WCHEGQN‘S MEN AND WDMEH 3F ESREMESY ENFLUENCE AHB AWEVEMENT 'ffiESiS F83 BEGREE {IF M, .31. CLARA H BRUCKER 19232 THESIS w. ”I II. .4! . . .' MICHIGAN'S MEN AND WOMEN OF GREATEST INFLUENCE AND ACHIEVEMENT IA!‘ 7/. ,. "i 1 Clara H Brucker H 1933 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of arts in the Graduate School of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science. OUTLINE Explorers: Etienne Brulé Jean Nicolet LaSalle Joliet Marquette Fur Trader: John Jacob Astor Founder: Antoine de la Moths Cadillac Governors: Lewis Cass Stevens T. Mason William Woodbridge John 8, Barry Alpheus Felch Epaphroditus Ransom Robert McClelland Kinsley S, Bingham Moses Wiener austin Blair Henry H. Crapo aasss Henry P. Baldwin John J. Eagley Charles M. Croswell David H. Jerome JOSiah W. Begole Russell A. Alger Cyrus G. Luce Edwin B. Winans Woodbridge N. Ferris John T. Rich Hazen S. Pingree Aaron T. Bliss Fred M. Warner Chase 8. Osborn Albert E. Sleeper Alex. J, Groesbeck Fred W. Green Wilber M. Bruckerfl Supreme Court Judges: Thomas M. Cooley Isaac P. Christiancy James V. Campbell Benjamin F. Graves Legislators: Iachariah Chandler Julius C. Burrows William Alden Smith Joseph Fordney O. D, Conger Edwin Denby Ambassadors: Charles B. Warren Gerrit J. DIekéma Educators: John D. Pierce Isaac E. Crary“ James B. Angell Women: Laura Smith Haviland Lucinda Hinsdale Stone Anna Howard Shaw Alice Freeman Palmer Bina West Miller Emma A. Fox Writers: Ray Stannard Baker James Oliver Curwood Stewart Edward White Harold Titus will Carleton Ivan Swift Edgar GueSt Military Men: George Armstrong Custer William Rufus Shafter Geologist: DouglassaHoughton Discoverer of iron: William A. Burt Manufacturers (Furniture): William Widdicomb Charles R. Bligh Builders of Transportation James F. Joy Henry Ford Ransom E, Olds Dodge Brothers William Crapo Durant Highway Commissioners: Horatio S. Earle Frank Foster Rogers Harold Titus will Carleton Ivan Swift Edgar Guest Military Men: George Armstrong Custer William Rufus Shafter Ge015gist: DouglassaHoughton Discoverer of iron: William A. Burt Manufacturers (Furniture): William Widdicomb Charles R. Bligh Builders of Transportation James F. Joy Henry Ford Ransom E. Olds Dodge Brothers William Crapo Durant Highway Commissioners: Horatio S. Earle Frank Foster Rogers In the winter of 1618-19 and again in 1621 the French explorer Etienne Brule1 visited the site of Sault de Sainte Marie and thus has the honor of being the first white man to set foot'upon land that is now in Michigan. This honor is also attributed to Jean Nicolet,a who in 1634 was sent out by Champlain to discover a passage to the Indies and cpen up trade in its rich spices, jewels and fabrics. In that year Nicolet traversed by canoe the waters of Georgian Bay, the straits of Mackinac and Lake Michigan, landing among the Winnebago Indians at Green Bay in what is now the State of Wisconsin. A bronze tablet commemorating Nicolet stands near Arch Roch on Mackinac Island, at a spot known as Nicolet Watchtower. After Nioolet came a long line of explorers, mission- aries and traders into the Great Lakes region. 0f the ex- plorers the most picturesque perhaps was LaSalle,3 who was the first to traverse the Great Lakes in a boat larger than l. Fowle, Otto. Sault Ste. Marie and the Great Water- ways; Butterfield. Finlerg Discoveries andTExplorations, pp. 106-107, 155. a. Butterfield, History of the Discovery of the North- west by Jghn Nicole . 3. Parkman, LaSalle and the Discovery of the Great West, passim. the birch-bark canoe, a sailing vessel named the Griffin which was built by his orders a little above Niagara Falls in 1679. A story has come down to us of the great impression LaSalle made upon the Indians in his "Scarlet cloak with a broad Gold Lace." On a second voyage in 1681 he reached the mouth of the "Father of Waters“ and named the country Louisiana for his King, Louis XIV of France. In 1687 he met death at the hands of some of his followers, somewhere in the present State of Texas. I The mind of LaSalle had been fired by the fame of the , discoveries of Joliet and Marquette4 who in 1673 had dis- covered the Mississippi. Marquette is best known in Michs igan as the Jesuit missionary to the Indians, founder of Sault de Sainte Marie in 1668 and 8t. Ignace in 1671. On re- turning from his second voyage to the Mississippi, worn out with the fatigue of his labors, he was stricken by the hand _of death, dying on the shore of Lake Michigan near the site of the present city of Ludington. Friendly Indians bore his remains to the Mission chapel at St. Ignace, where he was buried beneath the altar. A monument now marks this spot. His statue stands in the Capitol at Washington. In 1909 the Marquette statue in Marquette Park on Mackinac Island was dedicated to his memory. 4. Finley, The French in the Heart of America. pp. 37-44. Most picturesque of the early occupations of Mich— igan was the fur trade. John Jacob Astor,5 founder of the American Fur Company early had his headquarters at Mack- inac Island. The old “astor House" still stands, recently taken over by the residents of the Island and converted into headquarters for community activities. One of the earliest settlements in southern Michigan 6 in was Detroit, founded by Antoine de la Moths Cadillac 1701. Cadillac is one of the most romantic characters of those early days, a true knight errant of the wilderness. For six years he had been commander of the fort at Michili- mackinac (St. Ignace). With far reach of vision he saw the strategic importance of the site of Detroit and carried to Louis XIV.his scheme for founding a colony there as an out- post of the fur trade. He built it into a flourishing cen- ter of pioneer life, but envious enemies got him “promoted." As governor of Louisiana from the Great Lakes to the Gulf, he encountered hardships and intrigue that proved his ruin. On returning to France he was imprisoned in the Bastille, though later released. He died in the south of France, leav- ing many children and the heritage of a great name. In Detroit and.M10higan his memory is commemorated in paint- ings, statues and decorations in public buildings. The city of Cadillac, Michigan, is named for him, as is also the Cadillac car. 5. Porter, gghn Jacob astor, Vbl. II, passim. 6. Laut, Cadillac, passim. -3- After the French and British periods came the Ameri- cans to Michigan, pioneers of agriculture and.manufacture. Here begins the romance of clearing the forests, building the roads, bridging the streams, organizing counties, lay- ing out townships, platting villages, and building school houses and churches. Michigan Territory was organized in 1805, with the capital at Detroit. In this period of terri- torial growth and settlement of Michigan the greatest single human factor was Lewis Cass. Cass was Governor of the Territory from 1813 to 1831, when he was called to be Secretary-of-War in the cabinet of President Jackson. Lewis Case7 (1783-1866), Territorial Governor, Senator, and twice cabinet member, had gained fame as an attorney, Legislator, and an Opponent of Aaron Burr in Ohio before 1812 when he became Colonel of Volunteers and was the first American soldier upon Canadian soil in the western campaign. He also won the first engagement with the enemy. Cass was commissioned Colonel in the regular army in 1813 and soon after became a Brigadier-General. He won distinction at the battle of the Thames. President Madison appointed him Governor of the Territory of Michigan in 1813, a post he held for eighteen years, during which he was remarkably 7. McLaughlin, L wis Cass ch. 4; McCarty, The T rri- torial Governors of the 51d N rthwest pp. 137- ; fiigtionary oiflAmegiganBiograp y, cl. III. -4- successful in building up the territory and in maintain- ing friendly relations with the Indians, a total of 31 treaties being signed. In 1831 President Jackson appointed Cass Secretary-of-War in recognition of his military re- cord and of his ability to deal with the Indian question, and in 1836 Cass went abroad as Minister to France, where he succeeded in blocking the efforts of Great Britain to secure the right to search American vessels at sea. Elected to the United States Senate in 1845, Case served in the Upper Chamber, continuously until 1857, except for the periods in which he was Democratic candidate for the Pre- sidency (1848 and 1853). During these Years he opposed Britain on the Oregon question, upheld Squatters' Sovereignty and urged the deveIOpment of rivers and harbors and the encouragement of railroads. Cass became Secretary of State under President Buchanan in 1857 but his loyalty to the Union caused him to resign in 1860 when Buchanan failed to agree to reenforce the Charleston forts. Cass returned to Detroit, broken and ill, but made a powerful speech urging enlistment in the Union army. Although he abhorred slavery, he believed that emancipation would be ruinous to both races in the South, and in his earnestness to prevent a dis- solution of the Union over this question, he at times sup- ported drastic measures for the enforcement of slavery. He was destined to live to see the Union saved. For more than sixty years he was a prominent figure in the life of the nation and was almost uniformly successful in his under- takings. Michigan owes much to the generous patriotism of Lewis Cass. His writings, speeches and state papers were finished and voluminous. //? To Stevens T. Mason,8 (1835-1948) Michigan's first Governor, belongs credit for having inaugurated and put into effect policies that have continuously stood as decisive factors in the later cultural and economic growth of the Commonwealth. Stevens Mason succeeded his father as Secre- tary and.scting Governor of Michigan Territory at the age of 21, by appointment of President Andrew Jackson, and im- mediately was called upon to face a wave of popular indig- nation over the fact that the fortunes of the Territory had been trusted to one so youthful. Within a year he had succeeded in overcoming most of this opposition. In 1835 the people of Michigan adopted a Constitution and applied for admission into the Union, claiming territory to the south that was also claimed by the States of Ohio and Indiana. Both Governor Mason and the Governor of Ohio sent military forces into this disputed area, which included the city of Toledo, although bloodshed was averted. While Governor Mason's firm attitude won him great personal popularity in Michigan, 8. Hemans, Life and Times of Stevens T. Mason, passim. it aroused the ire of President Jackson, who removed him from office. Within a month after removal from office, Mason was elected the first Governor of the State of Mich- igan by a vote of 8,000 to 900. During the next two years, Congress steadfastly refused to admit Michigan to the Union until the Southern Boundary question was settled to the satisfaction of Ohio and.Indiana. Congress conceded the disputed territory to Ohio and gave Michigan the Upper Pen- insula which was part of Wisconsin territory. Governor Mason urged that the new State should agree to the compromise, and it was in this way that Michigan secured the rich natural resources which abound north of the Straits of Mack- inac. One of Governor Mason's greatest services to Michigan was in the cause of free schools, by appointing the Rev. John D. Pierce as first Superintendent of Public Instruction. He placed the full power of his position behind Supt. Pierce'g recommendations for free public schools and for a strong University,- one which might become "an ornament and honor to the West." After serving two terms, Michigan's youngest Governor retired from office. He died at the age of 32, having carried through a great constructive pregram before the age when most men are called to offices of im- portance. Governor Mason urged an appropriation for a ship canal at Sault de Sainte Marie, and in many other ways anti- cipated the future needs of the State. The educational pro- gram adopted in his administration remains the acknowledged model for this State in many respects. -7- Men highly distinguished for personal character and devotion to the public good followed Mason in these early years as Governor of Michigan. Such men were William Wood- bridge, John 8. Barry, alphsus Felch, Epaphroditus Ransom,9 Robert McClelland,10 Kinsley S. Bingham,ll and.Moses Wiener. Governor Woodbridge13 served as Governor 1840-41 at which time he was elected United States Senator for six years. Judge Hezekiah G. Wells says of Governor Woodbridge, 'a learned man, great lawyer and distinguished in all the political positions he ever held and that no one has fill- ed the office of Governor of Michigan with more ability, more independence and.more integrity.” John 3. Barry13 (1842-1846, 1850-51) ssrvsd.Michigan for three terms. It was during his last term as Governor that Michigan Agricultural College was established from the funds acquired by the sale of “salt 1ands.'l Governor Felch14 (1846-47), whose political career dates over a period of twenty-two years, served Michigan 9. Historical Outline of Ransom Family in America. 10. Messages of the Governors of Michiganu II, 215-217. 