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AN ECOLOGECAL SURVEY OF lNﬁlEC‘E'S
OF A PENNSYLVAMA izAiUASTEAD

Thesis ﬁor the Degree 05 M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNEVERSHY
Rebert 9%. Angie
Wﬁé

THESIS

AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INSECTS
OF A PENNSYLVANIA FARMSTEAD

by

Robert H. Angle

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
in

Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
1956

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THESIS

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ABSTRACT

This study is a survey and comparison, in a qualitative
manner, of sample collections of the insect species from four
different biological areas. or the four areas studied two
were of the meadow type, a marshy meadow and a dry meadow, and
two were of the forest type, a hemlock forest and an oak-hickory
forest. The dry meadow area was approximately 10 acres in size,
While the marshy meadow area was approximately 8 acres. The
oak-hickory forest area was approximately 20 acres in size,
while the hemlock forest area was composed of some 35 acres.
The areas studied are located on the Angle farm two miles west
of Dingmans Ferry, Pennsylvania on the Edgemere Road. These
areas were surveyed, using the same methods in each, from July
29, 1955 to September 20, 1955.

The principal method employed in the collection of insects
from the surveyed areas was the use of the sweeping net. Other
insects were collected by the use of funnel traps, by direct
observation, by removal of bark from dead trees, examinations
of wood piles, shelf fungi and mushrooms, rotten wood, by turn-
ing over stones and by the use of molasses smears. In addition,
night collecting was done in all areas by the use of lights.
Each of the areas surveyed was treated in the same manner in an

attempt to collect representative specimens. Collection of all

species which inhabit the various areas surveyed was impossible

due to the fact the survey was limited to a short period of
time.

All the adult insect Specimens collected were pinned and
labeled as to area, date and collector. Identification of these
adult specimens was accomplished with the use of the most recent
entomological literature. All Specimens were identified by the
author, except where otherwise noted.

The species were listed in an attempt to ascertain which
area supported the greatest number of species. Various sources
of entomological literature were consulted in an attempt to
better understand the total ecology, biology and distribution
of each species collected. Four hundred and ninety-six species
of insects were recorded from.the four areas surveyed. The
greatest number of insect species were recorded from.the dry
meadow area, being closely followed by the marshy meadow area.
The oak-hickory forest was third in species representation,
while the hemlock forest had the least number of species col-
lected in the areas under study. It was found that the major-
ity of species common to all the areas surveyed were either
scavengers or predators. Few phytophagous species of insects
were found to occur in all areas, with the majority being re-
stricted to only one area. From.these results it was concluded
that the insect communities of the four areas studied differed
both in the composition of speciegcomplex occurring in any one
of the areas and the total number of Species found in any one

of the areas. The greater the number of plant Species and

habitats offered by an area the greater was the number of spec-
ies of insects occurring within that area. This conclusion

was supported by the fact that the dry meadow offered the great—
est variety of plants and habitats and that the greatest number
of insect Species were recorded from the area. It was further
concluded that an increase in the plant species composition of

a particular area is accompanied by an increase in phytophagous
insect species and their various predators. The result is an
increase in the total number of insect species found in a

particular area.

AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INSECTS
OF A PENNSYLVANIA FARMSTEAD

by

Robert H. Angle

A THESIS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
in

Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
1956

ACKN 01"! IEDGMENTS

The author wishes to extend his sincere appreciation to
Assistant Professor H. L. Fischer and Associate Professor H. L.
King for their untiring cooperation and guidance throughout
this study. He is also indebted to Dr. R. L. Fischer for his
help in organizing the study and identification of the
Hymenoptera.

Grateful acknowledgment is also extended to the following
individuals for their assistance in insect identification:
Michigan State graduate student w. A. Drew for his help in the
Tabanidae, Anthomyiidae and muscidae; O. Taboada for his help
in the Cicadellidae; M. MacReynolds for his help in the Calli-
phoridae; and to Michigan State undergraduate student R. L.
Hodges for his help in the Lepidoptera.

Sincere thanks is also extended to Professor H. J. Rein-
hard of Texas Agricultural College for his identification of
the Larvaevoridae; Dr. C. L. Fluke of the University of Wiscon-
sin for his identification of the Syrphidae and Dr. M. R. Smith
of the United States National Museum for his identification
of the Formicidae.

The author is greatly indebted to his wife, Roberta, for
her untiring help in insect collecting and preparation of the

draft of this paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction........................................ A
II. Historical Review................................... 5
III. Methods and Materials............................... 8

A. General Informationoooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 9

B. Topographyoocoooooooooocooooooooooooooooooooooolo
C. Climatic FaCtoraooooooooo00.000000000000000o.0.10

D. Ecology of Localities Studied..................l3
IV. DichBSion Of ROSUltSooooooooooooooooooooooeooooooool7
V. Summary and COHCIusionsoooooooooooooooeoooooooooooco3o

Appendix...oo00000000000000000000000.00000000000000032

A. Table I-List of Species Recovered.............3h
B. Table]I-—Summary of Insects Taken During
thb Survey..........................oo67

C. Plate I—-T0pography of Areas Studied...........68

Bibliographyoooooooooooococooooo006.000.000.0000000070

INTRODUCTION

The important role played by the more than 650,00 specia
of insects that inhabit the world is becoming more apparent
each year, not only due to the attention paid to species of
injurious nature, but the realization that many species are
valuable to man. A tremendous number of these insects are
phytophagous, some being classed as general plant feeders, and
others as specific plant feeders. Many of these insect species
that inhabit the world are of a predaceous nature, others are
parasites and some are blood sucking. It has been generally
agreed among biologists that insect communities have a definite
relationship to plant communities. It is the purpose of this
thesis to study this plant-insect community relationship and
to determine what species inhabit the ecological areas studied,
and which.of these areas was best able to support the greatest
number of species.

This study surveyed and compared in a qualitative manner
the insects from.four different biological areas. Of the four
areas studied two were of the meadow type, a marshy meadow and
a dry meadow, and two were of a forest type, a hemlock forest
and an oak-hickory forest. The biological areas that were
studied were located on a 110-acre farmstead in eastern Penn-
sylvania, near Dingmans Ferry, Pa. They were surveyed, using

the same methods is each, from.Ju1y 29, 1955 to September 20,T9¥3

HISTORICAL REVIEW

General surveys and studies of meadow and forest areas
date back to the early part of the nineteenth century. The
purpose of these early studies dealt mainly with the interest
in the insects themselves and showed little relationship to
the association of plant-animal communities. Near the end of
the nineteenth century a greater interest was shown in area
relationship to insect populations. With an increase in the
knowledge about insects it soon became apparent that they of-
fered a definite threat to mankind and their economic impor-
tance was greatly stressed. Many studies were undertaken with
particular species of economic importance to determine their
life cycles, damage to particular plants and animals, and
methods of controlling them. Little work has been done on re-
lationships between plant and animal communities.

Adams (1906 and 1909) carried on studies of the relation-
ship of animals to plant communities in a survey of the Isle
Royals and Porcupine Mountains of Michigan. In this survey,
insects were included as a part of the total animal community,
with particular attention being devoted to the beetles. Shel-
ford (1907) related species of Cicindela to the succession of
plant communities. Shelford (1913) gave a description of the
animal communities associated with variols grasslands around

Chicago. Vestal (1913) made a more detailed study of animal

communities associated with grasslands on the prairies of
Illinois. Vestal based his ecological units largely upon the
food habits of the animals. Shull (1911) studied the plant-
insect communities of a sand dune area around the Saginaw Bay
region in.Michigan. He concluded that the physical condition
of an area played a major role in the relationship of plant-
insect communities. Shackleford (1929) studied animal com.
munities on high and low prairies in Illinois. He concluded
that there were two distinct commities, one on the high prai-
rie and one on the low prairie. Those on the high prairie were
more homegenous than low prairie forms and less able to with-
stand a wider range of environmental conditions.

