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THW

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The completion of this study would not have been
possible without the help and assistance of several peeple.
The authors wish, at this time, to acknowledge and express
their appreciation for the interest and assistance given
them by Arnold Gurin, M.S.W., the Research Committee Chairman '
of this project. Acknowledgment is also due to the remaining
members of the Research Committee for this study, Max Bruck,
Ph.D.. and Myrtle Raul, Ph.D. Recognition is also due
Ernest B. Harper, Ph.D., Director or the School of Social
Work, under whose approval this study was undertaken and
completed.

The writers are very grateful for the time and

interest given them by the Executive Directors of the three
Big Brother agencies included in Part II of this study.
These Directors are: Mr. Jerome Bates, Detroit Church Youth
Services, Incorporated; Mr. Robert Gilbert, Big Brothers of
Saginaw, Incorporated; and Mr. Burton Swaps, Big Brothers of
Lansing, Incorporated.

Part I of this study was completed with the-assist-
ance of eight Michigan Big Brother agencies. We should like
to express our gratitude to the Executive Directors of these
agencies for their assistance. The Big Brother agencies
included in this part of the study were those three mentioned

ii

above, along with the following: Big Brothers of Dearborn,'
Incorporated; Big Brothers of’Midland, Incorporated; Big
Brothers of Oakland County, Incorporated; Catholic Social
Service Bureau of Flint, and Flint Youth Bureau.

The authors are especially indebted to their wives
for their patience, understanding, and cooperation, without
which this study could not have been completed. The wives,
Jane Angell, Rosemary Beachnau, and Betty Haley, aided the

authors in an invaluable way.

James Lee Angell

Richard Lawrence Beachnau

William Romanus Haley

111

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LIST-CF TATTY"

AroLe-.10h°1 St c.ff ‘ embers
tichigan :1: Hot er Agencies,
Demrees of Profes onrl
Trotter Arencies, 13G?

Vfiucational
in Seven 113

ix veri.ence 1n-e.3rs, €17 Srothev
Seven $15 }"ot-e e P7 encies, 1559 .

Pctive 11¢ Vrothers , Seven fiichlfan
P70n010-, 1?57 . . . . . . . . . .

Yarital Status
”“rotbers, Levon
1957

Vace,
Lichifien Fig 1"ot1m

P.re “fin"e" 317 .Mzot

31/101; «(3-0 Ar~enc-1es’ 1:35 7 . . . . O .
Lccunations, Active 3171'
YiePifOn $17 Trothe? Agenciee,1957

ace, *flifiien of Little irotP- OWE,
Eic“jffin T17 Erotb.r Agencies, 1957

fire nnr‘pq
T1? THOL en fi~onc:e 1957 - - - °

Active Ce.es, Seven
Prencies, 1CSfi-93 . . . . . . . .

Fumfigfi, Little f o
C” Arfioe, Seven Ti
lag-3’)

_‘J o o o o o o o o o o 1 o o o o

1

brenuency of Contacts 335 e ty 1-17

Levon Eicniyan 313 .rotho" .Afencie.
1? 51—3 0 C I O I O I O O O I O O O
117 Fretber Con1e.cts,.30ven
fivother A.r encies, Larch, 1958 . .

“efewrejs
f encies, 1.957 . . . . . . . . . .

V

“rel erred ,

101:7 1 eff“
_-_‘_.-___.‘_.'-.._",'.‘ “L;

t} e? and Rig Evoth
0% m1 n31: Frothe?

O

lickigan

“eceived, Six Kichlgan 313

r“ ‘
:7. J 9 V {7‘ 1,1

are
financies

I'q-f '1 ‘* '
$00.7?17.-e148 ,

x."

e_s, Seven Iicbifien

rot: ere, Seven

Seven

Vichiaan F17 Irotber

1...
Jet
arch,

ieligion, Active T17
W A7encies

htfje ProtAevs, ”oven ’1O1A79n

63“!“8,

2.71401;th

317 Brother

10
,3

1'0
‘0

‘ J"
r“)

h

?A

Table

Peforrals, Six Tlchlrnn Ti:

1953

Vrotkor Anoncies,

onfessional Staff Yembevs Emoloyed, Flint

Yout} Turoau, 1953-1953 . . .

Pothers, F3 int Youth 33: veau,

0

Active Caseo, Flint Youth Ru?

Numbe a? Little ”“ot%ers and
Coxaawon, F31nt Youth Bureau,

F“onuez1cy of Comte..cto, Flint‘
Est-“l C11, 3.953 0 o O 0 O 0 O O O

ofc rrcls, Flint Youth Tu?eou,

v1

Ear tal Status, Lace, iolifiion, Active 31¢

lag—7 o o o o o

. ’3
can, 1953—195»

Fir Frothers

1757 . . . . .

L1“ to 4
of. ”11189.11,

1933

1...:
P.)
r )

INTRODUCTION

Over-View of Big Brother Work

The Big Brother movement was started more than fifty
years ago as an effort to give fatherless and neglected boys
adult male companionship and guidance on an individual basis.

Big Brother work is based on the concept that boys
need the stabilizing and helpful influence of a mature,
responsible man. If a boy presents a problem that is related
to the absence of a father or the ineffectual influence of a
father, he may be considered for Big Brother service. The
essence of Big Brother work is the establishment of a personal
relationship between.a volunteer adult male, the Big Brother,
and the boy in need of such a father-substitute, the Little
Brother. This relationship is often referred to as the
"one manaone boy“ formula.1

The volunteer who serves as a Big Brother may represent
any occupation, religion, race, or cultural group. He is
supposed to be a man of good character who is interested in
the welfare of others.

The Little Brother may represent any religion, race,

or cultural group. He is generally between the ages of five

and seventeen.

AA-

1Recommended Standards, Big Brothers of America, Inc.,
St. 1101118, 110., 1956, pe 1e

Responsibility for the implementation and supervision
of the one man-one boy relationship is vested in the profes-
sional staff of the Big Brother agency. The professional
staff’member is often a graduate from an accredited School of
Social Work. Other staff members have had training related
to social work, such as psychology, sociology, and education.

The professional staff member in the Big Brother
agency utilizes the following methods in effecting Big Brother
work: recruiting, screening, training, orientation, matching,
and supervision.

Recruiting.--Recruiting is a process whereby certain
communication media, such as radio and newspapers, are utilized
to enlist volunteers for Big Brother work.

Screening.--Scrcening entails the evaluation of an_
applicant's acceptability for Big Brother work. This
evaluation utilizes information from the application, from
certain references, such as an employer or clergyman, and from
personal interviews with the applicant. Often, other
professions in the community, such as psychiatry, psychology,
and religion, assist the Big Brother staff in this process.

Training.-After a volunteer is accepted for Big
Brother work, he is asked to participate in a training pro-
gram. He is informed and instructed as to the purpose of
the agency and the nature of Big Brother work as it will

relate to him.

Orientation.--Orientation is a process which involves
the introduction of the prospective Little Brother to the Big
Brother program and, eventually, the introduction to his Big
Brother.

hatching.--Matching involves the assignment of a Big
Brother to a Little Brother. Consideration is given to mutual
religious, racial, cultural, and social factors.

Supervision.-Supervision involves the coordination
between the staff member and the Big Brother. Through regular
contacts the staff member is able to assist the Big Brother
in maintaining the one-to-one relationship (one man-one boy
relationship). Such assistance may be in the form of

counseling, advice, or instruction.

Purpose of Study

The writers were motivated to undertake this study
because of a mutual interest in Big Brother work. Two of
them had had some previous contact with the movement. It
also seemed that there would be practical value to such a
study because there is very little literature or research
available on the work of Big Brother agencies.

The authors undertook to investigate the nature of
Big Brother work and to answer the following questions:

What is Big Brother work?

How is Big Brother work carried out?

Who is involved in Big Brother work?

I).

Yhnt are the characteristics of those involved in
Big Brother work?

Do the Tin Brother agencies in Nichicnn utilize
similar administrative methods in their wowk?

Vow does the work of Vichiysn Bic Trothcr agencies
compare with the recommended standards of the Big Brothers of
America, Incorporated?

Belated to the shove questions was an interest in
analyzing the relationship of the volunteer Big Brother to
Big Brother work and to the professional staff worker. This
interest was precipitated by the fact that the volunteer is
the essence of such worl. The unions combination of profes-
sional and volunteer service in Big Brother work is unlike
the service offered by most other social agencies. Big
Brother experience might show ways in which use of the social
workers' professional skills could be extended, through
selection and preparation of volunteers who, in turn, can

render a direct service to a large number of clients.1

1“ 1 .
of the Fig prothor volunteer," 300191 Casework, Oct., 195%.
(vol, 27, n . s), n, 395.

 

iETHODOLOGY

Agencies Involved

This study is limited to Michigan. The Big Brother
agencies in Michigan involved in this study are as follows:
Big Brothers of Dearborn, Detroit Church.Youth Service,

Flint Catholic Social Service Bureau, Big Brothers of Lansing.
Big Brothers of Midland, Big Brothers of Oakland County. and
Big Brothers of Saginaw. Information was also obtained from
the Flint Youth Bureau but is not included in the tabulations
because the figures from the Flint Youth Bureau are not
comparable with those of any of the others. For example, the
Flint Youth Bureau reports that it worked with six hundred
leighty Big Brothers in 1957. whereas the combined total for
all seven other agencies was only three hundred twelve. Such
wide discrepancies cannot be accounted for simply by the size
of the Flint Youth Bureau, but probably point to some differ-
ences in.msthods or recording and accounting. The precise
nature of such differences could not be determined.

The one remaining Big Brother agency in Michigan at
the time this study was initiated, Catholic Big Brothers of
Detroit, was not studied. As stated in a letter from the
supervisor of this agency, Catholic Big Brothers of Detroit
was unable to participate in this study because of the

newness of the agency, a lack of personnel, and an inability

to obtain sufficient data.
Division of Study

Methods

The authors divided this study into two parts.

Part I is an Over-A11 Administrative Study of Baron Michigan
Big Brother Agencies. Part II is an Intensive Analysie of
Three Michigan Big Brother Agencies.

‘The division.ot this study into two parts is related
to the purposes or the study. The Over-A11 part was intended
to be more general in scepe. In this part the authors sought
to present the nature of’Big Brother work and those who
effect this work. the characteristics of those involved in
Big Brother work, the similarities or dissimilaritiec of the
Tig Brother agencies studied, and a comparison of these
agencies to the recommended standards of the Big Brothers of
America , Incorporated. '

The data for Part I were gathered by means of a
questionnaire which vac sent to each agency.1 The questions
were structured in.relation to the type of information
desired. They were designed to elicit factual information.
especially of a quantitative nature. Internation for this

section was also gathered from agency publications, annual

1366 Appendix B.

reports, and constitutions.

Part II, or the Intensive Analysis of Three Big
Brother Agencies in Michigan, involved Detroit Church.Youth
Service, Big Brothers of Lansing, and Big Brothers of Saginaw.
It is noted that these agencies were selected from the group
of seven agencies studied in Part I. These three agencies
were selected to provide an example of varied types of Big
Brother settings. The agencies differ in size, location,
sectarian or non-sectarian auspices, and whether they are
independent agencies or part of a larger agency.

The authors believed that this more detailed analysis
would fUrther identify the nature of Big Brother work, how it
is carried out, the philosOphy underlying it, etc. The
authors believed that the three Big Brother agencies studied
would be illustrative of Big Brother work in Michigan.
Similarities and dissimilarities of philOBOphy and procedure
among these three agencies were investigated. Agency methods
were compared to the recommended standards of the Big Brothers
of America, Incorporated.

The information for Part II of this study was gathered
by personal interviews with the Executive Directors of the
respective agencies. The interviews were guided by a detailed

1

schedule. Because the authors were more interested at this

point in philosOphy and method of operation, rather than in

1See Appendix C.

statistical data, cpenpend questions were used. Other
sources of information were agency material and personal

observation.

Katmai

In both parts of this study the writers have attempted
to follow a certain order of presentation. Part I, or the
Over-All Study, contains two chapters. The first chapter of
Part I presents and analyzes the data collected from the
seven Big Brother agencies studied. The second chapter
presents conclusions regarding the over-all study.

Part II is made up of the individual studies. It
includes a separate chapter for each of the agencies studied,
giving the background and structure of that agency and an
analysis of its work. These individual studies are followed
by an over-all analysis and comparison of the three agencies.

Chapter VIII is a summary of conclusions and
recommendations based on.both Part I and Part II.

The authors felt a group responsibility for the con-
duct of this study. Certain areas required the collective
thinking and activity of the group. Such areas were the
Over-All Study, or Part I, and.the chapters containing con-
clusions, implications, and recommendations. Some parts of
the study were done individually. For example, each of the
writers was responsible for interviewing, collecting, and

presenting data from one of the selected agencies in the

Intensive Analysis of Three Kichigan Big Brother Agencies.

Mr. Angeli studied Big Brothers of Saginaw. Hr. Haley

studied Big Brothers of Lansing. Hr. Beachnau studied Detroit
Church Youth Service. Other areas of this study handled
individually were: Introduction -~ Kr. Beachnau and

Mr. Haley; History of the Big Brother Movement ~~ Kr. Angeli.
Since all areas of the study are related, the authors
coordinated their activities closely, and take collective

responsibility for the project as a Whole.

CHAFTCT I

P131 C=I Y CF T"? BIG- “50”""“ "OV"‘““‘

g+

The Tin V 0 her movement came into existence on

"3

December 3, lQOh. The initiation of this movement resulted
from the efforts of a men Whose work hrourht him in daily con-
tact with the p-obloms of younrstors who had rotten into
trouhle with the law, and for which there was only one
solution: some form of incarcerttlon. T‘ls no? UPS Trnost K.
Conlto“, tlon clerk of the newly created Children's Count in
”rckrround retoriol score in ondo“ so tint on under-
stnndinr nay be rained of the social etmosnloro fro" which

t’o novoront seruné. “is coun rV's fl a; juvenile referre-
tory we: tuilt in 30w York in 1“gi.9 Prior to this tine all
child offence s were detained ill tho none or
as adults. T“o State of Illinois was the pioneer in develon-
inc inst methods for tho handling of juvenile dolinouonts.

In 1971 tile state o ovidod by low that for cortoin offono.o

4.x 1. a . .0. . A a- on .6... a an .. e. L
two penalties ion minocs rinks miller i on those f0“ Faults

 

3'7‘0 P t C>f Eheicnas Ml,q"(;gficirl Fuiafevvq: f0” Ti"
“”Ot*°”3: (F’ilndelohie: Fi" “notbezo of Aherico. Inc.. lQfi7).

 

Rig 3~r otho " Sominrr, Lecture To. 1, hey, léhs, p. 1.

11

In 1861 the state capitol appointed a commissioner before
when children between the ages of six and seventeen might be
heard on petty charges.1 The commissioner had the authority
to place these children on probation, to send them to the
reform school. or to use any other method of punishment he
saw fit. A few years later this work was transferred to the
regular Judge of the court.

In 1899. Illinois was again the pioneer when that
state authorized the first juvenile court, in the city of
Chicago.2 This court was to consider cases of neglected,
delinquent, and dependent children. The punishments to be
meted out were prescribed not by criminal law‘but by equity.
The Juvenile court movement develcped rapidly after the
Chicago court was authorized. Twenty-two states had similar
law within ten years. I

It was during this era that authorities began to
recognize that youthful offenders should be handled differently
than the adult criminal. It was during this period that
Ir. Coulter did something about the disturbing number of boys
appearing and reappearing before the court. Through his
untiring efforts, a group of forty men was enlisted from the
roles of the men's Club of the Central Presbyterian Church

of New York. They discussed and rejected one procedure after

_A-__ __

lIbid.
2113111. , p. 20

12

another, until it was finally decided that each man would
concentrate on one boy. offering him his personal. friendly
interest. The men agreed to work quietly for at least one
year to test the one man-one boy formula before any publicity
would be permitted.1 _

The results of this eXperiment were encouraging.
The boys responded very well to the initial application of
the oneuto-one relationship, and seldom did any of these boys
again come into conflict with the lam2
' During the years that followed. demands for similar
service grew and necessitated recruitment of’more volunteers.
It also became necessary to establish a headquarters where
the process of assignment of Big Brothers and followaup work
could be facilitated.

The organization was incorporated and the name "Big
Brother iovement" formally adopted on Catcher l. 1909.3

Recognising the significance and importance of religion
in the personal treatment and guidance of‘boys. the Jewish Big

4

Brother Organization was established in 1920. Similarly.

Catholic Big Brothers, Incorporated, was set up in 1926.5

1"Your Adventure in Friendship," A Guidebook For Big
Brothers, (New York: Big Brother Movement, Inc., , p. .

2Of§icial Guidehook fo§_Big_Brothcrs, p. 7.
3Official_9uidebgok for Big_Brothers. p. 4.

A"The Big Brother,” (Cleveland: Jewish Big Brother
Association), p. 2.

5"Give Us A Break," (Los Angeles: Catholic Big
Brothers, Inc.). p. 1.

13

With the vast expansion of the movement, a need was
felt to establish a National Association of Big Brother
Organizations in.the United States and Canada so that the
experiences of the original agencies could be codified for
the benefit of the new agencies being established. A study
was launched in 19h6 to determine the extent of this need.
This study resulted in the formation of Big Brothers of
America, Incorporated. This National Association enables the
various organizations on the local level to seepersts more
effectively for the general growth and advancement of Big
Brother work in America; it provides information and guidance
to new Big Brother organisations being formed and assists in
creating and maintaining high standards of service.1

The contribution that Big Brothers of America,
Incorporated, has made to the Big Brother movement may be
best described by listing the objectives of the National
Organization. They are:

”1. To expand Big Brother work by organizing new
Big Brother groups:

”2. To assist existing Big rother agencies to
expand their efforts;

"3. To enable existing Big Brother agencies to work
together more effectively;

”4. To maintain mutually acceptable standards;

 

10fficial Guidebook for Big Brothers, 1). 8.

"5.

H6.

”7.

"8.

14

To seek out and assist in the training of
personnel for the staffs of existing and new
Big Brother agencies;

To provide means of professional expansion to
enable more men and women to make Big Brother
work a career;

To eXplain through all channels of communication
Big Brother aims to more men and women so that
there will be an ever expanding interest in this
work;

To inciease financial support for Big Brother
work."

During the subsequent fifty years since the inception

of the movement, it has prospered and developed, and its

services have been greatly extended. Today the program is

directed toward a total adjustment of the boy, whereas in its

early stage of development, efforts were confined almost

exclusively to the boys referred by the Children's Court.

The volume of preventiwe work has increased over the years

until now the majority of the boys referred to Big Brother

agencies have not come into conflict with the laws prior to

their contact with a Big Brother agency.

