The angel said to her. Slactor:NPn QPrl:QVP 26. er / sculut bichennen6(I,III.8) you shall know You shall know. S :NNP B :DP QPrl:QVP lactor l 27. ingangenti this engil/ zi iru/quad (T,Luke 1:28) in-going the angel to her said Going in, the angel said to her. This is the declarative quotative passive clause formula: “ + + + + + . DcQPasCl - ~Ref1 «T1 'Ll “Ml ~11 +QPasPr1.QPaaVPa + + 'Slgoal --B1 +QPasPr1.QPasVPb L after Pr M after Pr Following are quotative passive clauses: 6. Although bichennen is not a terb of speak- ing, 1 have classified it as quotative because it can take a dependent clause indicating what is known. Here, for example, it is followed by dhazs werodheoda druhtin mih sendida 'that the Lord of Hosts sent me'. I wEEId guess that bichennen could also take a reference tagmeme stating about whom (or what) it is known, but I have no example of it. 20 Refl:RefP QPasPrl:QPasVP M1:m 28. umbi dhiz / nist / so / about this not is so Pr cont L1:LP chiscriban/ in dhero siibunzo written in of the seventy tradungum (1,111.3) translation It is not so written about this in the Septuagint. Ml:m QPasPr1:QPasVP L1:LP 29. chiwisso/ chiscriban ist/ in Genesi (1,111.6) surely written is in Genesis Surely it is written in Genesis. Intransitive Clauses The declarative intransitive clause has a unique predicate filler class and function. It is different from all other declarative clauses also because it cannot have tagmemes present in the others, such as accusative object, name, reference, and subject complement. It differs“ from the stative clause because an intransitive clause may contain an instrumental tagmeme but a stative clause cannot. The declarative intransitive clause formula is as follows: DcIntrCl = is + + lactor +1ntrPrl.IntrVPa -1 -M1 + + . + -Ll -IntrPr1*.IntrVPb -T1 before Pr after Pr before Pr or M before Pr 1 Eben-3 *In Tatian the predicate may be dis- continuous with the second part a present part- iciple occurring in this slot. 21 The following are declarative intransitive clauses: 3o. 31. 32. 33. S :NNP IntrPr :IntrVP lactor 1 manage Israheles barno / giwerbit / many Israel's of children turn leLP 21 truhtine gote iro (T, Luke 1:16) to Lord God their Many of the children of Israel will turn to the Lord their God. T1:TP IntrPr1:1ntrVP after then tagon/ entfieng / after the days conceived SlactorzunP Elisabeth sin quena (T, Luke 1:24) Elizabeth his wife After the days Elizabeth his wife conceived. Slactor:NNP M13MP manage / in sinero giburti/ many in his birth IntrPr1:IntrVP mendent (T, Luke 1:14) rejoice Many will rejoice at his birth. S :NNP L :LP lactor l thaz lioht / in finstarnessin/ the light in darknesses IntrPrl:IntrVP liuhta (T, John 1:5) shined The light shined in the darkness. 22 Stative and Descriptive Clauses Actually the predicates of the stative and descriptive clauses are the same, and they are differ- ent from those of all other declarative clauses. Their fillers are forms of wesan and werdan, meaning 'to be' and 'to become'. Among other differences, these two clauses are both also separated from all other declarative clauses by having the subject as t0p£c rather than as actor or goal. The most obvious way in which stative and descriptive clauses differ from each other is that the descriptive clause has an obligatory subject complement, which the stative clause cannot have. The other difference.is that the subject is obligatory in the descriptive clause but Optional in the stative.7 This is the declarative stative clause formula: :StVP £31 111 is $1 + DcStCl = -M +StPr 1t0pic l 1 T before Pr S before Pr L before 8 or Pr 1 Following are declarative stative clauses: T1:TP StPrl:StVP sltopic‘NNP 34. in anaginne / was / wort (T, John 1:1) in beginning was word In the beginning was the Word. 7. Due to lack of data it is possible that this statement is incorrect and the subject is not obligatory in descriptive clauses. Hence, with enough data, one might find that stative and