'1

THE THEORY AND PRACTICE
OF
MODERN LIGHTING

THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF E. E.

Marshall Georg: Houghton
1931

 

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”Light is the essential condition for Vision."

Webster's Dictionary

Changing the amount of illumination on a rotating
disc or wheel apparently changes its speed of rotation.
Under low illumination the disc ppears to rotate rapid-
ly; the geometrical designs on its face are blurred and
indistinct. When the illumination is increased there is
apparently a pronounced slowing down of the disc, the
paterns becoming distinct. The truth illustrated here is
fundamental: namely, that it takes less time to see under.
high illumination than under low-- that there is a time
factor in the process of seeing, just as there is a time
factor in taking a photograph.

Saving time, crowding extra seconds into every minute,
is the common objective of efficiency effort. We do it by
substituting machinery for hands, and orderliness for lack
of system; but wherever human eyes are used, if the light
is inadequate, the hour is not long enough for the Work
to be accomplished. The eye in its camera action is forced
to take time exposures instead of snapshots. These eXposures
are taken thousands and thousands of times a day, and the
extra fraction of a second for each exposure spells an
accumulated loss of half an hour or so during the period.

Ample diffused illumination on the work saves this time

and. With less, rather than more, ei’iort on the part 01':
the Operator.

Good artificial illumination is a develOpment or
comparatively recent years, and although it is quite
generally conceded to be desirable, there are few who
entirely comprehend how the accompanying benefits are
derived. mam curves have been drawn by various authori-
ties and research men that present basic i‘acts which
provide a dire ct link between light and time -‘- between
better illumination and the increased production and
decreased accidents which have invariably resulted.
several 01‘ these curves and a complete discussion or
the results are included later as an aid to choosing the
correct value or amount of light needed for a given kind
or work.

in addition, good lighting has numerous other ad-
vantages that cannot be expressed numerically, but which
are none the less real and important. rho marked improve-
ment made in the general appearance ci' a room, the cozy
comiortable atmosphere created in the home, the stimulat-
ing enlivening influe nee exerted in the store, the office
and the sh0p - these'are valuable by-products OI prOper
illumination.

It is readily seen that the subject of illumination
has a direct bearing on the health, wealth, and happine se
of practically every living person. It follows that
great benefits can be derived from the use of the know-

l;_=dge we have in this line, that those individuals who have

the most information at hand will be best fitted to
benefit mankind.

her some time the need has been felt for a more
comprehensive work to cover the several phases of illumi-
nation, at least in a general way, and give examples of
actual installations. much of this iniOrmation is now
in print but can only be found in the cat siege of the
various companies who either make installations or sell
the equipment . much of this data has been published in
current magazines or pamphlets at the time of the first
showing. in Order to get a cross—index or reference
library at the present time one must have all these cata-
logs, pamphlets, and leaflets, as well as current magazines
and trade literature on hand. It is evident to even the
casual reader that to efficiently use such a mass of in-
formation one must have a very thorough knowledge of the
products of the various manufacturers and their nethods
of using the same in order to turn With any degree of
certainty to a cata10g and get engineering data and
m thods on am one type of installation without wasting
a great deal 0f time searching through irrelevant mater-
ial.

It would be a very ambitious text, indeed, which
attempted to completely cover the subject of illumination
or even one phase of it, giving due allowance to the
special cases which arise; so this thesis has been limited

to a statement or the fundamentals in the various fields,

explanations of these factors, and one or two represen-
tative layouts as examples. i'his, it is hOped, will be
or value to the student who is primarily interested in
how things are done and to the design engineer fer use
as a basis to miss new and varied layouts in fields
which may not be wholly familiar to him. i-he writer
has referred freely to the most recent come rcial in-
formation on the subJe ct and assembled sufficient data
to make workable the formulae and graphs given under
the separate titles. Additional data my be had from
many of the companies mentioned in the bibliography.

As the trend goes from low to high and constantly
higher levels of illumination the architect and designer
are called upon to Justiiy the increased Operating
orpense and increased first cost. A large number or
tests have been run in industrial plants to determine
the relation between illumination and prOduction, other
factors being kept constant. In every case, increased
illumination has increased the production far beyond the
added lighting cost.

One such investigation was completed not long ago
in the Inspection Department of the Iimkin Roller hear-
ing company at Columbus Ohio. the number of bearings
inepe cted per Operator per hour was found, first under
the old lighting system (providing an average of about
five foot-candles on the work) and then under well de-

signed systems providing 6,13, and 20 foot-candles.

Unusual care was taken to prevent armr iactors other than
illumination irom influencing the results. During the
ten weeks or the test the humidity and the interior temp-
erature were kept practically constant, and the employees
did not know their production was being investigated.

rhe results of the test furnished proof that for the
class of work carried on in the Inspection lepartment in-
vestigated, the production was materially afiected by the
illumination Supplied. without exception, the production
increased when tie illumimtion was raised and decreased
when it was lowered.

Under the old glaring lights, which gave only about
5 foot-candles on the work, the number of pieces inspected
per Operator per hour was 408. Under a well designed
system providing 6 foot -candles, with a minimum of glare
and specular reflection, the number of pieces inepectsd
per Operator per hour was 424, representing a 470 product-
ion increese over that obtains d under the former faulty
illumination 01' about the same root-candles. Likewise,
increasing the illumination from 6 to 15 foot-candles,
with a well designed system, resulted in an output of 440
pieces per Operator per hour, which was an additional 470
increase, and when the illumination was raised to 20 foot-
candles, the production increased to 458 pieces per Opera-
tor per hour, representing a further 4.576 increase in pro-
duction. rhus comparing the 20 foot-candle system with
the one originally in use a 12.570 increase in production

is found.

Granting that this has occurred we must now turn
to the economics 01' the situation. i-he cost figures

for the i'imkin installation are:-

oost or Lighting (Current, lamp renewals,

fixed charges, etc.) new 20 root-candle

installation $0.52 per hr.
Cost of Lighting, old 5 toot-candle

installation .04 “ "
Added cost or better lighting .28 " "
hourly total wages of 44 Inspectors 13.20 “ "

Hourly saving to company through a

12.575 production increase 1.4? " "

Thus the saving to the Gompamr is over five tines
the added cost of better lighting, and proves that the
money spent on this improvement was a very good invest-
rent.

It is interesting to investigate this case Irom
another angle to see what the increases in prOduction
were, compared to the added lighting cost in percent
of pay-roll.