2

 

1"The Big Brother Movement,” (Philadelphia: Big
Brothers of America, Inc., 1957). p. 10.

2

Official Guidebook for Big Brothers, p. 10.

PART I

OVERALL STUDY OF SEVEN MICHIGAN
BIG BROTHER AGENCIES

CHAPTER I I

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Agencies
This chapter is concerned with seven Michigan Big

Brother Agencies. These agencies, the year they were estab-
lished, and the geographical area that they serve are as
follows: Big Brothers of Dearborn, Incorporated, 1957. City
of Dearborn; Detroit Church Youth Service, Incorporated, 1932,
(Big Brother Program established 1940), City of Detroit
including Hamtramck and Highland Park; Flint Catholic Social
Service Bureau, 1941, (Big Brother Program established 1952),
City of Flint and Genesee County; Big Brothers of Lansing,
Incorporated, 1951, Ingham County, South edge of Clinton
County, East edge of Eaton County: Big Brothers of Midland,
Incorporated, 1955, Midland County; Big Brothers of Oakland
County, Incorporated, l95h, Oakland County; and Big Brothers
of Saginaw, Incorporated, 1953. City and County of Saginaw.

Affiliations
All agencies in this study are affiliated with Big
Brothers of America, Incorporated, except Dearborn and Flint.
Although.not officially organised at the initiation

of this study, there now exists in Michigan an unchartered

l6

17

State Federation of Big Brother Agencies. A primary purpose
of this federation is to facilitate Big Brother work through
increased cooperation. coordination, and communication among
the individual agencies. The state federation will also
provide assistance in the establishment of new agencies. All
agencies in this study are members of this federation except
Flint.

These agencies have affiliations other than with the
State and National organizations. All except the Dearborn
and Midland agencies are affiliated with local United Fund
agencies. Dearborn and Lansing are closely associated with
local public school systems. Dearborn receives partial
financial support from the school system. Saginaw, Flint,
and Detroit are members of the Michigan Welfare League.
Flint is a member of the National Conference of Catholic
Charities, the Catholic Charities of Michigan, and the
Michigan Association of Children’s Agencies. Detroit is
affiliated with the Detroit Council of Churches and is a
member of the National Conference of Social Welfare.

The data on affiliation was obtained through the

questionnaire.

Characteristics of Professional Staff
The size of the Big Brother staffs varied from one
to ten members. It is noted, however, that from 1953 to
1957. in every agency except Flint, there has been an increase

18

in the size of the professional staff. Table 1, shown below,
shows the number of professional staff for the seven agencies

from 1953 through 1953-

TABLE 1

racrsssxomz. sou-r ammonia EMPLOYED,
cam MICHIGAN BIG BROTHER
AGENCIES, 1953-1955

.V. “aammm‘---*~-w 'w‘ofinym ..._ ”up- ,-

   

 

 

 

- .’Bunber of Profossional Stafffhembers.flm‘

Wmu” 1953 1954 1955 @1956 ; 1957 19%
Total 14 15 155 19-19/20 22 2A
Dearborn o‘ o c 1/5 1 1
Detroitb 1; A 6 8 9 1o
Flint° a a 7 7 7

Lansing l l l 1% 1%

mama o o o 1 1 1

Oakland County 0 o a; 1* 1} 1i,-

Saginaw 1 2 1 1 2 1%,;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'agenoy was not established in that year.

b1 family agency: not all of staff engaged in Big

Brother work.
91 family agency: not all of staff engaged in Big
Brother work.
The educational characteristics of the professional
workers in Big‘Brother agencies were considered. Table 2
shows that half of the professional workers held post.graduate

19

degrees. Forty-two per cent had master's degrees in Social
Work, and an additional eight per cent were students in
Schools of Social werk. Two workers had Master's degrees in

fields other than Social Work.

TABLE 2

EDUCATIONAL DEGREES or PROFESSIONAL wonxsns
IN SEVEN BIG BROTHER AGENCIES, 1958

 

 

Total I 26* 100.0
Master of Social Work 11 42.3
Bachelor of Arts 11 h2.3’
Student (M.S.W. Candidate) ' 2 7.8
Master of Arts (Sociology) 1 3.8
Master of Arts (Education) 1 .3.8

 

 

 

*The difference between the total of 26 in Table 2
and 2b in Table 1 is due to the fact that a number of
professionals are on a part-time basis.

Table 3 illustrates the length of eXperience of the
professionals involved in Big Brother work. In the agencies
studied, experience ranged from eight months to fifteen years.
Two workers had experience exceeding seven years. but the

majority of workers had three years or less experience in

professional Big Brother work.

"m i: "e

A 4.3-11“

“1‘ 37:1 1,?“ '. ‘I'1:"‘(" {V "1"".F
.24.!1... I ' 5 2.1.; .L. .A) ’ 7‘1}; T C}. t,
0 yrs-- yvmn (1.“.‘1r-T": n (new-H- ‘71-
CV -¢a.._s L~J , L) -9 1.1L I .I. L .111 W
("i-"*- . ‘firi
[As .1.. nIv.1»J , 1 9S ‘9
"unhor of
r 1.
ionrs 'orkors

m [‘7
lOtal e e e e e e e e e e if...)

0110-?) e o 0 e e a a e a O 1

LIT

P:-
6+
0
O
C
m

t O g 0 O O O O O O O O O 3.

0-4

to 12 O I O O O O O O O O O

13 to 1

U1

Cirrsc sri°+ics of “i; Trotters

*7

 

Another facet of this study was an att1rnt to investi—
gate the characteristics of the E13 Prother, such as his
religion, mar to] status, ra.ce, age, and occupation. The
questionnaire was structured so as to obtain this information.

Tic tota ] nunbe: of Big Prothors active during 1957
in the afoncies included in this study was three hundred
twelve. Table A shows the distribution of these men accordinf
to each agency.

Table 5 indicates tlst sip}. :ty-f our nor cent of tie
Elf L rothcrs were merrier, eighty—six her cent were white,
sixty—eight per cent were Protestant, thirty per cent Catholic,

and slightly less than two per cent Jewish

21

TABLE h

ACTIVE BIG BROTHERS, SEVEN MICHIGAN
BIG BROTHER AGENCIES. 1957

Agencies Number
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Deerborn . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Detroit . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Flint . ... . . . . . . . . . 40
Lansing . . . . . . . . . . . o 59
Midland . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Oakland County . . . . . . . . . . . . 4h

58.51113" ooososooooeo 59

It may be noted from Table 6 that in 1957 there was
only one Big Brother under the age of twenty—one. There were
twenty-three Big Brothers falling in the age range of fifty
and over. The msjority of the Big Brothers fell in the age
bracket of thirty-one to forty years of age, with the age
range of twenty-one to thirty being the next largest group.
In the Lansing agency there was a relatively larger proportion
of Big Brothers falling in the age range of ”over fifty.”
There was also a sizable number of Big Brothers in the
forty-one to fifty grouping in this agency.

A further identifying characteristic of the Big
Brother was his occupation. Table 7 shows the percentage es
‘uell as the number of Big Brothers in various occupational

groupings. More than half of all the Big Brothers were found

22

to be in the business and professional categories, Skilled
and unskilled workers accounted for about one~rourth of the
group; clerical workers for twelve per cent, The balance
were scattered among civil service, farmer, etudent, and

miscellaneous occupations.

TABLE 5

MARITAL STATUS. RACE. RELIGION, ACTIVE BIG BROTHERS,
SEVEN MICHIGAN BIG BROTHER AGENCIES, 1957 ‘ '

Narital Statue Race Religion

Agencies J

 

ibtal Single Magical 'Ibtal mite Negro Total Oath. Jew. Prot .‘

 

Total 312 33 279 312 269 43 312 95 5 212

 

Dearborn 23 3 2o 23 ‘23 o 23 o 16
Detroit 65 5 60 65 35 30 w 65 0 65a
Flint 40 12 28 he 37 3 ho 40b 0 o
Lancing 59 6 53 59 56 3 59 7 A 48
Midland 22 1 21 22 22 o 22 4 o 18
Oakland

County 44 5 39 44 #1 3 #4 16 1 27
Saginaw' 59 1 58 59 55 4 59 21 O 38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

aServes Protestante only.

bServec Catholics only.

As part of.thia study it was felt by the authors that
it would be important to determine how long Big Brothers
maintain.their interest in the service. The Directors were

23

TABLE 6

AGE RANGES, BIG BROTHERS, SEVEN MICHIGAN

”Won—4.. — ~w -.--. __u..~.a~m... - —-.. —. -.—.-....;-—-— . an..- l1~-e-._

BIG-BROTEER AGENCIES. 1957

...¢ —v-m.-*.‘~pn .o.‘-~e-O—o- *u“ - -. u—ova-we nun—Wu. -.

 

 

 

 

Agencies Age Range
Under 21 21-30 31-40 41—50 Over 50

Total 1 97 139 54 23
Dearborn O 5 15 0
Detroit 1 30 20
Flint O 14 2S 3 O
Lansing O 13 13 17 11
Midland o 3 i3 4 2
Oakland County 0 24 14 O
Saginaw o 8 3A 12 5

 

 

 

 

 

 

asked to choose any month in 1957 and to indicate, for Big

Brothers assigned in that month, the number who were active

three months later, six months later, nine months later, and

one year later, following assignment.

The statistics collected

in this area revealed a very wide range, from no drop-outs in

a year to a fifty per cent decrease.

In one agency, information

in this area was unavailable, and in three agencies there were

so few assignments made that the statistics gathered therein

were insignificant.

By and large, however, the large majority

of the Big Brothers tended to be active one year after they

were initially assigned to a Little Brother.

24

TABLE 7

OCCUPATIONS, ACTIVE BIG BROTHERS, SEVEN
MICHIGAN BIG BROTHER AGENCIES, 1957

W

 

 

Occupation No. Per Cent

Total 312 100.0
Business 89 . 28.5
Professional 80 25.5
Skilled Worker #7 , 15.1
Clerical 37 11.9
Unskilled Worker 30 9.6
Civil Service 13 h.2
Miscellaneous 10 3.2
Student 3 1.0
Farmer 3 1.0

 

 

 

The Little Brother

Table 8 indicates the religious and racial character-
istics of the Little Brothers in the seven Big Brother agencies
studied. The authors included races other than Negro and
White in the questionnaire, but the data gathered revealed
that the agencies studied served only White and Negro clientele.
Detroit departed from a general pattern in that over fifty
per cent of the Little Brothers were Negro. Fourteen per cent
of all boys being served by the seven Michigan agencies were

NegrO.

25

In the entire study there was only one Jewish Little
Brother who came to the attention of a Big Brother agency.
As Table 8 shows, the majority of Little Brothers were
Protestant. With the exception of Flint and Detroit, Big
Brother agencies tended to have a caseload containing approx.
imately one-third Catholic Little Brothers to two-thirds
Protestant Little Brothers. There was some variance in the
Lansing and Oakland County agencies in that the Lansing agency
served approximately twenty per cent Catholic Little Brothers
and eighty per cent Protestant Little Brothers, whereas
Oakland County served approximately fifty per cent Catholic
Little Brothers and fifty per cent Protestant Little Brothers.

In studying the age range of the Little Brother, the
authors classified the ages into two groupings: boys "twelve
and under" and boys ”thirteen and over.” As Table 9 indicates,
there was a majority of boys in the latter group. Three l
agencies, Lansing, Midland, and Oakland County, served a
majority of boys in the older age range. Detroit and Saginaw
had a heavier emphasis on the lower age range. The remaining
two agencies, Dearborn and Flint, had fairly equal represen-
tation of the two groups.

Table 10 shows the active cases of the seven Big
Brother agencies from 1953 to 1958. For purposes of this
study a case is considered to be the one-to-one relationship.

Every agency but one showed a yearly increase in the number

26

of cases served. The exception to this was Flint, which had

a decrease of four cases in 1958.

TABLE 8

RACE, RELIGION OF LITTLE BROTHERS, SEVEN MICHIGAN
BIG BROTHER AGENCIES, 1957

 

 

 

Agencies Race . Religion

Total white Negro Total Cath. Jew. Prot.

Total 353 303 50 353 111 l 2hl
Dearborn 25 25 O 25 7 O 18
Detroit 67 ‘ 33 3h 67 o 0 67a
Flint as 42 6 1:8 48" o o
Lansing 68 65 3 68 9 O 59
Midland 38 38 o 38 9 o 29
Oakland County 47 he 3 47 16 l 30
Saginaw 60 56 4 60 22 O 38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

aServes Protestants only.

bServes Catholics only.

Data gathered by the questionnaire indicated that the
closing of cases in Big Brother agencies tended to be related
to four major factors: unwillingness of Little Brother or
Little Brother's family to continue service, a change in the
Little Brother's family status (father returns, mother

remarries, family moves, etc.), Little Brother outgrew program

27

TIBLE 9

AGE RARGEB, LITTLE BROTHERfl. SEVEN
MICHIGAN BIG BROTHER AGENCIES,

 

 

 

 

 

 

1957
Dearborna 15 10
Dstroit 44 23
Flint 22 26
Lansing 16 52
Midland O 38
oakland County 1 46
Saginaw 38 22

 

because of age, or Little Brother had derived maximum benefits
from the Big Brother service. The most common reason found
for closing cases was a change in the Little Brother's family
status. such as remarriege or the mother or the father's
return.to the home. Included in this change of family status
‘was the possibility of the Little Brother‘s family moving.
Another reason sometimes given for the closing of cases was
discontinuance'by the Big Brother because of'soving or becos~
ing too busy.

28

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 10
ACTIVE CASES, SEVEN MICHIGAN BIG BROTHER AGENCIES,
1953-58
3? IL Oakland
Y Dearborn Detroit Flint Lansing Midland County Saginaw
car No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of
Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases

Total 56 319 169 349 126 183 60‘
1953 O 18 ll 9 O O -
1954 O 22 19 65 O 6 -
1955 O #2 27 65 3 16 -
1956 -b so 32 6h 22 21 -
1957 23 67 he 67 58 an 60
1958 33 120 38 79 65 96 -

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘1953 to 1957 and 1958 unavailable.
bUnavailable.

Since the basic philosophy of Big Brother work is the
one-to-one relationship, the authors felt that a comparison
between number of Little Brothers and number of‘Big Brothers

should be made. In all but

Table 11 shows this comparison.
three agencies the number of Big Brothers approximated the
number of Little Brothers. In Flint. Lansing, and Midland,
the number of Little Brothers was greater than the number or
Big Brothers, indicating a departure from the one-to~one

formula.

29

TABLE 11

NUEBER, LITTLE BROTHERS AND BIG BROTHERS
COMPARED, SEVEN MICHIGAN BIG
BROTHER AGENCIES, 1958

WWW

 

 

No. of No. of
Agencfef Little Bros. Big Bros.

Total 353 312
Dearborn 25 23
Detroit 67 55
Flint 48 4°
Lansing 68 59
Midland 38 29
Oakland County 47 44
Saginaw 6O 59

 

 

 

Administratigg_Zroeedureg

Written Report;

Only three of the agencies studied required that the
Big Brother make formalized written reports on a regular basis
regarding the activities conducted. the progress of the
relationship, and any other areas that the Big Brother feels
would be helpful. The agencies that require this are Detroit,
Flint, and Lansing.

Matching
An integral aspect of the Big Brother program, after

30

Big Brothers and Little Brothers have been accepted for ser-
vice, is the matching of the Big Brother and Little Brother.
All agencies believe that the matching of the Big Brother and
Little Brother should be on a basis that will facilitate a
positive and effective relationship. Varying criteria were
used by the agencies studied. Graph 1 indicates the areas
considered. The criteria used most generally were racial and
religious factors. In descending order the following factors
were considered and utilized: geographical location, person-
ality, mutual interests, hobbies, comparative age, socio-

economic, family size, cultural, intuitional, and intelligence.

Frecmencl of Contact

An effort was made to learn of the frequency of con—
tacts that all Big Brothers had with their Little Brothers
during a given month. Tables 12 and 13 illustrate both the
number of contacts made and the number of Big Brothers making
these contacts. Table 12 gives a specific breakdown of these
contacts, showing each agency. Table 13 presents an over-view
of the combined contacts of all agencies. More than sixty-four
per cent of all the Big Brothers had three or more contacts
in the given month. There were, however, one hundred five
Big Brothers (thirtyafive per cent) who saw their Little

Brothers twice or less during the given month.

31

GRAPH 1

FREQUENCY OF MATCHING FACTORS, SEVEN MICHIGAN
BIG BROTHER AGENCIES, 1959

Factors

_._

No. of Agencies Using Factor

 

O 1 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 9 10

 

Racial
Religion

Geographical
Location

Personality
Mutual Interests
Hobbies
Comparative Age
Sociochonomic
Family Size
Cultural
Intuitional

Intelligence

 

32

TABLE 12

FREQUENCY OF CONTACTS MADE BY BIG BROTHERS, SEVEN MICHIGAN
BIG BROTHER AGENCIES, MARCH, 1958

.g - -~.4\-'- . :»'L ..- cu. —_—a~“1-.o.--u'~—~u- .r- . _ . «4.1.- --

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘“"“§agt.r .1 Big Brother; 8} at..t;..; ot””
Agencies A 5 Contacts in Month _g
Total One Two Three Four Five orMore
Total 295 44 61 71 95 24
Dearborn 28 3 5 A 16 0
Detroit 120 20 30 10 #5 15
Flint 23 5 A 9 3
Lansing . 52 7 8 10 20 7
Midland1
Oakland County 72 9 14 38 ll 0
Saginaw2
1Unavailable
2Unavailable
TABLE 13

BIG BROTHER CONTACTS, SEVEN MICHIGAN
BIG BROTHER AGENCIES, MARCH, 1958

v- .-

         

 

 

as: or oentget.““t.r“o.et‘ t§;;.t gig“ar.ts.r.
Total ‘ 100.0 295

One 14.9 Ah

Two 20.7 61

Three 24.1 71

Four 32.2 95

Five or More 8.1 2A

 

 

 

Community Relationships

The boys served by the Big Brother agencies in this
study came from several referral sources, as indicated in
Table 11. Most of the referrals came from parents of Little
Brothers, social work agencies, and schools.

Table 14 indicates the number and per cent of referrals
received by the six Big Brother agencies from various resources
in the community. Sixty per cent of the referrals came from
three sources: the Juvenile courts, schools, and social
work agencies. Fifty-one per cent of the referrals came from
schools and social work agencies. This is viewed as an
indication that the services offered are being utilised
chiefly by personnel who are in a position to understand,
utilize, and evaluate Big Brother services. It is also
significant that twenty-seven per cent of the referrals came
from the parents of Little Brothers. This is viewed as being
constructive and positive in that parents learn of the service
and seek the service of their Big Brother agency.