descriptive clauses are only one clause type. 23 StPr1:StVP Bl:Dpn SltOpic: 35. ni ward / in / sun (T, Luke 1:7) not was to them son NNP They didn't have a son. S :NNP StPr :StVP L :LP ltopic l l 36. thaz wort / was / mit gote (T,John 1:1) the word was with God The Word was with God. StPr :StVP L :LP 1 l 37. ist /imndhesem dhrim heidem / is in these three Persons S NNP ltopic: ein namo dhes unchideiliden meghines(I,IV.l) one name of the undivided power There is in these three Persons one name of undivided power. The declarative descriptive clause formula is as follows: DchCl = is +s +StPr °StVP in is +sc + 1 ltopic 1' l 1 1 -L1 M before Pr S after Pr B after SC SC before Pr The following are declarative descriptive clauses: SltOpic:an StPr1:StVP SCl:Ade 38. ih / bim / alt (T, Luke 1:18) I am old I am old. 39. 40. 41. 42. 24 Sltopicmn “1‘MP Christus / in dhes fleisches liihhamin/ Christ in of the flesh body StPrl:StVP SCl:NNP sii / Davides sunu (1,111.7) is David's son Christ is in the body of flesh David's son. Tl:t StPrl:StVP SltOpicgNPn nu / wirdist / thu / now become you SCl:Npres part suigenti (T, Luke 1:20) dumb Now you will become dumb. S :an StPr :StVP SC :ZiP ltOpic l 1 sie / werdant / zi scaahche/ they become booty Bl:DR01 dhem im aer dheonodon (I,III.8) to whom them earlier served They become booty to those who earlier served them. SltOpiciian SCl:NNP. dhazs so 21 chilaubanne/ mihhil wootnissa/ that so to believe great insanity StPr1:StVP ist (I,III.5) is So to believe that is great insanity. CHAPTER 3: Interrogative and Imperative Clauses Interrogative clauses are distinguished from all other clause types by filling interrogative slots in discourse structure and having an obligatory ques- tion word included in the filler of the first tagmeme in the clause, which may be anything except the pre- dicate. I found only five types of interrogative clauses, which differ from each other in the same ways as their declarative counterparts (see Chapter 2). There was only one "yes-no" question in my data, which was not enough to analyze.8 The transitive active interrogative clause formula is as follows: 4. *:TrVPa - ?TrCl a iM3 +TrPr1 S3actor +AOBgoal :TrPr *:TrVP 4. ’TB 1 b + .1.3 S before Pr M after L *The predicate may be formed with the modal verb ma an ‘can'. In this case the modal appears in the irst predicate slot and an in- finitive in the second. If magan is not used, the predicate is continuous and occurs in the first slot. This situation was also found in descriptive and stative interrogative clauses. 8. This example is as follows: (sentence level) S :NNP StPrl:StVP inu / n1 angil/ nist no angel not is M3:MP anaebanchiliih gote (1,111.5) just like God Is any angel like God? 133 indicates that the following clause is a question expecting a negative answer. Except for ing the syntax is the same as for a stative declarative clause. 25 26 The following are examples of transitive active interrogative clauses: M3:?m TrPrl:TrVP S an 3actor 43. wanan/ weiz / ih / how know I A03goal:Apn thaz (T, Luke 1:18) that How do I know that? NNP TrPr :TrVP AO ANP S3actor: l 3goal: 44. hwelih druhtin/ regonoda / fyur / which Lord rained fire L3:LP in Sodoma fona druhtine (1,111.6) on Sodom from Lord Which Lord rained fire on Sodom from the Lord? This is the transitive passive interrogative clause formula: ?Trp3301 = 113 1Ag3 1M3 +TrPasPrl:TrPasVPa is3goal + + + . -B3 -T3 -L3 +TrPasPr1.TrPasVPb Following is my only example of this clause type: M3:MP TrPasPr1:TrPasVP 45. 21 hwes chiliihnissu/ wardh / in whose likeness was S3goa13NNP Pr cont man / chiscaffan (1,111.5) man created In whose likeness was man created? 