After this correction is made, and using the old
lighting or 5 foot -oandles as a standard, we find that
with 6 foot -candles or raw design lighting an increase
oi: 0.575 in light cost provided a 476 increase in pro-

duction: with 13 foot -candles a cost increase 01’ 1.57» -

an 876 production increase; and with 20 foot ~candles
the lighting cost increased the pay roll 2.176 but
provided a 12.5% increase in production. this easily
proves that the lighting changes will pay for them-
selves many times over.

1n.addition to assisting the w0rk, good.lighting
has highly beneficial influences in other phases oi
everyday 1116. In the commercial field, the attract-
ing power of the brightly lighted show window has been
demonstrated repeatedly, and within the store good
illumination not only assists the customers in select.-
ing the merchandise wanted, but its cheerful atmos-
phere builds a good will and stimulates the desire to
buy.

Insniiicient illnmination.is the direct cause
of OVBI’17fi>Of the night trafIic accidents. Adequate
street lighting avoids this 133, besides decreasing
crime, Iacilitating traiiic movement, and generally
arousing civic pride.

‘ro assist the 3070 of the school children who have
defective vision, and to prevent cyestrain when study-

ing, the school and the home should have mnple light.

in addition, the home may be greatly be? utiiied by
the use of light Ior decorative eiie ct.

These are only a iew oi the many reasons why
illumination has come so rapidly to the iront during
the past iew years; th e reader c n iurnish nany others.

How Comes the startling statement irom fir.

mnonds 01 the s; mionds Saw 00., announcing con—
struction plans ior the coming; ear to include one
large buil ing with grour d iloor area 01 over b acres
12 city blocks; to be built without windows, and
illuminated enu irely by electric lig ts 'hecause elec-
tric lights are so much more satis actory, cheaper in
the long run, and iurnish even illumination iar super—
ior to the ever changing value oi sunlight obta'ned
through windows that are always getting dirty and ire-
quently breaking" to quote hr. Syumonds. A percent-

9

age oi ultra violet light will oe added to make the
working conditions more healfliflfilar nd iorced ve-tilation
will iurnish the men with washed air oi the pr‘per
moisture content. rruly this is a wonderiul ate, and
the trend toward 'manuiactured ideal conditiors"

ids s.

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continues on all

rundamentals g; Illumination.

 

 

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Without light, the most important oi the sense
which bring iniormation irom the outside world, that
is the sight sense, is useless, ior without light even
a perfect eye is blind. 0n the other hand, the use of

lig1t determines what kind or service we can get irom

our eyes, because it is a tell knO'n iact tlat thr01 h

nd eiective.

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11 one shuts his eyes, he can easily realise how much
or his knowledge oi what is going'on in the world de—
pends on light, anl conversely, ii he 100ks at the
sun ior an if sta nt he rethli as how annoying and harm-
iul a glaring light can be.

ihe process 01 seeing is not lull; understood by
everyone, and a short statement 01 the iacts will
a basis upon which ruture worh depen s. suppose the
sun is shining on a building; - because oi the light
rays one can see its size, shape, and the color 01 the
walls, w1 indow sills, etc.

rhe sun pours upon it a great many energy waves,
including light waves, and instead or stepping or
absoruing all the rays, each individual part oi the
building reilscts an -d sc tters a portion oi tle rays
falling upon it, and absorbs the rest. As a result 01
this scattering, some 11 ght irom all parts of the
building in the iield 01 view ialls upon the eye;
iurtherznore, the parts or the building autear in their

haracte ris tic colors. nor example, the bricks appear

yellow because in gene eral they aosorh relatively iew
oi the rays 01 wave leng hs ,hich are caiaole 01 giv-
ing the impression yellow. The eye in turn conveys
the message to the brain that the brichs are yellow.
1n the same way, the brown morta r absorbs most rays

except a particular combination oi waves which wake

up the color brown, and when these are reflected to
the eye, they convey the impression that the mortar
is brown. 11’ there are any parts or the building
which absorb practically all or'the sunis light that
rolls on them, with the result that no visual impres-
sion is made, those parts are called black. rhe‘white
portions of the building reflect nearly all of the
light that falls upon them equally fer all wave-lengths,
and it is for this reason.that the pillars appear white.
the shape and form 01‘ the building and its parts are
made evident by the varying amounts or light telling
on the different surfaces and the percentages 01: this
light which they reflect toward.the eye. xhe pillars
appear round only because the eye has become accustomed
to recOgnize certain gradations or light and.shade as
being characteristic of round obgects.

Again'the amount of light available nas much to
do with.how much we see and now readily we see it.
when called upon to examine tne inner workings or a
satch, One almost always moves over to the wdndow to
get maximum illumination. Also in.playing tennis in
the late afternoon, we remember that the ball was
clearly seen in our Opponent‘s hand, but aiter it was
served and in motion, it disappeared entirely, or seem-
ingly so, until it bounced at. our test. this shows that
the illumination was inadequate for moving objects

of this size.

.. r

Luau use 01 in llOOlllbht-

'1

.. " . ~ -" - 4 -~ - .- 2 . ‘~.
££333 .uuctors u”1*t o

(
(L

ing of buildirgs, especially ii color is used, in

lighting of airports, tennis courts, or casebsll dia—

monds, as well as interior work. in tfis highly cc:-

Tllcsted trees 8 01 seeing VQlCH t;e eyes sre geriorm-

v
-

0:

ing co:stantl;, it is well to T;¢d$53r t;at ior bOtL

natural find artiiicial illumins ion an ob act is not

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ssult oi the light ULich travels direct

from the li it source to tre ere but only as a re51lt

the object looked at svi iron tlencc to Ins eye.

Units oi measurement -

 

 

1111:; U411; 114.34: -

:ma‘ti 3 ago rnnas new 11

U.
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it sources Degas to

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sipersede tzxa anule, 11.tr s hOgt .lctiral that tie

illuminstinc power 01 t;esc new scarecs 'noald oe ex-

U‘

.‘

_ .~ 1 O ‘ . _(: ‘ .‘~ - 11 “'1" c I ” ~ _‘ J _ o o _‘I ,
presses in'teris oi th Ctflflle, union ms: lamiliur to

r s ttinx tr

5 1‘ ' ,- ,5 ‘. ‘\-~ I . , ‘ uv. -- o ,. x I: . ,
all. 1L3 lirst omsnrisons Lure lacs o; _ V :e

two lithts no in the iicld Oi View finu gau;in; the dil-
t

' — ~ ' -v- ”V... m,- —- ‘.~ ‘A 4- ‘ . -—, . - '— .- -- \
isrsncs o. looliu; iron One to t;: otre: 1L3 m0

CI .4 ,

('3

N v" x r. . -n +4 ’ . V -v“ ' \ A - y: p. "1'" ‘r -‘ - . a.
nutlr l JILBCUlJn in Mhlflh to loo“ it tbs solrces oein

tne horisoxtul. ulile there are any numu r 01 iireC‘ions

‘

- .M‘, A. ;_ ‘
on: ”“3 10v; fit a so.