Table 15 reveals the referrals from six Big Brother
agencies to other community resources. Three agencies did
not make any referrals. Three agencies referred Little
Brothers to other agencies, i.e.. guidance clinics. schools,
social work agencies, etc.

The questionnaire asked the Directors of the Big

Brother agencies to comment on their community relationships

34

and on special problems with which they were concerned. All
of then reported that their agencies enjoyed a positive
relationship with the other agencies in the community. This
was evidenced by the several agencies with which they worked
and from whom they received referrals. Individual Directors
have expressed the feeling that they see the Big Brother
agency as part of a cooperative team, offering total welfare

services to the community.

TABLE 14

REFERRALS RECEIVED, SIX? MICHIGAN
BIG BROTHER AGENCIES, 1958

 

 

m
Total 100 252
Child Clinics 4 10
Juvenile Division, Police 3 6
Juvenile Division, Court 9 23
Parents 27 68
Schools 29 74
Social Berk Agencies 22 57
Miscellaneousb 6 14

 

 

 

aDetroit is excluded because available
referral figures include other than Little
Brothers.

bIncludes friends of family, Health
. Department, Board members, etc.

35

TABLE 15

REFERRALS, 31x“ MICHIGAN BIG BROTHER
AGENCIES, 1958

Referrals to

Agencies Other Agencies

Total . . . . . . . . . . 27
Dearborn . . . . . . . . . . 8
Flint . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lansing . . . . . . . . . . O
hidland . . . . . . . . . . 0
Oakland County . . . . . . . . . . 17
Saginaw . . . . . . . . . . 0

Detroit referrals could not be used
because they included those other than for Big
Brother service.

The questionnaire also revealed that the Directors of
the Big Brother agencies in the study found difficulty in
recruiting a sufficient number of Big Brothers. Because of
this prevailing problem, the agencies of‘necessity must find
ways to obtain Big Brothers. This invariably involved a
recruitment program of one type or another. Various media
were utilized. The active Big Brothers were found to be the
major source of recruitment of other Big Brothers. Board
members also contributed in this area. Mass communication
via television, radio, and newspaper was commonly utilised.

Speaking engagements by the executives and staff‘members were

also found to be productive. Each agency may find that a

36

particular area was fruitful in recruiting Big Brothers,
depending upon the community or the particular circumstances

of the agency. Although recruitment of Big Brothers was an
over—all problem, it was found that the primary difficulty

lay in recruiting from racial, religious, and cultural minority
groups. For example. difficulty has been experienced in
tapping the Catholic, Lutheran, and Negro segments of the

community.

CHAPTER III
CONCLUSIONS

The information in the Over-All Study indicates a
general effort on the part of the Big Brother agencies in
Michigan to meet national standards established by Big
Brothers of America, with whom all but two of the agencies
are affiliated. Michigan has more member agencies affiliated

with the national organization than any other state.1

Characteristics of the Professional Staff

Most of the Michigan agencies are relatively new.
Their staffs are small. The data gathered show, however,
that an annual increase in the size of the professional staff
has taken place in each agency except Flint. This would seem
to imply community acceptance of the work done by the
Executive Directors and their staffs in the respective Big
Brother agencies.

Professional staff qualifications are moving toward
the recommended standards of the national agency. which list
Igraduation from an accredited School of Social Work as the
best training for a professional worker in a Big Brother

 

1Speech by Mr. Hank Royfe, Director of Programs and
Services, Big Brothers of America, Inc.. given at the Sixth
Annual State Big Brothers Convention, April 18, 1959.

37

38

association.1

Four of the seven agencies now have on their
staff at least one member with a Master's of Social Work

degree.

Characteristics of the BigBrother
Host of the Big Brothers come from the business and
professional occupations, although there is some representation
from all occupational groupings. The reason for the preponder-
ance of business and professional groups may be that either
these groups identify more with the Big Brother program or

that recruitment is concentrated in this direction.

Qharacteristics of the Little Brother
The boys served by the Big Brother agencies studied
represent various age groupings, races, religious faiths, and

economic strata.2

The ages of the Little Brothers served by
these agencies are important in regard to the potential
effectiveness of the service. It seems safe to assume that the
potentialities for effectiveness are greater with younger

boys. The figures indicate, however, that the number of
Little Brothers in the younger age range (twelve and under)

was fifty per cent less than the number who were thirteen and
over. The Big Brother agencies studied thus tended to work

with boys in the older age range. This was not true of all

 

13cc Appendix A.

2”Eoonomic strata" included because of relevancy to
Little Brother characteristics. Information obtained from
interview used for Part II.

39

agencies, however.

The Big Brother agencies studied. in most instances,
tended to adhere to the recommendation of the national office
that a one-to-one relationship be provided the Little Brother.
However, three agencies were departing to some extent from

the recommended standards.

Administrative Procedures

The essence of Big Brother work on the practical
level is the contact, over a period of time, between the Big
Brother and the Little Brother. The Big Brother agencies in
Michigan show a high degree of activity between the Big and
Little Brothers. The over-all average contacts per month
were well above the recommended minimum requirements set
forth by the national office.1

All the Big Brother agencies studied were in agreement
as to which factors should be considered in matching Big
Brothers with Little Brothers. The criteria which they used

were compatible with those recommended by the national office.2

Community Relationships
The Directors of the agencies studied reported positive
and effective relationships with the community and in the

community. This evaluation was supported by the data, showing

 

15cc Appendix A.

28cc Appendix A.

no

substantial numbers of referrals from schools and social
agencies. On the other hand, the Big Brother agencies made
very few referrals to other agencies.

All of the agencies reported a problem in recruiting
Big Brothers to meet the demand for the large number of Little
Brothers referred to them. All had active recruitment pro-
grams. It may be that the efforts were not in the right
areas or not extensive enough. Additional needs and resources
may be needed to facilitate an increase in Big Brother

recruiting.

PART II

IPTENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THVEE MICHIGAN
FIG EROTHEQ AGENCIES

This part of the study is the direct result of data
gathered through interviews with the three directors of the
agencies studied intensively.

Part II is related to Part I, but it is more intensive
and studies philosOphy and method of operation of Big Brother
work reflected by the three agencies.

To complete this intensive analysis, each of the
three authors took responsibility for the study of one of the
three Big Brother agencies. Chapters IV, V, and VI present
and analyze the data gathered regarding these agencies. Each
chapter is a complete unit. Areas which overlap with portions
of Part I were not excluded from these chapters. This enables
the reader to View the program of each agency.

Chapter VII is a comparison of these three agencies.
Included also in Chapter VII are conclusions based on the

data presented in Chapters IV, V. and VI.

CHILL? TE "1 I V

DETWOIT CHURCH YOUTH SEWVICE, IECCéPCTATED

Eistory
The establishment of Detroit Church Youth Service,

Incorporated, dates back to 1932 when the Episcopal City
Mission Society placed a part-time chaplain at the Wayne
County Juvenile Court and Detention Home.1 The chaplain's
work consisted of counseling Protestant boys and girls
admitted to the Detention Home, occasionally participating in
the planning for cases handled by the court. In 1938 the
EpiscOpal City Mission Society put this work on a fu1l-time
basis.

In 1940 this work was expanded by the chaplain by
recruiting volunteer men and women to help him. There was an
increasing number of referrals from the Court and the Detroit
Police Department for help with boys and girls. The plan of

using volunteer men and women was in some ways similar to the

I !

Rig Erother hovement. The terms “Big Brother’ and "Big Sister'

were used to describe the men and women who were assigned by
the chaplain as sponsors to the boys and girls. In 19h2 this

work was formalized with the title "The Protestant Big Brother

1"50me Descriptive Notes on Church Youth Service."

(Detroit: Church Youth Service, Inc.. 1955), p. 1.

42

and Tic Elston Service of Dot oit." nt this tin; the
Conrunity Cficst (lcton: Jnitefi Comm nity Services) heron
cirfin" finnnciel ossiStencc. Durinfl subsoouont veers on

. .1. 1. l-‘ .9, . - .. , 7 - . .-
assistant 01.9. flesh and two woren (no he‘s) we e panes to t7 e

The onerotion, nolicies, one records of the various

.9

passes of the wont woes unified ans centralizcfi in lDFO unfier

Pa
:3

on Executive Di octo . Plans were foenulctofl to proviso

a non cc‘cmmto onsowol souvice by inClOO sit-1;" the nurflre‘" of

nro We sion rlly tWRinofi woukous on the staff one 7? the

U

inc cocoa use of accent cfl casework nethcéo. Deferrcls from

'"J

arcncios othe“ than the court Rnfi1.'O]lC@ Dcnartront wens
oncou“s¢oa. Clcolcincy wowk st the Detention Cone was con-
tinued. This roor"cniu.tion who imnlorcn on so that tre
croncy's work could he on a rcze orovontive basis and loss of
a sunnlorontery court service. In lOFS the agency novcfi out
a; ;”o court huildinr but retains i an office there for the
stsff chenlsin. Pcceuse the nrincincl function of the crency
was to nfiovific nrofccsioncl ctucwonh, the name of the service
woo cheered fnon "Protestant C13 Crothon and Ti: Sis ter

’3
Scrrico" to "Church Youth service."“ ,It was i_c onnorstefi in

1??” Incroo F sunno t from the Unitofl Community Services

 

 

 

AA

made it possible to increase staff positions from four in 1950

to thirteen in 1955.

Structure

 

In 1953 Detroit was admitted as an affiliate of the
his Brothers of America. In this same year work was begun on
a broadening of the organizational structure. Plans were made
to secure increased cosperation from all Protestant and
‘Crthodox denominations by bringing the agency into the
Detroit Council of Churches. t was felt that this would
broaden the financial support of the work and encourage closer
cOOperation between the agency and the parish churches in the
agency's work with children. An affiliation with the Detroit
Council of Churches resulted in 19511.1 Detroit became a ser-
vice unit of the Council of Churches but continued to be a
corporation with the Operation remaining in the hands of its
own Board of Trustees. The agency's budget is also separate
from that of the Council of Churches.

The affiliation with big Brothers of America,
Incorporated, is viewed by the agency as being beneficial.

The membership fee is one hundred dollars a year. The
national Big Brother office sends its affiliates printed
material covering various areas of his Brother work. Such
literature is helpful for publicity, especially during Big

drother week. The national office also sets up a National

 

W

11pm.

Inn—u..-

Conference. A significant service offered by the national
office is its assistance to smaller agencies or to communities
in the process of establishing Eig Brother agencies.

Detroit is also a member of the Fichigan welfare
League, the National Conference on Social Welfare, and the
United Community Services of Detroit. As noted in Part I of
this study, this agency is also a member of the State

Federation of Fig Brother Agencies.

Einancial Support

 

Until 1942 the Episc0pal City fiission Society had
paid all expenses of the agency's work. From that date
increasing support has come from United Community Services.
In 1955 Detroit's budget was divided into two parts. The
smaller part, called the Church Budget, is for the salaries
of the clergy and their related eXpenses.1 The money raised
for this budget comes from church groups and individuals.
Last year fifteen thousand dollars was raised in this manner
to support the Chaplaincy Service. Detroit Commandry ho. 1
of the Knights Templar currently contributes for the support
of one chaplain.

The larger budget, called the General Budget, covers
all other agency expenses, including all office maintenance,
salaries, and related eXpenses of the social work and clerical

staff. This is paid entirely by the Torch Drive Funds through

 

lIbid., p. 2.

1‘.-
ex

United Community Services. The Rig Brother and Big Sister
programs are paid for, entirely, 1y United Community Services.
Approximately eighty thousand dollars was given to Detroit

last year by United Community Services.

Organization

 

Defore looking at the Rig Erother program, Specifically,
it would seem necessary to examine the larger agency,
structurally, of which it is a part. Decause of Detroit's
rather unique organization, this would seem especially
apprOpriate. Although affiliated with the Detroit Council of
Churches, Detroit Operates autonomously. It has a Board of
Trustees consisting of not less than twenty-four nor more than
forty-five elected trustees. The Board is constituted as
follows:

"1. A representative of each of the major Protestant
and Crthodox denominations, not less than twelve
nor more than thirty-three.

"2. A representative from each of eight organizations
having special interests in the work: Police
youth hureau, Women’s Division of the Detroit
Police, Kayne County Juvenile Court, Protestant
hen of Detroit, United Church women, 213
Brothers, Big Sisters, and Detroit Council of
Churches.

"3. Seven trustees at large elected by the Board."1

From the Board of Trustees there is designated an Executive

Committee not to exceed fifteen members. This committee shall

have and may exercise the powers of the Board of Trustees in

M

133.13. , p. 2.

the manager ent of the business and affairs of the corporation,
and may have power to authorize the seal of the corporation
to be affixed to all papers which may reouire it.1 Provisions
are also made for standing connittees to be selected from the
Board of Trustees in the areas of nomination, onerations,
budflet, finance, and public infoemction. The members of the
Hoard a~e not active, generally, in the work of the agency --

r of the Fig lrothe prorram. However, certain nembers do,
unon occcsion, help in various phases of the agency work.
members, for example, holes the Rig Erother
arenran in the areas of recruitment of Pig Brothers

TZe agency itself, is a Protes ant agency offering

three types of service: social caseworh,1 .13 Trothe r and Di"
Sister service, and Chaplaincy service. The basis and
philosonry for the total agency oneratien is Christian case—
work. As its title imnlies Church Youth Service places a
rajor cmnhasis on helninn Pro estant evs and cirls who are
experiencing difficulty at home, in school, or wiih the
police. The serents or relatives of these children are also

given assistance in helping the child resolve his difficulties.

I_’.‘

iic Ero tiess and Dig Sisters are as sicned when a child
needs a friendly, continuing rela onchin wit‘ an adult. The
Fix Erothers and Dig Sisters are me tu:~e, Protestant, Detroit

men and women Who have an earnest desire to help youngsters.

 

Ibid., p. A

mfi~

1

48

The Chaplaincy Service consists of two Protestant
chaplains assigned to Kayne County Juvenile Court and Detention
Home. The chaplain assures each child of the church's concern.
They also interview and counsel children when they come to the
Detention Home. worship services are conducted every Sunday
for children in the Detention Home.

A total staff of eighteen peeple administer the above-
mentioned services. The Executive Director is responsible for
the total administration of Church Youth Service. To assist
him he has a Supervisor of Volunteers (Big Brothers and Big
Sisters), two chaplains, a Casework Supervisor, eight case-
uorkers, and an office (clerical, etc.) staff of five

1
persons.

Professional Staff
is indicated by the structural organisation of Church
Youth Service, Eig Brother work is only a segment of the total
service offered. Boys and girls with behavior problems (snl
their families) are referred from a variety of sources.2
The agency workers offer casework service as indicated by the
indiviouel situation. During his contacts the worker is able

to utilize all agency resources to facilitate the service.

Should the client he a boy in need of male identification

 

w—-————.—.— w *—

1See Chart 1.

r3
“Referral information presented in CLapter II (Over-
All Study).

CHART 1
AoriCK a can "A”IO CBU‘TCH yours :22v102, Incorvo Arno.
DST CIT, IICHIGAH, BAZCU, 1959

.

 

 

 

I BOA D or fi‘USTRJn-(?b to A5) ]

owm

 

w

_A___

[: "figaczrrlnn: occ‘ I"‘”AJ (15)‘]

"m

:Ifcrvtv"‘"
1317:3301" 0,. ]—-1:CT.ERICAL STAFF (57]

—-——‘

 

 

 

R

,_l _ -- ]

cuAyyl3 cv cactuozn SUPERVISOR
Q) ---- sontyisot ---- or
VOLUNTEERS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l .

W, abbreviation for Jorker (caseworker).
2 fl ,
1B, abbreviation for gig Brother.
3

118, abbreviation for Fir Sister.

k}

Source: Hr. Jerome ates, Executive Director, Church Youth
Service. Inc.. Detroit, r1ch.. rarer. 1999.

 

(along with other factors) the agency Bi: Brother program is
utilized. From initial nonlication for this service through
active Fig Brother-Little Brotlher activity, there is coo: fl7istion
between the oririnel caseworker, the Casework Sunsrvisor, the

Sunervisor of Volunteers, and the Big Brother c.se"or*er. The
Ce sev01*k Supervisor accents or rejects the Little Brother
eonlicents ans is reseonsihle for matching the Big Brother-
Little irothoe combination. The {unorviscr of Volunteers is
resoonsiele for recruiting, screeninr, and training of the
volunteer L15 Trother and Big Sister. After a Big Brother is
assigned to a Little Brother, the Fig Brother caseworker super-
vises them and is at: sile.ble if counseling is neefied. The

above explanation demonstrates the nunbor of peoole involved

in the Big Bret er ovoerti, even though only one worker is

{.4
C)
C)
J
9
...J
”3
H.
O!
;-J
(D
H
O
“‘3
cf

he cases once assigned and active. Cases ere

a

s ssir nod to the Fig Trot?- er worker when extensive caseworl is

r"

q

no lon"er noes . Provisions are made to trw Mer the case
been to the original worker if the situation Changes again one
sea isl Panelin" is recuiree. A "case" in the Big Brother
program is definofl es the active Ti; Brother-Little Brother

relationship after

C3

ssif-oent In the usual Big Brother
agency, forty or fifty cases fouls be ideal. The r13 Brother
caseworker at Detroit presently has a caseload of eighty

C98

0

. The 37¢ Trother caseworker could hsnflle up to one

\_.

hunared twenty cases because of the casework services given

:31
‘4

ty otter Cheney personnel. The original caseworker may or
may not continue to work éirectly with the client or his

q

anily, 0.75 m6ine noon the cli ent' s needs. Nearly all the

"5

['3

noncy we here, then, are involved in the Fig Frot“e r nroeren
ion onoloyine a or: "01'er Detroit attornts to find
a person with a fisster's of 80010 1 "ork coerce. Tecsuse it
is Gifficult to find persons with such decrees, tie agency
will ereloy a person with a Tachelor of Art's degree who hes

hei some casework e"ne~ience A fector other than e6ucational

and o:perience,_which is considered in ennloyinc css oworkers,

Iw-I'
I

is nelifiion. Protestant worre: are employed because of the

sfrncy's ?:otestent orientation and affiliation. Tie policy
of enploying persons with Fsster's of Sec is il Work decrees
(if on Lincoln) is found in see ncy standsrcs end in the

stanflsrfis estaolished ty national Fig Trothers.

r
5
(D
O
7")

Detroit's heels for 1959 is "to increase the ratio of st

(‘3

ff
mentors rolfiing t? e 11. Mer 's decree in social work even if

a - . - 1 D * CD I- w .-\ {'1
it means carrying a vacancy for several nestle.