11. Genealogy of the Bingham Family in the United States. 13. Farmer, History of Detroit and Michigan, II, 1076-1077. 13. Michigan Historngagazine, XIII, 355-264. 14. Michigan Historical Collections, XXVIII, 94-104. -8- as Legislator, Circuit Judge, Justice Supreme Court, Bank Examiner, Governor and United States Senator. Without any solicitation on his part, President Pierce nominated him president of the commission to adjust and settle the Spanish and Mexican claims under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. At the close of his life President Tappan of the University of Michigan appointed him Professor of Law, which position he held for five years. He bequeathed his library consist- ing of nearly 4,000 volumes and many pamphlets to the Uni- versity. He passed from this life at the age of 92. Governor Wiener15 (1859-61) showed that he was awake to all interests of the state. It was during his term that the general registration law of the state was passed, re- quiring every elector to enter his name on the proper book of the township or ward. Michigan's Civil War Governor was Austin Blair, who was born in New York State, where he grew to manhood. Governor Blair16 (1861-1865) was typical of the independent thinking type of leader so popular with pioneers. Born and educated in New York State, he came to Michigan only four years after its admission to the Union. After service in the Legis- lature as a Whig, he first joined the Free Soil party, and later was a member of the platform committee at the Jackson meeting where the Republican party was launched. Mr. Blair 15. The Wisners in America. 16. AEJODIOgraphX_Of Austin Blair. (Me. 11 typed pages). -9- was a Seward delegate at the Chicago Convention of 1860 and was bitterly disappointed at the nomination of Lin- coln, but nevertheless was elected Governor of his own State on the same ticket. Six years as a Congressman follow- ed, but the flinty quality of the man was shown when he campaigned first for the Democratic candidate Greeley against Grant, and later supported Tilden rather than Hayes. His irregular party allegiance probably cost him the seat in the United States Senate which he coveted, but his integrity caused his fellow citizens of Jackson County to demand and secure his return to public office in 1885 as Prosecuting Attorney. Austin Blair's service in the Michigan Legislature was particularly distinguished, his name being identified with the abolition of Capital punishment. In Congress, he supported the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, a protective tariff and Civil Service Reform. _Ths governors of the reconstruction period, 1865-1881 ‘ 18 were Henry H. Crapo, Henry P. Baldwin,17 John J, Bagley, 19 all men of eminent ability and and Charles M. Croswell, service. The most important event during the entire guberna- torial career of Governor Crapo30 (1865-1869) grew out of his vetoes in the matter of aid to railroads. That was the 17. Messages of the Governors of Michigan, III, 17-19. 18. Magazine of Western History, IV, 516. 19. Michigan Historical Collections, XXII, 382 ff. 30. Michigan BiOgraphies, I, 207. -10- day of feverish railroad building schemes. With a veto message he called a halt to the practice of permitting localities to vote aid to railroad enterprises. He also exercised the pardoning power with extreme caution. What might be called the “industrial revolution“ in Michigan began with the 80's, and the first years of that decade were distinguished by the business-like administra- tion of David H. Jerome,al who was the first governor up to that time native to the soil of Michigan. He was born in Detroit. His administration was followed by those of Josiah W. Begoleaz and.Russell A. Alger. Each of these three served for only one term, but all were able men. Com- pleting the decade were the two terms of Cyrus G. Luce.23 From the time of his birth until he passed the bar examinations Governor Russell A. Algerz4 (1885-1887) was a citizen of Ohio. He removed to Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1859, identifying himself with industrial interests. He served with marked distinction during the Civil War, parti- cipating in 66 battles and skirmishes. After returning from the war, he made his home in Detroit where he became recog- nized as one of the most prominent lumbermen of the country. The people of Michigan recognized his patriotism by elect- ing him Governor in 1884. At the National Republican Con- ventions in 1888 and 1893, he was seriously considered as * 31. Messages of the Governors of Michigan, III, 365-368. 38. Ipid., 467-468. 23. Michigan Historical Collections, XXXV, 45 ff. 84. Baxter, History of Grand Rapids, p. 589. presidential timber. Mr. Alger served as Secretary of War in President McKinlcy's cabinet in 1896, but resigned in 1899. Unjust criticisms were heaped upon him because of the country's lack of preparedness for war when war came, although for this unpreparedness he was not responsible. Mr. Alger was a member of the United States Senate at the time of his death in 1907. In memory of him the citizens of Detroit erected a bronze memorial monument in Grand Circus Park in 1921 setting him apart as one of their most distinguished sons. Edwin B. Winansf'5 Governor from 1891 to 1893 has the distinction of being the first Democrat to be elected Governor of Michigan since the formation of the Republican party. Only one other Governor, Woodbridge N. Ferris (1913-1917) has been elected from the Democratic party since Governor Winans. Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris36 (1913-1917) founder of Ferris Institute, was born January 6, 1853. From a struggling school teacher he became principal and finally head of an institution which how has sixteen departments and a total yearly enrollment of more than two thousand students. Mrs. Ferris who had already been a successful teacher before her marriage became her husband's co-worker and taught with him until 1901. At the time of his death he represented Michigan 25. Messages of the Governors of Michigan, III, 647-649. 26. Ipid., IV, 639-641. -13- as United States Senator. His achievements were the outgrowth of his ideals of truth, honor, justice and service. These ideals he upheld with unswerving fidelity and it is this that makes his life an inepiration to so many. The period of the 90's following Governor Winans was covered by Governors John T. Rich,a7 Hazen S. Pingree, Aaron T. Bliss,£58 and Fred.M. Warner.39 Mr. Warner was the first Governor since John 8. Barry to be given a third term. Governor Hazen S. Pingree30 (1897-1901), the Spanish- American War Governor, was born in Maine August 30, 1840, of staunch Puritan stock. During his years of prOSperity he never lost sight of the world's great army of productive workers, having ever in mind his early years of toil and limited educational advantages. The war record of Hazen S. Pingree is enviable. He took part in practically all the major battles of the Civil War, and at one time was held prisoner of war. After leaving the ranks of the "Boys in Blue" he came to Detroit, where he accumulated a fortune in the boot and shoe business. In 1889 he was elected Mayor of Detroit by the better class of citizens on the Republican ticket, serving for four terms. His entire incumbency as 27. Messages of the Governors of Michigan, III, 685-687. 28. Ibid,, IV, 315. 29. ipigp, IV., 405-407. 30. Ihgg,, IV, 19-33. Maycr of Detroit was largely devoted to opposing monopolis- tic corporations. His policy was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number, and he was fearless and tireless in his efforts. He showed his sympathy for the unfortunate by aiding public charities and valued the friendship of the unfortunate more than that of those who represented power. Governor Pingree was the first to initiate reforms and to warn the pe0ple of the danger threatened by powerful private corporations. He devoted his energies to the welfare of the Michigan troOps, sending a thoroughly equipped hospital train south to bring back the sick and wounded soldiers to Michigan. The citizens of Detroit have erected a monument to the cherished memory of Hazen 3. Pingree. His name merits a prominent place in the history of his city and State to which he gave such abundant service. Governor Pingree died in London, England, shortly after his retirement from office. The first Governor to serve under the revised Consti- taticn of 1909, was Chase 3. Osborn. Governor Osborn,31 Mich- igan's most dynamic Governor (1911-1913) is one of the most versatile of men. He was born in Huntington County, Ind. January 22, 1860 where he received his early education. His father and mother were both physicians. Through the savings accumulated while serving as an apprentice in a printing office, he earned enough money to Spend three years at Pur- due University from which institution he received the degree of 8.8, in 1926 as of his class of 1880. Later the University 31. Messages of the Governors of Michigan, IV, 571-573. ~14- of Michigan, Olivet and.Albion Colleges conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D, His newSpaper career covers such positions as reporter, city editor, and proprietor of various papers. His political activities in Michigan cover the period of his residence in this State. He served his adopted State as Postmaster, State Game and Fish Warden, Commissioner of Railroads for Michigan, Regent of the Uni- versity of Michigan, and finally as Governor..among the out- standing legislation accomplished during his administration is a law reorganizing the Michigan National Guard and di- vorcing it from politics, which is now used as a model for other states; also a law creating an industrial accident board and providing in general for workmen's compensation and.employers' liability. Governor Osborn is an enthusiastic sportsman and woodsman, a life long student of nature. He made a epecial study of the geology of the Upper Peninsula and is known as the discoverer of the Moose Mountain dis- trict, the greatest iron range in Canada. He is a world traveller and has made explorations in the Canadian Rockies and the Andes. Mr. Osborn attracted the attention of scientists in 1916 by an explanation of the phenomenon of the firefly's light, a problem that had long baffled the scientific world. His idea to substitute a calorie dollar for the gold standard is being discussed by the world today. It is of interest to note that he is the only American mem- ber of the Madagascar Academy of Science..At the present. ~15- time Governor Osborn devotes most of his time to writing. There is practically no limit to his range of interests. His books treat of many subjects: science, travel, history and metaphysics. He is the author of The Andeanzhgpd; The Iron Hunter; The:Lew of Divine Concord; Madagascar, Land 9§_the Men-Eating Tree, and many magazine and newSpaper articles, chiefly on scientific, historical and travel sub- jects. Governor Osborn is outstanding in his interest in all philanthropic and progressive movements in science and the arts far beyond the borders of his own State. Nature has also endowed him with the gift of oratory. Beauty of verbal expression and the power to sway audiences have won him a place in the hearts of his fellowmen. During the World War, Michigan's Governor was Albert E, Sleeper;33 since whose time there have served three governors, A181. J. Groesbeck”33 Fred W, Green34 and Wilber M. Brucker,35 the present pilot of Michigan's destiny. The Supreme Court of Michigan has been distinguished by many able men, among whom the “Big Four“ stand out as jurists of surpassing ability: Thomas M. Cooley, Isaac P. Christiancy, James V. Campbell, and Benjamin F, Graves. 32. Messages of the Governors of Michigan, IV, 703-795. 33. Ibid., IV.’ 771‘772. 34. Ibid., IV, 855-856. 