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mom WARM AIR HEATING PLANTS" _ . _

THESIS FOB THE DEGREE OF M. s.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A STANDARD TEST
FOR

FORCED WARM AIR HEATING PLANTS

Thesis
Submitted as Part of the Requirements

For the Master of Science Degree

By

‘3

3

.‘l
. .‘r

“T
‘- ‘ .-
d ‘.‘ '

nj‘fl. If‘ .r‘...
J: E; Arnold

m

V

1954

TH.t'.t:~!S

The author wishes to express his appreciation
to Professor L. G. Miller, as director of this
problem, and to the various members of the Department
of Mechanical Engineering for their assistance.

Also to those students who assisted in making the

preliminary tests.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
PART I
CONTINUOUS TEST
SCOPE OF THE TLS
DEFINITIONS
OUTLINE OF TEST
EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING
SYMBOLS USED
TABLE OF EMISSIVITIES
CALCULATION OF RESULTS
METHOD OF RECORDING DATA & RLSULTS
FURNACE SET~UP & SPECIFICATIONS
HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENTS
PIMIIGAS HEAT LOSS CHART

SAMPLE CONPUTATIONS

PART II
NTERMITTENT TEST KETHOD
DISCUSSION OF METHODS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

AIR FLOW CHART FOR NOZZLES & PIPES

10

18

20

21

25

28

55

59

44

45

INTRODUCTION .

With an ever increasing number of different kinds of forced
warm air furnaces being placed on the market, it is becoming more
and more necessary that some method of testing these furnaces be
developed, so that one furnace may be fairly compared with another.
Many manufacturers, either knowingly or unknowingly overrate their
furnaces. The result is that these furnaces can be sold at a lower
price than those which are properly rated. The home owner in turn
finds that the overrated furnace must be overheated, even in
moderately cold weather. This overheating is highly undesirable from
the standpoint of fire hazard, comfort and economy.

Economy brings in another item, that of efficiency. It is a
comparatively easy matter to figure the amount of fuel which is being
consumed by the furnace, but when this heat is to be accounted for it
is an altogether different matter. The temperature of the air enter-
ing and leaving the furnace can be measured quite accurately if
extreme care is observed, even in actual installations. It is much
more difficult to measure the volume or weight of air being circulated
by the furnace. This has been accomplished by a few, by very pain-
staking work and at great expense. For examples see some of the
Bulletins published by the University of Illinoisl. Thus it will be
seen that the heat delivered by the furnace cannot be very easily
obtained and hence any efficiency should be calculated from a heat
balance in which all losses have been accounted for to within a very
close margin.

1. Univ. of Ill. Bul. #189 - Investigation of Warm-Air Furnaces and

Heating Systems
Bul. #120 - Investigation of Warm-Air Furnaces & Heating Systems.

This test is therefore designed with the purpose of prescrib—
ing an accurate and uniform method of testing forced warm air
furnaces at a minimum of expense and under conditions similar to
those encountered in actual Operation. Also to bring out the
characteristics of the furnace, its capacity and the efficiency that

may be expected under certain Operating conditions.

STANDARD TEST FOR FORCED WARM AIR HEATING PLANTS

P A R T I

CONTINUOUS TEST

SCOPE OF THE TEXT

This Standard Test is based on experiments run on a forced warm
air steel furnace using an oil burner of the wall flame type. The
fans are located in the tsp of the furnace and the furnaCe inlets
unrestricted by boots or return pipes. Additional help was obtained
from references which are referred to throughout the test and the
discussion.

Variations and additions will possibly have to be made to make
this test applicable to all types of forced warm air furnaces and oil
burners. Since only fuel oil was used in these experiments, no attempt
will be made to include solid or gaseous fuels in this test.

This Test is divided into two parts. Part I covers continuous

or steady state conditions and Part II intermittent tests.

A.

1.
2.

DEFINITIONS.

1.

"Standard air is air weighing 0.07488 lbs. per cubic foot.
This weight corresponds to dry air at 70°F or air with 50%
relative humidity at a dry bulb temperature of 68°F" and a
pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury.

"Static pressure (S.P.) is the pressure measured at right
angles to the direction of air flow"1, expressed in inches
of water, and is the pressure required to overcome the fric—
tional resistance of the system.2
“Velocity pressure (V.P.) is the pressure required to produce
the velocity of flow", is measured by means of a pitot tube,
and eXpressed as inches of water.2

The Entering Air Temperature is the average temperature of the
air entering the furnace, measured at the furnace inlet and
expressed in degrees F.

The Bonnet Temperature is the average temperature of the air
discharged at the furnace, obtained by adding the equivalent
temperature drop between the furnace and the nozzle, to the
average temperature of the air in the nozzle.

The oil rate is the weight of oil burned during the test
divided by the length of the test period in hours, expressed

as pounds per hour.

A.S.H.V.E. Test Code for Unit Heaters

Heating & Ventilation, Allen 8. Walker, pp. 509

7.

8.

9.

Furnace Efficiency shall be defined as the quotient obtained
by dividing the heat required to raise the circulated air
from the inlet temperature to the bonnet temperature by the
heat represented in the fuel input, times 100. The bonnet
temperature is obtained by correcting the nozzle temperature
for losses in the duct work.

Heat losses include the following:

Losses to the flue gas composed of sensible heat of the gas
above the room temperature, latent heat of vaporization of
the Water vapor, and heat of the unburned CO.