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't‘?‘
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It givinglxrer in s

r. ' - ‘ . . . ' i , -\ r J— " l- ,-‘ . .L ,- . ' .\
horiaontal u1r30f10n ,s‘ mafia uh basis 0' consarison,

us

an- Lhe st. nLth 01 the light in this directicn :rom a

candla made socoroint to C itsin oeiinii; 1eciiicstions

ras aroitrarily chosen as the unit OI intensity and called

a candle. rhe newer lights as they came out, were rated
according to tneir strength in this saw; direction and tare
stat d to give so many candles, a 20 candle lamp being 23
times as strong (or having an intcnsi y 33 tines as crest)

in a horizontal dire tion. ih's rating of a lamp 's now made
by a device Known as a photometer, a description or vhich is
included latLr.

One very essential point to renemter in this connection
is that the candle power 0: a lamp repr sent: its int nrity
in one direction only. it has been customary ior years to
rotate the lamp about a vertical axis xhile the candle power
was being detormined.and the result was known as the mean or
average horibontal candle p0 er. Late com ercial ingormation
shows, heiever, that with modern iilament design and inside
frosted bulbs the dead spot has Leen reduced so iar that it
is no longer receesary in.practice to rotate the source Lhile
measuring its intcnsity.

One inno;tant conclu ion must be drawn, hGTIV.I, and that
is that the candle power oi a source does not n ces arily give
an indication of the total quantity or light emitted by the
source. ror example, an automobile headlamp may procuce a
beam with a manimum candle power of 100,000, the source being
a 21 c-p bulb. The reader is familiar, however, with the
very efiicicnt reflecto:c develoyed during the past two to

of the emitted

E;
H

thr e 'ears :hich concentrat s practically
light into a narrov beam, running the beam candlepowcr quite

high while the source c—p remains 10x3

THE rungs

s'uze that a source is giiijrlcsne Cinile 1n Wary
direction,.ani Tilt this so ice is glancd it the csnter oi a
Sphere painted blacn on the inside and having a radius 0: one
toot. ii now an Opening 1; cut in the Sphere some oi the li ht
will escape. i3; quantity 0: liCht allor_d to escasc he? be
varied by varying the size oi the Op nin
of the source and the radius 01 tn: sphere rgmai in: :ixed. lt

iollons that ii some d.:init: Sine onening is as used a d “‘nite

 

guant it " oi li Mt thich may by used as a unit ior neaeuring
quantity will result. iho rim; _st area or unit to assuiz is

1 square toot, and it has been establisncd.tnat tn: atcunt Oi

li ht escapinC small o. considered the unit of quantity, and is

3119; a lumen. thus a perman: nt unit ior tn; measur,mcnt oi
the quantity OI li nt ha 3 been ~str.nl1-ne ii the area or the
OpeninC is doubled, he liCEE escanin: will be 2 lumens; ii tne
area oi on; Openln¢ is l/z a gamer: ioot the liCht escaping
till be 1/2 a lum n. now, since the total suriace oi the s here
having a radius oi 1 Ioot is 12. b7 SQQET8 Icet, removing the
snhere entirely there vould be equivalent OI 1;.37 Openirrs 1
ioot square and the total liCht emitted ould be l~.37 lure

A value oi 12.5 s suiiiciently accurate ior most practical
purpose , and is a convenient iigune; dividing the than Spherical.
candleporer by 8 and multiplying by 100, the lusen.output is
obtained directly.

A lum on may alLO be eiined as being equivalent to

the quantity 01 li ht inte rce3ted by a surface oi l squar: foot,

every point oi which is at a distance oi l Loot in3m a snares

0i 1 Candle.

"‘ BOOT-CL 13.1.3

Light is a cause and illumination.the street or result.
50th the lumen and candle are used to Izzasure the cause, these
units applying to the liCht source its 11 and rot to the point
where the li Cht is uit 11a Lu. 'l‘O :nasure the enount oi illumina-
tion on a de;h, boon, newspap;r, or other working plane, there
is a unit ca ll:d a ioct-canc e A foot-candle r presents an
mount oi illumination ecu .11 to that prciuced at a point on a
plane 1 :oot distant i':=,om a source 01 l candle and perpendicular
to the light regs at that point. now ii the su;1ace is not per-
pendicular to the incoming beam oi liCht it is evidgnt that the
liCht i: sp1-ad over a 1 rCsr area hence the int n ity can not
be as great. it is ea ily SHIO n.tlat ii'th.e int nLity on a plane
perpendi cularto the beam is l, and the net: plane makes an angle
A.with the plane perpendicular to the beam, that the int1nLity on
the new plane is l x cos A.
The 12vel oi illumination measured in foot-candles is the
mza uromcnt most intimat' sly as ociut-d,*“th everyday so 01 liCh ,
and it is a measurement which the eye either cons ciouLly or un—
conscio.; y is making whenever t1.e iacult" 01 vision is being
emplo3 ed, because the number 01 foot-car dlc cs there are on.a York-
ing plane, all other'things b ing egual, det3rmines directly
whether or n.3t there is suiiicie nt ligh . Bone tir re ii you would
like to get a working' :norle dgg or izat a loot-candle 01 illumina-
tion is, just hold.a newspaper appr011mat,ly one ioqt away from
a candle and read it ior ten mirut s. 1h;re is a deiinite r3acon
for ad.ing the tire limit. At ii st the illumination.may as an

adequate out very soon you till wish ior more liCh-.

Inasmuch as the source 0: illumination is very
Seldom as small as one candle—power and tie distances
are greater than one loot, tith much larger areas an

equation must be set up to exgress tne cha.

Li
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Vifh respect to another.