Studies of forest areas have followed the pattern of
Adam's (1906 and 1909) study and dealt with forest fauna with
regard to total animal communities. Weese (192h) carried on
quantitative studies of the biotic conditions in an elmpmaple
forest association. Random samples were taken in this area
and the results showed two peaks in the population curve, oc-
curring in the spring and fall, particularly in the case of
herb and shrub strata. It was his belief that the increase
in population in the fall was due to a migration of the insects
from.surrounding habitats to the forest when temperatures be-
gan to decline. The rise in population in the spring was the
result of these insects coming out of hibernation and leaving
the forest for the surrounding fields. Weese further con-

cluded that the life cycles of the fauna are adjusted to the

annual rhythm of physical conditions which are found in the
savanna and temperate forest. Weese (1921+) and Smith (1929
and 1930) carried on a series of animal ecology studies in a
deciduous forest in central Illinois. Their work was largely
quantitative and dealt mainly with the influence of physical
factors on animals in deciduous forests and not the whole
plant-animal community relationship. Another study of this
type was conducted by Needham, Frost and Tothill (1928), in
which.they studied foliage-feeding insects living between the
upper and lower epidermal layers of the leaves in a deciduous
forest. They concluded that, in general, leaf miners have
shorter life cycles than surface feeders and are highly spec-
ialized and usually more restricted as to food plant.

One of the more general studies of forest communities
was carried on by Blake (1926) in which.he compared the fauna
of a coniferous and deciduous forest. In this study the animal
communities of a climax pine-hemlock forest and climax elm-
maple forest were compared in central Illinois, but not in the
immediate vicinity of each other. The animals were discussed
in relation to their occurrence in stratal subdivisions of the
forest. He concluded that the animals of the coniferous and
deciduous forest have different taxonomic composition with

only h.5 percent nonppredominants being common to both.

LZETH ODS AND HATER IALS

The principal method employed in the collection of insects
from.the surveyed areas was the use of the sweeping not. In
the meadow areas grasses were swept, while in the forest areas
herbs, shrubs and lower tree strata was swept where possible.
Funnel traps containing dead animals were placed in each area
and checked at intervals for carrion-feeding species of insects.
Night collecting was done in all areas by the use of lights
and also by baiting with molasses smears on tree trunks in the
forest areas. Many insects were collected by direct observa-
tion, by removal of bark from dead trees, examination of wood
piles, shelf fungi and mushrooms, rotten wood and by turning
over stones. Insects in the upper strata of the trees were
not surveyed. All specimens collected were saved for further
study except those found in tremendous numbers, in which case
a representative sample was saved. The insect specimens have
been deposited in the entomology museum of Michigan State
University.» Collection of all species which inhabit the vari-
ous areas surveyed was impossible due to the fact the survey
was limited to a short period of time. Thus, this survey can
only represent a sample of the total insect fauna indigenous
to the surveyed area.

Each of the areas surveyed was treated in the same manner

and under similar conditions in an attempt to collect repre-

sentative specirmns. Collection was carried on under all
climatic conditions except heavy rains.

All the adult insect specimens collected were pinned
and labeled as to area, date and collector. Identification
was accomplished with the use of the most recent entomological
literature. All specimens were identified by the author, except
where otherwise noted. Identification of certain groups of
insects was done by the following individuals: W. A. Drew,
Anthomyiidae, Muscidae and Tabanidae; 0. Taboada, Cicadellidae;
M. MacReynolds, Calliphoridae; R. L. Hodges, Lepidoptera; H.

J. Reinhard, Larvaevoridae; C. L. Fluke, Syrphidae; M. R. Smith,
Formicidae; and R. L. Fischer, Hymenoptera.

During the survey records were taken on weather conditions,
unusual and interesting facts concerning large populations of
insects present in any one area, the restriction of any spec-
ies to a particular plant, and other biological data. These

observations will be brought out in the discussion.

I. General Information

The area studied was a 110-acre plot of land located in
the eastern part of Pennsylvania, near Dingmans Ferry. The
town of Dingmans Ferry lies A5 miles east of Scranton, Pa.,
32 miles north of Stroudsburg, Pa., 18 miles south of Port
Jervis, M. Y., and approximately 90 miles west of New‘York
City. The Angle Farm, on Which this survey was conducted, is

located two miles north of Dingmans Ferry on the Edgemere Road.

10

Of the portions of this llO-acre farm that were surveyed
approximately 35 acres represented the hemlock forest, 20 acres
represented the oak-hickory forest, 8 acres represented the

marshy meadow and 10 acres represented the dry meadow.

II. Topography

This area of Pennsylvania is on the eastern slopes of the
Pocono Mountains, which are a branch of the Kittatinny Mountain
range. The average elevation is between 800 and 900 feet above
sea level (Plate I) and is rather hilly. The dry meadow and
oak-hickory forest are rolling in contour and vary in eleva-
tion about 60 feet. The marshy meadow area is fairly level
and varies no more than 20 feet. The hemlock forest area is
divided into two parts by a mountain stream.some 20 feet wide.
On either side of this stream there are steep banks rising from
an elevation of 6&0 feet to 800 feet. The steepness of these

banks is more gradual on the northwest portion of the area.

III. Climatic Factors

Uvarov (1931) states that climate is an ever-present
factor in insect life. Though it may not always be the factor
on which existence of an insect depends entirely, other condi-
tions of the environment are subordinate to it in importance.
He further states that temperature, humidity, precipitation
and other environmental factors do not have the same affect on
all species of insects. Where a low temperature might prove

to be fatal to one species of insect, another species might

11

benefit from it, thus climatic factors have varying effects
on the different species of insects.

Sweetman (1936) states that generally Speaking, climate
and weather are the most important factors in lhmiting the
abundance and prevalence of insects. Heavy rains may wash off
and destroy large numbers of insects that feed, during their
larval stages, on exposed surfaces of trees and shrubs. Cool
weather during the developmental period may lengthen the devel-
Opmental stages and allow large numbers of the species to fall
prey to their predators. Moist warm weather may favor outbreaks
of entomogenous diseases. Thus, it seems that the factors that
go to make up climate have varying effects on the different
species of insects and could be responsible for the increase
or decrease in population levels in any one season of any
particular species.

Climatic conditions for the months of July, August and
September were so adverse that it may have had considerable
influence on the species found. The following information is
taken from.the United States Department of Commerce Weather
Bureau at Scranton, Pennsylvania. Only four climatic factors
previously discussed will be considered here, arranged by
months in which collecting was carried on. The temperatures
mentioned are in degrees Fahrenheit.

A. July, 1955:

(a) This was the warmest July ever recorded in this area.

The average monthly temperature was 77.h degrees which was

12

h.8 degrees above normal. The maximum temperature was 98
degrees and the minimum.was 5h degrees. The temperature was
90 degrees or higher on IR days. The average high was 89.5
degrees and the average low was 65 degrees.

(b) The total precipitation for the month was 1.13 inches
which was 3.30 inches below normal.

(c) The average humidity was 65 percent for the month of
July. 1955.

(d) The average wind speed was 6.6 miles per hour with a
high of 31 miles per hour.

B. August, 1955:

(a) The average monthly temperature was 7h degrees which
was 3.3 degrees above normal. The average high was 8h degrees
with an average low of 63.7 degrees. Maximum.temperature was
96 degrees with seven days of the month showing temperatures
of 90 degrees or higher.

(b) Total precipitation for the month was 11.76 inches
which was 8.09 inches greater than the normal rainfall. The
high of h.58 inChes for a 2h-hour period, was recorded on
August 18, which caused severe floods throughout the eastern
part of the United States.

(c) The average relative humidity was 75 percent for the
month of August, 1955.

(d) The average wind speed was 8 males per hour with.a

high of N5 miles per hour.

13

C. September, 1955:

(a) The average monthly temperature was 61 degrees which
‘was 3.10 degrees below normal. The average high was 71.8
degrees and the average low was 51.9 degrees. The maximum
temperature was 86 degrees with the minimum.being ho degrees.

(b) Total precipitation for the month was 2.83 inches
which was .39 inches below normal

(c) The average relative humidity was 70 percent for the
month of September, 1955.

(d) The average wind speed was 6.5 miles per hour with
a high of 33 miles per hour.

IV. Ecology of Localities Studied
Certain insect species may be found in most any geography

ical location, while other insects are restricted to certain
ecclogical niches within rather small restricted localities.
There are many factors which determine the distribution of
insects and the particular locale in which an insect species
might occur. One of the influential factors determining the
habitat of a species is that of its feeding habits. It is
known that food of insects includes most everything that can
furnish nourishment to living things. According to Duncan
and Pickwell (1939) insects can be grouped into four general
categories as to their feeding habits. Omnivorous species,

such as the Jerusalem.Cricket, Stenopelmatus longispigg (Scud.),

 

eat almost anything. Many species of insects feed on only

vegetable matter and are termed vegetarians. This group may
be further divided into generalized feeders, such as Anabrus
simplex (Hald.), the Mormon cricket, which feeds on a variety
of plant materials, and the more specialized feeders which are
restricted to a few plants, certain parts of plants, or only
one species of a plant. Another category includes carnivorous
species Which feed on other animals. In this case the term
carnivorous is meant to include general feeding predaceous

species, such as Brochymeng_sulcata (Fab.), the sulcate rough

 

shield-bug, the more restricted predators like certain lady-
bird beetles which feed on scale insects and plant lice, and
various types of parasitoid species. The last group includes
the scavengers Which feed on a variety of dead organic matter.
Some of these scavengers are carnivorous, such as the larvae~
of the Calliphoridae, and some of these scavengers are vege-
tarians, such as the larvae of certain Diptera which feed on
decaying plant matter. The insect habitat is also dependent
on other factors such as breeding activities, geographical
situations and weather conditions. All of these factors are
interrelated and determine where one might find a particular
species of insect.