Loss from the jacket due to radiation and convection. There
are points for including all or at least part of this heat as
useful since it would be used to advantage in an actual install-
ation. However, for this test it will all be considered as a
loss.

For simplicity the duct work connecting the furnace and the

mixing chamber will be referred to as "pipe".

B.

OUTLINE OF TEST.

This test prescribes a method of determining the B.t.u.
output of a forced warm air furnace by measuring the weight and
the temperature rise of the air passing through the furnace.

For check purposes it is required that all losses be accounted
for except those from the mixing chamber and through the base of
the furnace to the floor. These losses are considered negligible
for the purposes of this test, as is the heat added by the fans.

Tolerance - The unaccounted for loss shall not be more than
2% per cent of the heat in the fuel for the test period considered.
This tolerance shall be increased to 4 per cent for intermittent
tests.

Six or eight tests distributed over the range of the furnace
are sufficient to establish the curves where the fans are in the
bonnet of the furnace. For greater accuracy in locating these
curves, three or four tests may be run for each oil rate covering
the range of the furnace fan. Where the fans are in the supply
side of the furnace it may be necessary to run the four tests of
each oil rate. The same four conditions of fan static pressure
and r.p.m. should be maintained for each oil rate so that a per-
formance chart may be made for each set of fan static and r.p.m.'s.

The performance chart is constructed such that the efficien-
cies obtained for the furnace tested can be plotted against the
temperature rise. Then for any temperature rise and the corree
spending heat supply rate, the heat input to the air may be deter-

mined and hence the volume of air, measured as standard air, that

will be raised to the above temperature (70 + the temperature
rise) may be obtained.

Oil rate lines in pounds per hour are substituted for the
fuel consumption lines by dividing the fuel consumption by the
heating value of the oil in B.t.u. per pound. Thus for a fuel
having a heating value of 20,000 B.t.u. per pound, the 10 pound
per hour line coincides with the 200,000 B.t.u. per hour line.

The average flue gas temperature for each oil rate shall be
indicated on the correSponding oil rate lines.

A chart shall be constructed showing the capacity of the
furnace fans in c.f.m. at 70°F and 29.92 inches height against
r.p.m. The data shall be obtained by running the fans, with the
furnace cold, at given r.p.m.'s. and varying the static pressure
as desired by means of the exhaust fan controls. Four speeds at
the same static are sufficient to plot the curves. These curves

shall be plotted covering the range of the fans.

 

 

C.

_ 10 -

EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING.
Chamber and Exhaust Fan.

A chamber for receiving and mixing the air discharged from
the furnace shall be constructed of any suitable material. It
shall be air tight, and insulated with two inches of cork or the
equivalent.1

This chamber shall be connected by a duct to an independent
exhaust fan of such capacity that it will overcome the resistance
of the nozzle and duct work and produce, together with the furnace
fan, such static as may be desired at the furnace for any c.f.m.,
fan r.p.m., and static pressure.

The chamber shall be of such size that the furnace to be
tested will produce from 20 to 90 air changes per minute.1

The outlet or outlets of the furnace shall be joined to the
chamber with as little communicating duct as possible. The out~
side of this duct should be unpainted, rather a bright polished
metal surface.2 This duct should not be insulated unless two
inches of cork or its equivalent be used. If insulated, the
calculations pertaining to it shall be omitted.

Two or more static orifices shall be located in the receiving
chamber, not in the direct air blast from the furnace or where
eddy currents will effect them. These openings shall be connected
to a draft gauge as shown in Fig. 1. Standard satic tubes may
1. A.S.H.V.E. - Test Code for Unit Heater

2. Univ. of Ill. Bulletin No. 117 — Coefficients of Emissivity
for Various Surfaces.

- 11 _

be used in place of the orifices. Means shall be provided with
which to vary the Capacity of the exhaust fan so as to maintain
the static desired on the furnace.

Draft Gauges.

Three draft gauges shall be provided, each accurately
calibrated and capable of being read to 0.005 inch H20. They
should be checked for 0 each hour. They shall be arranged to
determine the draft in the smoke pipe at the furnace, the static
pressure on the furnace and the velocity pressure of the air pass-
ing through the nozzle. Two of these may be used for determining
the resistance to the flue gases for each test.

Temperature Measurements.

Accurately calibrated instruments should be provided for all
temperature measurements. Iron-Constantan thermocouples should
be used for temperatures above 600°F. If thermocouples are used
for measuring air temperatures, Copper-Constantan couples shall
be used and the cold junctions immersed in a medium kept at the
temperature of melting ice. All instruments used for measuring
air temperatures shall be capable of being.accurately read to .5°F,
Flue gas temperatures to 5.00F. Any instrument eXposed to direct
radiation shall be shielded therefrom.. Any suitable method and
instruments may be used for measuring the surface temperatures of
the jacket and the connecting duct. .

dozzle.

A calibrated nozzle shall be fitted into one wall of the

l
H
TO

I

chamber, discharging into a duct leading to the exhaust fan.

The outlet Opening of this nozzle shall be of such area that the
air velocity is not less than 5000 ft. per minute. If the nozzle,
described on Plate 2 is used, a coefficient (k) = .991 may be
assumed without calibration.

Instruments shall be located at the point of 5000 feet per
minute minimum velocity for measuring the final temperature and
the velocity pressure. The temperature shall be the average of
the temperatures taken simultaneously at least two points in the
plane of the nozzle outlet for each square foot of outlet area,
but in no case less than four points.