35. Michigan Manual (1931), p. 637. ’1 ~10- Thomas McIntyre Cooley36 was the tenth son of a family of fifteen children (2 wives) and the only one who attained distinction. He attained a better education by personal appli- cation than nine-tenths of college students. His early life was spent near Attica, N.Y. where he was born January 6, 1824, removing to Michigan to continue his legal training in the law offices of Tiffany and Beauman, Adrian, Michigan. There he filled several minor county offices with distinction. He was chosen one of three professors in the University of Mich- igan Law School, where he laid the foundation of his reputa- tion. In 1864 Judge Cooley was elected one of the Judges of the State Supreme Court, in which capacity he served Mich- igan for twenty years. Our Supreme Court gained a national reputation at this time which was largely due to the literary contribution made by Judge Cooley. His national reputation began with his law books. His writings include Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations of the States of the American Qpigu_(l868); his editions of Egackstone (1870); edition of Story‘e Commentaries (1874); work on Taxation (1876); work on Eggts (1879). Judge Cooley is also the author of the legal articles in the American EncyCIOpedia. He wrote largely for reviews. One of his valuable contributions to history is Miphigan, a History of_Governments which eSpec- ially comments upon constitutional questions that have arisen in its progress as a Territory and State. For several seasons he delivered lecture courses at Johns Hopkins. After retir- 36. Miphigan Historical Collections, XXIV, 143 ff. -17- ing from the Supreme Bench President Cleveland appointed him one of five commissioners under the Interstate Commerce law which had just passed at that time. It is by his work in constitutional law as a teacher, as a writer, and as a judge that he is most widely known and will be remembered longest. Isaac Peckham Christiancy37 had a somewhat varied career. He was born in Johnston, N.Y. in 1812 but later removed to Monroe, Michigan, where he served as Prosecuting Attorney of that county for three terms. He was affiliated with the Democratic Party until the slavery agitation drew him into the Free Boilers. Mr. Christiancy took an active part in party affairs. Not only was he elected delegate to the Buffalo Free Soil Convention in 1848, but he was also a Free Soil candidate for Governor. A snort time later he served as delegate to the first Republican National Conven- tion held in Philadelphia in 1856. When the Independent Supreme Court of this State was called into existence under a law passed by the Legislature of 1857, Mr. Christiancy was one of four justices comprising that court, remaining by continuous election to 1875, when he resigned upon being chosen United States Senator to succeed Senator Chandler. After a service of two years as_8enator, he was appOinted Minister to Peru in 1879 (by Pres.oHayes). He espoused the cause of the Union Army and served for a snort time as 37. Michigan Historical Collections, Vol. XVIII, 333; Michigan Biographies, p. 169. -18... member of staff of General Custer and of General A. A. Humphrey. The most enduring record that Judge Christiancy left behind him is found in Michigan Reports of Supreme Court decisions V018. 5-31 inclusive. This bears witness to his invaluable labors as a jurist. James valentine Campbell38 was one of the original organizers of our Supreme Court at the early age of thirty- four years. His cpinions which are enduring monuments to his fame, are recorded in more than seventy volumes of Mich- igan.Reports. Aside from being one of the founders of the University of Michigan Law School, he lectured there twenty- five years, upon equity, criminal law, and federal juris- prudence. His long judicial career of thirty-three years has left an-ineffaceable impress not only upon the law of Michigan but upon the jurisprudence of the United States. It has been said: "The State and the Federal judiciary and the text writers of the country have cited his judgments as high authority for more than a quarter of a century and it may truly be said of him that he has led in the front ranks of the appellate tribunals of the nation.” His life was largely devoted to literary pursuits. One of his out- standing contributions being his volume Outlines of the gniitical History of Michigan. Judge Campbell's long and outstanding career on the bench has no parallel in our State, and he has taken his place amongst the Marshalls, 38. Exercises of the Supreme Court of Michigan, at the Opening of the ApriIT Term 1890. -19- the Heats, and the Storys in the history of the Country. His honorable life, integrity of purpose and his pure and spotless Christian character have added to the lustre of his name. Benjamin F. Graves,59 Justice of the Supreme Court 1857, 1868-81 was born in Rochester, N.Y. October, 1817. Due to an early disability from physical labor on his father's farm, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1841. He served as journal clerk in the New York Senate previous to his removal to Battle Creek, Michigan in 1857, and was elected Magistrate and Circuit Judge of Calhoun County before his election to the Supreme Court in 1875. Justice Graves was one of the "Big Four“ justices who contributed so greatly to the legal progress of the State during its infancy, in his splendid decisions. He was dignified and firm on the bench, but always courteous and king. Among the able men who served Michigan in Congress pre- vious to the Civil War, there should be mentioned eSpecially Zachariah Chandler. Senator Zachariah Chandler4O (1813-1879), the stormy petrel of Michigan politics in Civil War days, was a native of New Hampshire, of old New England stock. True to his early environment, he Opened a general store in De- troit at the age of twenty, and within the next twenty years 39. Michigan Historical Collections, XXXV, 531 ff. 40. Ibid., III, 139 ff.; XXXII, 434 ff.; Michigan Bio- graphies; Proceedinga of the 63rd Congress upon presenta- tion of the statue of Zachariah Chandler. -30.. became known as one of the richest men in Michigan. Chandler plunged into politics withaill of the enthusiasm of his forefathers, augmented by his own deep hatred of slavery. He was Mayor of Detroit in 1851 and 1852, Whig candidate for Governor in 1852, and a signer of the call for the meeting at Jackson, Michigan, July 6, 1854 at which the Republican Party was launched. In 1857 Chandler was slected.United States Senator, succeeding Lewis Cass, and promptly allied himself with the most radical anti- slavery group. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he helped to raise and equip the first regiment of Michigan volunteers, and during the warserved on the Joint Con- gressional Committee on the Conduct of the War. Throughout all of this period, Chandler was a tower of strength among those who were determined to humble the South at all costs. In 1874 a Democratic landslide swept Chandler out of office, but he became Secretary of the Interior in Grant's cabinet in 1875 and was re-slected to the Senate in 1879 upon the resignation of Senator Isaac P. Christiancy. Chandler's personality was typical of the frontier. He was accustomed to the rule of force, and for many years was the recognized "boss“ of Michigan Republicans, maintaining his power by the use of patronage and by other means typical of the ’ timGSQ _21- Among the significant national figures in recent times, are Julius C, Burrows, William Alden Smith, Joseph Fordney, O. D, Conger, Edwin Denby, Charles B. Warren, and Gerrit J. Diskema. Julius C. Burrows,41 one of Michigan's outstanding legislators, was born in Erie County, Pa., in 1837, where he received a common school and academic education. He came to Michigan in 1859 and was admitted to the bar in Kalamazoo in 1860. During the Civil War he served as Cap- tain in 17th Michigan Infantry. After the War he served his community as Prosecuting Attorney for two terms. Mr. Burrows was a strong advocate of the principles of the Republican Party and threw his campaign efforts in the direction of Congress where he served his district nine years as Congressman. His colleagues in Congress honored him by electing him twice speaker pro tempore of the House. In June, 1895, he was chosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of the late Senator Stockbridgs, and was elected by the Legislature to succeed himself for two terms of six years each. He was honored by the Republican Party in 1908 by being called upon to act as temporary chairman of the Republican National Convention at Chicago. William Alden Smith,43 one of Michigan's outstanding Senators, was born at Dowagiac, Michigan May 12, 1859, where he received a common school education. His family re- 41. Michigan Biographies, I, 131. 42. Ibid., II, 307. -22- moved to Grand Rapids in 1872. He first started his political career as page in the Michigan House of Repre- sentatives in 1879. After his admission to the bar in 1883 he served as member of the Republican State Central Commit- tee for three years. The peOple of his district elected him to Congress four times. At the death of Senator Russell A. Alger, Mr. Smith was elected to fill his unexpired term, and immediately he resigned his seat in the House of Repre- sentatives, entering upon his duties as United States Senator on February 11, 1907. From that time until his re- tirement twelves years later Senator Smith gave of his best efforts for Michigan. Senator Smith is an outstanding orator and.a man of high ideals and integrity. He has always been a staunch Republican and never fails to exert his best in- fluence for his party. Joseph W. Fordney,43 member of Congress for the Eighth Congressional District over a period of twenty-two years, was one of the outstanding figures in Congress. He was born in Blackford County, Ind. in 1853 and lived on a farm until sixteen years of age where he received a common school edu- cation. He removed to Saginaw in 1869 where he began life in the lumber woods, lagging and estimating pine timber, thus acquiring a thorough knowledge of the pine land and lumber business. After serving only two years as Alderman he 43. Michigan BiOgraphies, I, 303. -23- was elected to Congress in 1898 and was a member of each succeeding Congress until his retirement in 1922. He served as chairman of the ways and means committee in the House. The fordney-McCumber Tariff bill is the culmination of many years of effort. Omer D. Conger44stands out as one of Michigan's able legislators. He served as State Senator from the 26th and 31st Districts for six years; as Member of Congress for twelve years from 1869 to 1881, and as United States Sena- tor six years. He also was a delegate from St.Clair County to the Constitutional Convention in 1867. Mr. Conger was born in 1818 at COOperstown, N.Y. and removed to Huron County, 0. in 1824. He received his early training at Huron Institute and graduated from Western Reserve College in 1842. He was employed to make a geological survey and animal exploration of the Lake Superior copper and iron regions in 1845-6 and 1847. Later he practiced law at Port Huron and was elected Judge of St.Clair County in 1850. Edwin Denby,45 secretary cf the Navy in President Hard- ing's Cabinet was born in Evansville, Ind. where he acquired his early education. After graduating from the University of Michigan he accompanied his father who was Appointed United 44. Michigan Biographies, 1,191. 45. Ibid., I, 234 -24- States Minister to China in 1885. In 1887 he joined the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs' Service and served seven years in various parts of China. Home on a leave of absence, he studied law and joined the law firm of Xena and Lightner of Detroit, continuing until 1898, when he enlisted in the United States Navy with the Michigan State Naval Brigade. He was assigned to the 0.8. Steamer Yose- mite with rating of gunner's mats, third class. Mr. Denby was honorably discharged September 1898 and returned to Detroit to resume his law practice. From 1903-4 he was Wayne County's Representative in the Legislature, and from 1905-7 to 1909-11 he represented the First District in Con- gress. Charles B. Warren,46 firmer United States Ambassador to Japan (1921-1923) and to Mexico in 1924, was born April 10, 1870 at Bay City, Michigan where he attended school until he entered Albion College. In 1891 after he received a Ph.B. degree from the University of Michigan he entered the Detroit Law School graduating from there in 1893. At present he is connected with a law firm in Detroit. In 1896 he was appoint- ed counsel for the United States before a joint high commis- sion which Edjfidicated the claims of Great Britain in the historic controversy involving the rights of two nations in the Behring Sea, which gave him an international reputation. 