The dry meadow area offered a variety of habitats, both
macrohabitats and microhabitats, for the species of insects
that occurred within that area. The t0pography of the land,
soil types present and variety of vegetation all played a

role in what species were found within this area. Four dis-

tinct ecological areas were found in the dry meadow. One of
these areas consisted of a sandy, dry knoll covered sparsely
with various grasses, briars and grapevines, which offered a
type of habitat for many species. This area was located in
the center of the dry meadow. On the boundaries of the sandy
knoll was located an area covered rather heavily with timothy
and clovers. A third area covered with mixed grasses and
flowering plants, largely goldenrod, offered another type of
habitat for many species. A fourth area consisting of grasses
and a variety of mixed herbaceous plants was located on.the
outer margins of the dry meadow area. The northern boundary
of the area joined the oak-hickory forest. The soil for the
most part was sandy, running to'a sandy-clay loam.type on the
fringes.

The marshy meadow area was more restricted in the variety
of habitats it offered when compared to the dry meadow. The
central portion of this area was densely covered with grasses
and sedges. Goldenrod and other flowering plants were pre-
valent along the fringes of this area. A spring-fed creek
was located along the eastern margins of the naréhy'meadow
area. This creek was margined with many marshy swales and had
various herbs and shrubs within and alongside of it.

The oak-hickory forest was composed of approximately 65
percent of various species of oak, Qgercus 522., and 25 per-
cent hickory which was mostly shag-bark,‘gagyg‘gzgtg. The

remaining 10 percent was made up of maple, beech and others.

16

The floor of the forest was fairly well covered with deciduous
herbs, shrubs and small trees on the northern portions. Through-
out the sounthern portion of the area, as the forest floor be-
came more rocky, the understory vegetation was rather sparse.
This area had been lumbered by select cutting three years
prior to this survey.

The hemlock forest was composed of approximately 95 per-

cent hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. A few scattered white pine,

 

£3323 strohus, made up about 5 percent of the total number of
trees present. The forest floor was nearly devoid of under-
story vegetation, except on the extreme eastern portion Where
small patches of deciduous herbs and shrubs were found. The
western portion of this forest was lumbered by select cutting
three years prior to this survey. Other than the lumbered

area the forest is a stand.of mature trees.

17

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

A list of species of insects found during the survey and
the areas in which they were found is presented as Table I,
List of Species Recovered. A summary of the numbers of insect
species recorded, arranged by orders, is located in Table II.
The following discussion is concerned with the species of in-
sects found in.the four areas surveyed. Various species will
be discussed as to their observed habits and the areas from
which.they were collected. It is assumed that scavengers and
carrion feeding forms of insects could be found in all areas,
thus final figures and results for each.particu1ar area are
exclusive of these groups. The literature was reviewed in an
attempt to better understand the total ecology, biology and
distribution of each species collected. The observed and re-
corded habits and habitats are compared with those that have

been reported in the literature.

Order Orthoptera

This order was represented by 27 species, of which 19
species were collected in the dry meadow area, 12 species were
collected in the marshy meadow area, 5 species were collected
in the oak-hickory forest and 7 species were collected in the

hemlock forest. Eleven of these species were recorded from

more than one area. Qrchelimum bullatum.Rh. and Heb., Melano-

18

‘plgg_differentialig (Thom.), and Conocephalus‘brevipengis
(Scud.) were recorded from the dry meadow area, but they have
been reported by Blatchley (1920a) to occur in tall grasses
in low wet areas and in pine woods. 0f the 12 species re-
corded from.the marshy meadow and the 5 species recorded from
the oakhhickory forest all have been reported by Blatchley
(1920a) to occur in these areas. Oecanthus exclamations Davis
‘was recorded in the hemlock forest, but according to Blatchley
(1920a) this species feeds and oviposits on various deciduous
plants, preferably oak. Of all the species collected in this
order, Melanoplus mmbm (DeG.) represented the largest

[number of specimens recovered.

Order Neuroptera

Only two species of this order were collected during the
survey. Chrysopayplorabundg_(Fitch,) was taken from the dry
meadow, marshy meadow and hemlock forest by the use of lights
during night collecting. Homerobiug.humuli L. was collected
in the hemlock forest and has been reported by Banks (1906)

to feed on aphids in areas near streams.

Order Hemiptera

All of the habitats mentioned, unless otherwise stated
are taken from Blatchley (1926). Of the 61 species of Hemiptera
recorded during this survey, h6 species were collected in the
dry meadow area, 36 species were collected in the marshy mead-

ow area, 10 species were collected in the oak-hickory forest,

19

and 7 species were collected in the hemlock forest. Thirty-
one of these species were collected from more than one area.

Of the h6 species taken from the dry meadow area u have been
reported to be native to other areas. Jalysus spinosus (Say)
has been reported to occur on weedsand undergrowth in decid-
uous woodlots and marshy areas. Isohnorrhynchus resedae (Panz.)
and Podops peninsularis Blatch., a fairly uncommon species,

has been reported to feed on herbs and grasses in marshy areas,
while Ldgyrocoris Obscurus Barb. has been reported to occur on
flowers in wooded s10pes near streams. Only 2 species of the
36 recorded from.the marshy meadow area have been reported to
be native to other areas. Coriscus eurinus (Say) has been re-
ported to occur on high sandy margins of streams and lakes,
while Ortholomus scolopax (Say) occurs on goldenrod in dry
areas. Of the 10 species recorded from.the oak-hickory forest
all have been reported to occur in that area. Seven species
were recorded from.the hemlock forest, of which Ligygocoris
diffusus (Uhler) has been reported to occur in grasses on the
margins of marshy areas.

Nearly all the species of the families Coriscidae, Corei-
dae, Corizidae and Lygaeidae were collected in the meadow areas
and have been reported to feed on various grasses and herbs.
Mormidea lugens (Fab.) was the only species of the family
Pentatomidae collected in the four areas surveyed and has been

reported to feed on a variety of grasses, herbs and shrubs.

20

It was observed during the survey that Phymgta fasciata
(Gray), Phymgta wolfii Stal., giggg spinipes (H. and S.) and
§iggg diadema.(Fab.) were found in abundance on the flowenaof
goldenrod, especially during late August and September. .2521-
1iopgs cinctus (Fab.) was recorded in both meadow areas and
the oak-hickory forest, but the greatest numbers were col-
lected on goldenrod wherever it occurred in the oak-hickory
forest. The tarnished-plant bug, gyggg linealaris (P. deB.)
represented the largest number of specimens recovered during

the survey and was recorded from.all areas surveyed.

Order Homoptera

This order was represented by 30 species collected during
the survey. Twenty species of these were collected in the dry
meadow area, 18 species were collected in the marshy meadow,
2 species were collected in the oak-hickory forest and 15 spec-
ies were collected in the hemlock forest. Eighteen of the
species were recorded from more than one area. Draeculacephala
522. were collected in the dry meadow area, but according to
Britten (1923) members of this genus occur in coarse grasses
in swampy areas. Ceresa basalis Walk. was collected in the
hemlock forest and has been reported by Britten (1923) to occur
on rose, blackberry, clover and other plants and grasses. The
species of Homoptera found in the greatest numbers during the

survey was Acanalgnig bivitta (Say), which was collected in

 

both meadow areas and the hemdock forest.

21

Order Coleoptera

Due to the large number of Coleoptera recorded during
this survey they will generally be discussed at family level.
The various habitats of species mentioned, unless otherwise
mentioned, have been taken from.Blatchley (1920b).