A standard pitot tube shall be used for measuring the velocity
pressure.

Flue Gas Analysis;

The flue gas shall be analyz ed with an orsat or equivalent
gas analyzer for C02, C0 and 02. The sample shall be taken from
the smoke pipe at a point not more than one-pipe diameter beyond
the smoke pipe collar. (See Plate 1, Fig. 1). The temperature
and draft shall also be measured at this same point. The smoke
pipe shall be insulated from a point at least two-pipe diameters
beyond the collar back to the furnace with two inches of 85 per
cent magnesia.

A 1/8 inch open-end iron pipe can be used to obtain the sample2

1. A.S.H.V.E. — TeSt Code for Unit Heaters
2. A.S.H.V. . — Standard Short Heat Balance Codes for Testing Low
ressure Steam Heating Solid Fuel Boilers.

in such a manner as to obtain a fair average sample of the gas
stream. Except where temperatures above 750°F are encountered
when a clay or silica pipe shall be used.1 The Open end tube
reaching about one-fourth the way across the pipe or into the
most probable gas stream is usually sufficient, however, a more
complicated sampling tube may be used.

Since an average sample is desired, the gas may be collected
at a constant rate in a bottle and the analyses made from the
bottle. Each sample should be collected for the same length of
time and their analyses averaged. The water in the bottles shall
be thoroughly saturated with the gas before any samples are taken.
The gas in the bottle shall be mixed thoroughly before taking out
the sample. Plate 1, Fig. 5 shows this method of collecting the
gas. As shown, bottle B and the tube E are filled with water,
clamps E and F are closed - G Open. To start sampling, Open clamp
E enough so that the bottle will fill with gas in about fifteen
minutes. The rate can be judged by the bubbles in bottle C. The
positions of the bottles are indicated at levels so that the water
will not run over. When the desired sample has been Obtained, close
all clamps and place bottle A at position D. Take the sample by
Opening clamps E and F. The bottles should be of about one gallon
capacity.

A thermocouple should be used for measuring the flue gas

h
temperature, although a mercury termometer may be used. The

l. A.S.H.V.E. - Standard and Short Heat Balance Codes for Testing
Low Pressure Steam Heating Solid Fuel Boilers.

_ 14 _

thermo—junction or thermometer bulb shall be placed in the center
of the smoke pipe at the point indicated above.
Scales and Oil Supply.

The fuel oil used shall be weighed by means of scales of the‘
beam type. These scales shall be capable of being accurately read
to the ounce. They shall be equipped similar to the diagram in
Plate 1, Fig. 2 for accurate timing of the oil consumption.

The Oil shall be supplied to the burner through a rubber
hose or long copper tube in such a manner that it does not effect
the accuracy of the scales.

Constant level valve or such equipment shall be used in the
oil line as is ordinarily used by the manufacturer of the burner.

Air Disposal;

The air from the furnace shall be disposed of in such a manner

as to prevent fluctuation in the temperature of the air entering

the furnace.

Chimney.

The furnace shall be connected directly to a chimney of
suitable size, height and construction to give the desired draft.

A stOp watch shall be provided for accurate timing of the
readings.

A barometer shall be provided to determine the atmospheric
pressure during the tests.

A revolution counter shall be provided to determine the

r.p.m. Of the fans.

-15..

TEST PROCEDURE.

The burner shall be installed and adjusted according to the
manufacturers specifications. Only standard equipment to the
burner may be use, i.e., automatic draft regulators, igniters,
etc.

The furnace shall be thoroughly sealed up to the point where
the flue gas samples are taken. This seal shall be maintained
during all tests. Thus any check damper or draft regulating
devise shall be located beyond the point where the flue gas
samples are taken.

The burner shall be adjusted so that it will start from cold
satisfactorily and continue to Operate so when the furnace is hot.
This adjustment shall be maintained such that the percentage of
002 in the flue gas is, as nearly as possible, the same for all
tests. The excess air to the burner shall be sufficient to pro-
duce a clean flame at all times.

All air connections shall be tight, at least up to the point
where the air is measured. Start the Oil burner, the furnace
fan or fans and the exhaust fan. Calculate the oil rate over a
period required to burn one or two pounds of Oil and adjust if
necessary until the desired rate is Obtained. Adjust the exhaust
fan controls so that the desired conditions are obtained, i.e.,
the desired c.f.m. at a given fan r.p.m. or static pressure.

Continue warming up until the air-outlet conditions have

stabilized to such an extent that the average temperature change

_ 15 _

is less than 10F for 10 minutes.1 The inlet-outlet temperature
change shall not have varied more than 50F for the test period

Disconnect draft gauge tubes and check for zero. Reconnect
and readjust exhaust fan controls if necessary.

When a steady condition has been reached, weigh the oil,
then set the scales about % pound short and close the switch.
When the bell rings start the watch and take the first set of
readings.

The following readings shall be recorded at regular intervals
of about 10 minutes:

A. Velocity pressure at the nozzle
B. Static pressure at the furnace
C. Temperatures at the nozzle

D. Inlet temperatures

E. Furnace Jacket temperatures

F. Chimney temperature

G. Chimney draft

H. Room temperature.

The following readings shall be recorded at the beginning

and end of each test; the two being averaged for the final reading:
W. R.p.m. of fan
V. Power input to fan (watt hrs.)
U. Power " " burner & controls (watt hrs.)
T. Barometer reading.