46. Leaks, History_of Detroit, p. 498. _25- In 1909 he was appointed by President Roosevelt and Secre- tary of State Root as one of the counsel for the United - States in the controversy with Great Britain over the North Atlantic waters and fisheries. This case was pre- sented to the Permanent Tribunal of Arbitration at the Hague during the summer Of 1910, and Mr. Warren was one of the counsel chosen to make the oral argument for the United States. He is a member of the executive committee of the American Society of International law of which Elihu Root was president. He is a strong Republican and has been (elected a number of times delegate-at-large to the National Republican Convention from Michigan. Mr. Warren has many business affiliations, -- of which an important one is his connection with the Michigan Sugar Company. Gerrit J. Disksma,47 Minister to Holland at the time of his death, wds of Dutch extraction. He was born at Holland, Michigan, March 27, 1859 where he obtained his early education. He is a graduate of Hope College and of the University of Michigan law class of 1883. Practically all of his life was devoted to the service of his State. He served his city in the capacity of School Inspector, Member of the local Harbor Board, Member of the Board of Education, Mayor and City Attorney. Beginning in 1885 he was a member of the Legislature four consecutive terms and 47. Michigan Biographies,1,242. -25- was chosen Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1889. The Republicanjparty was fortunate in obtaining his service as chairman of the State Central Committee during four campaigns. President McKinley appointed him a member of the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission, from which he resigned to make the race for Congress. He was elected to the 60th Con- gress in 1907 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Wm. Alden Smith. He was re-elected in 1908. Mr. Dietema was a splendid orator. He was called upon to deliver the annual oration before the Alumni Association of the Univer- sity of Michigan in 1884 and to give the oration on Nether- lands Day at the Columbian Exposition and World's Fair in Chicago in 1893. In the Ordinance of 1787 occur these significant lines: ”Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to man- kind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.” The foundation of Michigan's public school system owes more to John D. Pierce and Isaac E. Crary than to any other two men. John D. Pierce,48 one of Michigan's greatest educators, was born in New England in 1797 while Washington was still President. Seven generations of his ancestors had battled with the vicissitudes of life in New England. Pierces had 48. Michigan Historical Collections, XXXV,395 ff. -37- fought in many wars; some were Senators and Governors, and one became President of the United States. Because of the death of his father and the poverty of his mother, John was placed in the hands of relatives at the age of two. His early years were a struggle for education. However he earned enough by teaching and hard work to finish a college edu- cation at Brown University and a course in theology at Prince— ton. His first position was as pastor of a church at Sanger- field,N.Y. During this time there was much agitation against Masons and the Anti-Masonic party was formed. Mr. Pierce, a mason, was put on trial, but was vindicated. This was the turning point in his career. He turned his face westward and came to Marshall, Michigan as a missionary, where he lived the typical life of a frontier preacher. He nursed the sick and dying during the cholera epidemic of 1832 of which his wife was a victim. In 1833-1835 he came forth to set up an educational system in Michigan. A noted authority states: "No educational structure ever reared in America shows more skill in its building than our public school system as modelled by John D. Pierce.“ Governor Mason ap- pointed him the first StateSuperintendent of Public In- struction (1836—41) and he proved to be the right man in the right place. His plans which embodied features of the Prussian school system, were adopted by the Legislature of 1837 without a dissenting‘vote. He brought about the organ- -23- ization and support of primary schools, the school dis- triet being made a unit of the new system. His plan of re- organizing the University of Michigan into one great Uni- versity, instead of a number of petty institutions scatter- ed over the State, has been followed by almost all the states organized since his day. He says that "the policy now adapted is destined to affect the literary standing and character of the State, not only for the time of the pre- sent generation, but as long as the Republic and its insti- tutions shall be preserved." His enthusiastic words are coming true and our great University at Ann Arbor will no doubt endure as long as the Republic stands. He edited and published an educational magazine called The Journal 9; Education. It was the first educational paper published west of New England and is a landmark in the history of education in the Northwest. It dealt with large questions of the principles of education. Mr. Pierce returned to private life in 1841, but was soon called on again to serve his State. In 1847 he became member of House of Representa- tives and later a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1850. Due to his efforts a homeStead exemption law was in- corporated into the Constitution which has since been a model of similar laws in all western states. Some of his dreams which are a reality today were to have trained teachers, and to teadh science and agriculture in our public schools. -29- 49 who served six years as sole Repre- Isaac E. Crary sensative of Michigan Territory in Congress, was born October 2, 1804 at Preston, Conn. He graduated from Trinity College and began practice If law at Marshall, Michigan in 1833. As Representative in Congress he secured the passage of the first law of its kind giving Section 16 in every township of the State for the benefit of the common schools. All previous grants had been given to the town- ships and effected little good. Crary acted as delegate to the Constitutional Conventions both of 1835 and 1850. In 1850 he was appointed member of the State Board of Educa- tion. It was through his advice that John D. Pierce was appointed the first Superintendent of Public Instruction in this State. He was early and closely connected with the State's educational interests. Most widely known among Michigan educators is Dr.James B. Angeli, President of the University of Michigan from 1871 to 1909. James Burrill Ange11,5°LL.D., educator, diplomat,and man of the world was born in Scituate, R.I. January 7, 1829 of good New England stock. His early training furnished him with the best possible instruction because it involved per- sonal attention from special instructors, a practice for 49. Michigan Historical Collections, XIV, 280 ff. 50. Michigan History Magazine, II, 309 ff. -30- which he stood consistently throughout his whole career as an educator. Dr. Angell enjoyed a very liberal educa- tion, starting with the little village school. He con- tinued by studying modern languages abroad, later graduat— ing from Brown University with highest honors. He entered upon his career as teacher at Brown University, remaining until 1860, when he was selected as editor of Providence Journal, a position he held throughout the Civil War. In 1866 he became President of Vermont University and within five years restored its intellectual and financial pros- perity. In 1871 he was inaugurated President of the Univer- sity of Michigan. From that time his life was the life of the University except for interludes of diplomatic service in China, Turkey, and upon various commissions. As Minister Plenipotentiary to China he succeeded within two months in obtaining the revision of the Burlingame Treaty restricting the importation of cheap coolie labor into this Country. Another important commercial treaty, relative to the importa- tion of opium, was likewise completed in the same period. He was also successful in his mission relative to Alaska Fisheries and other international commissions. When Dr. Angell came to Michigan there was only one other state uni— versity of any size, and none except Michigan and Wisconsin were in anything like a flourishing condition. The present -31- system of revenue from the State was made first operative in 1873 during his administration. Dr. Angell made Michi- gan a true university as distinguished from a college, in correlating and concentrating the various departments and making them complete by adding a school for graduate work. The graduate school practically came into being during his administration. The professional schools also assumed the prominent place they now occupy. As a direct result of Dr. Angell's recommendation, the first chair in the Science and the Art of Teaching in any American university was estab- lished in 1880. His greatest influence lay in his dealings with the students. He could rouse to a remarkable pitch that sentiment known as college spirit. . Michigan has had many distinguished women, among whom none stands higher in achievement and popular lore and esteem than "Aunt” Laura Haviland, Lucinda Hinsdale Stone and Anna Howard Shaw. ' Laura Smith Haviland51(1808-1898) known as "Aunt Laura", a vigorous foe of slavery, was a descendant of Quaker parents. Her home at Adrian, Michigan became one of the main stopping places on the “Underground Railroad”. During the Civil War she helped nurse the wcinded men in various hospitals and camps after her husband died. It was she whose efforts re- sulted in the establishment of the State Public School for 51. Haviland, AfiWoman's Life Work. -32.. dependent children at Goldwater. The girls school at Adrian owes much to the work of this courageous and sympa- thetic woman and for its adopted name, “State Industrial Home for Girls." Laura Haviland was also a pioneer worker in the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Lucinda Hinsdale atone52 (1814-1900), a pioneer in the movement for co-education, spent her childhood in Vermont. Lucinda was the last of twelve children and grew up with the feeling that she was "in the way” because her mother had no little time for her. In her loneliness she turned to pet animals and to books where she found real people amidst characters. She started school at three; attended the academy at thirteen; and was teaching her first school at fifteen. She attended a finishing school for girls which she found inferior in instruction to the college preparatory class which she attended with the boys. When the boys went on to college she expressed the wish, "Oh, I wish I could go to college!” That was a fateful remark. It was ridiculed in the village, but it bore fruit. It was a strong incentive later in her efforts to make Kalamazoo College co-educational and in seeking to pry cpen the doors of the University of Michigan to women students. Through her marriage to Dr. James Stone, she became associated with Kalamazoo College, Mrs. Stone acting as principal of the female department while Dr. Stone was the president. Criticisms were heaped .52. Perry, Lucinda Hinsdale Stone. -33.. upon her because a copy of the Atlantic Monthly was seen on her desk, because she taught the poetry of Byron (an infidel) and because she recommended Ivanhoe (a novel) to her pupils. When Dr. and Mrs. Stone resigned, about two— thirds of the students withdrew and applied for admission to a new school which she opened. They were invited to re- turn to Kalamazoo College but declined. Long years of per- secution followed which were the saddest of Mrs. Stone's life. In 1866 Mrs. Stone began the practice of taking groups of students abroad for travel and study tours, in which she was very successful. Dr. and Mrs. Stone were among the very earliest advocates of the measure to open the University of Michigan to women)and their efforts did much to hasten the result. Aside from her college work Mrs. Stone was one of the chief promoters and founders of the Club movement in the State. Anna Howard Shawsswas a pioneer in many fields. Not only did she espouse the woman's suffrage movement, but acted as chairman of its National committee. She also be- came one of the first woman preachers, her first congrega- tion being composed of robins and gray squirrels in northern Michigan. Miss Shaw voiced the sentiment "Nothing bigger can come to a human being than to love a great cause more than life itself and to have the privilege throughout life of working for that cause.” Her ambitions were to obtain a 53. Parkman, Heroines of Service. -34- college education and enter the University, but her family was poor and furthermore objected to her going into the ministry as there were not many preachers during her time. At the age of fifteen she taught at the district school. Lincoln's call to arms found Anna Shaw the chief support of the little home in the wilderness. She went to live with a married sister in Big Rapids to continue her career in the high school after her father's and brother's release from the Army. A Methodist presiding elder of the Big Rapids district, an advocate of licensing women preachers, gave her the opportunity she sought, namely to preach her first sermon at Ashley. She could not be dissuaded from her am- bitions to become a preacher, although her family offered to give her a college education at Ann Arbor. In 1873 Miss Shaw entered Albion College, paying her way by lecturing and preaching. Later a thorough course at Boston University in theological training, and another course in the Medical school, completed her education, after which time she served as volunteer doctor and nurse to the poor in the Boston slums. The money she obtained from preaching during her college years paid for her education. The life span of Anna Howard Shaw includes both the Civil War and the World War. During the latter she was the National Chairman of the Woman's Committee for National Defense. Her most useful life ended in 1919. -35- To these women should be added Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, Mrs. Bina West Miller and Mrs. Emma A. Fox. A1103 Freeman Palmel‘.54one of Michigan's outstanding pioneer women, was born at Colesville, N.Y. February 21, 1855. She taught herself to read at the early age of three; and developed into girlhood two years earlier than the average girl. An instructor at Windsor Academy influenced her tastes greatly for books and nature. Alice was one of the first women to enter the University of Michigan, coming under the influence of Dr. Angell. At the age of twenty-two she was already principal of a high school in Michigan; and at twenty-four a professor of history at Wellesley. Her administrative work at Wellesley was creative, not imitative, and lasted but six years. During this brief term Miss Free- man created a Wellesley type which has proved durable. At thirty-two she married Mr. Palmer, a professor at Harvard, and entered upon a wholly new career, in which she illus— trated in her own case the supremacy of love and family life. In 1892 she accepted the deanship of women of Univer— sity of Chicago which required of her time only twelve weeks out of the year. For several years as member of the Massa— chusetts State Board of Education she worked to improve the efficiency and influence of the Normal schools. Mrs. Palmer 54.Palmer, Life of Alice Freeman Palmer. -35- worked energetically to raise funds for Radcliff and for her own Wellesley. Throughout the Country her wisdom as an educational expert was recognized, and her advice was sought in matters of organization and administration. One of the girls at Wellesley said, ”She seemed to care for each of us -- to find each as interesting and worth while as if there were no other person in the world.