One hundred and thirty-six species of ColeOptera were re-
corded during this survey, of which, 76 species were collected
in the dry meadow area, 52 species were collected in the marshy
meadow area, 59 species were collected in the oak-hickory
forest, and 30 species were collected in the hemlock forest.
Fifty-three of these species were recorded from more than one
area. Species of the families Silphidae, Historidae, Staphy-
linidae and_Dermestes talpinuswﬂann., of the family Dermestidae,
were collected from.carrion and found to occur in all areas.
All the species of the family Scarabaeidae, except Popillia
japonica,Newn., and Serica sericea (111.), were collected from
carrion. The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newn., was
collected in all the areas surveyed except the hemlock forest
and taken from a variety of plants and deciduous herbs. Serica
sericea (Ill.) was found in great abundance in the oak-hickory
forest and has been reported to occur beneath logs in open
wooded areas. Many species of the families lempyridae, Can-
tharidae and Coccinellidae were collected in meadow areas and
have been reported to be predaceous on insects and other animals.

The greatest number of species of the family Carabidae

were collected in the oak-hickory forest area. The species

22

of'ggbig recorded during the survey were found to occur in
great numbers on goldenrod, especially during late August and
the early part of September. Anisodactylus interpunctgtgs Kby.
was collected in all areas except the hemlock forest and has
been reported to feed on other insects and seeds of various
plants. 8

The species of the families Ostomidae, Cucujidae, Endomy-
chidae, and nearly all the species of the family Tenebrionidae
were collected under the bark of dead trees in the oak-hickory
forest. Eucinetus testaceus Lee., the only species of the
family Dascillidae recorded during the survey, was collected
from.under the bark of a hemlock tree near the stream. It has
been reported to occur only under the bark of hemlock and gen-
erally quite close to water. Cryptorhopalum.balteatgg,Lec.,
the other species of the family Dermestidae recorded during
the survey, was collected in abundance in all areas from.the
flowers of goldenrod. It has been reported to occur on many
flowering plants, especially on goldenrod during late August.
Epicauta pennsylvanica (DeG.), of the family Meloidae, was
collected, in great abundance, on goldenrod and has been re-
ported to occur on a variety of plants, especially goldenrod.
.A cantharid, Chauliognathgg,pgnnsylvanicus DeG., was collected
in tremendous quantities from the flower of goldenrod and re-
presented in each of the areas surveyed.

The majority of the species of the family Chrysomelidae

recorded during the survey were collected in the meadow areas,

23

Where they have been reported to feed on a variety of grasses
and herbs. Galerucella americana (Fab.) was recorded from
each of the areas surveyed, but it has been reported to feed
on plants in marshy areas, thus was foreign to the dry meadow.
Systena frontalis (Fab.) and Systena hudsgnias (Frost) were
recorded from.all the areas surveyed and have been reported to
feed on ragweed and a variety of other grasses and herbs. It
was observed that Chgzsochus auratus (Fab.), of which.some 30
specimens were collected, occurred only on Indian Hemp, £2223?
22E androsaemifolium, in the dry meadow area. _

Euparius marmoreus (Oliv.), of the family Platystomddae,
was recorded in the oak-hickory forest and has been reported
to feed on fungus on oak. Many of the species of the family
Curulionidae were found on specific plants and in rather limit-
ed habitats. Rhychites bicolor Fab. was collected from.wild
rose in the dry meadow area, while Balaninug rectus Say was
collected in the dry meadow also, but it has been reported to

feed on acorns of oak.

Order Mecoptera

The only specimen of Mecoptera recorded during the survey
was Merope £3233 Newn. which was collected in the early morn-
ing from the marshy meadow area. Little is known about the
habits of this rare species, except it spends part of its life

cycle in moist, rotting wood.

Order Trichoptera

Only two specimens of this order were collected, both.be-
longing to the family Limnephilidae and taken in the marshy
meadow and hemlock forest. According to Pennak (1953) members
of this family spend part of their life cycle in water and are

generally foind near permanent bodies of water.

Order Lepidoptera

This order was represented by 32 species, of whieh 22
species were collected in the dry meadow, 19 species were col-
lected in the marshy meadow, 11 species were collected in the
oak-hickory forest and 3 species were collected in the hemlock
forest. Nineteen.species were collected from.more than one
area. It has been reported by Macy and Shepard (19h1) that
most species of butterflies depend entirely upon plants for
food, but some, Feniseca, for example, are carnivorous in the
larval stage. Practically all the species of butterflies col-
lected during the survey were taken from goldenrod in.both
meadow areas. Colias philodiee God. was observed visiting
flowering plants in the forest areas. The majority of species
of moths collected during this survey were attracted to lights
during night collecting. Species of Feltia and gaenurgina
were collected during the day from.under loose bark of maple
and oak trees. Specimens of Catocala insolabilis Gn. were not
attracted to lights during night collecting, but rather, were

taken in the oak-hickory forest during the day.

25

Order Diptera

As in the case of Coleoptera, this order will be gener-
ally discussed at the family level, due to the large number of
species collected. All of the habitats mentioned, unless
otherwise stated, are taken from.Curran (l93h).

One hundred and thirty species of Diptera were recorded
during this survey, of which 86 species were collected in the
dry meadow area, 75 species were collected in the marshy mead-
ow, 18 species were collected in the oak-hickory forest and
29 species were collected in the hemlock forest. Forty-nine
of these species were recorded in more than one area. Species
of the families Tipulidae, Lauxaniidae, Drosophilidae, Borbor-
idae, Sepsidae, Phoridae, Sarcophagidae and Calliphoridae have
been reported to be scavengers on various types of decaying
organic matter and could occur in all areas. A March fly,
§__1_13_1_9_ lumipennis Walk.) was collected from goldenrod in the
dry'meadow area and has been reproted to be frequently found
on flowers during early summer. Species of the families Simu-
liidae, Tendipedidae and Dolichipodidae were collected in the
marshy areas and have been reported to be found in the vicinity
of permanent and semi-permanent bodies of water. 92l2§.§21‘
gglig Adams, was collected in the marshy meadow area and has
been reported bYKingetalm+uF0 Spend most of its life within
this type of an area. Species of the families Sciaridae and

Fungivoridae were collected in marshy areas and have been re-

ported to feed on fungus and decaying vegetation. Only one

36

species of Tabanidae, Stonemyia rasa (Loew.), was collected
during this survey. It has been observed in previous years

that many species of Tabanidae occurred in this area, but per-
haps, due to weather conditions, absence of cattle or other
hosts, and other biological conditions, their population was
noticably decreased. Species of the families Empidae and There-
vidae occurred in all the areas surveyed and have been report-
ed to be predaceous on many insects. The genus Asilus has

also been reported to be predaceous, but their habitats are

more restricted than species of Empidae and Therevidae.
Pipunculus similus Hough. and the members of the genus Dorilas
were collected in both meadow areas where they have been re-
ported to be parasites on various species of Miridae and
Cicadellidae. Species of the family Conopidae were collected
from.the flowers of goldenrod and have been reported to be
parasites on various bees and wasps. Many species of Syrphidae
were collected in great numbers from.the flowers of goldenrod
where they have been reported, by Borror and Delong (l95h), to
feed. Phytophagous Species of the families Otitidae, Trupaneidae
and Chloropidae were collected in all areas surveyed, but the
largest numbers were found in the meadow areas where they have
been reported to feed on the stems and leaves of various grasses.
Eurosta Eggm2.(Wied.) was recorded in all the areas surveyed
and occurred on grasses and deciduous herbs. The species of
Anthomyiidae recorded show a variety of habitats. Many are

phytophagous, others are scavengers and some are parasites on

27

other insects. It is noted that Halina aldrichi Snyder, (det.
by W. A. Drew), was recently described in 19h9 and has pre-

viously been reported only from.Alaska, Wyoming and California.

Order Hymenoptera

All species habits, unless otherwise mentioned, were
taken from.Muesebeck, et a1, (1951). This order was represent-
ed by 77 species, of which, 50 species were collected in the
dry meadow area, 68 species were collected in the marshy mead-
ow area, 7 species were collected in the oakehickory forest
and 16 species were collected in the hemlock forest. Thirty-
five of these species recorded were collected in more than one
of the four areas surveyed. éggg pectoralis (leach) was re-
corded from the dry meadow area and has been reported to feed
on‘gglgg, while Tremex columba (L.) was recorded from the oak-
hickory forest where it has been reported by Comstock (1950)
to oviposit in a variety of deciduous trees, such as, maple,
elm, oak, beech and others. Species of the families Braconig
dae and Ichneumonidae and many species of the superfamilies
Chalcidoidae and Proctotrupoidae are endo- and ectOparasites
~on a variety of hosts.