1. A.S.H.V.E. — Std. Code for Testing and Rating Steam Unit
Heaters.

- 17 _

"If the data recorded for successive periods are incon—
sistent or vary beyond a reasonable margin, the test shall be
continued until one hour of consistent data are recorded."

Care must be used in accurately weighing the oil.1
Weighinggthe Oil.

After the first set of readings have been recorded, the
weight on the scale beam shall be moved back % pound, 1 pound,
or 2 pounds, depending on the oil rate, and the switch closed.
The contact point will then be out of the mercury so that when the
pound of oil has been consumed the point will again make contact
with the mercury and ring the bell. Then the time shall be
accurately taken and recorded and the process repeated. This
procedure makes it possible to use any portion of the data for

the test computations.

l. A.S.H.V.E. - Std. Code for Testing and Rating Steam Unit
Heaters.

— 18

SYMBOLS SED.

The various symbols and constants used in the calculations

for this test are listed and defined as follows:

§xahal

AJ Area of the furnace jacket from which heat
loss takes place

AN Outlet area of the nozzle

Ap Area of the ductwork connecting the furnace
and the mixing chamber from which heat is lost

b Barometer reading in inches of mercury

E The efficiency of the furnace

EA The heat which cannot be accounted for

EJ The heat lost from the furnace jacket

Es " " " to the flue gas

hc The coefficient of heat transfer from the sur—

face of large horizontal pipes due to con-
vection. This value is assumed to be .8.

The coefficient of heat transfer from the
vertical jacket surface due to convection.
(Either square or round). Values are given

for hp on Graph 1.

hr The coefficient of heat transfer, due to
radiation from any surface. This assumes p = 1.

OJ Heat lost from the furnace jacket of area AJ

H The heat supplied to the furnace from the fuel.

K The discharge coefficient of the nozzle = .99

p The :emissivity coefficient of the radiating
surface. Values given in Table I. s

Qp The heat loss from the connecting duct

S.P. Static pressure

‘cQ‘cQ‘eQ

BtU/Ihr o /

Sq.ft./OF

"

Btu./min.

"

Btu./hr./
q.ft./OF

Btu./nin.

"HZO

VOP.

.172

.2415

- 19 _

The air temperature entering the furnace

The average temperature of the furnace jacket

u n n n H connecting duct
n n n n n air in the nouxle

The room temperature
Temperature change

Volume of the air passing through the nozzle
under nozzle conditions, i.e., tn and b

Volume of air passing through the nozzle
correctedoto standard conditions, i.e., dry
air at 70 F and pressure of 29.92"Hg.

Velocity pressure of the air passing through
the nozzle

Weight of the air in lbs./cu.ft.

Weight of the air passinv through the nozzle

Constants

Stefan~Boltzman constant far radiation equation
Btu./sq.ft./(deg. F. abs.)

The average specific heat of air under conditi-
tions encountered during tests

The average specific heat of the dry flue

was.

\J

The average 5 ecific heat of the water vapor
in the flue gas.

c.f.m.

c.f.m.

"HnO
L
#/cu.ft.

#/min.

Btu./lb./
OF

'3

 

TABLE I

EMISSIVITIES FROM VARIOUS SURFACESl

Black shiny lacquer sprayed on iron .875
Black lacquer, flat .98
White lacquer ' .95
Oil paints - all colors .95
Aluminum lvauer .50
Aluminum paint, after heating to 620°F .55
Sheet iron not rusted .50
Sheet iron rusted .88

l. McAdams - Heat Transmission, pp. 45-9.

 

_ 21 _

F. CALCULATIONS OF RESULTS.
J. The weight of air passing through the nozzle in pounds per
minute shall be calculated by one of the following formulae:
a. W = AN 1096.2 VPW k (1)
Where an accurate set of tables for w are not
accessible, the following formula may be used.

This formula is obtained by eliminating w from

a above.
VPb

b. W = AN1264 -——— X k (2)
tN + 430

K. The volume of air passing through the nozzle, in cubic feet
per minute at the temperature and pressure in the nozzle, shall
be calculated by one of the following formulae:
VP
a. V = AN 1096.2 ‘-—- x k (2)

W

Eliminating w as in Jb above, the following is obtained

 

VP (tN + 460)
b

 

L. The volume of standard air passing through the nozzle shall

be calculated by one of the following formulae:

Where w is the weight of the air under the desired

conditions. For standard air it is 0.074€8#/cu.ft.

b. V = V
S
4

b 17.7
0 +

tn

6

l. A.S.H.V.E. — Test Code for Unit Heaters
2. Ower — Measurements of Air Flow", p. 57

.....

 

 

M. The heat in the air at the nozzle shall be calculated by the
following formula:

QN = .2415 W(tN — ti)
N. The heat lost from the duct work connecting the furnace and

mixing chamber shall be calculated by the following formula:

Qp

.calSW

Ap/BO (tp — tr)(p(a)h£b) + he)

Where Qp/.2415w is the temperature drop due to the heat
loss from the connecting duct.
P. The heat supplied to the furnace, in the case of oil, shall
be calculated by the following formula:

H = B.t.u. per lb. of oil x No. of_lb§. used
length of test period in hours x 60

 

R. The heat lost from the furnace jacket in B.t.u. per minute

shall be calculated by the following formula

QJ = i (t, - tr)(p(a)n§,b) + hp)
60 p

X. The heat lost to the flue gas, in per cent of the heat
supplied to the furnace or of the heating value of the fuel, may
be taken from an accurate chart prepared for the particular fuel
used. If no such chart is available, this value may be calculated

as in the following example or by any other suitable method.

a. Values of p obtained from Table I for the kind of surface
being considered.
b. Values of hr for vertical surfaces obtained from Plate 5.