“ Bina West Miller,55 founder and organizer of the Women's Benefit Association, and the Ladies of the Maccabees, is a native of Michigan. She was educated in Michigan public and normal schools and became assistant high school principal from 1888 to 1890. St. Clair County boasts of having elected her the first woman school examiner in Michigan. Miss West resigned from the school board to make a thorough study of insurance problems, and exerted the full force of her per- sonality to win converts to her plan of a benefit society which she organized in 1892, as the Women‘s Benefit Associa- tion, with a home office at Port Huron, Michigan. Today the organization is the largest benefit society in the world for women. In 1919 more than $10,000,000 was credited on its books representing the monthly payments of some 188,000 women of fifty states and provinces in the United States and Canada. Since its organization more than $14,000,000 have been paid out in sick benefits to dependent children and relatives. In addition to being the President of the Women's 55. Cameron, Biggraphical Cyclopedia, p. 267. -37- Benefit Association, she holds a large number of honorary positions. She has served the Republican Party as National Committeewoman from Michigan for several years. Since 1895 she has edited the Ladies' Review and has written many re- ports on fraternal beneficiary societies and life insurance principles.’ Her marriage to Mr. Miller, a prominent attorney of Chicago, did not interfere with her political and business activities. She maintained her legal residence in Michigan, making it possible for her to serve as National Committee- woman. Mrs. Emma A. Fox56 is the author of "Parliamentary Usagp ' ubs which is used by the General Federation and by Women's clubs and societies throughout America. She was born in Browne County, N.Y. and received her early edu- cation in public and private schools. She taught in Cambridge, Mass. and acted as head assistant in several of the Chicago schools previous to her marriage. Mrs. Fox has resided in Detroit since her marriage where she made a special and scientific study of parliamentary law. She is a recognized authority on the subject, having served as president of the Parliamentary Law Club; as parliamentarian of several Con- tinental Congresses of the D.A.R.; of the Women's Hational Rivers and Harbors Congress, and of other women's organiza- tions. 56. Woman's Who's Who of America. -38— In the early days as well as more recent times Mich— igan has had her quota of authors. Novelists, Ray Stannard Baker, James Oliver Curwood, Stewart Edward White, Harold Titus. Poets, Will Carleton, Ivan Swift, Edgar Guest. Ray Stannard Baker,57 one of Michigan's distinctive writers, was born in Lansing and lived there until about twenty years ago. He is a product of both Michigan State College and the University of Michigan. He began his career as a reporter and sub-editor of the Chicagg Record, and then he became identified editorially with McClure's Syn- dicate and the magazine. During this period he published The Boy's Book of Inventions. When the American Magazine was first issued under that name Mr. Baker became one of the editors along with William Allen White and other famous personages. During the World War he was sent overseas on a special commission by the government and became the official director of the American press bureau which brought him in close association with President Wilson during the making of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Because of long and continued friendship with President Wilson, some 20,000 personal and official documents were turned over to him and he has written an extensive biography of the World War peacemaker. Mr. Baker is the author of Spiritual Unrest' published 1910; The New Industrial Unrest published 1920; What Wilson did at Paris' published 1919; and "The Ver- sailles Treaty and After“,l924. Under the pseudonym "David 57. From Indian Legends to the Modern Book Shelf, p. 362. -39- In the early days as well as more recent times Mich- igan has had her quota of authors. Novelists, Hay Stannard Baker, James Oliver Curwood, Stewart Edward White, Harold Titus. Poets, Will Carleton, Ivan Swift, Edgar Guest. Ray Stannard Baker,57 one of Michigan's distinctive writers, was born in Lansing and lived there until about twenty years ago. He is a product of both Michigan State College and the University of Michigan. He began his career as a reporter and sub—editor of the Chicagg Record, and then he became identified editorially witthcClure's Syn- dicate and the magazine. During this period he published The Boy's Book of Inventions. When the American Magazine was first issued under that name Mr. Baker became one of the editors along with William Allen White and other famous personages. During the World War he was sent overseas on a special commission by the government and became the official director of the American press bureau which brought him in close association with President Wilson during the making of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Because of long and continued friendship with President Wilson, some 20,000 personal and official documents were turned over to him and he has written an extensive biography of the World War peacemaker. Mr. Baker is the author of Spiritual Unrest' published 1910; The New Industrial Unrest published 1920; What Wilson did at Parish published 1919; and "The Ver- sailles Treaty and After",l924. Under the pseudonym "David 57. From Indian Legends to the Modern Book Shelf, p. 362. -39- Grayson" he reaches into the realm of philosophizing stories and fantasies. There is throughout his "adven- tures“ the lesson that joy and contentment come from work- ing, not resting. "Happiness" he says, “is found lurking in the cornfields and factories and hovering over littered desks." Some books published under his pseudonym which are studies in human nature are: "Adventures in Contentment”, 1907; ,Great Possessions , 1917; .ghe Friendly Road . 1913. James Oliver Curwood,58 one of Michigan's most popular writers, was born in Owosso, Michigan, where he received his early education. Later he took Special courses at the University of Michigan. His literary career began as a news- paper man and later as editor of the Eggs-Tribune at Detroit. In 1908 he resigned to devote his entire time to writing and hunting. For three months each year he was employed as exploratory writer for the Canadian Government in which capacity he gained much material for his stories and endured many of the hazards which he pictured in such glowing colors. Mr. Curwood in his books entitled In God's Cguntry and 'The Trail to Happiness recounts how he was redeemed from his ”fierce orgy of killing". A huge grizzly of the mountains limping from wounds inflicted by a rifle shot Spared Cur- wood's life, and thus "taught him the larger common heritage 58. £39m Indian Legends to the Modern Book Shelf, p. 258. of brotherhood.“ Then did he discover "the trail to happi— ness“, and from that very hour he began to revere all forms of life ordained by the Divine Power. In order to atone for his “past killing orgies“ Mr. Curwood became vigorously active in effecting constructive conservation movements. He was made chairman of Fish and Game and Wild Life Committees of the Conservation Department, which position he occupied at the time of his death. The last book, The Black Hunter, published in 1927, was his first and only historical novel. He still stands in the front rank among the best sellers in this country and Canada. Stewart Edward White,59 novelist, was born in 1873. He spent most of his boyhood at Grand.Rapids where he received his early education. He graduated from the University of M1chigan in 1895 and received his M,A. degree from there in 1903. While doing some Special work at Columbia he publish- ed his first story, ”A Man and His Dog“. His eXperiences in the Black Hills gold rush brought forth his first successful story, The Westerners. Mr. White spent most of his boyhood in the woods and lumber camps with his father who was a lumbermen when Michigan‘s pine was famous, and this unusual training is quite apparent in his writings. In 1903 he pub- lished The Blazed Trail and The Riverman, putting into 59. Michigan Library Bulletin, Jan.-Feb., 1935. -41- these two novels the knowledge and experience which he absorbed as a boy going from mill town to lumber camp with his father. In Gold,, The Gray Dawn, and She Rose Dagp_ Mr. White has given us an epic of California, show- ing three phases of its historical develOpment. We think of Stewart Edward White primarily as a novelist, but he has a reputation as a sportsman and|big game hunter as well. He has made two expeditions into Central africa. The Manama, a novel, and W a book of short stories, are both the result of his African eXperiences. In his latest novel, "The Glory Hole“ Mr. White shows still another side of his talent. Instead of picturing life as he has always done before, he seeks here to interpret it. Harold Titus,60 novelist, was born in Traverse City in 1888, at the tag-end of pine-logging. He was educated in the local schools and.at the University of Michigan. Dur— ing his vacations he worked for the Qgtroit Haws. Because of poor health, he left college his senior year to spend the winter in the mountains where he established himself as a writer of fiction. His first stories were of the West, written for Collier's Weekly in 1912. In twelve years he had published five novels and about two hundred stories. His western experience extended over four years, which fur- nished him with the backgrounds he used for his stories dur- 60. M;chigan Library Bulletin, May-June, 1924. -43- ing this period. Since the World War he has written en- tirely of Michigan and the Great Lakes. His novel Timber was a protest against the inertia of a peOple who robbed men of a beautiful playground and have done nothing to re- place it. Two other of his novels are The Bgloved Pawn ?' 