I

{T‘e T in" T‘rrflflier*

 

.5

Ron volwntee: ion fiifi firsther wovk for various

*1
7‘)
"J
C .l
C)
'25
:1
Q

:{J
.3
1'

Me6 or innliefi hy the Fig Trether, tie

axocutive Director at Detroit believes trat the main (positive)

1 s
"Annual tenort," (Detroit: Church Youth Service, Inc.,
193?), n. 3.

 

1. £13 trother work fills a lack in their own lives.

2. There is a religious motivation to do Big Brother
work.

3. A man who has no children of his own.

A. They went to do something for somebody -— to help
somebody.

Although any one or combinations of the above might quality a
person for Big Brother work, there are five basic requirements
which must be present in the applicant. He should have high
moral character, be a member in a Christian Church, be willing
to have an.engsgement with a boy (Little Brother) on an
average of once a week, be willing to work with a boy in
cOOperation with an agency caseworker, and be willing to
attend a one-session orientation course for prospective Big
Brothers.1

It is eXpected that some men might have negative
reasons or motivations for wanting to become Pig Brothers.
These reasons are the criteria, ordinarily, for not accepting
an applicant.‘ Such reasons include drug addiction, police
record, homosexuality, week personality, and a neurotic need
to use the child. All of these factors and others are
considered when the applicant is screened for subsequent Fig
Brother work. The significant point is that any characteristic
of an applicant which might tend to have an unhealthy effect

1"A Brief Description," (Detroit: Church Youth Service,
1110.). p. 3. ,

53

or influence on the Little Brother is thought of as a factor
requiring denial of the person's application. The age of the
applicant or the number of children that he has are not
ordinarily considered as delimiting factors. Relatives of
Little Erothers are not accepted as Big Brothers for the
Little Brother, as it is believed that a relative might not
be objective and would also be subject to influence from the
Little Brother's mother.

The recruitment of Big Brothers is an over-all problem
in most Fig Brother agencies. Detroit is no exception to this
generally prevailing situation. Various means of recruitment
have been utilized by Detroit in its recruitment program.
Appearances by the Executive Director, Board members, and
staff members on television and radio programs, accounts of
the agency's work in the newspapers, and staff participation
in community and university activities have brought much
favorable publicity, resulting in a number of well-qualified
Detroit men volunteering their services to the Fig Prother
program. one of the chief sources of Big Brothers has been
through work with church men's groups. More recently this
has been an area showing less response. Two new areas of
recruitment are expected to bring results. These areas are
the unions and Detroit Commandry lo. 1, Knights Templar.

A screening process is used by the agency to determine
whether or not a volunteer applicant meets the qualifications

necessary for Eig Brother work. This process, briefly,

5h

involves the receiving of the application, which, among other
things, asks for references. Usually, three of these refer-
ences are contacted for purposes of better evaluating the
character and potential of the applicant to do Big Brother
work. The applicant is interviewed by a caseworker (Supervisor
of Volunteers). If he has any question about the person, he
checks with the Police Department and possibly the man's
employer or clergyman. On the basis of these procedures a
decision is made by the Supervisor of Volunteers as to the
acceptability of the applicant for Big Brother work.

Once a volunteer has been approved as a potential Big
Brother, he is asked to participate in a two-hour training
session. At this session he is given a more detailed intro~
duction to the work which he will bedoing as a Dig Brother.
Usually, color slides describing Big Brother work are shown.
A history of Detroit Church YOuth Service is also given.

Some of the dynamics of individual and group work approaches
are presented. Added to these is a presentation of the
realistic side of Big Brother work, along with some "do's and
don't's" of being a Big Brother. Friendship is stressed as
the therapy involved in the Big Brother-Little Brother
relationship. Most importantly, the volunteer is given ample
Opportunity to withdraw should he be so inclined. The
Supervisor of Volunteers is responsible for the recruiting

and training of Big Brothers. As in other areas, staff

55

members assist in this work. In 1958 a total of twenty-three
training sessions were held.

The Big Brother is encouraged to include his own
family, occasionally, in his relationship with the Little
Brother, after a few months when the basic relationship has
been established. Teing invited to the Big Brother's home
may be a revelation to the Little Brother of a new kind of
home. It is possible that a Little Brother could become
exploited, e.g., work for the Big Brother’s family. Cccurrence
of this is rare and can be checked for by staff personnel. -

It is eXpected that the Big Brother will be in contact
with the Little Brother's family, but he is cautioned to avoid
becoming involved in family difficulties. The family of the
Little Brother is seen by the Executive Director as being
(possibly) affected in three ways by the Big Brother-Little
Brother relationship. On occasion the mother of the Little
Brother becomes "interested in“the Big Brother" in a romantic
way. Sometimes the mother accepts the Big Brother and later
rejects him. This may be due to jealousy or other personal
needs. If there are other children in the home, there might
be evidence of sibling rivalry caused by the attention given
to the Little Brother. These difficulties are resolved,
usually, by the caseworker or possibly by the Big Brother in
collaboration with the worker. If a family problem does

exist, referral is made to a family agency.

U1
0\

Although cautioned in his training not to do so, the
Big Brother occasionally becomes over-involved with the Little
Erother or his family, or goes beyond the volunteer role, i.e.,
attempting to counsel. In such an instance the caseworker
might attempt counseling the Big Brother. If this doesn't
prove satisfactory, another Big Brother might be assigned to
the particular Little Prother or the case might be terminated.
The incidence of this type of situation is relatively low at
Detroit.

Although not too involved in the other work of the
agency or the Rig Erother program, the Big Brother occasionally
assists in such areas as public relations, recruiting, "leg"
work, business connections, and gifts to the agency. It is
noted that one of the E13 Erothers is represented on the anrd
of Trustees. Others, not Big Erothers but interested in the
program, assist the agency in other volunteer capacities.

Reasons which Big Brothers give for becoming inactive
or discontinuing the relationship are various. The main
reasons given are presented below:

1. Moving from city.

2. Assignment completed; not interested in another
case.

3. Increased Job demands.
4. Big Brother work is too time—consuming.
5. Fig Brother program is not what was eXpected.

6. Change in marital status.

A lengthy explanation of the above reasons does not seem
indicated. It is eXpected that men will have to "drop out"
for these and other reasons. Whatever the reason, a Big
Brother is not encouraged by the staff to continue if he

cannot, or feels he cannot, continue the work.

The little Frother

 

Although such thinrs as age and the family's willing-
ness for service are considered before accepting a boy for
Big Brother service, the essential criteria are the boy's
capacity for relationship and the fact that he has not found
or does not have sufficient male identification. It should
be noted again that no situation comes to Detroit as a Big
Brother case. Actually, the situation is approached on a
casework basis. Only later, after appropriate evaluation of
the situation has been made and casework has been offered,
is an inter-agency referral made to the Big Brother program.
Hot all cases that come to Detroit indicate a need for Big
Brother service. host often a Little Erother does not have a
father in the home. If he does, he still may he accepted for
service provided he demonstrates a real need for it. The
agency does not offer this service, though, without the father's
permission. In the past, most of the children accepted by the
agency for service had committed some particular offense. This
ras because of the fact that lack of staff and an over-abundant

number of referrals necessitated giving attention to the more

UT
U)

serious situations. At present a boy will be accepted for E13
Brother service who has not evidenced a difficulty in the home,
school, or community. Again, it is understood that he must
have a capacity for relationship and a need for male identi-
fication. Service is not denied to an applicant on the basis
of race or national origin. Since Detroit is a Protestant
agency, it is expected that the Little Brother will be
Protestant. host of the families who request Big Brother
service are without adequate financial means. Host of these
families fall into the upper-lower class, with the next
largest group being the lower-middle.

The Little Brother is oriented to the Big Brother
Program during the casework process. This orientation may be
begun as soon as it appears that the boy would benefit from
such service. Cf course, this interpretation is given only
if the boy is eligible for service and indicates a desire
for a £13 Erother. Once the boy is accepted a suitable com-
bination is found through the matching process.1 After this,
that‘Eig Brother selected who would seem most likely to
facilitate a warm positive relationship is introduced to the
Little Frother and vice—versa. Usually, the caseworker, Big
Brother, and Little Erother meet at the agency office, the
boy's home, or at a soda bar for purposes of introduction.

This initial introduction may be as long or short as seems

1399 over-All Study for further data on the matching
process.

comfortable to them. At this first meeting the Big Brother
and Ihittle Brother make a date for a subsequent meeting, and
the Irelationship has begun.

The activities of the Pig Brother and Little Brother
are <3etermined on a mutual basis and are strictly up to them.
The. agency does encourage wholesome, well-rounded activities.
It salso makes available tickets for various community
thrustions, along with the availability of other community
resources. The agency does ask that the Big; Tlrother contact
hiss Little hrother at least two or three times a month. He is
alzso encouraged to call the Big Brother office once a month
1“) let the caseworker know of their current progress,
Birtivities, etc. Other points of importance are mentioned by
Ekstroit to the Big Brother regarding his relationship with
}1113 Little Brother or their activities. The Big Brother is

Elslted to encourage the Little Erother in the diligent practice
of his religious faith, to share a hobby with him, to let him
613 something for the Big Brother, to have him meet some of
tJne Big Brother's friends, and to be patient and understanding
(Bf the Little Frother and his problems.

If the Little Frother seems resistant, unresponsive,
or withdraws, the agency or the caseworker may attempt several
approaches. He might talk to the Little Brother to determine
the area of difficulty. From this talk the worker may find
that counseling is needed. If so, the Pig Brother-Little

Brother relationship may or may not continue. If the

60

relationship does not seem to be an effective one, the worker
may assign another Big Brother. A last possibility would be
terminating the case. Detroit has had a low incidence of this
type of situation.

It is difficult to measure the effectiveness of the
Big Brother-Little Brother relationship. The Executive
Director believes the relationship is effective if it is a
good, objective relationship, if the boy is not repeating
previous behavior, and if the boy is happy. The agency is
convinced of the validity and effectiveness of Big Brother
work. Very few of the children assigned to volunteers ever

1 Detroit finds that there is a

have a new police contact.
relationship between the age of the Little Brother and the
effectiveness of the relationship. Tie younger ages are found
to he most effective (eight to twelve) whether the boy has
evidenced an overt problem (law breaking, etc.) or not. The
Executive Director believes that the younger boy is more

flexihle and more amenable to the therapy of friendship and

relationship with a Big Brother.

Group Activities

 

Detroit does not have group activities for the Big
Brother and Little Brother. The Director would like to imple-

ment a program of group activities, but is presently unable

 

1"Annual Report." (Detroit: Church Youth Service, Inc.,
1958). n. 4-

61

to do so because of lack of fUnds. The use of group activities
is viewed as helpful and significant but still secondary to
the one-to-one relationship of the Big Brother and Little

Brother.

Community *elationships

 

Staff members make referrals to other agencies when
the Little Brother or his family indicate a need for a service
not offered by Detroit. The agency has the use of its own
caseworkers and the services of a psychologist to meet many
of the presenting problems. Referrals are made to other
agencies for psychiatric treatment and group work. host often
these referrals are made shortly after intake. They are
"caught" in the intake process before a Big Brother is assigned,
thus eliminating subsequent difficulties in the Big Brother-
Little Brother relationship. Detroit works in close
association with the Children's Center, Young Yen's Christian
Association, Young women's Christian Association, Family
Service Association, and the churches of Detroit. These
agencies offer counseling, casework, and group work (Young
Men's Christian Association, Young Women's Christian
Association) in assistance of the work of Detroit. Other
agencies that c00perate closely with this agency are the
Detroit Police Department, the Juvenile Court, and the Board
of Education.

The Director believes that Detroit enjoys excellent

C“
H)

community relationship and acceptance. The Director and his
staff carry on an extensive public relations program in the
community. The public relations and publicity procedures of
the agency are based on the feeling that the public needs to
be made more aware of the agency's program and how they (the
public), as individuals, can help the lonely or troubled
children of Detroit.

Television and radio appearances, along with newspaper
accounts of the agency's work, have brought favorable
publicity. In 1953 forty-seven lectures were given. At
these lectures an explanation and interpretation was given
of his Brother-Pig Sister work and of the work of Detroit.
The Supervisor of Volunteers attended sixty-three luncheons
as a guest or speaker.

An interview with Miss Rose Fine, caseworker in the
Information and Referral Center of the Detroit Community
Services Council indicated that Detroit is a definite asset
to the community -- well known, well accepted, and well used.
Fany community and state leaders have noted the service
offered by this agency. State Supreme Court Justice George
Edwards has recognized that, when children first begin to get
into trouble with the law, Detroit, through its Big Brothers

or Fig Sisters, may play a decisive role.1

1"A Solution for Juvenile Delinquency," (Detroit:
Church Youth Service, Inc.). Do 8.

Perhaps the real indication of the community acceptance
and community relationship of this agency is the high volume
of referrals made from various community agencies. The
recognition of the work of Detroit in the community is further
indicated by the fact that, recently, followinr e:haustive_
appraisal by fund-raising and allocating organizations, the
agency was asked by United Community Services to expand and

was given enough money to employ additional staff.

BIG BROTHERS OF LAfiSING, INCUKPOKATVD

Eiptory

Historically, the Big Brothers of Lansing, Incorporated,
dates back to 1950. At that time, mostly due to the enthusiasm
of Kiss Clarissa Young of the Lansing Police Department and
Dwight Rich, Superintendent of Schools in Lansing, plus mem-
bers of the Exchange Club, the Big Brother movement began to
grow roots in the community. The before-mentioned peeple
heard about the Flint Youth Bureau and Journeyed to that city
two or three times to observe and learn about the operation
of Flint's Big Brother program, the Flint Youth Bureau. They
were very impressed and wanted to begin a similar program in
Lansing. A year later, in 1951, they did move into a "part—
time" Fig Erother program in that Harvin Beekman served as a
part-time Director and handled referrals and recruitment from
1951 to 1953. Fr. Beekman was employed in Special Education
in the Lansing school system. Rev. Father John Slowey,
Director of Catholic Social Service, was called upon to train
volunteer Big Brothers, and he performed this duty from 1951
to 1953.

The program was part of the Lansing school system,

and, other than training, handling of referrals, and

64

55

recruitment, the agency could not offer anything further, such
as supervision or continued service and follow-up work. A
prominent layman, Fr. Richard Herman, was quite influential
in trying to interest the peeple in the community in a more
professional type of agency with a full-time Director. Finally,
in hovember of 1953, the R. E. Olds Foundation paid half the
cost of a full-time Director, and the lensing Board of Education
paid the remaining fifty per cent.

hr. Durton Swone was hired as the first Director in
November, 1953. He worked in the hoard of Education building
but found that, as the program was associated with the school
system, the boys needing the services of the Big Brother pro-
gram would not come in. Therefore, in 1956, small quarters
were rented at 116 Lapeer Street in downtown Lansing. In
1957 the office was moved to its present location at
223 North Pine Street, and these quarters are most suitable
and adequate for their needs. Also, in 1956 the agency was
partially affiliated with the United Community Chest of Ingham
County. Since 1956 there has been a decrease in the financial
grant from the E. E. Olds Foundation and the Board of Education,
and in 1956 the entire budget for the program was split three
ways, with the R. E. Clds Foundation, the Board of Education,
and the United Community Chest of Ingham County each making
up a third of the cost of the program. It was planned that,
by the end of 1953, the total cost of the program would be

financed by the United Community Chest of Incham County. As

(6

of January, 1959, the agency is one hundred per cent financed

by the United Community Chest of Inaham County.

(2‘4- A
t.) true sure

 

Lansing is affiliated with and holds membership in
the Eational Dig Prothers of America, the Ingham County
Community Services Council, the United Community Chest of
Ingham County, and the Family and Children's Division of the
Incham County Community Services Council. The Director,
hr. Swepe, is most interested and active in the State
Federation of Fig Brother Organizations which is being
organized. The agency views its affiliation with the National
Big Brothers of America as being quite helpful in receiving
national publicity, especially during his Brother Week, and
also being available for consultation, if necessary. As the
Lansing agency has already been established, there is not the
need for consultation which a new agency would have, and it
is in this area (the formation of a new agency) that the
national office can be most helpful.

The agency is governed by a Board of Directors which
is made up of eighteen members. In 1951, which is considered
the formation date of the agency, there were approximately
three hundred very interested citizens in the community, all
of whom were invited to take some part in the structure.
Twenty-four people sustained their interest, and they eventually

became the Board in 1955. Since that time there has been a

67

decrease from twenty-four to eighteen members. This decrease
came about as the result of a Board decision. A third of them,
or six anrd members, are from the ranks of Big Brothers, and
the remaining twelve consist of a very good cross-section of
the community, such as an attorney, a policewoman, a physician,
a clergyman, a social worker, etc. The Board has female?
representation in that they try to have at least three women
on the hoard at a time.

The Lansing agency considers only the Little Brother
as a case, and the total caseload for this agency is between
sixty and sixty—five. Lansing now has a Director and an
Assistant Director. The Director carries approximately one-
third of the total caseload, and the Assistant Director
carries two-thirds of the total. The Assistant Director was

hired in 1957.

 

Professional Staff

The necessary qualifications for a worker on the staff
of the Lansing agency are graduation.from a recognized college
with a Bachelor of Art's degree, with a major in social work,
sociology, or in the teaching field. These qualifications
are established by constitution and personnel practices
resulting from Board decision and action. The duties of staff
members are public relations, administration, supervision of
the Little Brother, as well as consultation with the Big

Brother. The Director and his assistant see the respective

68

boys on their caseload once a month, as well as conferring
with the Big Brother once a month. In addition to the preced-
ing the Big Brother is seen seminannually for a case review.
This is a very thorough conference in which the Big Brother
brings his notes to the office, and the Big Frother and the
representative from the agency review, evaluate, and plan on
matters pertaining to the Little Erothen. The Big Erothers

do not make written periodic reports to the agency; however,
they do keep a notebook in which they enter significant facts
about their periodic contacts with their Little Brothers.
These notes are found to be most helpful to the Big Brother

as well as the staff member. The mother of the Little Brother
comes to the office or is contacted approximately four times

a year for an evaluation interview. Kore interviews are
initiated if necessary. In addition to having knowledge and
skill in Big Brother work, the agency sees the necessity for
the staff members having and utilizing leadership ability,
develOping a knowledge of the community and its resources,

and participating in community service organizations such as

the Optimist Club and the Junior Chamber of Commerce.