Assume:
The oil as being 86% C, 14% H2, and heating value of
18,000 B.t.u./lb. Flue gas temperature = 5600F, room
temperature = 60°F. The dry gas analysis by volume

(from orsat):

C02 12%
C0 1
02 4
N (By difference) 85.

Convert to per cent by weight

 

 

% by Times % by
Vol. Mo]. Wt. Weight
50.07
co 1 28 = .28 ~8§. = .95
50.07
02 4 52 = 1.28 1.28 = 4.28
50.07
N2 83 28 = 25.22 25.22 = 77.20
60.07
50.07 100.00

1 lb. of carbon will form mol. wt. of 002= = 44 = 5.12 lbs. 00
mol. wt. of C 12

2
.3 1 lb. of the oil will form .86 x 5.12 = 2.685 lbs. of C02
Then if the dry flue gas contains .1759 lbs. C02 per lb. of gas

1 lb. of oil will form 2.685 or 15.5 lbs. of dry gas.
.1759

The heat lost in the dry gas is .24 x 15.5 (560 — 60) = 1100 B.t.u.

per 1b. of oil

_ 24 _

The weight of water vapor formed is 9 x .14 = 1.26 lbs. per lb.

of oil. The 9 being mol. wt. of H20 = 18 . The heat in the
mol. wt. of H2 2

 

vapor, at 65°F or the room temperature, is 10891 B.t.u. per lb.
The heat loss due to the water vapor is therefore

1089 + the heat of the vapor above the room temperature
or 1089 + .47 x 500 = 1250 B.t.u. per lb. of water
or 1250 x 1.26 = 1550 B.t.u. per lb.
The heat lost by the unburned C0 is the heating value of the 00
per 1b. x the number of lbs., or is

4570 x .0095 x 15.5 = 62 B.t.u. per lb. of oil2
The total heat lost to the flue gas is then

1100 + 1550 + 621 = 5271, which is 18.2% of the heating

value of the oil.

1. Goodenough - Steam Tables, p. 58
2. Haslam and Russell - Fuels and Their Combustion, p. 157.

 

 

FORCED WARM AIR FUREACE TEST SPECIFICATION SHEET

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Make of furnace ____No.
Manufactured at By, _fi_
mung BJMLflm. fi_ tflmlmmmr
B.t.u./hr. type burner
at bonnet temperature of CF and c.f.m.

 

Type of furnace

Volume of combustion chamber cu.ft. Surface of combus-

 

tion chamber exposed to flames (excluding refractory lining)

sq.ft. Inside diameter of combustion chaibcr at largest part

inches. Diameter at burner level inches. Height of combustion
chamber above burner inches. Outside area of combustion chamber

exposed to air flow sq. ft. Area of radiators or flues exgosed

 

to air flow sq. ft. Total radiating surface sq. ft.
Area of jacket (outside) sq. ft. . Finish ~ paint or lacquer and
color

Insulating material between jacket and radiator or flues

 

. inches thick.

 

Shortest distance between jacket and radiating surface inches.

 

 

 

Smallest free area between jacket and furnace sq. ft.
Type of fan used No. used
Rated Capacity c.f.m. at r.p.m. static

 

 

pres. of __*“~_ins. H20, and dir. at-_____°F. Power reqd._____.H.P.
Fan draws or blows air through furnace
Burner Used
Rated capacity in furnace under test pounds of oil per hour.

Ignition . No. of igniters . Length of ignition period min.

*-

 

SHEET NO___._
STANDARD TEST

FOR FORCED WARM AIR FURNACES

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SUMMARY DATA AND RESULTS CONTINUOUS TEST
OBSERVERS ________________________ _
TEST RUN AT_______________________.___
OIL USED_ _ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _DEG.A.P.I.AT---F
ANALYSIS______ ____._ ____ _________
HEATING VALUE_ _ _ _ __ _B.T.U. PER POUND
I DATE OF TEST
2 DURATION OF TEST hrs
3 OIL USED DURING TEST IQ.
4 BAROMETER READING 3b H
5 s ROOM TEMPERATURE ”2°52 ‘F?
E 6 JACKET TEMPERATURE >5; "
" 7 PIPE .. WED "
a STACK " 5.} ”
9 NOZZLE " In N
Io NOZZLE VELOCITY PRES VP ”H
II FURNACE STATIC PRES SP ”
I2 FURNACE RESISTANCE "
I3 STACK DRAFT "
l4
l5
l6 C02 '7.
'7 FLUE GAS CO Z
ANALYSIS
l8 02 74
l9 WEIGHT W “5/, J
AIR FLOW THRU
20 STANDARD AIR V; afm K
NOZZLE r
2I ATTEST CONDS. V afm L
22 TEMPERATURE RISE AT 0
23 HEAT IN AIR AT NOZZLE QN ”K M
24 HEAT LOST FROM PIPE Qp u N
25 HEAT DELIVERED av FURNACE Q " 23+“
26 OIL RATE ”*7/11 3/2
.37 HEAT SUPPLIED TO FURNACE H ”7/1123 P
[23 FURNACE EEFICIENCY E 7. 25/27
29 HEAT LOST FROM JACKET Q; ”ta/"h R
30 JACKET LOSS ’1 OF H E: 7. 29/27
3I HEAT LOSS TO FLUE GAS E5 7.- X
32 7, OF H ACCOUNTED FOR 7. 2530*‘3'
33 HEA’T NOT ACCOUNTED FOR EA ‘7; loo-32
J

 

 

 

-27..