27 Following is the quotative active interrogative clause formula: ?QCl = iRef iM iB3 +QPrl:QVP is iL is 3 3 3actor 3 Following is my only example of this clause type: 3 Ref3:RefP QPrl:QVP S3actorgNn 46. umbi hwenan/ quhad / David / about whom spoke David L3:LP in chuningo boohhum (1,111.7) in of kings books About whom did David Speak in the Books of Kings? This is the stative interrogative clause formula: ?StCl = iM3 +StPr :Stvra ii i it iStPr*:Stvr 1 3 "Satopic 3 1 b *See footnote to transitive interrogative clause formula. This is my only example of this clause type: M3:?m StPrl:StVP S3topic:NPn 47. mo / mas / thaz / how can that Pr cont sin (T, Luke 1:34) be How can that be? The descriptive interrogative clause formula is as follows: iStPr *:StVP 3 1 3topic l b *See footnote to transitive interrggative clause formula. ?DsCl = +30 +StPr :StVPa +S Following is a sample of this clause type: 28 SCB:N?pn StPrl:StVP S3topic:NNP 48. hwer / ist / dher druhtin (1,111.6) who is the Lord Who is the Lord? I found only four types of imperative clauses: transitive active, quotative active, intransitive, and dative. Since these are only the general clause types where the subject is the actor, it is possible that others do not exist. However, I would suspect that the others are possible, as in English, but rare for semantic reasons. Imperative clauses are easily distinguished from other clauses because they are used to fill an imperative slot in the discourse structure and they have a different type of predicate filler, always in the imperative mood. The first three imperative clauses are distinguished from each other in the same ways as declarative clause types (see Chapter 2). The transitive active imperative formula is as follows: 4. + lgoal - T + ImpTrCl = +TrPr2 1 Following is an example of this clause type: TrPr :ImpTrVP A0 :Apn 2 lgoal 49. frewi / thih (1,111.9) rejoice yourself Rejoice! This is the quotative active imperative clause formula: + + + ImeCl — -M1 +QPr2.ImeVP -B1 'slactor Following is an example of this clause type: M1:m QPr2:ImeVP 50. ziware/ firnim (1,111.2) truly understand Understand truly. 29 This is the intransitive imperative clause formula: +M + .ImpIntrVP 'Slactor - 1 ImantrCl = +IntrPr2 + + “L1 ‘T1 The following is an intransitive imperative clause: IntrPr2:ImpIntrVP L1:LP Sl. sitzi / azs zesuun halp miin (1,111.7) sit at right half my Sit at my right side. Although I found only three of them, dative clauses are definitely different from other clause types. They have a unique predicate function and filler class, verbs which take direct objects in the dative case. They also cannot undergo the passive transform- ation like transitive clauses. This is the dative imperative clause formula: :ImpDVP :S ImpDCl - +DPr +DO 2 lactor lgoal Following is a dative imperative clause: DP2:ImpDVP Slactorngn D016031:Dpn 52. ni forhti / thu / thir (T, Luke 1:13) not fear you yourself Do not fear. I found only imperative and relative dative clauses in my data. Since dative clauses do not occur very frequently, I would assume that declarative and inter- rogative dative clauses are possible. CHAPTER 4: Relative Clauses There is a distributional difference between relative clauses and other clause types because rela- tive clauses are always parts of other clauses and other clause types never are. Relative clauses also have an obligatory relative pronoun which must be included in the filler of the first slot in the clause and have an antecedent in the main clause. Relative clauses may fill the same slots filled by nouns or adjectives in the main clause, but the relative pro- noun must be in the case appropriate for the given slot. 1 found eight relative clause types, which are distinguished in the same ways as declarative clause types. The transitive active relative clause formula is as follows: — + ' + o RTrCl - 'SZactor +Ao2goal -M2 +TrPr1.TrVP A0 before S Following are examples of this clause type: :Aan S :an TrPrl:TrVP A02goal 2actor 53. dhen / ir / chiscuof (1,111.4) which he made which he made sZactor:Gan A02goa1:ApnP 54. dhes / izs al / who it all TrPrl:TrVP chiscuof (1,111.5) made (of him) who made it all The transitive passive relative clause formula is 30 31 as follows: + _+ . ~1 .. RTrPasCl - -32 +TrPasPrl.TrPasVPa S2goal L2 + + + + -Ag2 -12 -M2 -T2 +TrPasPrl.TrPasVPb L before S Following are clauses of this type: SZgoalgNan Ag2:AgP ‘ 55. dher / fona werodheoda druhtin/ who by of mankind Lord TrPasPrl:TrPasVP ward chisendit (I,III.8) was sent who was sent by the Lord of Hosts L2:LP TrPasPr1:TrPasVP 56. fora dhemu / sindun / before whom are SZgoal:NNP Pr cont dheodun ioh riihi / chihneigidiu/ peOples and kingdoms bowed down M2:MP in ghilaubin (1,111.3) in belief before whom peOples and kingdoms are bowed down in their belief This is the appellative active relative clause formula: + + RApCl - -S AOZben -Name +ApPr .ApVP 2actor + 2goal 1 My only example of this clause type is as follows: 32 S :Nan A02benzApn ApPrl:ApVP 2actor 57. dher / dhih / nemniu (1,111.2) who you name (I) who name you The quotative active relative clause formula is as follows: _ + + + + . i RQCl — —T2 -L2 -Ref2 -M2 +QPr1.QVP SZactor The following is my only example of this clause type: Ref2:RefP H2:m QPr1:QVP 58. fona dhes gotnissa/ sue / quhad / of whose deity thus said S :Nn 2actor Iob (1,111.10) Job of whose deity Job spoke thus This is the quotative passive relative clause formula: RQPasCl = is $3912 +QPasPr1:QPasVPa is 2 2goal +QPasPrl:QPasVPb Ref after first Pr Following are sample clauses of this type: Ref2:RefP S2goa1:NPn QPasPr1:QPasVP 59. fon then / thu / gilerit about which you taught bist (1, Luke 1:4) are about which you are taught 33 B :Dan S 2 2goal:an QPasPrl:QPasVP 60. dhemu / izs / chibodan ward / to whom it revealed was Ref2:RefP umbi Christan Iacobes gotes (I,IV.2) about Christ of Jacob of God to whom it was revealed about Christ of the God of Jacob This is the dative relative clause formula: RDCl = is it +DPr :DVP 2actor+ 2goal 2 1 Following is my only example of this clause type: S DO 2actor:Nan D02goal:Dpn T2:t 61. dhem / im / aer / who than earlier DPr :DVP dhesnodon (I,III.8) served (to them) who served them earlier The intransitive relative clause formula is as follows: + RIntrCl = -s +IntrPr :IntrVP iL 2actor l 2 Following is my only intransitive relative clause: S2actorgNan IntrPrl:IntrVP 62. this / azstante / who stand L2:LP fora gote (T, Luke 1:19) before God (I) who stand before God The stative relative clause formula is as follows: is - + O RStCl - -T 2t0pic +StPr .StVP 2 l The following is my only example of this clause type: 34 T23TP S2topic:an StPr133tVP 63 in themo/ thisu / werdent (T, Luke 1:20) ' in which these become (the day) in which these things will be The descriptive relative clause formula is as follows: i +L iM +sc +StPr :StVP RDsCl = +8 —T2 - 2 2 2 l 2t0pic SC after Pr Following are examples of this clause type: SZtopicgNan T2:t SCZ:Ade 64. dher / simbles/ fona dhemu fater who always from the father StPrl:StVP chisendit chiwon/ ist / sent used is SO cont fona himile nidharquheman endi from heaven descend and uphstigan (1,111.6) ascend who, sent from the Father, is always accustomed to descend from heaven and ascend SZtopiczNNP StPrl:StVP sczzfln 65. themo namo / was / Ioseph (T,Luke 1:27) to whom name was Joseph whose name was Joseph CONCLUSION Presumably we will never know for sure exactly what the clause structure of spoken Old High German was. We know that Latin, as the language of the rulers and the educated, had a sizeable influence on the writing of Old High German, as well as on the spoken language, but we cannot be sure how great. Since what remains to us of Old High German is mostly close translations from Latin, we have no way of knowing exactly how many similarities are due to poor trans- lating and how many are examples of linguistic borrow- ing or coincidental similarities between the two languages. I have tried to show that the clause structures found in Isidor and Tatian are basically the same, although they represent different dialects. If this is true, it indicates that Tatian, although a more literal translation, is not noticeably closer to Latin syntax than Isidor. Although I have not discussed this, it is obvious from glancing at the parailel texts that there are major structural differences between the German and Latin clauses. A more accurate picture of Old High German clause structure could be obtained by comparing the structures found here to those of Otfrid and shorter original Old High German works. 