15,3‘ Lake Michigan Fisheries and "Spendthrift“. The novei"«5”i - is without doubt Titus' finest piece of work. He writes best about Michigan life in the primitive spots that yet remain, and these are of greatest interest to Michiganders. His short stories of Michigan life have appeared in many leading magazines. He has pictured suffer- ing and happiness, love and adventure but through them all one is conscious of the same ideas dominant in “Timber", the contrast between the Michigan woods of today and those of yesterday when Michigan white pine was the pride of the State and the Nation; the need for reforestation and the possibility of bringing back the forests. He has gathered his material from the last of the surviving pioneers. Will Carleton61 whose writings have for many years ens deared him to the people of this State as Michigan's repre- sentative post, was born October 21, 1845 at Hudson, M1ch- igan. He graduated from Hillsdale College in 1869 and.served as Trustee of that College from 1837 until his death. While at College, he contributed notices to the newspapers. The 61. Michigan History Magazing, I, 30. ~43- first three years after graduation he was connected with the Western Rggal of Chicago, The Hillsdale Standard, and the Detroit Weekly Tribune. In 1871 his poem "Betsey and I are Out“ appeared in the ggledo Blade and was COpied all over the Country. Harper's Weekly gave it a prominent page, and soon followed it with others under the series title of 'Farm Ballads . This marked the beginning of Harper's popular volumes of his “Ballads“ "Legends" and “Festivals." Carleton's fame now Spread throughout the Country as a poet and a platform lecturer. The family magazine which he estab- lished in 1894 called Eyerywhere was published monthly for twenty years. One writer has said: ”He voiced with fidelity the homely sentiments which are common to all but which few can eXpress. He stirred the Springs of the saner emotions, inSpired men to better resolves, and shamed them for their foibles and.pretenses.” Will Carleton was one of America's most popular posts, and one whose writings have been as widely read and appreciated as those of Whittier and Long- fellow. There is scarcely an English-Speaking home in Amer- ica - it might almost be said in the English-Speaking world -- where "Over the Hill to the Poorhouse" and "Betsey and I are Out“ are unknown. He had a happy knack of attract- ing the reader by the simplicity of his themes and by their pathetic or humorous appeal. Ivan Swift,63 poet and painter, reflects and glorifies the charm of Michigan with pen and brush. In his poems he 62. From Indian Legends to the Madern Book Shelf, 185. ‘44- extols life in the woods and on the waters of his native State, and his paintings portray its beauties. Mr. Swift was born near Detroit but went north with his father at the age of ten to the woods on Harbor Point in Little Traverse Bay. His father, a landscape gardener and botanist from Michigan State College, was commissioned to collect plants for Belle Isle and the son helped his father in this work. Ivan received his education in this northern region, grad- uating from Harbor Springs High School in 1892. A year's work at Petoskey Normal Academy, three years at Chicago Art Institute, and several months' study abroad, completed his preparatory work. His service in the Spanish-nmerican War and the time he Spent with the lumberjacks rounded out his education. During his impressionable years in Northern Michigan when it was really wild, he fell under the Spell of nature's charm and the mystery of Indian legends which furnished the general theme of his productions. Ivan Swift is a writer of both verse and prose eSpecially the essay form of prose. Fagots of Cedar, poems, were published in 1907; uBlue Crane and Short Stories in 1918; The Mackinack- 233 and fluejhgyes in Letters by thelgals both of which are prose, were published in 1930. Selections of his writings are used in readers by grades and in "Descriptive and Narra- tive Writing", a text for college English. He contributes to the Outlook, Igdependent, and other current magazines. In the opinion of one critic: "Ivan Swift's verse is virile, -45- rhythmical and full of meaning, suggesting the school of Kipling and Henley. His mastery of phrase and of word is unusual." His pictures are entered for exhibition from time to time in the larger centers of art. Michigan's most popular post today is none other than Edgar Guest.63 His poems appeal to the very heart of the plain people because they are simple both in theme and construction. At the early age of ten Mr. Guest came to Detroit, Michigan,from Birmingham, England, where he was born August 20, 1881. His early education was limited to the grammar and high schools of Detroit. At the age of thirteen he worked behind a soda fountain before and after school until he received the coveted position in the business office of the Exes Press a year later. The £3§8 Press, hav- ing recognized his ability, promoted him to reporter on the editorial staff at the early age of sixteen. Mr. Guest's poems which appear in the Free Press are widely read. His poems are songs of home, of children, of every-day joys and sorrows. It is his human quality in his verse that has made Mr. Guest one of the favorite poets of America. The brilliant service of Michigan's military men adds interest to the history of our nation. George A. Custer, and William R. Shafter. General George armstrong Custer,64 the famous Civil War hero and Indian fighter, was born in Ohio December 5, 1839. 63. MichiganLLQIary Bulletip, Sept.-Oct., 1923. 64. Michigan Historical Collections, XXXIX, 292 ff. -4e- Grayson“ he reaches into the realm of philoSOphizing stories and fantasies. There is throughout his "adven- tures“ the lesson that joy and contentment come from work- ing, not resting. "Happiness" he says, "is found lurking in the cornfields and factories and hovering over littered desks." Some books published under his pseudonym which are studies in human nature are: "Adventures in Contentment“, 1907; .Great Possessions . 1917; The ngendly Road , 1913. James Oliver Curwood,58 one of Michigan's most popular writers, was born in 0wosso, Michigan, where he received his early education. Later he took Special courses at the University of Michigan. His literary career began as a news- paper man and later as editor of the Eggs-Tribune at Detroit. In 1908 he resigned to devote his entire time to writing and hunting. For three months each year he was employed as exploratory writer for the Canadian Government in which capacity he gained much material for his stories and endured many of the hazards which he pictured in such glowing colors. Mr. Curwood in his books entitled Ip God's Cpuntry and ‘Ihe Trail to Happiness recounts how he was redeemed from his “fierce orgy of killing". A huge grizzly of the mountains limping from wounds inflicted by a rifle shot Spared Cur- wood's life, and thus "taught him the larger common heritage 58. Egom Indian Legends to the Modern Book Shelf, p. 258. -40- 05" CVU‘ ESE this Cmgw' Uth. o 1 hdy .‘F ‘ v-di on of brotherhood.“ Then did he discover "the trail to happi- ness", and from that very hour he began to revere all forms of life ordained by the Divine Power. In order to atone for his “past killing orgies“ Mr. Curwood became vigorously active in effecting constructive conservation movements. He was made chairman of Fish and Game and Wild Life Committees of the Conservation Department, which position he occupied at the time of his death. The last book, The BlaCk Hunter, published in 1927, was his first and only historical novel. He still stands in the front rank among the best sellers in this country and Canada. Stewart Edward White,59 novelist, was born in 1873. He Spent most of his boyhood at Grand.Rapids where he received his early education. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1895 and.received his M,A. degree from there in 1903. While doing some Special work at Columbia he publish- ed his first story, “A Man and His Dog“. His experiences in the Black Hills gold rush brought forth his first successful story, ‘The Westerners.r Mr. White Spent most of his boyhood in the woods and lumber camps with his father who was a lumberman when Michigan's pine was famous, and this unusual training is quite apparent in his writings. In 1903 he pub- lished The Blazed Trail and The Riverman, putting into 59. Michigan Library Bulletin, Jan.-Feb., 1925. -41- these two novels the knowledge and experience which he absorbed as a boy going from mill town to lumber camp with his father. In Gold,, ‘The Gray Dawn, and She Rose Qapp_ Mr. White has given us an epic of California, show- ing three phases of its historical development. We think of Stewart Edward White primarily as a novelist, but he has a reputation as a Sportsman andfbig game hunter as well. He has made two expeditions into Central Africa. The We” a novel, and mm a book of short stories, are both the result of his African experiences. In his latest novel, "The Glory Hole” Mr. White shows still another side of his talent. Instead of picturing life as he has always done before, he seeks here to interpret it. Harold Titus,60 novelist, was born in Traverse City in 1888, at the tag-end of pine-logging. He was educated in the local schools and at the University of Michigan. Dur— ing his vacations he worked for the Qppgoit Haws. Because of poor health, he left college his senior year to Spend the winter in the mountains where he established himself as a writer of fiction. His first stories were of the West, written for Collier's Week;y in 1912. In twelve years he had published five novels and about two hundred stories. His western experience extended over four years, which fur- nished him with the backgrounds he used for his stories dur— 60. Michggan Library Bulletin, May-June, 1924. -43- ing this period. Since the World War he has written en— tirely of Michigan and the Great Lakes. His novel Timber was a protest against the inertia of a people who robbed men of a beautiful playground and have done nothing to re- place it. Two other of his novels are The Bploved Pawn a story of Lake Michigan Fisheries and "Spendthrift“. The novel Timber is without doubt Titus' finest piece of work. He writes best about Michigan life in the primitive spots that yet remain, and these are of greatest interest to Michiganders. His short stories of Michigan life have appeared in many leading magazines. He has pictured suffer- ing and happiness, love and adventure but through them all one is conscious of the same ideas dominant in "Timber", the contrast between the Michigan woods of today and those of yesterday when Michigan white pine was the pride of the State and the Nation; the need for reforestation and the possibility of bringing back the forests. He has gathered his material from the last of the surviving pioneers. Will Carleton61 whose writings have for many years ens deared him to the people of this State as Michigan's repre- sentative post, was born October 21, 1845 at Hudson, Mich- igan. He graduated from Hillsdale College in 1869 and.served as Trustee of that College from 1837 until his death. While at College, he contributed notices to the neWSpapers. The 61. Michigan History Magazinp, I, 30. -43- first three years after graduation he was connected with the Western_§p£al of Chicago, The Hillsdale Standard, and the Detroit Weekly Tribune. In 1871 his poem "Betsey and I are Out“ appeared in the gpledo Blade and was SOpied all over the Country. Harper's Weekly gave it a prominent page, and soon followed it with others under the series title of ”Farm Ballads . This marked the beginning of Harper‘s popular volumes of his "Ballads“ "Legends" and “Festivals." Carleton's fame now Spread throughout the Country as a poet and a platform lecturer. The family magazine which he estab- 1ished in 1894 called Eyerywhere was published monthly for twenty years. One writer has said: "He voiced with fidelity the homely sentiments which are common to all but which few can express. He stirred the Springs of the saner emotions, inSpired men to better resolves, and shamed them for their foibles and.pretenses." Will Carleton was one of America's most popular poets, and one whose writings have been as widely read and appreciated as those of Whittier and Long- fellow. There is scarcely an English-Speaking home in Amer- ica - it might almost be said in the English-Speaking world -- where "Over the Hill to the Poorhouse" and “Betsey and I are Out“ are unknown. He had a happy knack of attract- ing the reader by the simplicity of his themes and by their pathetic or humorous appeal. Ivan Swift,6z poet and painter, reflects and glorifies the charm of Michigan with pen and brush. In his poems he 62. From Indian Legends to the Modern Book Shelf, 185. 344- extols life in the woods and on the waters of his native State, and his paintings portray its beauties. Mr. Swift was born near Detroit but went north with his father at the age of ten to the woods on Harbor Point in Little Traverse Bay. His father, a landscape gardener and botanist from Michigan State College, was commissioned to collect plants for Belle Isle and the son helped his father in this work. Ivan received his education in this northern region, grad— uating from Harbor Springs High School in 1892. A year‘s work at Petoskey Normal Academy, three years at Chicago Art Institute, and several months' study abroad, completed his preparatory work. His service in the Spanish-nmerican War and the time he Spent with the lumberjacks rounded out his education. During his impressionable years in Northern Michigan when it was really wild, he fell under the Spell of nature's charm and the mystery of Indian legends which furnished the general theme of his productions. Ivan Swift is a writer of both verse and prose eSpecially the essay form of prose. Fagots of Cedar, poems, were published in 1907; {Blue Crane and Short Stories in 1918; The Mackinack- ers and. gfine_hiyes in Letters by the Years- both of which are prose, were published in 1930. Selections of his writings are used in readers by grades and in “Descriptive and Narra- tive Writing", a text for college English. He contributes to the Outlook, £gdependent, and other current magazines. In the opinion of one critic: "Ivan Swift's verse is virile, -45- rhythmical and full of meaning, suggesting the school of Kipling and Henley. His mastery of phrase and of word is unusual.