The Iirst law considered will be the relation between
the change in the candle—pover 01 the source rith a Iized
distance and area. it mat be stated as iollows: - rhe
amount 0: illumination on a given area located at a
iixed distance Iron the source varies directly as the
intensity 0: the source. ihe proof or this truth is
Ve J simile. suppose an area is illuminated to an
intensity 01 l root—candle or a live canals power light

source. li now the live candle pover source is rexoved

and reilaced by a lO candlepover 113 t ile intensity

9
on tne area will Le a ioot candles, or twice as macn as.

1

Leiore. ins lO candle rover lléht mill endt ttice as

mmm'hnemsa

U)

the o 0-9 unit, LenCc twice as xsny
lumens will Le intercepted Ly the given area at the
same distance as in the iirst case

, and the intensity will

be twice as ireat. ln line marner, ii a 33 0—9 s urce is
used, the intensity rill increase iive IOld.

lhe second relation is com only Known as the inverse
square law. The inverse square law is the most widely
:nown OI all Optical laws and is treated in all elemen-
tary gaysics Looks. Srieily stated it is,: - lhe amount
oi illumination received on an object varies inversely

as the square 01 the distance.“etveen the object and tle

source. rhe extlrnation of this busic trtlth is as
sirple as the iirst one. with a source oi l candle

the intensi on a plane 1 ioot distant is one ioot—

candle. let this area or one sguare ioot determine th:
limits 01 a beam iron the li;h scarce. how nove the
plane 3 ieet distant Iron the source and tl-e s;me beam
will cover Iou r sqm Dre iect. inasmuch as the s1.e
nus ber 01 lu.ens are in the beam as be: ore and they are
siread over 4 scuare Ieet i1m aw oi 1 son re ioot, the
intensitv must be i as much as beiore or toot-candle.
If n a the plane be moved 3 last away iron the source,
the same be~m mill cover an area 0: s scat re leet and
the intensit; will be l/atn toot-candle. At a ieet the
intensity will be l/Bbtn Ioot- can u'le etc.

ln smite 01 the iact that this law is the most wide-
ly Known 01 the Optical laws, its misapplication has led
to many poor lighting installations. ln these the
princital error has been in m untiné:tne li1nting unit
too low with the idea 0: getting more toot .ndles on
the working plane. Lounting a local lighting unit
close to the more is the proyer thing to do it the
area to be lighted is srall, such as the tool point
0: a drill press or lathe, or the needle 01 a sewing
nachine, but in no case should tne units 01 a general
lightic; systcz. be lowered to accommodate the actsrent
need ior nore li Llit OVer a particular point.

the distribution curve 01 a liLhtinr unit ior

‘-

x~neral li¢htin¢ vi 1 usually Show th- the unit h~S

Lt}

been desicnei to give a reasonabl“ high coroert; s‘icn
of liLht directly L heath it tut that also a Lreat
portion.is spree? out in.aones and at such anLles that
light is provided in areas at sons distance iron a

point directly beief 1th he u,it. ilersiore, ior Lederal
overhead lléhtiné the units should be mounted as niLh

as is practical with their distrib ticn so tnat eve-g

noint in tl;e room ti ll be li Lhteu iro several directions.

A.

this will reduce sharp shadows as well as Live more head rcon,

and the room will be more unirormlg illur*r‘teu. local
liéhtinL Where necessary should be used to sunflement
the Lens ral illu21i11Mt on.

neierence to the second law, iirst case, in which
the suriate was illuminated to an intensity Oi 1 root—
candle; by deiinition this is one lumen. This gives
the important relation that ii one lumen is s utilised
tlat all oi the li ht is spread over a suriace OI 1

scuare ioot, the suriace till be lighted to an avera

ee
oi l toot-candle. this relation greatly sisjliiies the
designing 0: a li ntinL installation, ior nee tie number

4.
.L

or square test to be lighted and the loot-c.11dlui

O

illumi: ation v::ich it i: dtSlTJG to prdVi<uaarehiH0tn, it
is a simnle matter to iind hon nan: lumens must iall on

the working pl;n

(D

. l1 ior Lsmple, it is desired to

illur i ate a surtac: or 400 scuare ieet to an av raLe 01

10 ioot-candles, 4,000 lumens must be prOchted on the

suriace. this method 01 calculation is called the

'Iumen me hod"ani has many advantages over the older

'Toint by point” svstem as will be Seen later seen the

- .-.-..~ . m... ' ~ 1-” .r
solqlete :rOeemo is Odtlihel.

The amount 01 illumination on a snriace in loot-
candles should not be coniused with the oriLhtness OI

tne suriaoe. A bull or gray suriace liLited to an aver-

age or live iOOt-can5“es does not a3 ear as triLhi as a

thite one sciuse such a large percentaLe o: the light
tha ialls on tre sariacs is Olsrbed.a; lost. 3 iull
statement 0: the situation till rend, 'Ehe Lri;ht:ess

of an ongect depends both upon the intenljt: Oi illuain-
ation on it an; the feIoLntHL, Oi li.ht t.at it railectg.”
The ratio between the loot—candles reilected irom a
suriace and the loot-candles directed on it is c lled

the reilection iactOr Oi the suriacu. lhe iOllOIi n5

short table shows the reilection iactor 01 a nmnber Oi
tainted sariaces: -

.eilaction rectors.

 

shite - - - - - UOfi> bk; blue - - — bow
ivory - - - — - 70? Clive ereen- - 30%

bull - - - — - bow cardinal med - 20w

Sage green - 40p nlaos- - - - - on

Since the as tith thich Objects can be seen de-

pends directly upon the amOunt Oi liLht they reilect it

C. ,

ticm11ni t be

5‘0
( I)

is seen hat very hi.h levels 01 illumir

{a
\r

provided there the raterials woraed on are darn in color.

it also rollows that the colors painted on the ceiling
and walls of a room will nave a direct bearing upon” the
kilowatts OI installed lights necessary to oring the
room up to a given level of illumination. rhs installa-
tion of more lights means greater first cost, greater

upkeep and greater Operating expense .
BHOTOmc‘Tnx‘.