35 APPENDIX 1: Abbreviations A - accusative A0 - accusative object Ade - adjective phrase Ag - agent AgP - agent phrase Aian - accusative infinitive phrase An - accusative name word ANP - accusative noun phrase Ap - appellative ApPasPr - appellative passive predicate ApPasVP - appellative passive verb phrase ApPr - appellative predicate ApVP — appellative verb phrase Apn - accusative pronoun ApnP - accusative pronoun phrase Aan - accusative relative pronoun B - beneficiary slot ben - beneficiary Cl - clause cont - continued D - dative Dc - declarative DcApCl - declarative appellative clause DcApPasCl - declarative appellative passive clause DchCl - declarative descriptive clause DcIntrCl - declarative intransitive clause DcQCl - declarative quotative clause DcQPasCl - declarative quotative passive clause DcStCl - declarative stative clause DcTrCl - declarative transitive clause DcTrPasCl - declarative transitive passive clause Ds - descriptive DRCl - dative relative clause DNP - dative noun phrase DO - dative object DP - dative phrase Dpn - dative pronoun Dan - dative relative pronoun DPr - dative predicate DVP - dative verb phrase GNP - genitive noun phrase Gpn - genitive pronoun Gan - genitive relative pronoun G? n - genitive interrogative pronoun (I) - example from Isidor I - instrumental IP - instrumental phrase Imp - imperative ImpDCl - imperative dative clause ImpIntrCl - imperative intransitive clause 36 37 ImpDVP - imperative dative verb phrase ImpIntrVP - imperative intransitive verb phrase ImeCl - imperative quotative clause ImeVP - imperative quotative verb phrase ImpTrCl - imperative transitive clause ImpTrVP - imperative transitive verb phrase Ian - infinitive phrase Intr - intransitive IntrPr - intransitive predicate IntrVP - intransitive verb phrase L - locative l - locative word LP - locative phrase M - manner m - manner word MP - manner phrase Name - name slot n - name word Nn - nominative name word NNP - nominative noun phrase NnP - nominative name phrase NRCl - nominative relative clause an - nominative pronoun anP - nominative pronoun phrase Npres part - nominative present participle N?pn_nominative interrogative pronoun Nan - nominative relative pronoun Pr - predicate Pas - passive PasPr - passive predicate Presfart - present participle Past PartP - past participial phrase PresPartP - present participial phrase Q - quotative QPasPr - quotative passive predicate QPasVP - quotative passive verb phrase QPr - quotative predicate QVP - quotative verb phrase R - relative Ref - reference slot RCl - relative clause RApCl - relative appellative clause RDCl - relative dative clause RDsCl - relative descriptive clause RIntrCl - relative intransitive clause RQCl - relative quotative clause RQPasCl - relative quotative passive clause RStCl - relative stative clause RTrCl - relative transitive clause RTrPasCl - relative transitive passive clause RefP - reference phrase an - relative pronoun 38 S - subject SC - subject complement St - stative StPr - stative predicate StVP - stative verb phrase T - time (T) - example from Tatian t - time word TP - time phrase Tr - transitive TrPasPr - transitive passive predicate TrPasVP - transitive passive verb phrase TrVP - transitive verb phrase TrPr - transitive predicate VP - verb phrase 21? - phrase beginning with 'zi‘ ? - interrogative ?Cl - interrogative clause ?m - interrogative manner word ?DsCl - interrogative descriptive clause ?QCl - interrogative quotative clause ?StCl - interrogative stative clause ?TrCl - interrogative transitive clause ?TrPasCl - interrogative transitive passive clause ?pn - interrogative pronoun / - tagmeme boundary 1 - obligatory - - optional APPENDIX 11: Slot-Filler List Ag: Dpn/ AgP AO: Apn/ ANP/ Aian/ An B: Dpn/ DNP/ DP/ DRCl DO: Dpn 1: IP LP/ 1 M: MP/ m Name: Nn/ An Ref: RefP S: an/ NNP/ NRCl/ Nn/ Ian/ Dpn/ Gpn SC: an/ NNP/ ZiP/ Ade/ Ian/ Gpn/ PresPartP/ PastPartP/ Nn/ GNP 1: TP/ t t" Subscripts on all slot symbols except predicates indicate the following: 1. Fillers may not contain relative or interroga- tive pronouns (except in embedded relative clauses). 