 

 

w-

 

‘—

 

PERFORMANCE
. FOR FORCED WARM AIR FURNACES
TEMPERATURE CHANGE: AT=BONNET TEMR- INLET TEMP.

CHART

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40 50 60 70 80 90 l00 IIO I20 I30 I40
IIII‘IIII "lélfg. IIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIII IIIIIIIII mqlm IIIIIIHIVIIIIIIIIIJIIIIIIIII
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' L \ \ \ \ r4: lie \ I 2000 g
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1111I11111111I11111111I111 1111I111111111111 111111111 111111111 11'11I11111111I11111u111111 1111 11
00 I00 l20 I40 I60 I80 200 220 240 260 280

THOUSAND B.tU. DELIVERED TO AIR AT BONNET-PER I-IR.

 

 

 

 
    

STATLC TUfiE
DRAFT GAUGE

UT T N ZLE

 

  
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.éAMPLIMG w- MSW—- I
INSULATED * \ K~4
y‘NSULAT'O" II- MIXING fi—r A ‘I '
f CHAMBER ’ i “
PITOT-STATIC Tug; CONTROL DAMPE_R_
FURNACE T= TEMPERATURE MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
ARRANGEMENT OF EQUIPMENT FIG. I.
_§RCURY CONTACT ' LO SAMPLING TUBE

 

 

 

 

 

G ITO ANALYZER

I; F
C
P

 

 

 

 

 

nun-um:
0

METHOD OF TIMING OIL RATE
FIG. 2

 

 

 

.1—

METHOD OF COLLECTING AVERAGE

FLUE GAS SAMPLES
FIG. 3

I PLATE 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

\' SMOOTH CURVE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D-q TANGENT
B A
' PITQT TUQE

~ 3 DIAMETER TO BE ACCURATELY
MACHINED

C NOT LESS THAN 3
D NOT MORE THAN 15'
BNOT MORE THAN .3.

SPECIFICATIONS OF NOZZLE FOR AIR MEASUREMENT
PLATE 2

DUCT TO EXHAUST FAN

 

 

 

-50..

 

 

 

 

 

 

l I T

    
     
 
 
 

E COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSFER DV
;/./5’ CONVECTION FROM VERTICAL SURFACES
+4 ,
[I S; I
Ema v? '
"‘- a
EMF. 11 '
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I 1‘ IL
t: /.00 k .
b
F- K;
F S
E 9.5‘ 9. K
I "5 '
: .90 11 hp 2 .JAT'Z‘S-
E .g Data by GryfIf/w0 Dav/J.
: .85 '
: .60 .
; TEMPC’I’QtUI’e Cbangc 2 AT: tJ’tR

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    
  

 

.75 60 60 /00 /20 I40 I60 /80 200 220 240
/
k I

:— ° COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSFER. //
:/.60 I. av RADIATION 1
3‘
E 1.70 K /
: %
E. ‘3‘ / \55
5/50 I) / Room Temp.
.. + - “J
E g F
£3450JL //
: b
5.. K
5/40 :1;
:— *2
g. Q
5/.30 II
E x 1.55;)4—(77‘7‘j0J72
5. c /77 -‘- /00 1007
5’20 _ 73 -- TR _,
:5.- Em/JJ/V/Zy :2 1 T= ‘Fqba
5510 q -
E- durfocc Temperature °F

 

 

/00 /40 /60 220 260 L900

 

—Y

PLATE 3

 

 

V—

-51..

 

 

 

 

 

    
    
  

HEAT L055 CHART

:23: FLUE GAS ‘ FUEL 0/1.

I C‘ - (55.7. Hedi/l7? Vo/ue =

I H; ° I4. Z /7,5‘00 600. per [6.
l7 4/1401/“1‘ 1 Z /38,000 8.t.U.’,/Icr,

15’0c’c/f/c Hedf 0/ fidJex-an RIC/$0746»

IN 0IL

\
0\

00' 04‘ Te . °

OF HEAT
R R

7a
\
<0

\\
\N

IN FLUE 0A5 -
S

“10‘ V0) ‘0

Latent H007“ a vaor
Vapor =6.J75 0f 1‘7: 0/7

JENJ/BLE 'HEA T
~b

NC»
0_

/0 20 JO 40 .50
PER CEN T 5x05.” AIR Z A 0.
1

' ___-_ “—1

f—l

E
OHS/IT .

LI
3:
- FR 0M

.\
\
DR Y ANALYSIS

\
,Q
(‘02

ID

60

x
CD

' R

‘72

 

 

 

 

SASPLE COHPUTATIONS.

The following actual data will be used in the computations.

 

 

 

 

Time in Gross Nozzle Nozzle Fce. Stack Room

Minutes Oil TSmp. P. S.P. Temp. Temp.
1%. F "ago "1139 0F 0F
0 72 152 .760 .16 290 69
14.40 70 155 .760 .16 290 69
29.75 68 155 .750 .15 294 69
40.00 —- 155 .760 .15 290 69
60.40 64} 154 .750 .16 294 _69
Avg. 1.006 hr. 8 155 .755 292 69

Average flue gas analysis from Orsat - 12% C02, 4% 02, 0.0% CO.