Photometry is a very specialized branch Oi the
science of illumination and must be made the ob ject 01' a
great deal 01' study in Order to cover all phases 01‘ it.
Arm reader who wishes to make a study or tnis subject is
referred to Specialized physics texts or other books on
light and its measurement. ror the purpose of this text
it is sufficient to know that: - Photometry is the science
of measuring accurately the intensity Or a lighting source
and its distribution around the source.

the simplest type or photometer that can be made my
be described as iollows: - A vertical paper screen in
the center of wnich is a. grease @013 is placed between the
lamps to be compared. by sliding the screen back and
Iorth a position can be found where the outlim s 01' the
spot will vanish and the spot itseli’ will disappear.
when this condition occurs, the illumination on both sides
or the screen is the same and the intensity of the un-
known unit can be round by calculation Irom the relation;
the intensity or the unknown is to the intensity or the

known unit as the inverse square of the distances between

the reSpe ctiVe units and the screen. nor accurate phoneme-

rt.

J ,Le greats Spot is no 10n3r u; d,
‘pfiriSOIljfluOt" ;tc*:‘ re tre 0 mg; in -7
case rhrn the lLluhlflzthfl on one ti o
5:5.3uur t1-.n tinit cw: tr;; Oi 21', the g3,

't he

room

‘1‘ . ,-

l" 0 n t 1:3

ior

.3 LO 1”,.

"VI' 7“ 1' "
:JLJ ALLA; “Jan-J.

'ouvv‘

ii¢nt ”OerdU as Erev101wl diceus;ed.

op9031te Sides 0. i
.. 4A ‘ ”4,- la.

ever, the lutCiCUt
or the 10013 ‘LHlCCLB

p‘.‘ r - --f 1‘; ,‘- ‘-
LlVDfl LOI‘;-..1’1L i3

sou We flJiCh s

loot—candle meters

mxih

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direct, their

construgtion and c

‘7‘ '

J;4.'—/

e

building on an acce
tion is Simple A

L

in the box at one

\J

translucent spots on

LbLSQlGd lS assumed
I " .3.
at the )oiLL tier:

.‘- ' . dun- .
81-15.1‘ tarball u ’3 L11:

*3 Screen

d-

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diiierence

litrition.

. 1
1L

fillk)1l.-t O:

which is

t 113
"triti 011.
31 one CL

irom

in meat

ptance tegi. it 9
an .11 inc e cent

end Oi'fie

tlle

roundi‘

“a

801.8811.

3.

Turing the

talented.

‘ > a
- 1‘, ~a‘ .
b*‘l' '
\J ~Lr~
\

can (‘11 :3 ‘7 O‘.‘ 3

phOtOT"

but modern cun-
1r;i~132. lrl‘fi'is
0. th; s icen is
t viii gggsar
01:33: t‘lcf , LlEil
this is :;li evi

cendlepore

the illumination

Generally,

1.]. i lll‘LlY‘ LAC-t t i. O 13

leviccs

TO

.1
A

01

is cones-e. 13d

brighter

"Lient th

C‘lled

M
v;

01

011

h 0 gr.

Opera—

1’10 1‘

pt the

It .5811 ,

illumination iron uithin is equal to that on the 01t—

5.1.}
Q1

irectlr. lie sexle

U

:41 is and the 1 tie nsz'i t;: 0911 U3 r7;
‘ r. I" . .- a r. 4" v "- J, 1" .I.‘ l' V ' ‘ .1 J‘— {N u. ~_ —... .-- .
1: Lallbluued titn the lep 1thin burnln, ob w cultulfl

Sleciiied voltage 231 a rise t t arli volt star are pro—

' ' .~-‘ I ’75 " 1 - ‘ ' 4 ‘. ("w ‘ ‘ n ,- ' 1 .1 ‘: . \~ (‘1 1‘ 1 '\ x a.

V1381 so that these StfihQ»rQ condition; eon be (t lieuted
‘ .~, .‘ a . .L.

ea n t1 e a lo din; 1L ‘anted.

IHJ CALM fl POWER DISTXIDJIlO CURVfi.

oi illumination or light distribution iron the 1‘nit.

“he unit is asyumsd to De tle center or hub 01 a wheel
and intensities aie neasured 1: all directions around
the ‘init at In ’ngle, compared etc then; case 01' a ‘.'heel.
these vallies flgen plotted on a circular chart all lines
01 Which ricizte iron the ‘enter Show e; ctl" how much
li ht leaves in an" one direction irom tbe‘nit. rinses
distribution curves vere widely used at one tine in

- ,. .,— i J
n distwnces irem

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the scarce but the lamen method of computint illumination
was shown to be so :uch more ac urete and Simple that the
'point~by~point method has iallen into diC‘d 83. Distribution
curves are now used princinallv ior de*igh iniormition nd
ior coméaridg reilectors for a git n service iron the

:3t:‘~.n€moint oi light nTiistri”ot,1tion en‘- li¢r11t alsory' ti on.

BRILGIPLSS CI IIGLI COfiTSCL.

it it how a common inct taut the licht iromaa
bare incandescent lung is distritu ed in such a nahner
that it cannot be used unier most concitions rathout a

reflector or enclosina glassware. A reilector oi

suitable design will redirect the li;3t into sudi an
that it can more eiiicientl: be used. some times the

1w
5kg

c.

were also Serve; tlis gireose tut its

(0

enclosing
chiei nivnntige is i; modiiying tlc brillietcy oi tl
light source, uiiin in; t4c light to yroduce n icit and
nlensin; illuminntion.

[L3 three STstems oi ll;ltin
ployed 2-2 the direct, in iroct, and semi-indirect. in
in direct lighting sygtem, the units cistritute the
li ht dounverd into the room or onto the torrin“ yllne:
in the indirect crate: :G l oi the liCLt is tlutriaznjon
the ceiling gnu reilecied inom'there to the working
plane; in the Sel':;i-indirect this 1.1.53 :nujori g oi t1_e
light is thrown upon the ceiling and reilected down-
nard, as in the indirect system, the remainder oi the
light is diiius i dire*tly throubh the iixture to the
torting 731'11‘3. 'lhe choice be ”teen theae three is made
on the basis 0 le ice 0: the room cliss oi service, end
being t hen into account. nore till be Suid !"bout this
liter.

ieilectoru 53ml encl Sirggijtissxare are mine iIOJl

three classes of substances: — tranSparent, translucent,
and Opaque. Iransparent substances transmit a large
portion 01‘ the light striking them without scattering

it, hence objects may oe seen clearly through trau3parent
plates. window glass and gold fish bowls are transparent.
some lights, eSpecially for Outdoor use, are surrounded
by a clear glass bowl to protect them against the elements
and the light bulb can be clearly seen through them.
rranslucent substances transmit light but scatter it so
that the outlines 01 objects cannot be clearly seen
through them. A good example 01' this is the milk white

or milky bowls and units that are commonly used for

direct illuminatkon. The Opaque substances do not trans-
mit aw light but reflect and absorb it. Steel reflect-
ors, either polished, enamelled or painted, are good.
exanples oi" this type of light control. All three type s
of substances absorb a certain pOrtion of the light rays
which strike them, and the radiant energy so absorbed
tends to raise the temperature 01‘ the unit.