The Bighrother

 

Lansing finds men wanting to do Big Brother work for
multiple motives. Positive motives are: some men have a
liking for boys, others are looking for a friendship relation-

ship, others find the work a challenging situation; some enter

59

into Big Brother work because of religious motivation, whereas
others (married men) who are childless find that having a
Little Brother somewhat meets their parental drive and need.
Unfortunately, not all men who inquire about and want to do
Big Prother work are motivated by the best intentions. Some
have a need to control and manipulate; some try to enter into
the work for social approval and a need for prestige; some do
it out of a drive to relive their own childhood; others are
Just plain curious; and some men are mother-dominated and want
to strike back. Finally, the latent and sometimes the active
homosexual will try to enter the organization. The agency,
through its screening process, does reject Big Brother appli-
cants and mostly because of the above-mentioned negative
motives, such as homosexuality, one seeking prestige, and one
who would be very dogmatic and controlling. Some men would be
candidates for the Big Brother program; however, they are
rejected because of other factors. These factors might be:
a man who has not received the permission and acceptance from
his spouse on entering into the program; the man who has a son
of his own between the ages of nine and thirteen; the man
whose work demands are so evident that he couldn’t devote
sufficient time to his Little Brother; and finally the married
man who does not have children and seems to be wanting to
adOpt a child, either literally or figuratively.

Lansing has a rather comprehensive screening process.

When a potential Big Brother has been contacted about Big

7O

Brother work, he is invited into the agency office and is
interviewed by the Director or the Assistant Director. If he
is satisfied with the program, and if the agency feels that
he would make a good Big Frother candidate, an appointment is
then made with the potential Pig Brother and his wife in their
home, at which time the staff person thoroughly explains the
dynamics, philosOphy, and operation of the program to the
wife, as she is considered a very vital part of the work that
her husband will be doing with a fatherless boy. Again, if
the applicant and the agency are mutually satisfied, his
application is presented before the screening committee. The
screening committee consists of a representative from the
Juvenile Division of the Police Department, a representative
from the Probate Court, a person from the school system, a
person from the active Big Brother ranks, a social worker, a
clergyman, and the two professional staff members. If further
screening is necessary, a check can.be made with the applicant's
pastor. The Police Department is always contacted to ascertain
possible morals charges against the Big Erother applicant.
when a man has been screened and approved for the
volunteer responsibility that he is about to undertake, he
enters the training phase which will equip him for Big Brother
work. The training and indoctrination course consists of two
three—hour sessions. These courses are introductions to the
social service, benevolent, and delinquency correction

organizations in the state and community who are concerned

71

with areas close to boys and boys' problems. Professional
specialists give brief explanations of the organizations they
represent. The second phase of training (on-the—Job training)
comes about as the result of monthly "let's talk it over"
periods. Attendance at these monthly meetings is on a
voluntary basis and includes one hour of formal lecture by a
specialist followed by one hour of friendly discussion.
Similar to the screening process, the matching pro-
cess also contains multiple factors. When at all possible,
the agency, in assigning and matching a Little Brother with a
Big Brother, considers religion, personality, interests,
geographic location, size of the family of both the Little
Erother and the Big Brother, and an attempt is made to match
younger Little hrothers with older Big Brothers. The reverse
is also true in that an attempt is made to assign a younger
Big Brother to an older Little Brother. The agency is not
always able to meet all these criteria in their matching, but
all of these factors are considered. The agency has not
considered or attempted to match a Little Brother and Big
Brother of different races. The agency has on occasion
assigned one Big Brother to a family in which there is more
than one boy eligible for Big Brother service. This is done
if there is no sibling rivalry and if no complications
develop. The agency does not, under any condition, assign

one man to more than two boys.

“I
h)

N

The Lsnsins acency has not has any sirnificant diffi-
culty in the recruiting of Fig frothers. The agency has

utilized a number of methods. Service clubs and church men's

clubs have been contacted by personal sneaking enrafements,

t")

as w-ll as through literature reouestinn their active partici—
pation and consideration of Sig Brother work. The local
press has been most helpful in that, on the average of four
to six times a year, trey will srite a special recruitment
article. In addition to these articles these are three or
four general news releases per year shich have recruitment
benefit. 3113, a local radio station, provides recruitment
releases throughout the year by way of spot announcements,
and they vary in frequency from one a week to as many as
thirty a week. This radio station also announces special Pig
Erother group meetings and events. VJ Y, a local television

a. 3..., . .‘_ - .n ’ .9 4.
section, Les pivena average oi two recruitment telecasts a

1.4-.4 . - 7* 1x. +~ -. , J— .J- a" *a- M .- u
of octsinln; new ii" crosh us or potential his arocnevs. her

\.1' ' «.

. . r- .5 . .fi - . o 1‘ ~. " ‘. tfi ‘O u-
in e do: of efiectiveness are tie newspapers, then the indie,

and finally television.
T‘e Iancinr Frencv hrs nova“ used a relative of a

"h J. " . - T‘.‘ i J,-
0 Jr t.er as a ‘ir -rouher.

A
.-¢.

afeney encourages the mic Trother to include his

Little Trother in some of his home activities. This is

73

considered to be very constructive as it enables the Little
Brother to view his Big Brother in another perspective.

The agency finds that there is some effect on the
Little Brother's family, specifically the mother, because of
the Little Erother's participation in this program. Mothers
of Little Erothers do on occasion become too involved and
tend to use the Big Brother's role in s disciplinsrisn sense.
The agency makes every attempt to avoid this through its
training program and through direct work with the mother.

In order for the mother and the Little Brother to obtain
maximum benefit from the program, it is highly desirable that
she c00psrste with the agency.

In addition to their direct work with their Little
Brothers, many of the Big Brothers in the Lansing program are
quite active in recruiting other Big Brothers, as well as
perhaps serving on the Board or working on s committee. Some
people in the community are not able to work with a boy over
a period of time consistently; however, they offer and render
services to the Little Brothers, such as a dentist doing
dental work and a physician offering medical help of some
nature.

Like many volunteers, Eig Brothers do sometimes dis-
continue their services before completing an assignment, for
multiple reasons. Some state that they do not feel adequate

or that the program is not what they expected. Some men have

74

a change in family status, and others move away from the area
and cannot continue. There are others who find the novelty
wearing off, and they quickly lose interest in the program

and in their "charge." Some men want to continue in the pro-
,ram, but find that their wives are not supporting their
efforts; and in some cases the wife is Opposed to it. Finally,
some volunteer Big Brothers become too dependent on staff
personnel for supervision, and, because of their dependency
needs, it is felt that they are not adequate for handling

the situation.

The agency finds that on occasion Big Brothers will
become over-involved in their work with their Little Brothers.
The professional staff takes this up in its training of the
Eig Frother, hut in spite of this it is quite a common pro-
blem. When this does occur, the professional staff member
clarifies and interprets to the Big Brother the dynamics of
what is happening and the value of not becoming involved in

matters which are beyond his framework and control.

The Little Erother

 

Little Brothers are accepted for service with many
criteria as a basis. First of all, all boys.are for the most
part "fatherless." Some boys, who have very inadequate step-
fathers or a father who is ineffectual because of illness,
have received Big Frothers, but these are the only exceptions.

The age range is between eight and approximately seventeen,

75

with boys from eight to twelve being considered better candi-
dates for the program as compared to boys from twelve to
seventeen. The older boys (this latter group) are more
challenging, however, and the younger ones sometimes do not
understand the program. Tentally and physically handicapped
boys are not assigned Big Brothers except when another inter-
ested agency feels a Big Erother can be helpful. The insecure,
dependent boy who is generally regarded to have a weak ego
seems to respond very well to a Big Brother influence. A type
of boy who can be helped, although he will usually respond
more slowly, is one who finds himself outside of or not
accepted by his community group. Other boys who can be

helped are those who lack prestige with members of their
families and the social delinquents. A boy being considered
for the program must have the capacity for forming this

unique relationship, and he must be able to verbalize.
Finally, a boy being accepted for service in the Lansing
agency must have a problem. A problem can be construed to
mean a severe school situation in which a boy is performing

at a very inferior level; whereas he is capable of doing much.
better work. He might also be a school problem in terms of
truancy and incorrigibility in school. Then there is the
youngster who is brought to the attention of the police or

the court and is considered to be a delinquent or pre-delinquent.
Lastly, there is the boy who is not getting along with his.

siblings or parent. It.is the thinking of this agency that

most his lrothers expect and want a challenge, and a younrster
who is expressing sore form of difficulty in his home, school,
or community is a definite challenfie.

Post Little Brothers come from the lower economic
level. The Director felt that seventy-five to ninety per cent
of the youngsters came from this strata, but some come from
the middle class and, on rare occasions, from the nuns." class

The Little Irother is introduced and oriented into
the lifl rotho1 provrrm in t3 e following renner: A referral
or ineuiny is made to the creney from anyone in the corrunity.
It right he a school tenets“, cleh~v1en, a neighbor, relative,
etc. "To :11 offer sional staff me211ber then cl‘aeclcs with the
referring person or agency, first of all to detesmine if Fig

7‘. .v. ., ,.,. , 1.. ,. n. in 1 ., . .
irotree senvice is needed. T30 stalf pepper tlen reels the

boy's school record, or he may 0 eck with other agencies she

fl
6

3y have had contest with tlte boy. The boy is than interviewed
and encourcred to verhslize, and the prefirsn s prescited to

" .\ n . 1“ _ . .—~ I ' 1“
him in a neutral tone. The staff member tlen obtains tie

boy's permission to intez1viow lis nether, ans, after t‘is is

fl.
3
5
3
‘3
O
Q
s
O
t)
F30
(+
o

currc‘y is written up about this boy. The
boy s case stuny is then presented to the screening committee,
and this oonnittee accepts or rejects t‘1o boy’s ep1licotion
and need for a Tig Trother. I

Then the staff has found a Pig firsthen who matches

the Little irother so closely as possible, they meet in a very

relaxed atmOSphere, usually in the staff office, with the
Little Prother, the Bio Brother, and the staff person being
present. This meeting is very informal and short, and usually
the staff person withdraws before the interview is terminated.
However, if it is felt that he should remain in their

presence longer, he will do so. This is the beginning of the
relationship.

While the relationship is established between the Big
and Little Brother, the agency has a standing policy to con-
tact the Little Brother every two or three weeks.

Sometimes when an assignment is made, it is found that
the Little Brother does not seem to be reaponding to the pro—
gram. when this seems apparent, a staff person talks to the
boy for purposes of trying to obtain from him the reason why
he is not.being responsive. The mother might also be consulted
on this matter, and, if it seems to be a situation involving
personalities, the agency might assign another Big Brother to
this particular boy. If that is not the case and if the Little
Brother cannot respond, then the case is usually terminated.

The agency recommends to all Big Brothers that
activities surrounding the Big Brother-Little Brother relation-
ship should be and usually are of a cosperative nature. Big
and Little Brothers plan together, and, although the agency
doesn't determine what activities they will participate in,

it encourages the man and the boy to plan and share jointly.

ggoup Activities

 

The agency offers group activities for Big and Little
Prothers. These activities are considered more than recreation
as they seem to combine the philosOphy of Big Erother work on
a "one man—one boy" relationship, and at the same time they
offer the Little Erother contacts and experiences with other
Little Brothers, as well as other Big Brothers. It is felt
that these boys quite often learn from observation, and it
develops in them a feeling of togetherness. It is also felt
that some Big Brothers are not as resourceful as others, and
quite often they run out of things to do so group activities
in this respect serve says very positive resource. Although
group activities are considered very important, at no time
do they hecome more important than the individual contacts
that the E13 Brother has with his Little Brother. They are
considered supplemental and secondary to the one-to-one
relationship.

In connection with group activities, community
resources are often utilized so that men and boys can get
together either on their own or in a group. Kany local
schools, the Young Men's Christian Association, the Lansing
Civic Center, hichigan State University, the Central Temple
House, Grant Woods Park are utilized, not to mention the
private homes and farms of the Big Brothers. The Lansing

agency owns a trailer and camping gear, as well as a cabin

79

on a river by Eaton Rapids.

Community fielationsiips

 

The lensing agency does on occasion make referrals to
other agencies, such as the Child Guidance Clinic, a child
care institution, or a family service agency. This happens
when a boy is too disturbed and in need of psychiatric service,
but this situation is usually taken care of in the intake
process and before an assignment of a Big Brother is made;
therefore, for the most part, referrals to other agencies are
not deemed necessary. When a boy is under treatment by
another agency, the Big Frother and the professional staff
play an important role in the treatment plan. The Big Brother
and the staff representative are often part of the case
conference, and the Big Brother's role is often a key role
in the treatment plan. After an assignment is made and if a
problem comes to the front in which the services of another
arency seem advisable, the appropriate referral is made.

Two agency executives, Rev. Father John Slowey,

irector of Catholic Social Service, Incorporated, and
Er. Warren hitter, Juvenile Court Probation Officer, were con-
tacted, and both attested to how the work of their respective
agencies is augmented and complemented through the utilization
of the Big chther. Wev. Father John Slowey stated that the
Big Brother agency does a very excellent Job in its matching

and assigning of Big Brothers to Little Brothers, as well as

its supervision of the Big Brother. The Lansing Big Brother
is viewed as a very useful service to the social welfare of
the Greater Lansing area.

Effectiveness of the Big Brother program is quite
difficult to ascertain. From the staff's standpoint, however,
they do have some guides which somewhat help in evaluation.
If a boy is responding to the program his marks in school
might improve, his behavior may be less troublesome to his
mother or teacher, and quite often, if a youngster does not
repeat an anti-social act, it can be interpreted as response
to the program. The original source of referral might indi-
cate his or her satisfaction with the particular boy.

Aside from the therapeutic value to the Little
Erother is the value the volunteer Big Brother contributes to
the community. He develOps a greater sense of community
reaponsibility; he gets to know the city and its governmental
and agency structure better as they get to know him better;
he learns of situations and conditions in the area which other-
wise he might never see. Thus the Big Brother worker is
performing a dual function. He is helping a boy develOp him-
self and, in so doing, he is more fully adding to and enrich-

ing himself as a community worker and leader.

C17,." PW‘T‘. VI
57F? IT‘C‘T’VT‘iS CL? SATITTA'J, I‘TCC'".?CT7ATLL)

'7 4-
1.1,". .,orv
W

00—5,

The Corinne xii Trother Areicy came into existence as
a result of en inte‘es. in the young hovs of: e.in rdisnlnved
1y t :e leer l (p i.nist Club. It was the intention of this

orrsnisrtion to form e boys' club. Uoweven, one of tie rerfeers

viewed the Flint Youth Puresu, s Fig ?rother e:oncy, and was

. . .L. L. ”.1. ‘ .0 'P‘ 1"» 4.? - -
motivated b0 etcoegc to.oo:in a rig arosnee program in

'53
O
”3
”J
t

.4
(Z)
(‘3
"3
O
C .-
l. .‘o
9
,4
(.9
F5
5
3
c!-
Q

Saginaw. The eveses.1 met with f
cortr unitv as a whole, and e Zoard of Directors was est lis1:ed
The co nunity's interest and enthtis is en we.s reflected in the
make—up of the initial Toerd, wrth such representatives as
the Superintendent of Schools, the County Asent, the President
tEe City Council Parent—Teacher Association, the Director
of the CrtTeli LC T"Mil” Service fisenoy, the President of the
Sedinsv Fede°ntion of Lei: on, an office? from the Juvenile
Division of the Police Department, numerous representeuives

from Eusinoss concerns, clergymen, en attorney, and social

-‘I..- 13-5 ., q. .15 A. .-J,. A... 4-1.. n
redness. lessees nosu inlluen.ie.l in iiloieslnfi the protram
_ 7r . A 1 J- -- ~ ’
was an insurance men, sonnets .00, use was the flcst Pm“ Lil ent
of tEe Toerd of Directors. After the ? end was est Mb is sed,

the national ti: unri‘e“ office was consulted, and in Sentember

01

._ —r
.r

of 1987, one yea r sf or the protrcn was cone eiv ved, the ejency
was legally incoreorsted. The first D‘OIOUt10Q"W etc?-

hired in Cctoher of tist yeer.

.-“§‘fi3-".‘~‘f: *1 ‘9- <3

The menhershin of the “c'incw erency consi.ts of ective
Lie Erethcrs and ell no sons in the cornunity who cv “once a
reel interest in its purpose and who formally apply for
menhershie. The replieetion for Rentership rust be approved
Ey tie ?oerd of Directors. the reneyenent of the sfency letween
meetinrs of t? e nemesishin is vested in the (card of Directors,
w‘ich consists of twenty-one elected nemhers, plus the
immediate Ecst~President, servinc z thout compenss ion. The
Iocrd takes fincl action on ell major questions of policy end
prerren. The first heard wee elected by an orrcniuvtienel
committee and wes div ired into three clssscs: one-third to
serve one yenr' ene— “Ti“e to serve two years: and one-third to
serve three years, ell from April, lTFZ. Thereafter, elected
ioerd nereers were to have been, and presently are, elected
for three—year terns, commencing with their election.

Presently the “oerd of Divectors ens organized

rt»

~*eittees for action regarding screeninr, orientation,
menhershin, mailing of solicitation of funds, personnel prec-
tices,1ruitmcnt,puhlicity, speasers, activities, budgeting,
cases, internal administration of erency, end building (the

agency is enticinetlnr moving into s new physical plant).

As nreviously rentioned, this arency is affiliated

i

with the Z .tionel C'cnnivctlon of Fig Frcthers.

I 3

1": i S

affilie. on is viewed as an "investeent in the future"

(1'
3—1.

.hy
necutive Director, Fe. olert Gileect, hut, in teens of
direct assistance to the acency, this effilic ion is of
inconeoenential value. The nnhlicity mateniel sent to the
eeencv t-y the net mie.l office and tte ceoedinfitin" of 30b1V1t‘1GS
careied on fiyt he national erranizetion see heln al in an
indirect manner. In the Opinion of Fe. r‘iller‘ , the major
contricution of the ationel Ric R1 others is essis ence in
Bettina no new Fig Brother anenciee
Through affiliation Hri'h the State F donation of Fig

Brothers, when it is federated, the Director bones to gain a
more effective system of communication to other Big Trothe:
a~cncleu. c sees t1e a.ntieioated pnorrem as one in which
he nrinawg value will be one of facilitatiné intee~agency

communication on e state—wide

p-J
C)
i)
.

rr-q 1
.2.

“so beeinew arency currently olte.i:s its finances from

two sou1ces: (l) the Cenmunit by Ch s , with which the agency

0

has teen affiliated for three years, (2) a fund—raising
Oneenisction known as Youth Services, Incoz°po: e ted. The
letter Oignnization was one of the orifinal sounces of finan-

cial suooort and 1aisod funds primarily by holding dances for

 

Interview with Director of f : Frothers of Se: inav
’~ V) — —.’ "
Inc., is Ch 1,, lsSQ.