“ His pictures are entered for exhibition from time to time in the larger centers of art. Michigan's most popular post today is none other than Edgar Guest.63 His poems appeal to the very heart of the plain people because they are simple both in theme and construction. At the early age of ten Mr. Guest came to Detroit, Michigan,from Birmingham, England, where he was born August 20, 1881. His early education was limited to the grammar and high schools of Detroit. At the age of thirteen he worked behind a soda fountain before and after school until he received the coveted position in the business office of the Fgee Press a year later. The Eggs Presp, hav- ing recognized his ability, promoted him to reporter on the editorial staff at the early age of sixteen. Mr. Guest's poems which appear in the Free Press are widely read. His poems are songs of home, of children, of every-day joys and sorrows. It is his human quality in his verse that has made Mr. Guest one of the favorite poets of America. The brilliant service of Michigan's military men adds interest to the history of our nation. George A. Custer, and William R. Shafter. General George armstrong Custer,64 the famous Civil War hero and Indian fighter, was born in Ohio December 5, 1839. 83. Michigan Library Bulletip, Sept.-Oct., 1923. 64. Michigan Historical Collections, XXXIX, 292 ff. -4e— At the age of thirteen he came to live with his half-sister at Monroe, Michigan where he attended Stebbins Academy. In 1861 he finished his education at West Point. Throughout the Civil War, he distinguished himself for his bravery and rapidly rose in rank until at the age of twenty-three he was a Brigadier-General. April 15, 1865 he was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. After the close of the Civil War, he accepted a Lieutenant-Colonelcy of the Seventh Cav- alry and joined his regiment at Riley, Kansas. From 1871 to 1873 he served with his regiment in Kentucky and in Spring was ordered to Fort Rice, Dakota. In May 1876 he commanded his regiment in a campaign against the confeder- ated Sioux tribes where he and all his men, 254 cavalrymen, were slain. Among the killed were five members of the Custer family. The bodies were buried on the battlefield, which was made a National Cemetery in 1879. Custer'g remains were removed to the cemetery at West Point in 1877. William Rufus Shafter65 who was in command of the expedi- tionary force sent to Cuba in the Spanish-American War, was born at Galesburg, Michigan October 16, 1835 where he received his early education. He taught school winters and worked on his father's farm during the summer, until 1861. In 1861 he laid aside pursuits of peace and enlisted with the 7th Mich- igan Infantry as a Lieutenant. This was the turning point of his life. Henceforth the camp was his home and the glory 65. Michigan Histor M azine IV, 485 ff.; Lamb's Bio- graphicalfiylctionagy ofmfinited_3tates, Vol. VII; _47- of his Country his ideal. General Shafter possessed keen intellect and a powerful personality. By his quiet courage, and unquestioned bravery he raised himself step by step among his fellowmen until he became the military head of the Army of the United States. During the Civil War he was presented with the Congressional Medal of Honor “for the gallant conduct in the battle of Fair Oaks,va." At the outbreak of hostilities with Spain he was commis- sioned Major—General of Volunteers and given the command of the expedition sent to Cuba. Officers who served under General Shafter were the former Confederate General Joe Wheeler, Major-General Leonard Wood, and Lieut.-Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. He was retired as Brigadier-General U.S.A. by operation of law, and later retired under his volunteer commission with the rank of Major-General in 1901. AmongMichigan's natural resources none have contri- buted more to her prOSperity than have her copper and iron. The copper mines of Keweenaw peninsula were first located in historic times by Douglass Houghton, Michigan's first state geologist. Douglass Houghton,66 Michigan's first State Geologist, appointed by Governor Mason to make a gaalogical survey of Michigan, was born in Troy, N.Y. September 21, 1809 and graduated from Van Rousselaer Polytechnic School in that 66. Geological Reports of Douglass Houghtop, p. 9 ff. ~48- city in 1828. He acted as Assistant Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in that Institution then under control of Professor Amos Eaton. Before he was nineteen years old he was admitted to the practice of medicine by the medical society of Chautauqua, N.Y. In 1830 General Cass applied to Eaton for a person qualified to deliver a course of public lectures on chemistry and geolbgy. Houghton was sent out to Detroit before he was twenty. A few months after his arrival in Detroit he was appointed physician and bontanist to the expedition for the discovery of the source of the Mississippi, organized under the direction of Henry R. Schoolcraft. His labors with that SXpedition did much to extend our knowledge of the flora of the Northwest. From 1832-36 he practiced as a physician and surgeon in Detroit, and gave devoted ser- vice to that city during the cholera epidemic in 1834. He appeared before the Legislature and accomplished his purpose of setting up four departments,-— biology, zoology, botany and t0pography -- all to be under the general guidance of the State Geologist. His able reports and his researches and discoveries as State Geologist are familiar to the public, but the arduous duties and sacrifices which he imposed on himself in developing the geology and the mineral wealth of Michigan can never be known. Labor and hardships had no terror for Douglass Houghton. Although he died at the early age of thirty-six he had performed an amount of work rarely _49— excelled and made for himself a name and fame as enduring as the history of the Peninsular State. Cities, schools and our largest inland lake bear his name. It was on October 14, 1845 that Douglass Houghton was lost in a storm on Lake Superior during a surveying cruise in an cpen sail boat. The discoverer of iron in Michigan was William A. Burt. William A. Burt,67(l792-l858) surveyor and the discoverer of iron ore was born in Worcester, Mass. In 1824 he settled near Detroit. AS a United States Deputy Surveyor he surveyed nearly the whole of northern Michigan. He invented the Solar Compass, and in 1851 received the prize medal for it at the London Industrial Exposition. The Solar Compass has been adopted by the United States Government for use in surveying the public domain. The iron ore region of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was accurately surveyed by Mr. Burt in 1844. In his book 'WW Country, Ralph D. Williams (1905) describes the excitement occasioned by the deflection of the compass needle (87°) by saying substantially: ”Burt could hardly contain himself any longer. 'Boye' he said, '1ook around and see what you can find.‘ Each member of the party began an independent search, and soon found out—croppings of iron ore in great abundance. Mr. Burt was well advanced in years and was much more interested in the performance of his solar compass than 67. Michigan Histogy Magazine, VI,175 ff. -50- he was in the deposits of iron ore." The deposits were duly reported in his field notes and delivered to the Land Department. Mr. Burt was author of Key to the Solar Com- pass and Manual of Surveying, He is well known to professors and students in all institutions where civil engineering has been taught since the invention of the solar compass. He also invented the equatorial sextant. The use of the instrument is to find the position of ships at sea. By it many problems in Nautical Astronomy are solved at once without computation. He also served as Judge of the Mich- igan Circuit Court, and as a member of the Legislature in 1852 was prime mover in the construction of the Sault de Sainte Marie Canal. Mr. Burt was modest and unassuming, but a forceful and farseeing man of vision, as straight for— ward and true to his course of life as were the lines he ran with his solar compass through the forests of Michigan and over the prairies of Iowa. Extensive pine forests determined that one of Mich- igan's earliest industries should be lumbering. Grand Rapids, Saginaw, and Muskegon owe their beginnings to pine. From 1870 to 1890 Michigan took the lead in this industry. In the Upper Peninsula, the center was Menominee. The manu- facture of furniture followed, bringing worldwide fame to Grand Rapids, and in this connection no names are better known than those of William Widdicomb and Charles R. Sligh. -51- William Widdicomb,58 an outstanding figure in the furniture business, was born at Exeter, England, July 25, 1839; but migrated with his family to United States in 1842, settling at Syracuse, N.Y.where he attended school until fifteen years of age. His family removed to Grand Rapids in 1856 where his father started a furniture factory in 1858. William appeared as the first furniture salesman from Grand Rapids in 1859, but soon gave up his work to go to war. Upon his return he found employment with 0.0. Comstock and Comstock and Nelson. Later he went into business with his brothers and Mr. Richards, under the firm name of Widdicomb Brothers and Richards. He was cashier of Grand Rapids National Bank in 1883, and engaged in the wholesale grocery business in 1894. His mechanical ingenuity permitted him to invent novel devices and improvements in labor saving machinery required in the conduct of the furniture business, yet he never took out any patents upon the devices which he originated. As a manufacturer Mr. Widdicomb possessed marked ability and business traits which made him prominent in the furniture industry of Grand Rapids. He had the valuable faculty of organizing a force of workmen into a harmonious whole, and he was proud of the fact that in all his forty years of manufacturing he had never had a strike or other difficulty with the workmen he employed. Mr. Widdicomb estab- 68. Goes, History of Grand Rapids. -52- lished the business of the Widdicomb Furniture Company with the very modest capital of $23.00 and won his success through the endeavor to manufacture furniture of good quality. His efforts have been recognized in the handsome business which the Widdicomb Furniture Company now possess. In his rise from tinsmith's apprentice to a prominent position in the business world (eSpecially the furniture business) Chas. R. Sligh69 had only the assistance given him by his natural gifts. He was born January 5, 1850 at Rochester, N.Y. His father died from injuries obtained in the Civil War. Charles applied himself to studies until fifteen years of age, when he was apprenticed to the tinsmith's trade, at which he worked for nine years. He was a traveling representative of Berkey & Gay Furniture Com- pany for six years, after which time he effected the organ- ization of the Sligh Furniture Company, in 1880. Mr. Sligh retained connections with a great number of leading firms. He was a man who led a career touching on many sides, and gave of his best efforts in anything he undertook. He was primarily a furniture man and found success and contentment in working out the problems and complexities of competition in the world of industry and finance. He was also a.great believer in the develOpment of youth, and served as Presi- dent of the Grand Rapids Council Boy Scouts of America. 69. Historygof Grand Rapids and Kent Counpy, Vol. II, -53- Michigan holds high rank as an agricultural State. Progress in crop improvement and animal industries has been stimulated especially by the work at Michigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State college).70 Transportation is a subject to which Michigan has given special attention. Commerce and navigation of the Great Lakes was early developed. Michigan enterprise foster- ed the first railroad west of Albany, the old "Erie and Kalamazoo" from Adrian (Lenawee County) to Toledo, Ohio. The Michigan Central was started in the early 30's of the . last century, and reached Chicago in 1852. No name in Mich- igan railroading is better known than that of James F. Joy. James F. Joy71 whose name for nearly fifty years has been a household word in Detroit, was born in Durham, N.H. December 2, 1810. He had a very liberal education. He pre- pared at common schools until sixteen, then entered an academy for two years. He graduated at head of class in 1833 from Dartmouth College, and commenced the study of law at Harvard with Judge Storey and Prof. Greenleaf as his in- structors. Before he came to Detroit in 1836 to practice law he acted as tutor at Dartmouth. He continued in law 'practice with Geo. F. Porter for twenty-five years. In 1846 Mr. Joy framed the charter and organized the company which purchased the former Michigan Central Railroad. This liti- 70. Michigan History Magazine, IV, 717 ff. 71. Farmer, History of Detroit and Michigan. -54- gation drew Mr. Joy away from his practice in Detroit. He made railway law a Speciality, became the most noted lawyer in railway litigation in the Country, and was soon drawn into railway management. He won a most celebrated case, that of George C. Bates against the Michigan Central and Illinois Central Railroad companies, involving the title of all the station grounds of both companies in that city. The Supreme Court sustained Mr. Joy's position. Mr. Joy became extensively identified with railway interests of the Country and engaged in extending their lines. He was largely responsible for the construction of lines to Quincy and