Light may be controlled by iair methods; absorption,
refraction, reile ction, and diffusion. By the use of these
nethods it is possible to make the light from any source
perform practically as desired. To explain these four
methods of control one must go back to the fundamental
statement whichsays that a ray of light will travel
along a straight line indefinitely until modiiied or
redirected by some outside body or agency. such modii’i-

1‘

cation might be by absorption enfi will var” iron a smell
jars: nt to .m lets e;ii 0 ion 01 the team. it is
noticed when a Leau;o: 11 it passes ihroa1n a niece oi
de;1831ji1ss or a Cloud oi emote 01 st eta

. the Second i01m oi usiiiicztiou is termed re-
Lat needliar 1o1ert; evi13n ed
there li1ht rays 33$: irom one trahsxiregt medium to
another‘tri Jiiierent densii;rrixiza‘maer to be bent st
the point 01 Junction 01 the its nediums. xeirac ion

“ .

makes a fie: line ampear to Lend at the joint it enters

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4, - , r s 4— ‘ s, . . J- “, ' 4 ‘-.-

*a.er are reir'mc ed.tier::mnr, some .to the air; bbflfl

is raileciion. Ehe reiirection or throwin back 01
light iron 3 srriace is best illusir ted b; a mirror or
an automobile Lea leap or searchlight ‘Teilector'fi the

iourtr1iorn is diiiu ion, ni'cl i

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n. r‘ 1 ‘1- C . 'r""'r" " _‘ 4 —" '1 .1 '. 4 . I“ . ‘4‘ ' .. .- ' a N
ness. 1he simplest iorm 01 reiloetion 18 that thCfl

' " " ' "1' "" "'7‘ "v a . ‘ -“4 ‘- . V A“ (\ - 1‘ I ‘3‘! A ~'“. 4 ‘_
tel-.es .l‘-ce then a ray 01 111 t b.111.es c. :Jull~.;€(l (131

N.’

1r.)
nLLv

suriace. ins angle oi ineldence is ezual to the

of rei action in this case and is called re;u‘ar reilect ion.

it is e Sily seen thatit is possible to redirect iltflt travel-

means 01 a suiiace properly placed. bgile all holisged
motel suriaces reileci 11 at in the gunner dos:ri-ez
they d not reilsct it in l1ke "mouci . tor irstunce,
a polis 3d eilxur :u_riica till reilect $09 01 the 111:1
ti-t 1; iLrown on it, an ilumihum suriuce roilecio b3;

.‘ .- .- ~.' .~ 3 .. + A ‘1 3 .M- .- ~ -' «‘w
.inl.1 Q;r3111um ellie' rellector till re 3:3 .,Vro“1::te'3

(u

s on it - t.e Lal.nce pain:

1 e c
absorbed and lost. rolimie d met.l railectors are used

m .r r\ . 1--q-v-- -: '- ‘ ‘< ‘- .- ~v -- .

()

covered to k35p out t a diet dirt, and iuies in the

Autonob il 3 {mil ruildx11d hoadligits, :In.:3mall iloode

actoristics to pOllELGi metal suri3ces, out 1L3 comner-
ci.-.l tyeo 01 1:.iiror 11:8 siltcr eyeing; tnus the li ht

tuic~

(U

1; icyced to us. as CLIOHCK the gigs

(.
0
Li
0
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e
H
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9

I

o - a. -‘ :r- - ~. . a ‘a 4- " . 3 —~ "\ J - . ' (\ \ . '
in, nu tLCu luxViog -.c SllVCr clr11ca, 31 ine 13¢. 10

the Class depends on its 1u lity. “his brings the
eiiiciean dorn to fibout 65w unlm‘kes the mirrored glass
1.;3 desirable 10: laboratory uses , even thou¢h its

ri01ution is 18 so than polished metal. Mirrored

9
CL
(b

r3iiectors h vs the disadY1u e that the: usually

., ,2.
K:

throw Drilliur t iguwr s 01 the iilament on.the surfaces

V

illunn wtdxsl. Mr ctically the s i i1<xo are often elimin-

(f)

'

uted o: :lutit1 the roilector or irootin; the l .3.

both oi these mwtnoda 1:orezer, cries 3 1 so ir control

‘ .. ' 1.. W‘ ‘_ 'V i _. ‘ _ I. _ _, _’ . ' -A _,.,
tar 1su.‘tnot: xv; decrezmsa'm1ei: CLM11018L0..

of the liglt gni flecre 3e it; eiiici1n ;.

nuch use is 3'1e of mirrore1 4111: ior
:uri 13 in the tot 11" ifi1i act 1139 0i 1i
tures, in noti01 picture m Cliteu, :loodliv
”hon nuo. reileotorc.

gull iini1;nm11131xl railecfliig; Siri-ce
ior certain t;;e* oi ’ir‘ure S d;e to tLeir
1nd low cost, the Fore com;on m terills ere

1

um in; 1lumir

and

ihe chiei die

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{o guickl;

iany cannot b

10‘ iirut CO t

éree.
1m31ex<

ing litht _ul

cullea 0 :1 L1
be ex;lai:e1 i

“filike; inis ;
ile ate 3 110311

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h Metal. 333? l
ily exzm les 1;

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O to 15 r‘(1111t
ekex OLtLT -1r11
strikes -ll oi

1n fill direciio
Twere there ”ii
33.011131 t‘e 21:1
outli e; oi tie

-111,*. J
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1 this disadvantage to
me sari 08 is 1130 L
1re3t deal oi use at

white or milk- :1333, e
S Operfifing proreriie

n31der it LS plain :13

D

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17181 0 T1
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material are in its smooth suriace which limits the
collection of dust and is easily cleaned, and its
pr0perty of transmitting a portion 01' the light which
gives a luminous reflector and enhances the appearance
of the unit.

Porcelain enamel steel reflectors are well known
to the commercial and manufacturing trade as being the
basis for industrial lighting units where efficiency
can be sacrificed a little to give a more rugged and
permanent reflecting surface. forcelain enamels vary
a great deal in ei‘iicienty. But in spite of this fact,
the units are widely used, the majority being manufact-
ured under the trade name of n.L.m. domes.