The species of the family Formicidae have been reported
to have a great variety of habits. Species of the genus

Dolichoderus, which.were collected in the marshy meadow area,

 

have been reported to construct nests in the soil, in curled

leaves and in hollow stems of plants and feed mainly on honeydew

and small arthropods. The species of the genus Formica, which
were collected in all the areas surveyed, have an unusually
wide distribution and occur in many diversified habitats. They
have been reported to nest in the soil and rotting wood, while
their food is largely honeydew and small arthopods. Species

of the genus Lasius, which were recorded in both of the meadow
areas, have been reported to live in small or moderate size
colonies in the soil and in rotting wood. The workers of this
genus have been reported to not only attend honeydew excreting
insects but in some instances even foster them.

The species of the families Vespidae and Sphecidae have a
variety of nesting habits. The food of most species of these
families is of animal origin. Eumenes crucifera nearcticus
Bequaert, has been reported to make Juglike mud nests which
areusually attached to twigs. Ancistrocergg antilope antilope
(Panz.) and ﬁzgchium foraginatum fpraminatum (Panz.) have been
reperted to nest in hollow twigs or suitable burrows in logs.
All three species provision their nests with caterpillars.
Worphus pedestris pedestris (Saussure) and Symorphug
pgmsylvanicus (Saussure), which were collected in both the

 

meadow areas, have been reported to make their nests in hollow
twigs and beetle burrows in wood. Sceliphron caementarium
(Drury), which was recorded from the marshy meadow areas, has
been reported to be a mud dauber and to make their nests of

mud and store them with various species of spiders,

Philanthus gibbosug (Fab.) and Philanthus

29

ventilabris Fab., which were recorded from.the marshy meadow
area, have been reported to construct tunnel nests-in the soil
and stock them with.various bees. The adults of these species
have been reported to be nectarivorous and are, consequently,
often collected on flowers.

The majority of the species of the families Andrenidae,
Halictidae and Apidae were collected from.flowers of goldenrod
in both meadow areas. Halictus ligatus Say and Apigvmellifera L.
were recorded in all the areas surveyed while Aggochlora‘pggg
(Say) and Psithyrus ashtoni (Cr.) were recorded from.the oak-
hickory forest and hemlock forest, respectively. Those species
that occurred in the meadow areas were taken from.various
flowering plants, especially goldenrod, while those species
recorded in the forest areas were taken from.small patches of
goldenrod, grasses and deciduous herbs. It was observed that
the species of the genus Agapostemon were collected only from
the flower of burdock, Arctium.la a, which was located in
the marshy meadow area. It was also observed that £212

mellifera L. visited flowers of goldenrod throughout the

 

period of the survey, with the greatest number of specimens
being both observed and collected during late August and

early September.

30

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

During this survey h96 species of insects were recorded
from.the four areas studied. The dry meadow area, with 320
species of insects recorded, represented the area from.which
the greatest number of species were collected. It was also
observed that this area offered a greater variety of plant
species than the other areas studied and many types of both
microhabitats and macrohabitats. The marshy meadow area
recorded the second greatest number of insects species, with
283 species being collected. This area was more restricted
in species of plants and varieties of habitats present when
compared to the dry meadow area, but it was observed that
of many species found in both areas, populations tended to be
greater in the marshy meadow area. The 112 species of insects
recorded from.the oak-hickory forest area represented a great-
er number of species than were found in the hemlock forest
area, but a fewer number of insect species than were found in
either of the meadow areas. 'When comparing this area to the
hemlock forest area, it may be noted that a greater variety
of vegetation occurred in the oak-hickory forest area, but a
lesser number of plant species than in either meadow areas.
The hemlock forest area, with 109 species of insects recorded,
represented the smallest number of insect species collected

in any of the four areas that were studied. Of the total

31

number of insect species recorded, 218 of these were collect-
ed from.more than one of the areas surveyed.

It is concluded that the insect communities of the four
areas studied differ both in the composition of species comp
plex occurring in any one of the areas and the total number
of species found in any one ot the areas. The greater the i
number of plant species and habitats offered by an area, the
greater the number of species of insects occurring within
that area. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the
dry meadow area offered the greatest variety of plants and
habitats and that the greatest number of insect species were
recorded from.the area. It is further concluded that an in-
crease in the plant species composition of a particular area
is accompanied by an increase in phytophagous species of in-
sects and their various predators. The result is an increase
in the total number of insects species found in a particular

area.

APPENDIX
TABLE I. List of Species Recovered........................3h
TABLE II. Summary of Insects Taken During the Survey.......67

PLATE I. Topography of the Areas Studied..................68

32

LIST OF SPECIES RECOVERED

Conwtock (1950) was used in the arrangement of the orders
of insects found during the survey. The families of Coleoptera
have been arranged according to Leng (1920), while the families
of Homoptera were arranged according to Britten (1923). The
families of Orthoptera have been arranged according to Blatch-
ley (1920a), while families of Hemiptera were arranged accord-
ing to Blatchley (1926). The Diptera have been arranged ac-
cording to Curran (193h), except in the case of the calypterate
members of this order, which were arranged according to Borror
and Delong (lQSh). The Lepidoptera have been arranged accord-
ing to McDunnough (1938), while Hymenoptera arrangement fol-
lowed the arrangement of Muesebeck, et al, (1951). The smaller
orders were arranged in no particular fashion. All genera
were arranged alphabetically under their respective families.

In Table 1, List of Species Recovered, certain symbols
are used to denote the four areas surveyed. They are as
follows: D.M. denotes the dry meadow area; M.M. denotes the
marshy meadow area; O.H.F. denotes the oakphickory forest

area and H.F. denotes the hemlock forest area.

33

TABLE I

LIST OF SPECIES RECOVERED

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.H. O.H.F. H.F.
ORDER ORTHOPTERA

Family Blattidae

Parcdblatta 322, x
Family Mantidae

Mantis religiosa L. x
Family Phasmidae

Diapheromerg femoratg (Say) x
Family Acrididae

Camnula pellucidg (Scud.) x x
Dissosteiracarolina (L.) x x x
Melanoplus confusus Scud. x

Melanoplus differentialis (Thom.) x

Melanoplus femur-rubrum.(DeG.) x x x
Melanoplus keeleri luridus (Dog.) x_ x
Melanoplus_§pp., x x x
Schistocerca alutacea (Harris) x x . x
Family Tettigoniidae

Amblyeorypha‘gotundifolia (Scud.) x
Arethaea‘gpp. x

 

31+

TABIE I continued

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name mm. mm. 0.3.115, H.F.

Family Tettigoniidae (con't)

Conocephalus brevipennig (Scud.) x x x
Conocephalus fasciatug (DeG.) x

Conocephalug gracillimus (Morse), x

Conocephalus strictus (Scud.) x

Orchelimum bullatum Rh. 8c Heb. x

Scudderia curvicauda (DeG.) x

Scudderia furcata Brun. x

Scudderia texensis Sc. & Pict. x x
Family Gryllidae

Gmllus assimilis-pennsylvanicus Run. 3: x
Nemobius gpp. x x
Neoxabea bipunctata (DeG.) x
Oecanthus exclamatiqgg Davis x
Oecanthus nigricornis Walk. x

Oecanthus nigricornis

guadripunctatus Beut. x x
ORDER NEUROPTERA

Family Chrysopidae

Chrysgpa plorabunda(Fitch) x' x x
Family'Hemerobiidae

Homerobius humuli L. x

 

35

TABLE I continued

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M M.M. 0.H.F. H.F.
ORDER HEMIPTE

Family Scutelleridae

Eugygaster alternatus (Say) x

Homaemus bijugis Uhl. x

Homaemus parvulus (Germ.) x x
Family Podopidae

Podops1peninsularis Blatch. x
Family Corimelaenidae

'Corimelaena lateralis (Fab.) x
gorimelaena pulicaria (Germ. ) x
Galgggha'gtgg Am. & Serv. x
Family Pentatomidae

Acrosternum.hilare (Say) x x

Banasa gglgg (Say) x
Banasa dimidiata (Say) x
Brochymena arborea (Say) x x
Coenus delius (Say) x x
Cosmopepla bimaculata (Thom.) x x
Dendrocoris humeralis (Uhl.) x
Euschistus euschistoides (Voll.) x x x
Euschistus variolarius (P.B.) x

Euschistus tristigmus (Say) x x

 

36

TABLE I continued

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.