74

youngs te ere enp tuvning tVe profits over to tie arency. The
Cptieist Club 9190 orevidefl finenciel 9.unaort 6uri9~ the

infe

:5
6+

ye9rs of the ayency. Presently, tre expen6itnres are
covered Jointly by the C1 est and Youth Services, Incor9oveted,
on an eooroxie9to fifty-fifty tesie. Alec, t9e United
Cer9e”ciul 799volere oreviRe some limite6 finencee for
nerticulev nrojects wtich the ejency mifEt unfiert9ke. The

.‘..

arency is 9 90999? of the national Li: Trotter Cryonizetion,
tke Yichirnn Telf9re Leeiue, the Chil6 Velfare Leerue, anfl is
entici99tinr renteretin in tle TickiQPn State Te6efietion of
h is not yet fo‘melly ineo pea“ te6.
Tie arency cenei6ers 9 T.itt le firetrer, 9 ii: firetkcr,
9n6 9 1“elatiorv' in of Little ”rotPe“ 9n6 Ti: Trotter 99 all
loiny, 9t 9ny riven tiwe, e eeoerate case in itself. To
illustrate, tte Tie Trotter 9991i99 nts and tFe Littl Trotter
09.n6i69t . ave coneifiered 99 993999 to 09999, but, wken a match
is 9960, tTose two in6ivi6urle, 910 were 99 evio m1 ly 99 99 9te
C9999, becowe one ease.
in 9verefie 09991096 per worker (one fullutiee, one
half-tire, 9n6 one stu6ent) was indotereine 1>le l:e09uee most
of tFe time ie 6evoter, by necessity, to metcfiinr, screening,
9n6 intefie, U‘ile tlere is 9 winerity of tire 9vcil91e f0:‘

ennevvicion of tTe ceeeloe6. It w9e neintefl out by the Director

that there are some self—sustaininf rol9tion -2399 nee6ing

$33

minimum of eucervieion, nnfl a vice :iVewsificetion of types

'i C

of ceees cerriefl, v ich 966 to tHe Gifficulty of 6etewmining

the size of caseload. 1E0 Director felt that an “i6e91” case-
load of tin Lrother cases deoends noon the indivifiuel wonker,
9nd recognised that presently the number of cases per worker

is more tlan is desireble.

if: A“: n. 9.9.1 5.7113... "‘ fff 1"

Tie necesseny ou91.ficatien for emoleynent in the
Sarinsw 9hency is a Yaster's of Social Tc“k 6egree. This
reouinenent is a result of the stan6ar6s set by the Fig
irotbefis of America, the orientation of the agency Hoard, snfl
tFe orofeseional nflilosoety that tie 909 ition snould be filled
By a orofessionally tveinel person. The 99309 duties of the
staff member are aseuork services, including su9ervision of
the lid frothor and Little lrother, screening, intake, public
relatLoes, confinnity organisation, an6 various sflninietrative
duties.

Althoufib at one tine regular written reports were sub—
mitted Ev Tie Trothers on a monthly basis, this is no lonécr
done. Presently, and for tie past two years, contacts by the
won-:99 are T1050 with the Ti tt‘je Trotter- 9n6 “fig: Pretber x'rben
necessary, 6eoen6in3 uoon the case. There are more contacts
with Fig Tretbers than Little Trotbers, once the relationsbie
has beiun, witk tie professional wonker entering the picture
only when deeno6 necessary. Counseliuc of tite 313 Trotber and
Little firotben is 99399606 es tte orifiary responsibility of

the worker and is a continuous and on~9eing onocess.

9r,

k”. .~

.7 11« 5." -' ,. ‘I' ’.-_
.Ae wx' .re+'er

F‘fl\

lee conscious rotivetions brinrinb men to the evency

6.

CO

volunteer fir lrochers are reny and varied. Tie Eirector

re

has oqu any one (er 9 c0911-“ 9tion) of tie followins to be

onerstive in tre reiotity of C98 es:

1. A msnifcst interest in crilfiren.

9..)
‘2

. A yonerel oesire to 00 cbsri his work.

9,

U!

need for cor9snionsh19.

0
b
y

TN-

esi'e to ”0 e9ot‘199 c0ns~ tructive (most
9 e .t r0 ivetin9 fence)

“9 T7)

5. Ventinr to “unFo' their o"n neck round (990"19"
whet it is like to be witlout 9 f9thei ens not
wantinr a boy to prev un lecking this er9erience).

;

'9
‘5’
I")
, 3
i

'2 of ctildron in their own home.

. Ile orrnnizstion bein: "sorethin: to belonr to."

91

"3 “a

-. ifQ kne"le “e of slot 9 9009 rele‘iOI i9 xith a
fetier means to a boy, and tie sesire to nrovifle
9 s 'crller releidxmisnip.

fieliyious notivet ion 9 93o iouxd not to he 9 connon motivating

|
factor. It is recofinizefl ttst titese con cio us 'rnssons'
renefiallv Feve s more fundamental unco scious he: is.

Tie DPlWO attribute tlet a lib rother snnlicant must
r to five of linself in a relet ion s;l13.9
with 9 toy. If the 99nlicent is union the stre: s of marital
éifficultics or other oersonsl erohlors, tte rorlzer e.ttefiets

J.

{20 leve t e 9*911091‘1; lrin'“ this out before

g

ae hccones involved

‘
.J

in tle 9royrem. Imus is 9 besis for flisounlificetion in itself,

all things beiny equal. Any neretive motive, such as 99909991

on innonel fectoce (honoeexuel.itv or e neurot ‘c neefl to

Boninete), the number rnfl nee of ctildnen the ecolicnnt has

of his own, and t}:e RfifiliCF nt‘e family ettitufie toward his

I

enterinfi tte prohrnm ere also fectore influencing the eccc;t°nce

ow rejection of a volunteon es 8 Fig Twothor.

*-

To determine the eccentetility Of 8 31” firotbew PWDli~
cent, he 1? interviewee on two or tbfee ee crate occasions

f0“ c*el”etive "accoscs, r visit 13 wofle to Tie home to intenm

v‘ov Pie wi?e, and three TO‘1“9PCPQ t‘et Fe euoolies are conu

tectofi tr neil. after the intefe oroceee is conwle CR, the
caseworfie“ Evens no a nernetive repo t, inclufi‘ne tie imw“eeeiens
of tue ownlicent. and tFe cone is "evievefi ty 0 stendinr eenoen—
in? cewnittee. Elie cen“ittr e is reflo no of e neycFietfiist,

e "ayatolociet, e visitinr tweeter, e nwieet, e minister, en8

en fi”0 av ceco"o Po“. TWO enwneny is trecentefl to this

comnifitce one a c01eer sue in To n05, altfowhb not necessarily

I’T"

ffnel. FWe wry ”e ce teii recenvntion to he followed

through on at a later cate, tut essentially the decision is

‘

reached as to wnether the aoplicm nt is a good Jig Rrother cen-

didate or not. Tiere is no formaliz.ed training nrogrcm for
the T13 firother at this egency.1
Afton the fig Trotter cenflifie te is accented, tfie

matcting nrocooe is initiated. Though tne agency Fae roneral

control over M‘e selection of ?id enfi l.it tle irothers for

ice (Ever ll Ztu(y for further e"wlehb,ion.

matchinr, some flexibility is annlied by rivinn Rim Trotters
an ontion. The :1? frother's self—determination is resnected

i terns of cuestioninr or rejecting boys that are offered as

J

ossible Kittie frothors. This inelies tie necessity of
creating a climate in which the L13 firother can feel free to
reveal kis feelinps. The caseworker handles this by giving

the Fig lrotker a word—nicture of s nrosnective L ttle Prother.
This includes salient features in the boy's case, how he came

to tte efcncy, the nature of his nroblen, a sketch of his family
life, etc. Ttis nrcsentation is honest and frank in terms of
snellint out some of the built-in limitations ans some of the
reels that the caseworker sees in tbe boy having a 315 *rother.

Divulfing this kind of information Fringe up tre
.cuestion of confidentiality. It is recopnized that it would
le poor practice to allow a ii ,Lrother access to any nart of
the case record, so, instead, the word—nicture is provifiea.

It is felt by the Director that the rig irotter will respect
the agency for protecting this information, if only because
he can feel greater assurance that the information he has
sunnlied about himself will be protected.

TTOUfih tie Little Erother is consifierefi as tre agency's
tssic client, it should still be uncerstood that each Fig
frothcr enters the nrocrsn to satisfy unmet needs of his own.
It would be misleadiny to refer to the lip Trotter es a client:

v-

Vet it must as kept in mind that his success as a Pig frother

will correlate closely witk the amount of eetisf action tt at
he gets from bein3 a :13 Erother. It is, tierefore, wnoortent
for the caseworker to have an anorcciation of the ran's neofis

factoring out those of an uncles ir -ble quality ans u"timstcly

building on the were oositive ones. The {is Trotker may

I!

verbally enuress sore cescriotion of tie 'rents in terms of
a Little Esotrer assignment. those wants may not coincifie
with tre neefis the ,aseworkcr Res nlannofl to huild on. flea
there is a large fiiscreoency between tre two, one of two
alternatives say be in order: eitrer facilitate tte process
for the cansiiate to ston out of the nroeran, or lo some
preliminary casework with the :13 Protrer that nay take the
form of illust M“ sting for him tlie variet" of wa.ys in wtich he
can make an inwortant and satisfying contribution.
fire same kind of rationale is nonlied to the little
Trotter. The boy may rave his own ideas atout the kind of I13
irotror he "wants” which me y oiffer sulstentially from the
caseworker's anpraisal of wtet he "needs.

Tie nractical consiflerations that are weirboé in nekin
a witch are: geogranhical location, are, economic status
reli3ion, race, intirosts, hotbies, intelli3once (level of
literacy), family composition, and (most insertant) nersonslity
factors.

It is tne philosonhy of tho “s~*nnw agency tnst it is
innorte nt to consifier the role tive status ans cultural back-

" 5’" -.-‘. , ('“2. ‘u o -
rrounfi of the ,i5 and Little arch er. lie agency inCs that

meny of the Little Trothers live in Gennivce circunetsnces,
with the econonic hslence of their fcnily lives loving teen
eisnueted one to tie etsence of the male orovidon. On the
other hand, hisuoricelly, the erency has found that the
Pvcrere Ti: TrotE'e‘c rennesents a lifter econonic level. It

is ficemefl innortent to keen the social cistonce of tie two

at 9 minimum. Coorrookical location is also

9.:

factor given
carele consideration. Ttere there is too greet e distance
tetween the Loves of the li+tle Erotkcn end Ti3 Frotler, the
frecuency of thein contacts may be hanpeneé. Wren they live
too close to each other, a problem may arise with the Little
5 ecccss to the T13 Irother one a noscible invasion
of his nrivecy. The conneretive arcs of the men and boy is
anotlen éefinite factor influencing a potential match. The
ere of a toy essirned dcoenfls unon tie variables in the men's
personal family. If the Fig Frotken is ranried and hes
chilercn of Tie own, the e3e of the Little ’rother sbould
not orecinitete prollens of a sibling netune in tte Fir
} rotizer' s ferrily.

The Director consiflers it desirable to find a common
denominator in the life exnerience of the men and boy. It may
be in the form of sneciel interests of an activity or

intellectuel neture. Yet this kind of oetenninent is treetec

.JJ

1

s s seconaery factor and the vein focus is trat connatible

e

pensonalitics are brought to otter. In essence, the selection

of a particular 11¢ Trotter for a Little TrotVer is decioed
by finding the man who Fag what the Little irotter neofis
most. ion and boys, other than in exceetionel cases. are not
matcbefl on on intev-nociel heels and vewy seldom on an inter—
relirious teeis.

Deenite tie fact trot the agency Tee difficulty in
recruitinc a sufficient number of Fig irotheee, tFe policy of
the arency is for a gig Trotter to have only one Little
.Tr'ot‘ws'c at any given tine. Tiete has been only one instance
in which a non F98 hove ttan one Little Trotter.

As indicated above, recruitment is anfi has been a
pnoblem for the aroncy. Analysis of the pwoblem shows that

articular fiifficulty is found in tannin: tte onro, Texicon,

ro-

Q
9.»
.

and Catholic sejmente of the community. Althoufi tfene is a
substantial nutter of Texican peeple in tte conmunity and out-
lyinr areas, the efoncy lee no contact with this cuiturel

t lrotner or Little Erother anoli-
canto. At Pny riven time there is a eurnlus of Catholic Little
irotbene end a stortoye of Cottolic Tig VTOtVGTS, infiiceting
tte aifficulty of securing men from this nortion of the
confiunity. ?Fere eeuocrs to be a recent trcnc from olden to
younfer Bin rotten enolicente, and an increase in the numbe?
of single non enclying to the agency. Yeitter of ttose
factons, however, is causing the agency any horticuler treblem.

. ‘. ., .... . J. - 4-- 40‘q - e 4' a Q‘- J, .5 T) 's *
It so LRjQCflCfi clay the lacfect iniiux oi ‘15 crottep

VD
3‘0

epnlicsnts came in the first two years of the esency's exist-
ence. The levee number of sunlicents is attributed to the
wide covereve by radio, television, and newsnaners of the
initiation of the nrorrom in Saginaw. At the outset, the men
who become active Fig Frcthers tended to come from the Service
Cluhs snfl similar oresnizetions. Consequently, that oricinsl
prone tenfied to represent the hijher economic strata of the
connunity and were on an average of close to forty yeers of
age. This resulted in the nublic receiving a distorted ices
of what it took to he a Yig Trother. This was unfortunate
because this unnatural stereotyne tended to prevent meny
potential his irothers from contacting the agency. In the
Director's own words, after the first influx of Fig irothers,
"recruitment became more and more difficult so that at the

l i .1
nresent time recruitment of ~19 brothers is s difficult chore.’

Thnoustout the history of this agency, it has been
evident that the most nrofluctive means of gettinc additional
men has been thnounh him Brothers and members of the roard.

In orfler to fully conitelize on this, the agency has instituted,
during the past year, an annual kind of connetition as far as
recruitment is concerned. In order to lend some color, en
oresnizstion has been constructed calico "Ager Club", with
forty-nine members, both hoard peonle end his Frothers. Their

names are placed on 9 large poster; it is done with accomnsnying

 

1General iuestionneire

9 '3.

art work, and they get little tehs nleced after their names

for each men that they refer to the erency, and another color
tab for men who ectuslly are accented. At the end of the yeer,
at their annual dinner, 9 sold nickex is nresented to the
winner. This is done in a light vein, but at the same time
hes been surnrisinrly effective.

Concerninf the decree of nerticinption of the Fir
lrother's family in the Fir Trotter-Little frother reletion-
shin, the Director relieves that it is a Food thing after the
reletionshio hes been stabilized. Fefore this lannens, it is
discouraged. It is recognized that the family, eerticulsrly
the wife if the Fir Brother is married and the mother if he
is sinele, can have a very detrimental effect on the relation-
shin, if they are not in accordance with the men nerticinetinr
in the nroyrem. Honefully, this is picked up at intake; so,
in most instances, family involvement is a wholesome and
desirable thinf.

The Director finds that the Fig lrother—little Prother
relationshin else has an effect on the family of the Little
lrother. The experience has usually been that the effect is
good. however, thene are sometimes nrohlems of sibling
rivalry (leceuse one toy in the family hes a Fig Prother end
the other doesn't) end, when there is e 9131 in the fenily,
she sometimes feels left out. The biggest and most common
problem refsrdinr the lie lrother-Little Frother reletionshin

end the little irotber's femily is the mother of the boy

interferinfi w.th the nropress of the relationship.

The Director feels that nerticinetion of the fin
Frotlec in activities other then Pis contacts with the little
Frother is very flesireble. lley are involved in the fig
irother nroersn with such responsibilities as sunervisine
firouo activities, public relations, Rosco menhershin, and
some seministrstive duties. These tynes of activities are
carried on ly the 11g Brother only if he wants to and is
oualified to no so. The policy is quite exnlicit in tPet the
lib Rrotter is not in eny way obliratefi to involve himself in
such activities.

In almost eny agency which utilizes the volunteer,
not only is there usually a nroblem of recruitment tut also
the difficulty of keeninm them active once they heve been
recruited. bone of the reasons Rig frothers at the Sesinew
agency have on give for lecoring inective ere:

l. Tte nroerem was not what the men had evnected it
to be .

2. Too much time demanded of him (most frequent

J.

reeson given et this agency).

,. Clenye in the ren's weritel or femily stetus -—
gettinr nevried, having child en of his own.

*. Vavins teen too wrsoned un in one Little hrotherv
consequently, wten the reletionshin is terminated,
he fioesn't went to become involved with another.

5. The reality factors -— movins, mother of Little
1".Tr‘ot‘rer remsnries.

The nolicy of this ehency is eyeinst the use of

relatives and close frienfis of the Little Frother's family

“O
\ )1

es 113 Trothe 9, even thourh they may meet all of the require-
ments as established by tte erency. ite Director feels that
tte eeency is able to exent more control over the situetion --
the Ti? Erotten—Tittle trotten relationship —- if the men is
not a personal friend or relative of the family, If the
le tor were the cese, it is felt that the mother would be
more influential in the reletionetip than the agency, and
involvement of tie mother to this degree is not aeemed
desiveble.

The erency has had minimal exnerience with a Pig
Trotter going beyond his volunteer role, but it is recognized
that tlis coulfi be a oroblem. Cccesionelly, a Fig Erothen
becomes personally oven—involved in his reletionstin with the
Little Erotken en? gets hurt because of this, but normally

this is picked un by tte caseworker enfi the situation is

The flittle Trotter

 

Tie reouirements necessary for a boy to be accented
into tie nrorvem ewe: (l) currently living in e fetherless
tome, (?) possessing some cenecity foe fotminf e relationship.
Toys ere accented, unfier certain excentionel circumstances,
even trough there is a father in the tome. Generally, the
policy of the enenoy is against this because of the problems
that could arise in such a situation. If the father is in the

home but is ineffective es euch leceuse of sickness on some

other tyne of incapacitetinq factor, the boy is accented only
if the father is in ecreenent with the boy becoming involved
in tie nroursm.

A fathe“less boy mey be accented for E17 Frothec ser-
vice even trouyh is may not have evidenceo any difficulty in
the home, sctool, or community. If it is felt that the boy
is not achieving the notentiels of which be is ceneble, he is
consifieree eligible for Tip Trotter service. It is the
ntilosoohy of tkis enency tret rein: fethorless in itself
constitutes a nrotlen.