Furnace Jacket

 

Connecting duct work.

 

 

 

Average Area
Temp. sq.ft.
0F __M‘_ Average temperature = 120
N. 120 15
E. 145 17 Area = 56 sq. ft.
S. 125 15
W. 145 17
Barometer Furnace Furnace
Fan r.p.m. Reading Draft Reactance
"820 "H2_
Beginning of test 820 28.92 .07 .04
End 850 28.92 .07_ .04
Average 825 28,92 .07 .04

The volume of air circulated at nozzle conditions is, from the air flow

chart, 2055 C.f.m.

The weight of air circulated per minute is, by formula, Jb

W

 

 

 

 

78.54 85 x 28.92
W = X 1264

155 + 480

155fi/minute

This weight converted to cu.ft. per minute for standard air, by

formula, La is

VS = W = 155 = 1780 c.f.m.
w 0.07488

or by formula Lb’ from the volume of air obtained from the chart,

V

S Vb 17.7 = 2055 X . 17.7 = 1775

28. y
460 + tN 460 + 155

 

The heat in the air at the nozzle,above room temperature, by formula M

QN = .2415 W(tN — ti)
QN = .2415 x 155 x (155 - 69)

2060 B.t.u./Min.

The heat lost from the connecting duct or pipe, by equation N

Qp = _AQ_.(tp ‘ tr) (Phr + he)

60
Qp .éfiL.(120 — 69) (.6 x 1.18 + .8)

60

71.8 B.t.u./Min.

The total equivalent temperature drOp, by formula 0 is

T = ___O,n..._+(t11- tr)

0" -.
o (it: 1.)“!

: 71.8 + (155 — 69) 2 66.5 deg. F.
.2415 x 155

 

The heat supplied to the furnace in the oil, by formula P is

H = B.t.u. per 1h. of oil x No. of lbs. used
length of test period in hours

19,500 x 8 = 2,590 B.t.u./Min.
1.008

:12
ll

 

In this case where the furnace jacket was square, formula R was
applied to each side of the jacket and the sum taken as the total
heat loss. The loss for one side will be calculated here, and the

total loss shown. For side W, the loss, by formula R, is

Q'J fill—O (tJ " tr) (P hr + hp)

17 (145 — 89) (.95 x 1.28 + .8) : 45 B.t.u./Min.
80

The total heat loss from the jacket, calculated in this manner is
141.5 B.t.u. per Kin.

The heat lost to the flue gas is obtained from the chart prepared
for this particular fuel. For the gas at 292°F, 12% 002 the loss due
to the dry gas and vapor above the room temperature is 5.5% and the
latent heat of vaporization, 6.5, a total of 11.8% of the heating

value of the oil.

PART II

II—TI‘EPJVIITTEIT TESTS

In order to prevent repetition, only that part of the intermittent
test which differs from Part I will be given here.

The intermittent test shall be made following a preliminary test
made to determine the oil rate. This rate shall check with that
obtained in the intermittent test.

The fans shall be run continuously during the intermittent test.

The operation of the burner shall be controlled manually from a
position where the Operator can accurately read he nozzle temperature.

q .

Temperature imits at the nozzle shall be selected according to
the oil rate used, the higher temperatures accompanying the high oil

rates. These limits shall not be lower than 100°F or higher than

185°F.

Warm up the furnace and set the fan controls so that the desired
volume of air and static pressure are obtained. Shut off the burner
when he upper temperature of the test is reached. When the nozzle
temperature falls to the lower limit, turn on the burner until the
upper temperature is again reached. Repeat this process until the on
periods are equal and the off periods equal.

A variance of 50 seconds in these periods will not be considered
excessive.

A total cycle time of 15 minutes to % hour should be used.

When uniform cycles are obtained, the oil shall be accurately
weighed during an off period. Start the watch and oil burner simul—

taneously and take the first set of readings when the lower temperature

rw

is reached. Continue taking readings for 2 or 5 cycles. The following
readings shall be taken and recorded at regular intervals of l or 2
minutes:

Nozzle temperature

Nozzle velocity

Flue gas temperature

Jacket temperature

Pipe temperature.

The flue gas analyses shall be made from a sample taken con-

Q

tinuously over the on—period of tne burner.

The data frr the best cycle shall be plotted on cross—section
paper and a smooth curve drawn through the points. See Sheet 1.
Values shall be taken from these curves in accounting for the heat
supplied to the burner. These values shall be plotted on cross-
section paper against the time in minutes. See Sheet 2.

The area under these curves shall be used to obtain the various
losses and efficiency. The heat added to the air is represented by
the area under the curve A, B, C, also the area under D, E, and E3.
The losses to the flue gas and from the jacket are represented by the
area under the curve LLL, which is also the area above FG marked

losses. The remaining area is the unaccounted for loss.
The efficiency shall be obtained by dividing area under line E3
by the area under line HI X 100.

The per cent losses 2 all be obtained by dividing the area indi—

cated as losses by the area under line HI x 100.

UV

The per cent unaccounted for 1095 shall he the arc; left divided

by the area under line HI x 100.