Omaha; for the extension of the railroad from Kansas City to the Indian Territory; and for the building of the first bridge across the Missouri River at Kansas City. While he had been acting as counsel for the Michigan Central Railroad Company he became connected with the project of building the Sault de Sainte Mary‘s Canal. The contract was made with the State to build the canal and take the 750,000 acres appropriated in payment. Within two years the first ship canal between Lake Superior and the Saints Mary's River was cpen. He also extended many other lines in order to secure the best connections between Detroit and all parts of the State. The Michigan Central obtained prestige as the most important road in Michigan. Mr. Joy‘s life has been a very busy and useful one and of great advantage to the city and State in which he lived and to the city of Chicago and the -55- country'west as well. During the Civil War he was elected to the Michigan Legislature. He accepted the position and aided in preparing the State for that great contest. He was a Whig at one time but later became a member of the Free Soil Party and afterwards an earnest Republican. Mention of the automobile immediately suggests Detroit, though other Michigan cities are worthy of note in this connection: Dearborn, Lansing, Pontiac, Flint. A score of Michigan cities manufacture accessories. Henry Ford, Ransom E. Olds, Horace E. Dodge, William C. Durant are names known internationally. Of the world's small cars the "Ford" is per- haps most widely known.The Ford plants are the most highly capitalized and most widely distributed in the world.73 Henry Ford?3 whose Ford car is known throughout the world was born at Greenfield, Michigan, July 30, 1863. His education is limited to the district schools and business college. In 1887 he went to Detroit to learn the machinist trade and soon became chief engineer of the Edison Illuminat- ing Company. In 1903 he organized the Ford Motor Co., the largest producers of automobiles in the world. The Henry Ford & Son, Inc., manufacturers of tractors, another one of his organizations are applying to the agricultural tractors the same principles of Standardized designs and quantity pro- 72. M'chi an History Magazine has good general discussions of the automoBile industry in Michigan, in VIII, 219 ff. and XII, 280 ff. 73. Ford, My Life and Work. -56- duction which have been applied so successfully in his automobile production. This company is now consolidated with Ford Motor Company. A plan of profit-sharing which has involved the distribution of from ten to thirty millions of dollars annually to employees was put into effect in 1914. Some of the social welfare work that Henry Ford carries on is as follows: A large corps of social workers are maintained to look after the welfare of employees and their families; the Henry Ford HoSpital built at a cost of $5,000,000 with the best of medical service is maintained for the benefit of the workers and their families free of charge; a school for the teaching of the English language is maintained for the benefit of the employees. Mr. Ford purchased a bankrupt railroad and. made it a success al- though be increased wages and lowered rates. He has his own coal mines for the supply of his plants, and has made a pro- position to the government for the purchase of Muscle Shoals property with the idea of developing it for large- scale production of nitrates and the development of exten- sive industries in the South. Mr. Ford was the organizer of the famous peace expedition to Eur0pe in 1915 but it failed. He served under appointment of President Wilson on the Wage Umpire Board July 13, 1918. Henry Ford has Sprung into greater international fame than almost any other civilian, American or Eur0pean, due to his invention of the -57- Ford car. One Ford motto is “To make money, make quantity"; and another, ”Anything founded on the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number-will win_in the end." Ransom E. Olds,74 builder of the first practical gas driven motor car, was born June 3, 1864 in Geneva, Ohio. The Olds family moved to Michigan while Ransom was still a lad, and he attended high school and business college in .Lansing. He assisted in his father‘s machine Shop and later became a partner in the business. By 1886 he had been able to build a gasoline engine that moved the vehicle upon which it was installed. It was not until ten years after this first success that he was able to interest sufficient capital to organize the Olds Motor Vehicle Company with an authorized capital stock of $50,000, and to produce six cars during the ensuing year. One of these early Olds models, bearing the date of 1897, is today to be found among the exhibits of the Smithsonian Institute at Washing- ton, D,C. after gaining recognition as the father of the popular priced car, Mr. Olds liquidated his holdings in this concern in 1904 and organized the Rec Motor Car 00., which proved to be a second outstanding success. In later years he became identified with numerous other industrial and financial enterprises, among them being a corporation 74. Historic Michigan, III, 588. ~58- formed to manufacture a gasoline powered lawn mower, another Olds invention. It is to Mr. Olds, perhaps, more than to any other one man, that Michigan owes the develOp- ment within her borders of one of the greatest of all modern industries. Yet the State was not always apprecia- tive of the benefits that were being bestowed upon it. In the early experimental years, Mr. Olds was confronted first with ridicule, and then with restrictive legislation, so that he found himself deprived of the use of the public highways except in the earliest morning hours or in the dead of night, and it was many years before his genius was fully recognized. The Dodge Brothers, John (1864-1920), and Horace E.75 (1868-1920) brought to Michigan industrial leadership a brilliance that has rarely, if ever, been exceeded. Born at Niles, they began their business training at an early age in the shop of their father who Specialized in marine engines. Always interested in mechanics, their young man- hood was Spent in machine ShOpS located in Niles, Battle Creek, Port Huron and Detroit. Their first employment in the latter city was at a boiler works where they received $18.00 per week. The brothers centered their earliest manur facturing operations in Windsor, Canada where Horace Dodge's first important invention, a ball-bearing mechanism for 75. Burton, City of Detroit. P -09- bicycles was manufactured. Returning to Detroit in 1901 the Dodge Brothers machine shOp was opened with a payroll of 12 men. By 1910 this modest enterprise had grown to be the largest and best equipped machine shop in Detroit. The Dodge Brothers became owners of 20 per cent of the capital stock of the Ford Motor Company at its organization, and in 1913 the entire facilities of their own plant were be- ing used to supply Ford parts and materials, with a monthly turn-over that averaged approximately one and one-half million dollars. In 1914 the Dodge Brothers began the manu- facture of a motor car bearing their own name, and were so successful that they jumped almost at once into fourth place among all American car makers in point of the number of units annually produced. While the name "Dodge Brothers" is inseparably linked with the automobile industry, one of the greatest achievements of the Dodges was the building and equipping, within the short space of four months, of a war munitions plant, said to have been unsurpassed in the world. This vast establishment covering eleven acres, representing a reputed investment of ten million dollars and employing 8,000 persons, manufactured the intricate recoil mechanism used on the famous French 155 millimeter guns. Not only did the Dodge Brothers build and equip this plant, but Horace Dodge found time to personally design the machinery used -60~ in building the recoils and at the same time made notable improvements in the recoil mechanism itself. The Dodge Brothers never lost their genuine interest in things mechanical and at all times exercised close personal super- vision over the mechanical operations of their various plants. 0f the two, John, the older, was more devoted to administrative details, while upon Horace devolved a greater share of the responsibility for the mechanical perfection of Dodge Brothers products. William Crapo Durant,76 the outstanding business genius of his time, is the grandson of H.M. Crapo, former Governor of Michigan. Although a native of Boston, born in 1861, he was educated in the public schools Of Flint, Michigan. Here he began his business career in connection with the manu- facture of buggies, and soon became the founder of the Durant Dort Carriage Company of Flint. With the advent of the motor car industry, he was one of the organizers of the Buick Motor Car Company in 1905. Conceiving the idea that a successful merger of meter car concerns would be successful, he organ- ized the General Motors Co. in 1908 and at its head gradually acquired control of the Cadillac, Oldsmobile, Oakland and Northway concerns. In 1910 he reorganized the General Motors and in 1915 secured the controlling interest. That same year Mr. Durant organized the Chevrolet Motor Company, an eighty % 76. Bowen, History of Genesee County. -61- million dollar corporation; in November 1920 he lost his control of these properties in the inflation which followed the war; but his genius for organization again came to the front in the development of the Durant Motors, Inc. He has also become an important, if not controlling, factor in the U.S. Cast Iron Pipe Co., Fisher Body Co., and Radio Inde- pendent Oil and Gas. Good roads have kept pace with the automobile. Horatio S. Earle. and Frank Rogers.deserve special mention. Horatio s. Earle,77 Michigan's first Highway Commission- er, 1905-1909, was born Feb. 14, 1855 on a farm in Vermont. His early youth was spent on a farm and in the district school. He later attended the Black River Academy, Ludlow, Vt., but received his education chiefly in the "School of hard knocks." He worked at odd jobs of manual labor in New England states. ‘As a traveling salesman he came to Detroit January 1889 selling agricultural implements for the firm of v.3. Penfield's Son. Later he became associated with the North Wayne Tool Company, Hallowell, Me., first as their Detroit representative and later as the President of the Company. His interest in the manufacture of bicycles aroused his interest in the promotion of the League of Amer- ican Wheelmen (1879) and in the building of better roads. This organization put out a weekly publication to disseminate 77. Earle, By Gum Earle. -52- the good roads prepaganda. Mr. Earle called the first Inter- national Good Roads Congress at Port Huron, in July 1900. The first automobile was exhibited at this time. Mr. Earle was instrumental ingpersuading the 1893 Legislature to pass the County Road law. He was associated from then on with every phase of the good roads movement. Several monuments are dedicated to him, one at Wawatam Beach, Mackinac City in 1916, and another at Cass City in 1917. Frank Foster Rogers78served Michigan as State Highway Commissioner during and immediately following the period of the World War (1913-1919). He was born in Raisin Township, Lenawee County, Michigan August 30, 1858 and received his {early education in the rural schools and the Raisin Valley Seminary of that County. Michigan Agricultural College con- ferred upon him the C.E. degree in 1883. Following gradua— tion, he pursued the profession of surveying and civil engineering. From 1891-1899 he served as city engineer of Port Huron. In 1905 Mr. Rogers was appointed Deputy State Highway Commissioner when the department was first organized and served under Commissioners Horatio S. Earle and Townsend A. Ely, succeeding the latter in the office of State Highway Commissioner. People of the Upper Peninsula in apprecia- tion of his splendid work have erected a monument to him near St.Ignace, Michigan. Mr. Rogers is the pioneer in the field of cement roads for state highways. 78. Michigan Manual. -53- Michigan Tourist Associations are active in taking care of Michigan's visitors, whether to her famous water- ing places and summer play grounds or to her winter sports. Active in building these interests are Mr. George Bishop of the Upper Peninsula DevelOpment Bureau (Marquette); Mr. T. F. Marston, of the East Michigan Tourist Association (Bay City); Mr. H.J. Gray of the Michigan Tourist and Resort Association (Grand Rapids), and Mr. J. Lee Barrett of the Southeastern Michigan Tourist Association (Detroit). They are typical of Michigan's business men, eager to serve, loyal to the best ideals of American business, and devoted to promotion of the welfare of the State of Michigan. Abun- dant information about Michigan can be obtained from their Offices 0 -64- BIBLIOGRAPHY appleton‘s Cyclopedia of american Biography, 6 vols. N.Y. 1889. Baxter, Albert. figstory_of Grand Rapids. Grand Rapids, 1891. [Blair]. 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