The criteria usea to eveluete tre effectiveness of
tie Fir Trotter-Litt-e Trotter reletionshio are related to the
particular goals in each inflividuel case. For example, in one
case the goal say he the reduction of symntoms, :rile in
another it might be eoucsting the boy in the social graces.

It is notefl by the Director that there seems to be a generel
process tlet all Jig Erother-Tittle Urotner relationshins go
through. The first step is described es the “honeymoon

period“ in which both the Little Erother end the Big Trotter

are on their best behavior, sttemntinm to make a good impression
on each other. The next stem in the sequence is the testing
stage in which the Little ?rotrer, sooenting the fact thst tre
113 {retrer likes him when he is good, begins to not in

certain weys, sttemntins to cetormine if the Eig Erother will

continue to like rim when he is not so nice. The next stare

seems to be e sens el leveling-off neriofi. Euninr tbe follow-
iny steo tie boy berins to on is eble to accent the limits
tbet the Ti: ?ro tbor ole..s on him. Finelly, end most
innontsnt in this nrocess, tb oboy shows a desine to be like
tbe “is “rotten. In t e lest analysis, tkis final sten, i.e.,
iflentificetien, is t”e crimeny criterion for evelueting tbs
effectiveness of tbe relo tionsir in.

The boys tret become known to this seency come
nrinerily fnom tbe unner—lowor and lower—miafile income rroun.
Tie recoras inflicste that very few younsstens come from the
lover-love“ econonic strata of the community.

A tor the boy Pas been eccented into the nroersm and
an essidnnent of s Fig .rotle* hes been settler1 noon, the
casewonken Ens the resnonsibility of seeking with tbe Rittle
Trotter en? the Ti: frotben infiivifluslly, nrensning eech for
one enotbe“. fenticinntion also incluees tte Kittie frothen's
motken so that she can feel a newt of the nlenning. After
initiel orenenetion, tbe csseworken then ernenres for the
nbysicsl neetint of the boy and men. This nesting is usually
belfl st tte erency office, which tends to out tbincs in con-
text one identifies tbis new relet ionsbin es being closely
ties to tbe oven-ell syency function. We cesewoekew scents
a very suonontive vole, int oflucing tVe men ens boy ens then
helniny to nilot then throuyh the fi'st moments of ye ttinr

accusintei. fhe cesevonken genres the extent of his

93

nerticiostion by the sveunt of intenflow tekins place between
tle Tim and Little trothen. The weeks? is definitely seared
tossed his own resfiuel withrawel from tFe situation.
Particular care is given to ersfiuelly emanciuetinfi tFe new
relationsFie. Several meetings of tFe worker, the Li:
Trothen, and Little TrotFer might Fe plennefi, ens eech
successive time the ceseworker's role becomes more ens more
dilutes until tFe lie and Little Prothen are ready to be on
tteic own.

Several meetinés in this introfluctony phase also sive
tFe vner" e fi“st-Lsnd View of tFe nelstionskio as it msy be
constituted leten on. $180, the Hip and Little lnotW ” sue

given 9 c‘ne nee to rei-e cues tions ebout ec ch otFer with tFe
worker. It is felt tht tFe worker's sbflicetion of his
primary role with the fig and Little Prottee, the nrotected
setting of tFe eerly meetinp s, end on—+‘e—fioo, co-su]tetion

‘

noes mtch to insane tee later success of this new relationsFie.

’\

eceuse of the process of csreful screening and
mething, only infucnuen+ly is tlze agency faced. wifiti the pro—
blem of the little ErotFen being resistive, unresnonsive, or
wittflrewing from the reletionshio. WFen tFis difficulty ooes
arise, ir2m ecie te etc 3 e.2e taken to more tlovc nufhly inve sti,ete
the rcleti onsFie, to intensify sueewvision, ens/er he Reps
terminate the reletionshin.

It Fee been tFe exocricnee of tFis agency tFet the

greatest success 0? effectiv:uess of the Fir vother- Tittle
Fothe‘ relationsiie hes been with the younser toys from tFe
ares of eirht to twelve years.

TF9 activities of tFe Tie snfi Little TrotFee ere con-
sideneo Fy the agency as Feiné their own 9 fair. TFe erency

is 'ast intevested in the boy Fevinfi the
possible, lut recognizes tFet tFis is b
interests and neefis of tFe men sn:3 Fey.

Gwouu Fc+ivifie

n‘oue- M... -— ‘M* A“, In." "C“

Crone activities are carried on

lut, in tFe Lisectov's words are not

Gvouo activities are consideeed by tFis

to the Drivery one-to-one rele tionsl1o,

es Feinr very elnful in maintaining an

L T ‘

seed uuon the

most total experience

mutual

in t‘ne Sarina:-

ilebo etelJ scFeeulee.

erency es supplements

but tFey ere recognized

interest in the ovo-

frsm by those Little :rotheus vile are we .iti.nr to Fe sssivneo
Coneunity resources, such as tFe Youne Ten' Christian
ocietion, the City Perk, the City fieceeetion Deesvtment,

QC
\.

and various Fiéh ool fscilitie , ewe

activities. LFen comisrefl with tFe one-

crouo activities eve

A.

net leing necess any to the egency'o

are consifievefi as Feine helpful to the

the Little irotFer.

consifle*efl es l:ein¢ less

“‘ 7‘ W
n. OFT} ?.Y.' .

....
1 1 . .

utiliz ed for rzcoup
to—one relationship,
imooetent and
Groue ectivities
well as

3.31‘0 t?“ e "" s s

 

1

“Intevview uitF Birector, TsrcF

13, 1059.

100

Coenunitv “elationsties
.Jl—n

*- ----- Dnm --_-- ---.-.—-.- -u‘vonu-‘n

I'fi

iwe Tirecto” felt that the arency Fas a Food relation—
sFio witF etFe“ stencies. TTe coneunity agencies oaimarily
utiliaed by tFe Serinaw agency are tFe CFilfl Guidance Clinic,
Family trency, and CatFolic Family trency. It is the policy
of tFe aéency to Fake necessary referrals Fefene the boy is
assicnefl e Lie ‘rotFer. After an assifnnent Fes been rede,
tie e awe very few; in fact, tFene were no referrels meae in
lf"T a” lQS”. Tie Binecto” feels tFat tie agency is able to
of or tFe neeflee casework services to the boy.

1r. Stein, Associate Uirector of the Sarinaw United

Fume, was contacted fen puwposes of obtaining an imnression

of Few tFe comnunity views tie Fig Trotker program. It we

C‘J

F1

'3‘)

feelinr that the enenc* is offerind a concrete seevice
i. i J P

and is rein? utilized by otter community arencies.

,P A}: T7711: I 3:

CCC'Cf, 715303":- ATE"? CC‘TTCT-V‘7” 7-S- C’fl‘ 731"”"7? .1“.(,‘*‘71f”C‘If?"3

k- .4' .L ‘..‘ L .1

fart II of tFe stufiy was concerned witF an intensive
examination of the orocedures and mettods of oneration of
tFree Ti? Irotler arencies. its same areas tht were eyolored
in Part I were incluflee in fort II, but attention was focused
on the fletailefl nrocesses of screening, training, orientation,
suoervision, and other nrectices; and on the reletionsFins of
tie crencies witiin tFei” connunities.

file snecific finfiings of tFe three stufiies new Fe
surnerized in tie followinr conclusions:

1

3. Conwnnity ‘elstionskins.--filtFourF tFe tFree

”'fi'-"'~

 

crencies were STOHSOTefi initially Fy srall f?DUUS they Fave
new acFieved cormnnity acceptance, as evidencefl by the fact
ttat tFey ell Pole membership in their resnective Unites Funfl
abcncies. In tFe oninion of tFe Directors (cFecked to a
limited extent throurh other contacts) the agencies enjoy good
relationshins with tFe rest of the community and are an

interral port of its welfare senvices.

?. Professionel Direction.—-It is recognized by the

.-

 

sfency Directors that tie nelstionshin of the neofessionel
staff renFer with tFe Ki: ans Little [settea is tFe crux of

tbe service nenflerea. All three arencies follow tFe nationel

102

reconnenfietion that the nrofes sionel staff he required t
sune“vise tre ?ir Erotrer—Little irother relationship closely
and continuously.

figtflfygrjflry;£j;:jc'“Igijfrs.--i cereful screening
nroces s is cer3~ied out to avoid tr-e oerticioetion in tne pro—
rrem of men with unfiesirsble motivations. A comprehensive
evaluation is made of eech ennlicent, and only rarely has it
been found necessary to es? s Tim retrer to Aron out after

‘

he res teen accented. Aeolicents are renelee on an individual
issis, with consifiersble tire and skillful efforts soent in
deterrinins ecceotehility. This is in accord with tre

national s tenescfls.

b Crienim tien en? ”reininfl of: " Crethers.--The

‘lud- .“w .rm-‘no-ao-‘-—Iv" tun *wm-~ «W .- ym—*n. -

 

'netionel errenizetion reconnenes that e Tie Frother agency
orrsnizc s nroersm of origntetion end instruction which would
accusint tie Ti: Erotrer with the pi1ilosonhy of the errenisetion,
the association's metlods of work, end the resnonsihility that
tie Fifi Trotter assures in re Ml ti on to t1? e Toy, tie staff, the
ferily, and community services. Lensinc e.nd Detroit adhere

to tfiis recommendation. is ins w flees not.

An innortent esoect of ?ig Fretber work is to 6efine
end lieit tre role of the ?in Frother as e volunteer rather
tten professional wonke“. Tie three spencies renort little
eifficulty in ttis eres, infiicstin: successful orientation

enfl training of the hi: Trothers.

10?

C. ”2913 foe Accooteece of Kit We Vrotfiere --V%O

-.
0-...- ‘O -— .ul-Cfl-vv-OI-uoa-u --~-¢A. '4‘. -'-O.-W‘ w~da~o~v¢~

 

fact tket a boy will be accented foe eeevice, even though he

is not evidencing a narticulev problem, inflicetee that tte

scene of Ti: Trotbe? wove is wifioning conoifierebly vPen com-
eerod with the movement's original focus, which was meeting

nrifiarily with aelinouente. iris ohilosooty is not in

s"

eforence to Table 9 in Part I shows

operation in Tensinr.
the effect that the philosoety of the Lansing afienoy Yes on

. 5'. " ‘, I a:
wgo¢ t_e eponcy $3

*‘5

vee. Detroit and Saginaw, on tbe othe?
keno, serve tte boy not necessarily extihioinfi overt trebleme.
Conoeouontly, ttei“ cteelenfi is mefie un orimerily of younge?
boys.

All ttroo promotes follow the Dolley of coneifieving a

V

boy for eevvice oven thourh his fatner may be in the nome.

Eris 13 in Recoine with tro definition of a little ErotheT

t.-

q

as stated in the recommenfied stenderee. It is pointefi out
that a boy may be in need of a Fig Trotter if there is no male
peveon within }ie family to w*om he can turn with confiflence

foe nrooee ruifienco.

_ V‘»~ J- ‘. -. .. ‘
C. Crientetion_of tibtie re “e”S.-- eceuse the

 

 

 

 

 

agencies are only infrecuently faced with tte neobiem of a
Little Trotke“ heinr resistant, unveeponeive, or w thfireving
from the reletionekin, it wry be conclufiefl that en efieeuete
profirem of orientation of tte little ?rot%o~ is boine confluetefi.

The agencies have well—intervetefl ororvems for fecilitetinfi

101

the Kittie Frotrer'e movenent into the nrorrcn. Ttis is e
ii"hly in5iviauclize5 9n5 carefully nlcnned nrocces. Arein,

I

99 in the ceee of ecceeninr the 115.1rot191, it enneere that
ttie 93eful cone ation given each toy fiirectlv effects
the outcome of 9 11¢ Lrotber Fittl e 3otner relct ioncTic t19t
ray be cet91:lis“e5. We recormenfied st9n59 .159 50 not an elf-
icelly nont1on the need for such 9 nrorr9m in 9 Pi: “rotter

999ncy.

7. pp+3vpnpon of Sefgice. ——If 9::1llful ecrcenin¢

 

 

9n5 tr9inin9 of tie tin Vrotrer is carried out, if a

Little Frother is

\l

nrcfeecionel etility to orient th
09 ~nn°tr9cel 9n5 if exncntnecs is renifeetefi in metering Fir
cn5 Little Trotters, tten it seers that 119 $rotrcr agencies
1:9v e e 115 criterion unon 3'hicn to evaluc.te the effective—
ners of their service. Tte criterion is wtetner the Little
113301593 1-5entii‘i-ee with the ’I‘ig:1rot'mr The agencies
inclu5e5 in t“i e n9vt of t11e stu5y do conei5er this 99 tke
ultinete reel of their service. Since very few of the Little
Trotters eerve5 by them have been resistant, unrecnonsive, or
wittdrcwn, it mey he concluflefl that the agencies are function-

ing connotently in tte ereee of screening, treininf,

orientation, 9n5 r9tc Mi

C"../‘-.,-".’ '1‘ “3‘ ‘. VI I I

I,"v‘.rnw . Y I“"“I')’ v' gar fl ‘1': .-.\-“CC vf.q'-“vfi'fl ”‘If‘tqil‘
K. I ' 1I. ,5»: J. 1‘. 0:3 . a '. - ' I. I {Ant} ‘ k ' ’J

c,.:... -o I..

It wee founfl tiet Pie Frottee is 9 service involving
the utilizetion of volunteers in a holding nrocess. In
utilizing the volunteer, thene is a very clone 9n5 continuous
reletionetiu between tie orofeeeionel staff member and the
volunteen. T118 oneness ws fleeonetnetefi in careful 9ecruit—
ment, screenine, traininr, netchine, 9nd eunervieion.

Tit11n txe livite of ttis study, t e=o weee infiicetions
thet, ttrouet close eueervieeny control, a volunteee can be
utiline5 in en effective nennen in reectinr tweetee3t reels.

Tte ‘iv “rotten erencies etudiefl h9ve cchievo5
community eccentence 9n5 a9e well estelliehcd in their
reeoective cormunities. This is eviflencea by theiv referrels
feom sctoele, social welfare agencies, oerente, etc.

Some arees that need further develooment t meet
national et9n59959 9nd to rive a more effective service are:

l. frofeesionnl education of staff.

A V'T‘.

.1. e one--to-one formula.

u-p .-

3. gefennels to otten community eeonciee.
h. Feriodic written repoete from the Fig Trotter.

fi' Confliaerntlon Fiven to servinr the yonneer boy
(twelve en5 111151033).

105

Junction given to eervinr the boy not
9

0

rily evifiencing an event nrotlem.

10?

fig '3ot1_e:"e of Aeo3ica, Inc. "Recommended ”Wen dares For
Acceotchle fin Brothee York," Ann9ove5 13y action of
'0995 of Directors at annual meeting. He Prothers of
1903109, Inc. St. Louis, 1055.

119 frothers of A erice, Inc. £119999y_cf T_9jonel Qqnfeyen e.

A Ienort tv t-e Technical T9qn19' to: ittee.
t.
“il;w‘el3ffiie.
-' .' ° - ‘ .fl ‘ ’v‘ T‘“ " ‘7’":II . I“ .1" 9, ‘u --.
air 7: tTe s 01 S9gi59w, lac. I e9e31t9.t10n of Tim ,wetnen
_§\

1 :79:i131913." ‘fir9 1%“et‘ e939 o.fz=9133933 Iruz.

y...

’

Inc. f3rv39l ”99n33t of 1“ 19”“ ‘YoutF

V 1 1 .l. 1.. -' ‘ . fl
0 . . ,J‘ A f (5
- a .L .J \. .' REC ‘1: - C .1 ’
'9 r - - m r- 0.--... " O“ “‘9‘...” am «I‘m -*‘-4.-"—-"-‘

9 viceJ Inc. Tetwoit, l‘r-.

 

=71!" 1.19 =03"! " ”t0 «#91

C an n." w.— v v I'".- '“

 

 

..

1 -, “3-: r , . - I, I'- ""2 3 ., -.3
eke , five.v D. 90 iMis is Ti? 1not1e‘s. b3? frot1, s of
Tidlenfi, Inc. Yi5len5, Victiren.

H

o.
3

. ~~ - . ._ . ,. q. .3 . '. 5.. _

it ~not1929 of finewice, Inc. At t1e trees 109(9.
”otters of 9909109, Inc. PVil9flelotie.

wa3.rotre~e of; mvfic9, lac. (£3311, P30

9599 Tovenent."
" I‘lrte’r’icr‘l, Inc. f."‘r--]€‘t’3=z-7 3

.v9 01 .f19 1997.

N -,- . '\ -

19 Trotte9 Ceninev. :eczn e we. 1. Cincinneti, lfihf

“J 3 - . A '9" f r! r; in," . f r f
C915 clic :31" .Oot‘e 9, .uuz. ‘ ive t9 9 : (nu , .111 ‘ou
Vietev.“ C9t‘o lie Tia “95199 9, Inc. Toe ’n99le .
Cturct Youth L;.\ice Inc. “A 7‘19? We99919‘ie”. Cfiunch

‘ 4-1.. 1‘0 . ~‘ - ‘99
iouc~ uC‘ViCC, inc. neocoit.

011,1-.301.‘ Yo L14. 3J‘ :0? I v.5 CC , .:.nc . .l_!3\ 5.301: 11"!) 1071 foy‘) 'Icll‘ffrnnfi.j'e
”eiinmwency$503.13}! 13. (twice , Inc . Ueteit.

Ciunc“ Youth S99vice, Inc. lone Deecnintive otes on Chu9ch

f .1 ,. ’ _ '1 |_ __ 4x _ . . c I 9 ._ _
1011...“; 93.109 Clive}: lent}; Eezi‘v ce, lnc. TTet oit, 195?).

-—-I .— ' .‘jfi'. u . 4
allinwsa,n, ce“n . Lonee‘a in anen '.0

. 1:
given pt 9,19 fFT [nnnnl_ 79nouet of t1
of 91"}‘1000118. 11119104533011. 0

‘ou.odl

I" J. ‘.. ._. C" ., .. n
L...) (“32‘ C 91W???“
Un‘an—ou-..‘ ”Lav“ I‘u‘-

. Ie 90191 inte“"i on with (eeene *9tes, fiinectev,
{LquW ;o¢t‘ 3e9vice, Inc. fietroit,

15?

29990991 int99310w witF 1099 Tine, C999909P99,
d .1.: ., 3 .D .. .71 . - $3 .0 .-. s n ..\,,‘. .0 -

IuInlnacIcn :13 9199991 9939199, Unicen 90 -an LY
|

- " '1 r" 1 FEE-:1

'1‘ ~ ..\ J- \ . " " '9. ‘v .
“9931039. 909‘01L. .9-03 I;,

‘09'wum191 flirtefvflfni witd1*flo}£9~t (171939t, TH rcctcr",
419 Z~0t3939 of 5991n92, Inc. $99 999. i990? 1?, ICFQ.