Some types of enclosing glassware for the smaller
sizes of bulbs are made from frosted glass. The glass
surface is either etched with acid or sand blasted and
unless a very fine job is done, the surface compares
favorably with spun'aluminum and collects dirt readily.
It is also very hard to clean.

Wherever it is desired to produce a very broad
distribution of light and have a high degree of effi-
ciency, the illuminating engineer turns to a set of re-
fracting prisms. 'rhey are the basis 01' the rresnel
lenses used i'Or light house service, street lighting
units, railway and traffic signals, and many semi ~indirect
and direct type of units for public buildings, offices,
and schools. This is a more expensive method of light

control, but the results Justify the expense incurred.

hence fined ColOI'cuf 31333”tfi57”W3

m

diiest of x int

(D

 

 

o nesultiznt illumination.

 

until recertlg, ii": 33 generally iiuizglt that
after a.li,fiidxf5 installaticm1vangzgide it celld.be
completely ignored until a bulb burned out and then
a new one would rud; in.gly be instilled. ”his atti-
tude has changed a gneat deal, but thcie is still much
good work to be done by the electric ;l cont actor, as
well as;all others con ected tith t1 e i dlS Iy, in ad-
vizing the custouers as to the necessity oi frequent
and regular cleaning. 1h lwouseiiie believes her home
WOlld soon becone a very poor plea. to live unless she
cleaned it periodically; oiiices and stores have fi1eir
scrub peOple; iactories and industrial plants have
regularly emIloyed sveepers and cleaners, but there
are 8 till those 1:20 do not give the lighting equipz‘:;errt
the attention it deserves. the sad part about the
whole situation is -hat just as suon as the intensity
drops so low that the ten can not see clearlv to do

their $01k t.ell, t1-e ighting engineer Cats the blame.

His good jidgmemt is Questioned because 0: tie oversight

l

to c that the lightinC units

(‘D

by those please duty it i

(I

are cleaned regularly. it becomes, then, the engineer's
duty to estboct; taithlis des gn a suitable cleaning
schedule to be iolloued by the caste e‘ in order to
m:intai1the st ndard oi excellence Liidh the new

building exhibits on it; Opening night.

it is interefiinL at this point to rev'ew the

tie actual a: cunt 0;; deg-re cizfiion t} at can be e:~:_"ecte-;’i

-: ' ‘ ' c' .-\ .1 -' 1r '1 .- - .‘ .1. .-, > 1-. 4 . . A“ ' n q' ,r ’_ A g
in LOLLfiL lhbt-llullOLS. Lhe 1utene1tf In set;ral

(I

(0
U)

11.89

H‘

o ua‘ reselred dust after being cleaned and an

0

accurate record kept ior a eriod of six months. by

.' ‘1.
.L'

1

that time 40¢ of the original intensity was ce'ug absorbed

by the dirt. A great leal oi this deoreciation occzrred

hate been obtaired at practicallv no extra COLt ii a

little atta-‘Ji’itl OI) Lad 1px“ Paid to cletz',11'_:es;.. .Jl'y,
then, should li “ti”, etr1 next be allo‘eu to became

so ine1iicient and place a big handicap on the larie
percentage oi workers ulo are unlucky enough to be
located between the lights ziere the depreciation is
the hi lest mien a very small amount scent in clean—
ing will keen le averere e iiciency close to sop -

at least above 90p? It has been pointed out :revious—

1" that the 1ncreased eiiiciency more than justiiies the

icles of oil and :11 ot;cr sort: oi foreign matter

absorbs a large percentage of light which must penetrate
it before reaching the work.

ro subdivide acquired depreciation in three general
classes would give Location - first, rype second, and
resign of equipment - third place. It is quite obvious
that an installation located in,a small or suburban.town
will have a much lower depreciation than one in a down—
town ofiice where soft coal is used as fuel in adjacent
buildings. the store will not have anywhere near as
much dirt in the air as a machine ShOp, hence the clean-
ing ratio will point to the machine ShOp as the one
needing the most attention. in the extreme case shown
here the ratio may be as high as 10 to l. A careful
selection of lighting units and.paint will help consider-
ably, however. I

under the heading, "Type of Unit" it is shown that
a steel direct lighting reflector will not depreciate
as fast as an indirect unit. The dust does not readily
gather on the inner reilector surface, and the reflector
is strong and substantial and will stand abuse. A semi-
indirect or totally indirect unit will be affected most
by dust settling on the upper surfaces and cutting the
light rays off short. naturally, then, these should not
be selected for an exceedingly dusty location but will be
very satisfactory in the cleaner building.

Since the question of prOper maintenance is such

a vital iactor in good lighting practice, it is most

lighting iixtures, and a more s
will resu t.

there are several KCEECQS
in nee at the present tire and
some methodstare much'better th.
1; aniyit thst ior dry ugt a

desirable to e3: 11:" tEe 1i::iu::3 mi tr: “reai c-’=.re and
see that tle CLOlCe is re tiicl rill be 11s best :or
the location in question. 3 it o1 a slape‘tist will
be diiiicult to clean? 3:11 a reaso able accumulation
o; Lirt sterially reduce it: ight Oitput? ire tLere
a great many parts to remove in order to clean the
:lassuare preperlr and replace the la: 3? Does tle
unit asseWLle easily or are tlere too zen; small sores?)
clips; etc., so that the time oi aSSEKbllCL till he
materiiily lflCT’EYed over that it should be? Is t;e
cleaner "ft to drag; and brer}: the lift ile tI‘f‘lICL to
assemble it becalgc 0: tie aWfiWiro caicles, etc.? 3;
careiully answering a series 0: Questions lire the
iore,01rg the engi eer will L8 aided in his choice 01

4 ‘ 0“ f 'vv‘ ' - l“
a:1slicth; 13; at

‘ ’1 . -: ». . .2, ' f I...
01 clezezii- Lrljxi are

1

1

1t is tell to indicate
“r otI: s. it is com on-
"ood nipin; tiil a dry

cloth clears the <lassware suiiiCIeztly. lfllS is rot
. ' ,,., . , ‘— r1 . ,-, -,‘: ', J . _ . .Ll ' :, IN" ”T I __,
true Lon Ver, as tests anon that this only removes
r 1 ‘ ° . - .. --.A ‘ ~-- " D
ibout 50fi10l the dirt that a damp or uCt ra.C V111.

rLr;e it it' c rsiimumzd tlii. the ti «2 into wwwi‘Is rbout
the sure ior both netlods, the diiiercrce in results
till jurtii' usi:_ t.e utter. soap an) water sleild <3
used ii ;"ease or other vet accumulations are prevalent.
it if; Troll 1: tare extra C‘EI‘B and get to Lilac-""918

completely dry before putting it bach, as damp glass
collects dirt very rapidly and much of the benefit of
the washing is quickly lost. where the units are
mounted high a great deal cf time can be saved, as

well as an extra trip up the ladder, if an extra unit
is procured and cleaned. this is carried up the lad-
der on the first trip and put in the place Of the dirty
one which is removed and brought back<iorn to the floor
Where it can easily be cleaned. it is then.exchanged
for the next unit in line and so on.