2. Fillers may contain relative pronouns but not interrogative pronouns. 3. Fillers may contain interrogative pronouns but not relative pronouns (except in embedded relative clauses). Subscripts on predicates indicate the following: 1. Filler is indicative or subjunctive. 2. Filler is imperative. 39 40 Examples g; Slot-Fillers l. AO:Apn TrPr1:TrVP AolgoalgApn SlactorzuNP chisalboda/ dhih / got dhin got/ annointed you God your God 11:1P Ll:LP mit freuwidha olee/ fora dhinem with of joy oil before your chilothzsson (1,111.1) consort (transitive declarative clause) God, your God, annointed you with the oil of joy before your consort. 2. AO:ANP ApPr :ApVP S :an A0 ANP 1 lactor lben: nemnis / thu / sinan namon/ name you his name Name An lgoal: Iohannem (T, Luke 1:13) John (appellative declarative clause) You will name his name John. 41 3. AO:Aian SlactoerpnP AOlgoal:Aian QPr1:QVP ir almahtic got/ sih / chundida / He Almighty God Himself witnessed AO cont wesan chisendidan fona dhemu almahtigen to be sent from the Almighty fater (1,111.9) Father (quotative declarative clause) He, Almighty God, witnessed Himself to be sent from the Almighty Father. 4. AO:An TrPr1:TrVP slactor:NNP Pr cont was / thaz folc / beitonti / was the peOple expecting Aolgoalun Zachariam (T, Luke 1:21) Zechariah (transitive declarative clause) The pe0p1e were expecting Zechariah. 5. Ag:Dpn TrPasPrl:TrPasVP Ag1:Dpn Pr cont Slgoal:1an was / mir / gisehan/ gifolgentemo fan was by me seen following from anaginne allem gernlihho after antreitu beginning all gladly in order thir scriban (T, Luke 1:1) to you to write (transitive passive declarative clause) It was seen by me to write to you everything gladly and in order, starting from the beginning. 42 6. Ag:AgP S :Nan Ag2:AgP 2goal dher / fona werodheoda druhtin/ who by of mankind Lord TrPasPr :TrPasVP 1 ward chisendit (I,III.8) was sent (transitive passive relative clause) who was sent by the Lord of Hosts 7. B:Dpn StPr1:StVP Bl:Dpn SltOpicgNNP ni ward / in / sun (T, Luke 1:7) not was to them son (stative declarative clause) They did not have a son. 8. B:DNP Aolgoalepn QP1:QVP SlactorgNNP dhiz / quhad / druhtin / this said Lord Bl:DNP minemu christe Cyre (1,111.2) to my annointed one Cyrus (quotative declarative clause) This the Lord said to my annointed one, Cyrus. 43 9. B:DP QPr1:QVP Slactor:Nn B1:DP quad / Zacharias / zi themo engile (T,Luke 1:18) said Zechariah to the angel (quotative declarative clause) Zechariah said to the angel. 10. B:DRCI Sltopic:NPn StPrl:StVP SCl:ZiP sie / werdant / zi scaahche/ they become booty B1:DR01 dhem im aer dheonodon (I,III.8) those who them earlier served (descriptive declarative clause) They will become booty to those who earlier served them. 11. Do:Dpnl S2actor:Dan D0280a1:Dpn T2:t dhem / im / aer / who them earlier dheonodon (1,111.5) served (dative relative clause) (to those) who served them earlier 1. The unusual case of the subject in this and the clause in example 26 is because the whole clauses are filling dative or genitive slots in the main clause (see 10). 44 12. I:IP Refl:RefP QPrl:QVP umbi dhesan selbun Christ/ chundida / about this same Christ witnessed S :NNP I :IP lactor l almahtic fater / dhurah Isaian (1,111.2) Almighty Father through Isaiah (quotative declarative clause) The Almighty Father witnessed about this same Christ through Isaiah. 