. F9990991 intorvicw with 199909 flittsfi, Irck9tion
(231099, In ‘99 County Prolate Couvt. 1999133.

{cvil 1*, 1?5?.

3031903191 1999399193! 1311.17. '9'. $0111 ". {11.01.7931,

 

I
$19.9t0 , C9t%clic $09191 Ce9vices, Inc. Lensiny.
g". QT"11_ n ’ 1* P'C'fi .

. L9990991 intc9view with T9. Stein, Associcte
fiiwoczon, $991999 0099unity Services Council. S9rin9v.

‘

“ever 1?, 1999

. 30990n97 intenvicw with ‘urton 59090, Di9cct09,
W19 190t1919 0f I9n91n9, Inc. Ransin9. 39909 17 and
r3 '-
l

fl

oyfo, ”99k. Sneec” r1vcn at five 5th Ticbi9an finnu91 :99te
19 ‘*ct‘,9 Isnfcwcnce. Iid19nfi. 93911 13, ICED.

110

Afro-ms. 1* n
{-1. .. '- IDI'L 1

"~‘r';"‘r.* ."1 -~=- ~~-°-
- '1 _J‘J.L C ' .J "A J. .5“;

I.
.3 -

.: : '?7~v."\ " ' y lg‘Y?
I? CC'JUJhCIC. Elfin
r" I- v- 1(‘. 1f {7 \‘r 0. air ‘x'fi‘fi '117Q'l‘ 1n 7"." \ :wf'wa-n mf—a‘Yfi hr! 7: 1.“ 1" T.
- I In n -‘v 1-3 DJ- (.j.‘ ‘.l‘ '4 -.IG .1. pt..." .5..'_.- '. JAC“.:-.¢KIIIZA) “i: l .ICIiIGl‘LII
r;~, . w. .. -
file name of your agency:

 

The yea” your agency was established:

L—O.‘ ”1‘ _w

:m.

toe geogvnohical area your agency serves:

kg“

Is your agency affiliatco wit
the national Rig ?rot%er organization? Yes ( ) Ho ( )

the stage ‘1: ”Potter organization? Yes ( ) Yo ( )

Is your agency affiliated with any other cgency(ies) anfl/or
inetitution(o)? Yes ( ) No ( )

If answer is yes, écoignate what'efency(ios) and/or

inetitution(s) enfl the nature of ,be affiliation.

 

 

 

 

five total number of active cases served in 1959 y ;
1?57 ' 195‘ ; 1355 :
10:5 ; 1G5? .

 

 

7. Usin" the guide below, c e.sif nate tte number of Little
Irot:'ers served €urin~ 1°57 cccowfiinr to are, race,
cultural group and clirio

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5176 8 9 to 12 1:5 £075“ 16 and {the-e..-
years years years over ooecify
I. t729cc: ___ ‘—
:Torf‘no - ‘ "“'
Caucasian ,w*v __ _i
Oriental “_4 __ _w
Lwcciccn Indian i_
I. Cultural t. 01m:
OMcon w __~
311 ‘to 109:.
Italian _._ *—
(thcr (soecify)
III. Eclition:
.rrwic _i .. _o 4 »~eww~- *-
F‘otcetcnt .____ _ __ _ ___--..u___m-
Catholic w_ - ci__...w.__«..

 

. The nurker of active Tic K?othecs 01 your staff during

1957:

 

— wvv t‘wmv _- — —.v-—— —— ——v—- w".
"o J‘ \ ' ~ ‘v‘ '* ‘- J‘ ‘r A. e r’ q
C; tLis nuMpor, designaue UJC numbec vlo woce:

.:
.

F.)

@110

:_11
no

53 in 5"]. e

W ———'- w— -m-o -m-—-—.~m- ‘evvnnmv-O-

O

J

(a).

113

 

 

 

Cctholic ; Jewis

tr testent '

Caucasian M_ ; Iefiro
Rein: tte ruifie below, fleeicnn to the

tit

Vein? the
Trothere

Erothets wtoce occupation curing

Unekillcd F Vomker

ectohy

“Q

“V‘WIPH Fe.cto: y Yorker

Cleri ccl
frofeseional

Civil Service

 

guifie be
on your 8

 

 

number of these

1957 was:

 

w'fiflcm-wm.«u~

 

 

 

 

 

Unfler 21 years
2] to 30 yeere

 

Al to 50 years

 

Ove? 50 years

mm.“ "M' '0‘ "I.

11h

10. Do the 11” W ot“crs on your staff note fo'rel, written
renorts of thein activities? Yes ( ) Ho ( )
If yes, when? Cnce no? week ( ); Twice per month ( )
Cnce no“ month ( ); Once every two nontls ( )

(Ttbcl? (SD901 f1")

ll. Choose any month in 1957 in wtich new Ti: Irothers were

ossifnee. Trot month is . The number

 

of fig Frothers essirned tint month: . Of that

_v ——v‘-—.—

 

q

nunter, eesirnete the number xlo were active:

e. t“re e nontES later

 

e. six tenths later

0. nine nontle later

 

a. one year later

 

12. Usinr the ruide below, designate the number of Fig frothe"
wko ted the followine nunber of contacts with ttei?
resnective Little rotbe 01s for the montn of Yench, 1059

O
*11- .

 

 

 

 

a. bee one contact

b. has two contacts

c. __ __“w_ __hafl three contacts

a. _ _r had four contacts

e. had five or more contacts

 

13. ire nunber of professional staff menhevs enoloyed during

 

 

 

1’7; . : 1:7? )w7 2 1984‘ 2
39:5 3 1054 z 19): .

 

 

 

 

11?

1h. lie number of nrofcssionel stefl menters who, in 1953,

q

held bachelor's ce tees ;

 

.r’
r
J
"a
...
S.

lost—Grefiuete eefvees

 

Toucetion Befrees ; Sociology nervees

 

\I.

 

Other (soecify) - .

v.0...”-

lf. Usiny be soece below, fiesigne.te ,be evnefiicnce in riontbs
on 19ers, tiret each neMben of your nrofeWioncl ste ff hes
lefl in Ti: Tvotbe? nonj.
1. C.
:3. 70
7. 7-?
-MO ‘40
['0 9.
[-3. 3-0.
15. Coin: the -1ide below, fleeinnete the number of case
refennele for 1957. 30 tl:e some for 1953 if Sb etistics
fl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'""C"T"' t*xy* 'tvvvflfiv? TC
"TFE‘" 1n~e ingf”*jfifin
a. Child Guidance Clinic ’
b. Juvenile Division of the
local nolice _ .
c. School.
6. Juvenile filvis ion of the
~"onnce Cou:*t -
e. Churches
f. PRJWNlUw -.~e
r. Seeiel Wonk ’rencies
(f9”llgr, chinl one 0110
lic welfare agencie, es) fi_
b. Ct c (°oeci’V)

 

l7.

efl1: t e following rees
ecco: <Eim1 to wkich you
tie rizost important, A is

(J

h. A c‘enfie in tie Little
status (fcther returns,
f9 rcily moves, etc.)

0. Little irothe? outrrowo the
Lccnuse of ?"G

’ 7r! 01‘1" (31501193., your 51r—

115

one for
feel is
11‘0 10

. Unvillinrnees of little
Trot%er'e fenily to continu

ency'e

erencies in tie community,
vou find that tlie relationship is effective;

w y; if it is not, why.

A"
V
SS

frother's
metier reaevVi,e,

imeortent.)

or l.ittle
V‘IlCG

far-11 1 y

*‘J‘O “T971

reletione“io witi
commentinr on whether or not

closing cases from 1 to A
the most imoowt

950“
(Lbs!

 

m“ mm

 

 

other

if it is,

A T; ‘3} 15-7. "A? ‘J C
.u - I‘d—3 .’t‘oL-.\.

(v 11"‘1 ivy”! 1.'.YT‘1tr/Nr.€ °' r'vl'r '9'“-"_j ,-1 ‘rn
QC. 1....1 3‘.) . if.) I I}. C :Q ‘2‘ .‘k.’ .c. Icix“: {1.3.1 J .1 JAR CO1. .. .é’n. MIL.-
f" r .7. vl-sv—q 7‘. ‘, rial‘ II~- ~F‘ (-1 3:527” I‘- ’ ,- n

C4 1.‘ it T'IC U . _gu'J \ [it *1'\J_L,’ .

1. How 616 your agency start?

CtO”S resoonsible for th

er e some of the fe
3.3ency?

1
:Hlistment of your

-. Describe the nature of your affiliations anti membeysbip.

a. Does yen? agency have s heard of Directors? If not,
fiescribe compe?eble Foerd activity.

. gow is your agency supportea?

{1:9t e.re you exoecuin" from your e.ffilistion wit? tee
.ationel ?i3 ErotLevs? from the etc to. i3 irothers?

G. Viet is consi‘eved as leing e ceee?
5. TTet is the averare ceseloe.a for each staff member?

fiLet would you 1 ke to ieve es the average caseload
for each staff member ?

C“'-"_’F "fiTC"R’ 'TC‘QTPT‘
. , - 1' . . A.

a

-1 .. o1le lifice ions necessary for tTe employ-
ment of a staff 11eraLer in your e3ency?

the criteria for the establishment of
(‘9
k'.

7. TPet ere tTe'me,or duties of the staff members?

:15 2:02:32 (VOLUJIT?.)
1 . . ~ o'; 1 .9 7‘ I‘ f ‘F n
l. Yiy 60 infiiviflueis went to be 113 irotoers:

117

L...

7.

17.

23-4

-n.

f‘
‘ O

117

.3.

Cu VTet basis or for vTet “recon woula you not accept
an esolicent for Tig Frotier work?

Describe tLe screenin3 p“ocess you use to fietermine

L

the suitability of e F13 IrotLer cendiee te. .

1 L. "
.o Lenel

’.'I)

i so ecu -in3 pr oeee s?

,.9 criteria is use@ for watching a Ti3 TrotTer to
a Little TrotLer?

Does th “i3: rot ee ever have more than one Little
irotLer? If so, for wLet reasons?

Do you 1e.vc Gifficulty in recruit.in3 “i3 TrotLers
n ceztein groups? If so, uLet (“cies?

To wfiat dc3ree does the femily of the T13 FrotTer
(wife or rotLer) perticipete in the fig FrotLer's
contact with tTe Little *rotLer?

,oes t Le 313 Fro+~er-Iit+lc Frc+L r rcletionsLip Lave
inye effect, oositive or nefe tive, on the Littl
.rothr 's fa3ily? If so, describe.

‘ ”3

es the 1‘13 T .1? other Te eye or“ tel-:e eny res cons-i“: ili ty
ior tLe i.3 1*ot‘er ororTe m other tL an Tis cents ct
1.1th t.‘". e Tittle TrotLe-I? If so, c-1171.

ZTet er. some of tLe r ejor reasons wTicL 313 TrotLers
3ive or Teve for becomin3 inactive?

s tL er~e ever any flifficulty in t‘m T 3 TrotLer becom-
in3 over-involved or 3oin3 beyond tLe volunteer role?
For example, do you ever find Lim sttemotin3 to hencle
proLlems the.t tLe staff member usually handles? If
so, Tow is tTis linolct?

Do you Lave a training program? If so, exolein.

m 1T7? 7‘ ‘1r\!'"1*?"""$
.gJ..\;._|.-a .‘J ~K—«J-J“. 3.

Cu 1%

at ouelificetions ere Little YrotLer eeelicents
"CCOULC

d for service?

Do you accept a fetTerles mic, for "13 TrotLer service
vTo Les not cviflcccec e.ny' hifficulty in tLe Lome,
scTool, or cornuni ty? If so, wT.y? If not, wLy?

I
.

1'}.

‘fi
0

7.

(W
.' 1‘ .

11?

V

itet criteria is used to eV9lu9te the effectiveness
of the Fig brother—Little Iioilew rel cionsnio?

So $79 m9iority of the Ii tie Iretfiee aeolicents tend
to co.e fro: 9 on9ticuler income grouo? If so, utet
{1701?}?

H w is tbe L- tt_e Erothev oeiented 9n6 introfiucefl to
tFe Lib Ivotfe: 9903999 and/or the Fig Iwotier
velstionshio?

If the Iittle Frcther seems res,st9nt, unresconsive,
07‘ wit (119” in the Little I'..7I‘ot}:=e:9—7ii{f: Ifrot‘riyer
reletionslio, how does the eyency Fandle this
situation?

Do you find 9.ny relations l-fip bet fixeen the success 09
ffocfiveneku of tLe Pig Lrother~Little Wotiaer

rel9tions‘io and the 959 of the Little Frother? flitb

the “overlem' Little irother? Uith the "non-problem"

Little Prothefi?

'“9t is tle policy encl bow is it aeterwinefl reepveflwr

tPe ectix ities of tie Little Trotter 996 Tia 7TOtTcP?

79*9 AchVImlfis

CCT:

1.

T“

Does you” 999903 have group activities for the Lie
Trothe" 9nd Tittle Trotter? Describe.

LTPt co:“muni‘;y resource are utilized for group
activities?

Are frouo 9ctivities seen 9.9 nece 999 o the agency
Eixjsiocuecwnxxiwmm If so :hixfwe we"?
I. i _7 i J
flow would vou rate tie iwoor ence of rzouo 9.ct ivities

as cox~9red to the one-to-ene ImeL tion seio?

7,9711%: - ”7:? ““JC""TTIPL3

1.

F09 VF9c r99 sons co st9ff 9991993 9939 veferrels to
other stencies?

Goes your agency 909k in close ass ocL tion vith 9ny
other community agencies as fer 99 99°9Vo7: ene/or
counselinc sevvices 999 concerned to your Little
Prethere aurinf the Pi: Froth99— Iittle “Potter
activity, 09 is tie aeency 9719 to of; “es neeeefl esse-
work 999/09 counseling?

“Am/x d1? TS '1'!“ \rr "nu w .y: van-v
.L/o'oAlb kl-i «L‘TtI.I.- .L\.- 1.1L .!.- .-¢.I.T\4'

“'1' L ’2 15

‘PI£--”"‘T"WT;fflflflFF‘Z”*'rwno

J. "- I ‘54
o-wn- «:r r-«1r-w‘ \ s'fi— .131 1rcvvrfi1¢y
...'. 'k ..‘-. 4L ’ .L T'I‘: L 1.} 4.1;

:UziAU, 1953—1953

Year Tumber

f.)
‘ I)
U1
x},
"J

.4
‘3
“'1
'1)

195“) o v o o o o o o o [T

Ta A..?::: 17

v‘) :1 ‘T (‘1 Y! A ‘1‘? r1 7‘ -‘1
I ft“ .s) Lg: LL}: , .LIALCHo

attraxo", Acoxv: UIG rficwv”“¢

’ _._<. . .3 ’

x1 YT YCUTH TUT:1J,1C57

 

 

 

 

I "-.-.‘-2”‘*~0 4|.“- c’a. -”‘-m--fl-:— ~wm.~ 1‘...-
P‘. gnu-5“".- .. — r—fl ‘mn -m v-II’I—o rum- ”.- “Cit.

Tarita Statxs Race .elirion

 

 

c+
C

Total single Iarried Total Vhite Negro Total Cath. Jew. Pro

 

127 630 121

K51
U1
K)!

CQO QQS his 530

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

”mm-d Lou-m -- m-—

F.)

30

12-

n". a. "‘T ‘."‘ "7
.Tgn‘o: ' Jul .1. ~_’

fiCYIV? Chars, ELITE year"

:UniAU, 195?_ CW?
ygg_ Tuvbor
101:} o o o o o o o o o 715
1'95" o o o o o o o o o 7:0

n
a -3-) o o o o o o o o c 10

1065 7&0

a...)
‘9
U1
.q
0
Q
J
O

4'

.'
t

‘5.)
53

1,050

I— -I-w
TL»1~ 10
.‘ n‘A. 4 - I

$Iv: .r-wo-fiwwfl T Tmtr1I f." 1‘9“. I1 'nfiV‘f‘t‘fif‘v fiIv-T) TaT’fi. T‘N“ C'meT-r'w-‘V CC“ 4T“: A" V‘fi
,1“); ,- . a, U..;._.L.'. .J r J,- -\.v..'. -; .rJ L.I.' 94-». 1’ . ‘J. “_J.-k./ '. .LJL .;..4J,
71’
‘J

FtIn: ECU“? :tAU. 1957

.
‘J ..

'"4
.4

T- -« . g. 1 ‘fi _} n
-171???)le of?.1tt].e.z.rot;_o.s . . . . . . . . . . . 9O

Yunher of fig

~t .—

T“?\‘Y";"‘Tf"."".’ \f f‘. t":rt1f‘flrfujt 13'? I'm: '13- \frmf
‘ T ' ".l : CC ~.‘L.I'—V TV, I C‘ .LJ.‘

0 I I
c. . J .J‘J a. ‘ s T j

‘ 91s xfl‘ "" ‘ "1 '7 s n
=11: .' ’7 5 C: , I???)

-u'lb‘ , J -A \

CUNEGP of
El? ?rotkon Contscts

T,ta3 691

IT 01116 O I O O O O O O I 51<O

’f\
r)

Tive or Tore . . . . . . . . .

P1 5 "r“ 3- T"
T b¢iJ-’:.::"‘

*-

¢ ‘ m r‘w‘.“ 2 v-‘ ‘f C"

.1: at.) ’

- 41; .J- LL'

91

FEIHT YCIT;

1 1'7" «571

~Jg. h'TL-Jv-‘J ,

 

nah...“ A ‘ ‘-

 

"
-Mu- -_-.-p'--wfi- --O-‘-I~.~M.~---A.I-.u-I—’ I-.. _r

Afcncies

1957

-1.-u, -‘I‘m I “-4"-.-

'.--‘.~' - —.ow‘-’I:.—--—hw .V‘

chovrcls

 

r s
.L

H

qfiom

 

A ’---

Total

(n7

192

 

 

 

 

 

Child Guiflcnce l? C
Churc%oo 19 5
Juvenile Division, Police 139 13
Juvenile Division, Court 91 11
'7.) '1_ O 1 /
lazonts \ l

Schools 391 71
Social .0“? Afzncioo 52 25
-- a M
-isccllcneous O a;

a-
inclufles referrals

*1: Trothcrs.

k

from Little

'1' - .‘. ..
protsecs

and

E! 'U/

Wig-o

A
l

f

V
c

r‘ :«fiffnlf -

I
s

 

‘7. j

 

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY L

lllll IIILIJI

RARIES

51

3 1193 03082 2