Family Pentatomidae (con't)

Menecleg insertug (Say) x
Mormidga lugens (Fab.) x x x x
Eeottiglossg undata (Say) x

Peribalus limbolarius Stal. x x

Talents accerra McAtes x

Trichopepla semivittata (Say) 3
Family Coreidae

Euthochtha galeator (Fab.) x

Merocoris distinctus Dall. x
Family Coriscidae

Coriscus'conspersus (Montd.) x

Coriscus eurinus (Say) x x x
Coriscus gilosulus (H. & S.) x
Family Corizidae

Corizus bohemanii Sign. x x

Corizus crassicornig (L.) x x x
Corizus lateralig (Say) x x

Egrmpstes reflexulug (Say) x x
Family Neididae

Jalysus spinosus (Say) x x

37

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.

Family Lygaeidae

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Blissus leucgpterus (Say) x x x
gxmgg angustatus Stal. x x
gymgg.robustus Barb. x
Geocoris uliginosus (Say) x x
Ischnorrhynchus resedae (Panz.) x x
Ligyrocoris diffusus(Uhl.) x x x
Ligyrocoris Obscurus Barb. x

Lygaeus dicrucis (Stal.) .. x
Lygaeus kahmii Stal. ‘ x

Myodocha serripes Oliv. x

Qedancala dorsalis (Say) x x
Ortholomus scolopax (Say) x x
Perigenes constrictus (Say) x

Phlegyas abbreviatus (Uhl.) x x

 

Family Tingidae
Corythuca mgrmorata (Uhl.) x

Family Phymatidae

Phymgta fasciata (Gray) x x x
Phymgta wolffii Stal. x x x x

Family Reduviidae

Pselliopus_cinctus (Fab.) x x

 

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name

Family Reduviidae (can't)
Siggg diadema (Fab.)
§$ggglspinipes (H. & S.)

Family Nabidae
21.91112 £2329. (Lo)

E5235 subcoleoptratus (Kby.)

Family Miridae
Adolphocoris linsolatus (Geeze)
Adelphocoris rapidus (Say)
Lopidea W (Say)

BEBE! linsolaris (P. deB.)
EQEEEDdolabratus (L.)

_§lagiognathus politus Uhl.

ORDER I-IOLIOPTERA
Family Fulgoridae
Acanalonia bivittata (Say)
Aphelonema simplex Uhl.

Bruchomorpha oculata Newn.

 

Phylloscelis atra Germ.

Phylloscelis atra albovenosa (Me1.)

Scol’ops sulcipe s Say

D.I.’I.

X

39

H

1.1.1.1. O.H.F'. H.F.

X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X X
X X
X

X
X
X X

TABIE I continued

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.
Family Cicadellidae
Amblysellus curtisii (Fitch) x
_Athysanus 222, x x
Chlorotettix £22, x x
Cloanthanus app. x
Draeculacephala spp. x
Empoasca 22, x
Graphocephala coccinea (Forst.) x x
Gypona £22. x
gyponana‘gpp. x x x
Jassus olitoriu§_Say x
Neokolla gothica (Sign.) x x x
Family Membracidae
Campylenchia latipes (Say) x x
Ceresa basalis Walk. x
Ceresa brevis Walk. x x
Ceresa bubalus (Fab.) x x x
Stictocephala inermis (Fab.) x
Family Cercopidae
Aphrophora quadrinotata Say x
Lepyronia quadrangularis (Say) x x
Philaenus leucophthalmes
impressusTDeL.T x x x

 

ho

TABLE I continued

 

Family and Scientific Name

“A

Family Cercopidae (con't)

Philaenus leucophthalmes
marginelIus (Fab.)

Philaenus leuco hthalmes
palIidus (Zett.)

Philaenus leucophthalmes
spumeriug (FaII.)

 

Family Chermidae
Psylla floccosa (Patch)
Psylla galeaformis (Patch)

ORDER COLEOPTERA
Family Carabidae
Agonoderus pallipes (Fab.)
Amara cupreolata Putz.
Amphasia interstitialis (Say)
Anisodactylus interpunctatus Kby.
Calleida punctata Lec.
Carabus limbatus Say
Carabus serratus Say
leindrocharis rostrata (Newn.)
Dicaelus politus DeG.
Euferonia stygica (Say)

Iebia ornata Say

D.“.

X

X

M.M.

OgﬁgF.

H.F.

1+1

TABLE I continued ‘

Family and Scientific Name p.11. 11.x. ‘O.H.F. H.F.

A

Family Carabidae (con't)

some mus Den. x

_L_§_13_i_a_1' viridis Say 1: x x
Leiocnemis gzidg (Say) x
Melanius luctuosus (De 3.) x

Nebria pallipes Say x x
Patrobus_lgngicornis (Say) x
Pinacodera platicollis (Say) x

Platygus gpgustatus Dej. x x
‘Platynus cincticollis (Say)

Plagzgus decens Say
Llamas 522.

NﬂN

H

PoeciIus_lucuplandus Say

H
N

Pterostichus adoxus (Say)
Refonia superciliosa (Say) x
Family’Silphidae‘

Necrophorus tementosus Web. x x x
Silpha americana L. x x

Silpha surinamensis Fab. x
Family Staphylinidae

Aleochara curtula Goeze x x

 

Creophilus maxillosus

villosu§_(Grav.) x x x x

TABLE I continued

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.H. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.

Family Staphylinidae (con't)

Ocypus'gtgg (Grav.) x

Ontholestes cingulatu§_(Grav.) x
Quedius fulvigollig Steph. x

Staphylinus fossator Grav. x x
Staphylinus maculosus Grav. x
Tachinus fimbriatus Grav. ,x
Family'Histeridae

Hister abbreviatu§_Fab. x x
'Hister furtivus Lec. x

Hister interruptus Beauv. x
Platysoma depressum.Lec. x x
Saprinus assimilig Payk. x x x x
Saprinus epp. x
Family Lampyridae

Lucidota corrusca (L.)_ x x
Lucidota decipiens (Harr.) x
Family Cantharidae

Cantharis cruralig Lec. x x
Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus DeG, x x x x
Silis bidentatus (Say) 1

 

14-3

 

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name D.M.

M . M .

O.II.F.

H.F.

 

Family Melyridae
Attalus terminaljis (Er.)

 

ColloEs quadrimaculatus (Fab.) x

 

Family Cleridae

Qymatodera undulata (Say)

Hydnocera pallipennis Say a
Family Mordellidae

Mordella melaena Germ. x
Mordellistena comata (Lec.) x
Mordellisteng_intermixta Hellm. x
Family Meloidae

Epicauta marginata (Fab.) x
'Epicauta pennsylvanicg (DeG.) ' x
Family Elateridae

Elater mixtus Hbst.

Melanotus communis (Gy11.)

Family Dascillidae

Eucinetus testaceuggLec.

 

Family Dermestidae
Cryptorhopalum.balteatum.Lec. x

Dermestes talpinus Mann. x

TABLE I continued

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.
Family Ostomidae

Tenebroides corticalis (Melsh.) x
Family Cucujidae

Brontes dubius Fab. x
Family Corydiidae

Lasconotus pusillus Leo. x
Family Endomychidae

Endomychus giguttatug Say x x
Family Phalacridae

Olibrus semistriatus Lec. x x
Family Coccinellidae

Anisgsticta bitriangularis Say x
Brachyacantha ursina (Fab.) x x
‘Qgratomegilla fuscilabris (Muls.) x

goccinella novemnotata Hbst. x x
99ccinellalperp1exa Mule. x
Coccinella transversoguttata Fald. x

gygloneda sanguinea (L.) x x
Hippodamia convergens Guer. x x x
Hippodamia glacialis (Fab.) 3: x
ggippodamia parenthesis (Say) x x

x

 

Hyperaspis_proba (Say)

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name D.M. IQN.. O.H.F. H.F.

 

Family Coccinellidae (con't)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experaspigpsigngta (Oliv.) x x
.ggzllobora vigintigmaculata (Say) x x x
Scygnus terminatus Say x
Family Tenebrionidae

Alobates pgnnszlvani ca (DeG. ) x
Blapstinus moestus Melsh. x
Phalerialgpp. x x
Tenebrip picipes Hbst. x
zglopinus saperdioides (Oliv.) x

 

Family'Scarabaeidae

 

 

 

Aphodius.gg. x

Canthon laevis (Dr.) x

Copris minutus (Dr.) J:

Copris tillius Oliv. x

Dialytes truncatus (Melsh.) x x
Onthophagus hecate Panz. x '
Pqpilligilaponica Newn. x x x
Serica sericea (111.) ‘ x
Tag§lguberculatus (DeG.) x

 

Family Cerambycidae

Cyllene robiniae (Frost) x

h?

TABLE I continued

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. MQM. O.H.F. H.F.