DISCUSSION OF T‘filffIIODS

I
O
I

1
‘1

The methocs as outlined in this test are not as exacting as some
eXperimental work re uires. It is necessary, however, that the work
shall be accurate enough so that the variations allowed are not
exceeded. In the test conducted in the laboratory all the heat
supplied to the burner could be accounted for except in a few cases
where the 002 was run very high. These tests showed an unaccounted
for loss of s01e 7%. This was exglained by the fact that soot was
deposited on the walls of the combustion chamber, indicating un-
burned carbon.

The nozzle was calibrated by disconnecting the furnace and
forcing air through the mixing chamber from a separate fan. A long
straight pipe was used between the fan and the mixing chamber. A
traverse was made at the middle of this pipe, using a Wahlen gaugel

to check the volume of air at the nozzle. When the conditions as

prescribed in the test were observed, he variations in the two

NIL—4

volumes were less than 1

a
L‘.‘
o

For more detailed methods of measuring air flow refer to
S. A. Mossz, J. H. Parking, or R. O. King4.
The flue gas chart included is for one fuel only. Additional
charts may be constructed similar to this one or others which are

equally as good. This chart was constructed similar to one by

. 5 , .
Haslam and Russell , except tne values for SpeCific heats of the

1. Univ. of Ill. Bulletin No. 112

2. A.S.M.E. Trans., Vols. 49—50, A.P.M. 5.

3. Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, J1. '29, pp. 149—56.
4. Ensineering Vol. 17, pp. 136—7.

5. Haslam & Russell - Fuels and Their Combustion, p. 249.

gases which were taken from Richardsl. A

2

simpler and not Quite so

8 given in Power

Ho

accurate chart

The chart for determining the radar tion coefficient is con-
structed similar to one by McAoams.5

The hart for determining the vol Wle of air flO'ln“ through the
nozzle is a graphicals Molu ion of the formula for the volume of air
flowing through a nozzle or pipe.

The performance chart was constructed, having in view a graphical
repre rsentation of the capwic ty of the furnace.

The surface temperatures were measured bym means of a "Pyro ooint"
which is in reality a thermocouple. It consists of a galvanometer and
two pointers, one of iron and the ocher constantan. When these points
are pressed against the metal surface, they make electrical contact
and assume the temperature of the metal, thus acting as a thermocouple.
This instrument was calibrate a g:ainsta thermocouple embedded in the
surface of a piece of sheet metal. The temperatures obtained checked

very closely to those obtained from the thermocou ale.

1. Pichards - Metallurgical Calcul". tions , pp. 95, 94, 91, and 62.
2. Power - Vol. 66, Aug. 50, '27, p. 528.
5. McAdams — Heat Transmission, p. 225.

 

 

' Inferm/Ifenf Ted-T.
Met/704 0/ Jhawurr Ddl'd

742-: I run 5/1/34

 

J‘heet -.1---
At Mich. Jtdtc (cl/eye.
Bar. = 29.6 ”Hg
Roam T: 70.0 ’F
Vaurner Qn Burner off ‘
0i/.Rd7e 5 m4 ”/hr.
Flue 70.5 Jam/ole Taken
aver per/00'
€02 : 10.6 ‘2
\ 34a

 

  /\

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4 6 8 lo \/2 /4
Time In Mm.

 

 

 

 

METHOD

H

INTERMIT TENT

I

 

.3200 '—_" '- O

S‘NbT'

 

 

.3000

ACCOUNTEC FOR

 

2800

 

2600

L<$$ '5

 

 

2400

 

2200

 

2000

 

M/nutc

/600
x

 

Fe

/600

S
u‘ I400

 

TEST
OF SHOWING HEAT BALANCE

 

A !
I200

B.

 

l000

 

600

 

600

tc

 

 

400

 

200

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2 4 6 6 / 0 [2 /4

F

SHEET-%-_

 

 

BI BLI 0G RAPHY

1. A.S.H.V.E. — Test Code for Unit Heater

2. Allen & Walker — Heating & Ventilation, p. 509

5. Univ. of I11. Bulletin No. 117
Coefficients of Emissivity for Various Surfaces.

4. A.S.H.V.E. - Standard and Short Heat Balance Codes for Testing
Low Pressure Steam Heating Solid Fuel Boilers.

5. McAdams - Heat Transmission, pp. 45—9.

6. Ower,— Measurements of Air Flow, p. 57.

7. McAdams — Heat Transmission, p. 250

8. Univ. of Ill. Bulletin No. 189

Investi.ation of Warm Air Furnaces and Heatinz Sistems.
L

'0
0

Univ. of Ill. Bulletin No. 120

Investigation of Warm-Air Furnaces and Heating Systems.
10. Goodenough - Steam Tables, p. 58
ll. Moss, S. A. — A.S.M.E. Trans., Vols. 49-50, A.P.M. 5.
l2. Univ. of Ill. Bulletin No. 112
15. Heating, Piping, and.Air Conditioning, June '29, pp. 149—52
14. Engineering, Vol. 17, pp. 156—7
15. Haslam & Russell — Fuels and Their Combustion, p. 249
16. Richards - Metallurgical Calculations, pp. 95, 94, 91, & 62.
17. Power, Vol. 66, Aug. 30, '27, p. 528.

18. McAdams — Heat Transmission, p. 225.

 

W
7go 170

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v15. t— TE lb; 5,430
Hi PRES. - Iii/V6 Hzo.’ FROM

 

 

 

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