13. L:LP - see 1 14. Lzl SlactcerNP IntrPrl:IntrVP S cont a1 tniu menigi/ was / thes folkes / all the crowd was of the people L1:l Pr cont T1:TP uzze / betonti/ in thero ziti thee outside praying at the time of the rouhennes (T, Luke 1:10) incense (intransitive declarative clause) All the crowd of people was outside praying at the time of incense. 15. M:MP M1:MP TrPrl:TrVP AO:Apn chiliihhan gote/ chifrumida/ dhen (1,111.4) like God created him (transitive active declarative clause) (He) created him like God. 45 16. M:m M1:m TrPasPrl:TrPasVP Sl:Nn chiwisso/ ist / Christus/ surely is Christ 1 :IP Pr cont 1 in dheru selbun salbidhu / chimeinit (1,111.2) in the same annointing meant (transitive passive declarative clause) Surely Christ is meant in the same annointing. l7. Name:Nn Il:IP ApPasPrl:ApPasVP Tl:t in andra wiis / ni wardh / eo / in another way not was before SlbenzNNP Namelgoal:Nn einic in Israhelo rihhe / Cyrus / any in of Israel kingdom Cyrus Pr cont chinemnit (1,111.3) named (appellative passive declarative clause) Otherwise no one in the Kingdom of Israel was named Cyrus before. 18. Name:An - see 2 l9. Ref:RefP - see 12 20. S:an - see 2 21. S:NNP — see 14 46 22. S:NRCl 23. 24. 25. 26. S :NRCl TrPr :TrVP lactor 1 dher euwih hrinit / hrinit / whoever you touches, touches A0 :ANP lgoal sines augin sehun (I,III.8) of his eye pupil (transitive declarative clause) Whoever touches you touches the pupil of his eye. S:Nn - see 16 S:Ian - see 5 S:Dpn - see 11 27. sc:an Sszn S2actor:Gan A02g0a1:ApnP TrPrl:TrVP dhes / izs a1 / chiscuof (1,111.5) who it all made (transitive relative clause) (of him) who made it all 0 9 e o SC3.N.pn StPrl.StVP SStopic'NNP hwer / ist / dhese chisalbodo got who is this annointed God fona gote (1,111.2) from God (descriptive interrogative clause) Who is this annointed God from God? 47 28. SC:NNP SltOpic:NNP StPrl:StVP rehtnissa garda / ist / of righteousness scepter is SCl:NNP garde dhines riihes (1,111.1) scepter of your kingdom (descriptive declarative clause) The scepter of righteousness is the scepter of your kingdom. 29. SC:ZiP - see 10 30. SC:Ade Sltopic:an StPrl:StVP SCl:Ade ih / bim / alt (T, Luke 1:18) I am old (descriptive declarative clause) 1 am old. 31. SC:Ian 803:1an StPr1:StVP SBtOpic:an hwemu / ist / dhiz / to whom is this SC cont zi quhedanne (I,III.5) to say (descriptive interrogative clause) To whom is this to be said? 48 52. SC:Gpn SC}:G?pn StPrl:StVP SBtOpic:NNP hwes / mac / dhesiu stimna/ whose can this voice Pr cont wesan (I,III.9) be (descriptive interrogative clause) Whose voice can this be? 33. SC:PresPartP SltopicgNn StPrl:StVP SCl:PresPartP Elisabeth./ was / unberenti (T, Luke 1:7) Elizabeth was un-bearing (descriptive declarative clause) Elizabeth was barren. 34. SC:PastPartP SltopiczNNP (StPr1 understood) SCl:PastPartP beidu / framgigiengun both far-gone in iro tagun (T: Luke 1:7) in their days (descriptive declarative clause) Both (were) advanced in their days. 350 SC:Nn SltOpiczNNP StPr1:StVP SCl:Nn ira namo / was / Elisabeth (T, Luke 1:5) her name was Elizabeth (descriptive declarative clause) Her name was Elizabeth. 49 36. SC:GNP (S and Pr understood) SC :GNP l dhes nerrendin of the saving druhtines (1,111.9) Lord (descriptive declarative clause) (It is) of the saving Lord. 37. T:TP - see 14 38. T=t - see 17 APPENDIX III: Clause Formula List DcTrCl = islactor +TrPr1:TrVPa is1 iTrPr1:1rvrb +AOlgoal :11 :MI 1T1 1L1 DcTrPasCl = :11 :Ag1 +TrPasPrl:TrPasVPa :Slgoal 1'Bl iMl iTl iL1 :TrPasPrl:TrPasVPb DcApCl = +ApPrl:ApVP islactor +10lben +Namelgoal DcApPasCl = :M1 :11 tslben +ApPasPr1:ApPasVPa iT1 + -Ll +Namelgoal +ApPasPr1.ApPasVPb DcQCl = itRef1 itl iml iAolgoal iMl i11 +QPr1:QVP 1-Slactor :31 DcQPasCl = :Refl 3T1 1L1 :M1 1’11 +QPasPr1:QPasVPa islgoal 131 +QPasPrl:QPasVPb DcIntrCl = islactor +1ntrPrl:IntrVPa i11 iml i1.1 :IntrPr1:IntrVPb tTl DcStCl = iMl +StPr1:StVP isl iml isltopic i1.1 DchCl = iml +sltopic +StPrl:StVP iM1 isl +sc1 itl ?TrCl = iM3 +TrPrl:TrVPa isaactor +1038081 i1.3 tT3 1'TrPrl:TrVPb ?TrPasCI = :13 1'Ag3 1M3 +TrPasPrl:TrPasVPa $838081 is3 i13 i13 +TrPasPrl:TrPasVPb ?Q01 = iRer3 iM3 is3 +QPrl:QVP is3actor iL3 i13 ?StCl = iM3 +StPr1:Stv1>a i13 is3topic iL3 iStPrl:StVPb ?DsCl = +sc3 +StPr1:StVPa +33%!)1c istprl:StVPb ImpTrCl = +TrPr2:ImpTrVP 1L1 +Aolgoal 1M1 iTl ImeCl = iMl +QPr2:1meVP iBl islactor 5O APPENDIX III: Clause Formula List DcTrCl = iSlactor +TrPrl:TrVPa :Bl :TrPr1:TrVPb +AOlgoal :11 1M1 1Tl 1L1 DcTrPasCl = :11 :Agl +TrPasPrl:TrPasVPa 1818081 :31 iml iml iLl tTrPasPrl:TrPasVPb DcApCl = +ApPrl:ApVP islactor +10lben +Namelgoal DcApPasCl = iMl i1l islben +ApPasPrl:ApPasVPa iml 1L1 +Namelgoal +ApPasPrl:ApPasVPb DcQCl = inerl iLl iml iAolgoal iMl i11 +QPr1:QVP i-Slactor :Bl DcQPasCl = :Refl .-':T1 111 1M1 1'11 +QPasPr1:QPasVPa tslgoal :Bl +QPasPr1:QPasVPb DcIntrCl = islactor +IntrPrl:IntrVPa :11 1M1 1L1 1'IntrPr1:IntrVPb 3T1 DcStCl = iMl +StPrl:StVP isl iml isltopic itl DchCl = iml +sltopic +StPrl:StVP iml isl +scl itl ?TrCl = iM3 +TrPrl:TrVPa is3actor +Ao3goal i1.3 is} :TrPrl:TrVPb ?TrPasCl = 1'13 :AgB 1M3 +TrPasPrl:TrPasVPa :SBgoal :33 3T3 3L3 +TrPasPr1:TrPasVPb ?QCI = iRer3 iM3 is3 +QPrl:QVP is3actor iL3 i13 ?StCl = iM3 +StPr1:StVPa i13 is),topic i13 iStPrl:StVPb ?DsCl = +303 +StPr1:StVPa +33topic istPr1:StVPb ImpTrCl = +TrPr2:ImpTrVP i1.l +Aolgoal imlirl ImeCl = in1 +QPr2:ImeVP isl islactor 50 51 + + + + ImpIntrCl — +IntrPr2.ImpIntrVP 'Slactor "M1 -L1 -T1 + ‘ImPDVP 'Slactor +DOlgoal + 2actor +AO2goal -M2 +TrPrl.TrVP RTrPasCl = :B +TrPasPrl:TrPasVPa is ImpDCl = +DPr2 RTrCl = is + + ’L2 'Ag2 2 2goal + 2 -T2 +TrPasPrl.TrPasVPb +ApPrl:ApVP iI iM 2 + - z - i RApCl s +Ao2ben Name 2goal iM2 +QPr1:QVP is 2actor RQCl = i1 i1 iRer 2actor is 2 + O --Ref2 +QPasPrl.QPasYPa 2 RQPasCl = :BZ +s +DO i1 +DP :DVP ' 2actor 2goa1 ’ 2 r1. - + O + RIntrCl - -S2actor +IntrPrl.IntrVP -L is 2 +QPasPr1:QPasVP 2goa1 b RDCl 8 2 +StPr :StVP i 2 RStCl = im 1 + 2 -M2 +SC2 +StPr1.StVP 2 2t0pic + RDsCl = +8 -T L 2t¢pic BIBLIOGRAPHY Behaghel, Otto, Deutsche Syntax, Vol. 4: Wortstellung: Periodenbau, Heidelberg, Carl Winters Universi- 't§tsbuchhandlung, 1932 Braune, Wilhelm, Althochdeutsche Grammatik, revised by Walther Mi itzka, Tu fibingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1967 Braune, Wilhelm, Althochdeutsches Lesebuch, revised by Karl Helm, Tabingen,Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1965 Brinkmann, Hennig, Studien zdr Geschichte der deutschen S rache und Literatur, Vol. I, Dusseldorf, PAdagogischer Verlag Schwann, 1965 Eggers, Hans, ed., Der althochdeutsche Isidor, Thbingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1964 Frank, Tenney, "On Constructions of Indirect Discourse in Early Germanic Dialects," Journal Lf En lish and Germanic Philolo , V01. 7, I957— 8, Urbana, University of Illinois Holmes, Urban T., "Germanic Influence on Old French Syntax," Language, Vol. 7, 1931, Baltimore, Linguistic Society of America Lawson, Richard H., "The Old High German Translation of Latin Future Active in Tatian," Journal Lf En lish and Germanic PhiloIo Vol. 57, 1958, Urbana, University of Illinois Lind, John, "Clause and Sentence Level Syntagmemes in Sierra Popoluca," International Journal Lf American Linguistics, Vol. 36,1964, Baltimore, Waverley Press Longacre, Robert E., Grammar Discovery Procedures, The Hague, Mouton, 1964 Longacre, Robert E., "The Notion of Sentence," Report Lf the Eighteenth Annual Round Table Meeting Ln Linguistics and Language St tudies, Washington, D. 0., Georgetown University Press, 1967 Pike, Kenneth L., Language in Relation to a Unified Theory_ of the Structure Lf Human Behavior, Second Revised Edition, The Hague, Mouton, 1968 52 53 Ruhfus, Wilhelm, Die Stellung des Verbums 1Q Althochdeutschen Tatian, Dortmund, doctoral dissertation for the University of Heidelberg, 1897 Schfltzeichel, Rudolf, Althochdeutsches Wdrterbuch, Tflbingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1969 Sievers, Eduard, ed., Tatian, Paderborn, Ferdinand Schbningh, 1966 ”'TITI'IWMIMJWWIMJWIIIMHHI” 082