AA

Family'Chrysomelidae

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anoplitis nervosa (Panz.) x
Chaetocnema confinis Cr. 1

ghaetocnema denticulata (111.) x

Chlgmys gibbosa (Fab.) x

Chrysochus auratus (Fab.) x

'ngptocephalus venustus Fab. x

Diabrotica duodecimpunctata (Fab.) x x x
Diabrotica vittata (Fab.) x
Disonycha_pennsylvanica (111.) x

Donacia subtilis Kunze x
Eggm§_conspersa (Mann.) x

Galerucella americana (Fab.) x x x x
graphgps curtipennis (Helsh.) X
Haltica cuprascens Blatch. x x

ﬂetachroma angustulum.Cr. x x

Metachroma parallelum Horn x
Microrhqpalg_vittata (Fab.) x x

Nodonota tristis (Oliv.) x

Systena elongatg (Fab.) x x x
Systena frontalis (Fab.) x x x x

Systena hudsonias (Frost) x x x x

 

TABLE I continued

AA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.

Family Chrysomelidae (con't)

ganthonia gecemnotata (Say) x x x
Xanthonia villosula (Melsh.) x
Family Platystomidae

Euparius marmoreus (Oliv.) x
Family'Curculionidae

Balaninus rectus Say x

Bari! dolosa Csy. x x x
(Brachyghinus ovatus (L.) x x
Brachyghinus sulcatus Fab. x
Brachyrhinus app. x x x
Cnemggonus lecontei Dietz x
Qonotrachelus albicinctus Lec x
Gonotrachelus‘gratasgi_Walsh x

ngptorhynchus obliguug_Say x

gagg§_gculatus (Say) x

gymgetron tetrum (Fab.) x x
Hypera_punctatg_(Fab.) x x

Ligug concavus Say x

Madargllus undulatus (Say) x

Qdontocorynus scutellum~album.(Say) x x

Rhynchites bicolor Fab. x

Sitona hispidulus (Fab.) x x x

 

£8

 

 

TABLE I continued

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M.

15.11.

O.H.F.

H.F.

 

ORDER‘MECOPTERA
Family Meropeidae

Merope tuber Newn.

ORDER TRICHOPTERA
Family Lim‘nephilidae
Undetermined spp.

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA

Family Papilionidae

Papilio EJEELL'

Papilio troilus L. x
Family Pieridae

Colias eugytheme Bvd. x
Colias philodice God. x
Pieris 32252 (L.) x
Family Danaidae

Danaus plexipgus (L.) x
Family Satyridae

Minois pegala (Fab.)
Family Nymphalidae

Argynnis aphrodite (Fab.) x

 

Argynnis cybele (Fab.) x

 

TABLE I continued

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.
Family Nymphalidae (con't)
Brenthis bellona (Fab.) x x
Brenthis mygina (Cram.) x x
Nympha1i§_antiopa (L.) x
Phyciodes tharos (Dr.) x x
Family Lycaenidae
Lycaena hypophlaegg (Bvd.) x
Family Hesperiidae
Aneylogypha numitor (Fab.) x x
Polites peckius (Kby.) x x
Family Amatidae
Scepsis fulvicollis an. x x x
Family Arctiidae 3
Apantesisyparthenice Kby. x x
Eubaphe aurantiaca an. x x
Family Phalaenidae
Amphipyra pyramidoides Gn. x
Autographa falcifera Kby. x x
Cagnurgina ' 32. x
Catocalgﬂinsolabilis Gn. x
Feltia £22; x x x x
Heligthig_parado§§ (Grt.) x

 

TABLE I continued

 

Family and Scientific Name

D.M.

'MJH.

O.H.F.

H.F.

 

Family Phalaenidae (con't)
Lacinipolia renigera Steph.
Nepheglodes emedonia Cram.
Papaipema purpurifascia (G. 5: R.)
Plusia £9325 (an.)

Schinia arcigera Gn.

Family Geometridae

Dguteronomog magnarius Gn.

Nepmia regulate (B. 8c McD.)

ORDER DIPTERA

Family Tipulidae
Timla m.

Pedicia gp_._
Family Simulidae
gimulium venustum Say
Family Tendipedidae
Undetermined spp.
Family Culicidae
91:13-25 apicalis Adams
Psorophora ciliata (Fab.)
Family Sciaridae

Sciara 3233.

51

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name D.M.

Family Fungivoridae

(ﬂacrocera formosa Loew

Eygetophila Jucunda Jehannsen
Family Bibionidae

MO. lumipennis (Walk.) 1:
Family Tabanidae

Stonemyia.gg§g (Loew)
Family Rhagionidae

Ptiolina g2,
Family Asilidae

Asilus 322. x
Family Therevidae

Psilocephala frontalis Cole x
Family Bombyliidae

‘Qgggn arenicolus (n. sp.) 1
Family Empidae

Euhyhos‘gpp. x
Rhamphomyia.§pp. x
Family Dolichopidae

Chryggtus obliqugg Loew

Chrysotus subcostatus Loew ‘ x

Dolichopus comatus Loew x

 

M.M.

O.H.F.

‘4 '

H.F.

S2

TABLE I continued

M __‘_‘ .—

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.
Family DolichOpidae (con't)

Dolichopus funditor Loew x
gymngptennus exilis Loew x
ngygpternug_gpp, x

Pelastoneurus vgggng Loew x x
Family Longchopteridae

ALonchoptera SEEEE (Cur.) x x
Family Phoridae

Ehggg‘gterrima Fall. x
Family'Dorylaidae

Dorilas‘gp. x

Pipunculus similus Rough. x
Family Syrphidae

Cartosyrphus tristis(Loew) x

Cnemodon'gp. 3 x

Eristalis arbustorum.(L.) x

Eristalis Eggda'Wk. x
Eristalisgtransversu§_(Wd.) x x x
Epistrophe‘fglig (0.8.) x

Helophilus fasciatus Wk. x

_ﬁeliqphilus Quadrimaculatg (Loew) x

Heringia gala; (Loew) x

TABLE I continued

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.H. O.H.F. H.F.

Family Syrphidae ( con' t)

 

 

 

 

 

 

ﬁgsograpta.marginat§ (Say) x x

Mesograpta polita (Say) x x
Pipizellapubescen§_(Loew) x

Spilomyia fusca Loew x

Spilquia loggicornus Loew x x
Sysitta pipiens L. x x

Sygphus tcrvus O.S. ‘ x

Toxomerus geminata (Say) ' x

, lﬂaﬁhqgramma tlﬂninﬂﬂIOeW' x

 

Family Conopidae

 

Physocephala spp. x
Zodion 222. x

Family Otitidae

 

Chaetopsis 52. x
Herina‘gp. x
Pgeudotephritis 22. x

 

Family Trupaneidae

 

Euaresta bella Loew x x
Eurosta comma (Wied,) x x x x
Eutreta sparsa Wied. x x

.ﬂeaspilota albidipennis (Loew) x

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name

Family Trupaneidae (con't)
Rhagoletis cingulata Loew
Trupanea actinobola Loew

Family Sepsidae
Meroplius _s_p.

Pandora _s_p.
Sepsis 52.

Family Lauxaniidae
Minettia lupulina (Fa11.)
Sapromza spp.

Family Dros0philidae
gosophila quimaria Loew
Scaptomyza graminum.(Fa11.)

 

Family Agromyzidae

Agromyza spp.

Odinia _s_p_p_,_
Family Milichiidae
Desmometopa halteralis Coq.

Desmometong latipes Meigen

 

Family Chloropidae

Undetermined spp.

D.M.

M.M.

O.H.F.

H.F.

55

TABLE I continued

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.H. O.H.F. H.F.
Family Canaceidae
Xanthocanace 522; X
Family Borboridae
Leptocera frontinalis (Fa11.) x x x
Family Chamaemyiidae
_§ara1eucopis 322. X

Family Tetanoceridae

 

 

 

Dictya borealis Cur. x x.

Dictya expanse Steys. x x x

Limnia saratqgensis Fitch x x

Melina fuscipes.Maca. x

Sepedon pusillus Loew x x

Tetanocera pallida Loew x

{Tetanocera plebeia Loew x x
ggtanocera triangularisﬂLoew x x x

 

Family Helomyzidae

 

Suillia guinquepunctata (Say) 1
Family Dryomyzidae
‘Eeuroctang anilis (Fa11.) x

 

Family Anthomyiidae
Halina aldrichi Snyder ' ' x x x

Halina troene (Walk.) x x

TABLE I continued

Family And Scientific Name

DQM.

Mom.

O.H.F.

H.F.

 

Family Anthomyiidae (con't)
m cilicruga (Rond.)
Hylemge variata (Fall.)
Iimmsia atrata Walk.
Iimesia nigrescens Stien
Iimosia.gpp.

Lispocephala _sp.

M35 brevipilosa (Mall.)
Ophyga‘gp,

Pegggyia affinis Stien
Pegqmzia lipsia (Walk.)
Pegomyig littoralis (Mall.)

Family Muscidae
Graphomyawgp.

Muscina stabulans Fall.

Platyc oenosia 32.
Pyrellia EEO

W calcitrans Le

Family C alliphoridae

 

Apaulina metallica (Tns.)
Apaulina s2.

 

Callitroga macellaria (Fab . )

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M.' O.H.F. H.F.

A A-

Family Calliphoridae (con't)
Lucilia illustris (Meigen) x x x x

Phaenicia caeruleiviridis (Macq.)

N
H

Phaenicia sericatg (Meigen)

Phormia regina (Meigen)

H N ﬂ
N
:4
N

Pollenia rudis (Fab. )

Family Sarcophagidae
Sarcophagg_rapax'W1k.

- Sarcophgga s22}

Family Larvaevoridae

NH
:4

-x
a

Alophorellopsis purpurascens Tns. x

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Apinops 3132;; Coq. x
Archytas aterrimus R.D. x
Archytas californiqu§_W1k. x
Ceracia dentata 00q. x
Cistogastgr‘unicolgr Brks. z
Eggyghorophagg macella Rnh. x
‘gggig senilis‘Will. , x
Gymnoclytia occidua Wlk. x
Qymnosoma‘ganadensi§_Brks. x
Gymmosoma occidentale Cn. x
Gymnosoma_p§3‘Wlk. ' x x

 

ﬁyalomyodeg triangulifera Loew x

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name
Family Larvaevoridae (con't)
Lydina‘gggggyWIk.
Micromintho melania Tns.
Ophyga aenescens Wd.
_Peleteria apicalis Wlk.
Phrynofrontina discalis Cog.
Phylacteropoga tarsalis Cog.
_2s§udqgermariaggeorgiag Ald.

P131 lodexia me

Trichiopodawpennipes Fab.
Xgnthomglanodes arcuata Say

FamilyiFanniidae

Fannie spp.

ORDER HYMENOPTERA
Family Argidae
Agggppectgralig (Leach)
Family Tenthredinidae
Tenthredo verticalis Say
Family Siricidae

Tremex columba (L.)

D.M.

11.11.

O.H.F.

H.F.

59

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name D.M.

M.M.

O.H.F.

H.F.

 

Family Braconidae
Agathis sp.)
Chelonus sp. ‘1:

Rogas 32.
Other undetermined spp. J:

Family Ichneumonidae

Aphicn 32.

same 22.

Glyptini

Pimplini

Rhyssini
' Other undetermined app. 1:
Family Eulophidae

Undetermined spp.

Family Pteromalidae

Undetermined spp.

Family Eurytomidae

Undetermined spp. J:
Family Chalcididae

Spilochalcis _s_i_c_i_e_ Walk.)

Family Cynipidae

Undetermined sp.

60

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name D.M.

Fhmdly Gasteruptiidae

gasteruption sssectator aggngoup.)
Family Proctotrupidae ,

Proctotrupes s .

Other Undetermined spp.
Family Bethylidae

Pristocerg armifera (Say) 1
Family Mutillidae

D88 23133151 113 8 0
Family Formicidae

 

Aphaenogaster'gp. x
ggamponotus ampricanug (May.) x

 

Camponotus noyeboracensis (Fitch)
Camponotus»pennsylvanicu§g(DeG.) x
grematogaster s .

Dolichoderus mariae (Forel)
Dolichoderuspustulatus (Mayr.)
Dolichoderus g2. ‘
Formica £3335 subsericea Say x

Formica lasioides_(Em.)

 

Formica microgyna (Whlr.)

61

”OM. O.H.F. H.F.

X
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

TABLE I continued

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.-
Family Formicidae (con't)
Formica pallide-fulva
n tidiVentrig CEm.) x x x x
Formica 322. x
Lasius brevicornis (Em.) x
Lasius‘glaviger (Rog.) x
Lasius umbratus aphidicola (Walsh) x
Iasius app; x x
Mmca lgbigornis fracticornis CEm.) x x x
Miamica spp. x
Ponera coarctata pennsylvanica (Bk.) x
Prenolepis imparis (Say) x x
_Tapinoma sessile (Say) x
Family‘Vespidae
Ancistrocerus antilope
antilope (Panz.) X
Eumenes crucifera nearcticus Beq. x
Polistes annularis (L.) x x
Polistes fuscatus pallipes Lep. x x x
Rygchium.foraminatum.
foraminatumKTPanz.) x
Symmorphus_pedestris
pedestris (Saus.) x x

 

62

TABLE I continued

A.

Family and Scientific Name D.M.

M.M.

O.H.F.

H.F.

 

Family Vespidae (con't)
Symmorphus pennsylvanious (Saus.)
Vespaw crabro germane Christ x

Vespulac Dolichovespula)
uata m.

Vesmla (Vespula) vulgaris (L.)
Family Pompilidae
Anopl‘ius aethiops (Cr. )'

Auplopus architectus
arcEItectus (Say) x

Calicurgus'gyalinatus
aIienatﬁsISm. x

geropales fraterna Sm.
Episygon.biguttatu§ (Fab.) x
Family Sphecidae .
Astata bicolor Say
Astata.unicolgr Say
Cerceris fumipennis Say
Ectemnius hrcinctus (Fab.) x
Ectemniug;comptus (Lep. & Br.)
Lestica interrupta
interrupts (Lep. & Br.) x

Lestica producticollis (Pack.) x

 

63

TABLE I continued

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.

L‘

Family Sphecidae (con't)

 

 

 

 

Philanthus gibbosus (Fab.) x
Philanthus ventilabris Fab. x
Sceliphron caementarium (Dr.) x
lms h”: iihuﬁir‘ii‘ﬁimtﬁ.) x

 

Family'Colletidae

 

 

Colletes simulans armatus (Patt.) x x
Colletes spp. x x
Rylaeus cressoni cressoni (Ck11.) x x

 

Family Andrenidae

 

 

 

 

Andrena helianthi Robt. x
Andrena hirticinctg Prov. x x
Andrena nubecula Sm. x x
Andrena gplidaginis Robt. x x
Perdita octomaculata (Say) x

 

Family Halictidae

 

 

Agapostemon radiatus (Say) x
(Agapostemon texanus texanus (Cr.) x
Agapostemon viresceng (Fab.) x

 

AugOchloropsis humeralis
humeralis (Patt.) x x

-L-
t

 

TABLE I continued

A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.

Family Halictidae (con't)

gugcchloranpuga (Say) x
Aggochlora striata Prov. x x

Halictus ligatus Say 1 x x x
Lagioglossum spp. x x x
Sphecodes arvensis Patt. x
Family Megadhilidae

Coeliogys octadentatg (Say) x

Megachilg (Litomegadhilg)

breFIE'SEy x x

Family Apidae

.éﬂié mellifera L. x x x x
Bombus affinis Cr. x x

Bombus americanorum (Fab.) x

Bombus bimaculatu§_Cr. x x

Bombus griseocollis (DeG.) x

Bombus impatiens Cr. x x

Bombus vagans F. Sm.' x x

Ceratina calgarata Robt. x x

Ceratina‘gpp. x x

Melissodes despongg Sm. X

 

Psithyru§_ashtoni (Cr.)

65

TABLE I continued

———A A A

 

 

Family and Scientific Name D.M. M.M. O.H.F. H.F.
Family Apidae (con't)

Psithms labpriosus (Fab.) 3: x

Xylocopa Lirginica ( L.) x x

 

66

10.

TABLE II

SUMMARY OF INSECTS TAKEN DURING THE SURVEY

Orthoptera
Neuroptera
Remiptera

Homoptera

Coleoptera

Mecoptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Diptera
Hymenoptera

Totals

 

FAMILIES gggggg SPECIES
6 16 27
2 2 2

1h ‘ us 61
S 23 3o
25 106 136
1 1 1
2 .. ..
11 28 32
39 107 130
23 S9 77
128 387 L96

67

 

Tops “an why of RRERS
STUAJEA.

 

 

m~way Meadow Rash
mm ~ Mnkshy Mﬁﬁdpm Haas

 

 

 

J__

 

- OAk-Hmkoay FORE“- HRS.“

:%— Hemhck FeassT Ram .

 

 

68

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7O

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