Industrial installations present a more diiiicult
problem, as the iixtures are eitcn up in high bays above
moving cranes, etc. in such a case it is well to
utilize the small fixtures manufactured and sold by a
leading electrical catering company which permits of
disconnecting the entire unit, support and all, and re-
moving it for inspection and cleaning. in some build-
ings the units can be placed just above the crane beam
and this can be utilized as a ioot walk for relamping
and cleaning. As a rule, once a month is sufficient to
clean units in such places; horever, the most efiicient
way is to keep track 0f the intensity with a foot-candle
meter and determine the necessary irequency of cleaning
by limiting the depreciation to a reasonable percent.
Over all efficiency will improve as the guess-work is
eliminated.

Many peeple do not understand the economics of proper

painting, and again it is the duty of the engineer

to in rest the :act on
iire

is not

paint , he

0 l ”.1
W .o...

‘.- “I"
alufgfla the

should

L1
L19

- a ' V'; 1‘ - u I! ‘ V a ‘ . "\n _ u 4 . fl . ’v
a paint thh a high dogroCiaiion. Lhi; it eLieciall,

the C31 11
V

{fol L'L‘C
it I; recon ended that a
toilets:-

First coat -——--

second and third

DOES

&

naitt

hourih coat ----- high grade eggshell enan

dztenzive tests hive

A

paints ior coat.

beticallv by comnanies
J i

ent

‘

quality of his preduct;

:act oryon the te st .-

recmilite- - - —

LOOIG'S

- 17
Sav anotr - -

I

negraco-
b03050 JUGS/1619

e1

P

1 “ w . r
be VII .JA‘Q E~EAA-
\.

till

brom an illumination standpoint, r

room are not a:

i -13) ort .‘Til’lt

expensivecoatingrnll S

"1 :7.- 01'
1‘ _..'~~ y

77:81- Lt 1

O I; ll ; 13o r: 11 " Clil

iiosil ixgportvrnt

017 . ALL

L'ilide

r ceilitg'be treated as

\J

€005. ilfiTGrViOt-‘S primer.

coats —---- L15, {an

8.1”. ~11

white mill

thll

it'll ll e '-

8 IV

been

(not 10.8 th

place to mention the names 01 sore

('31
(AA.

Yep lithpone.)
el.
run and it it

_~ 17 Brill Cfil 111 C1: CITE; de

These are arranted alpha-

Ei‘fi 001188

1.1,}: i t e -

Whit

8.8

.3
v C

manufacturer should not cast

the ones

- - - Lean and Barry so.
- - — henjamin moors oo.
_ — - Uhas. A. Childs a Go.
- - - Detroit Graphite uo.
_ - - fatterson - Sargent

e - Shertin hilliams Co.
- - - U. S. outta Percha Co.

L

1
.L

on oi promin-

8.11:!

0
v

ilections on the

Y.

named proved satis-

he i"allis

to ceiling, and a less
Hovever the ears economic

not out 01

CO.

can be aIiected on the walls by choosing a high grade
paint with a good initial reflection Iactor as well as
a low rate of depreciation. rirst coat -'good imper-
vious primer mixed.with.ariequal part of zinc lithOpone
paint. second and third coats - high grade zinc litho-
pone paint of which the last should be tinted to the
desired color.

where is no doubt but that it costs appreciably
more to paint an interior correctly than to apply
calcinune or some other paint which depreciates rapidly
or has a low reflecting factor, but careful analysis
reveals the expenditure is well warranted.

To further illustrate the effect which the reflect-
ion factor has upon.resultant illumination: if all
surfaces of a room Vere painted black and had no re-
fleeting iactor, the illumination on.any suriace would
be only that received directly from.the lamps. if all
surfaces had a reflection iactor of not, the illumina-
tion would be practically doubled. if the walls and
ceiling were painted eggshell or white and the reflect—
ion iactor raised to ~ better than 90 percent, the

illumination would be increased approximately ten times.
nesirable ninishes for industrial Blants

Of late years the industries have oeen.informed
concerning the value cf'paint and lighting by the ex-

tensive national advertising campaign.put on by the

the paint manufacturing companies. i-he amount or
natural lighting is greatly increased if the interior
surfaces are painted light in color; then any light
which comes in contact with the walls and floor till
be reflected again, around the room, raising the level
0f illumination appreciably. the change may be as
much as from 85 per cent to 10 per cent, depending on
whether the surface 'is a clean white or dark brown and
smoke covered. '

Surprisingly high utilization constants can be ob-
tained in rooms which are prOperly painted. with a
white ceiling and side walls, and light wood floors
(bare) , the cross reflections were so numerous that
a utilization constant of 1.00 was obtains d. rhe
photometer actually measures the sans energy more than
once. 01‘ course this cannot be expected in practice,
but is illustrates how important the colors of the .sur-
roundings are in enabling the illuminating engineer to
have the maximum amount of light on the working plane
for any given current expenditure.

Another impartant point to note from the readings
obtained is that the color or the floor cannot be ignored
if much exposed. Light which strikes the floor will be
reflected to the ceiling and back again, providing the
surface is such that it doesn't absorb all the impinging
rays. All of the floor not covered with machinery should

be painted as light as is consistent with the nature 01’

work being carried on. in buildings where the aisle is
subjected to heavy or persistent traffic and a real light
surface cannot be maintained, it is recommended that these
aisleaways be made as narrow as possible and have dis-
tinctly defined borders so the truck drivers will keep
within the prescribed limits; the remainder of the floor
area can then.be painted.a more efficient light gray. A
'good color for this type of work is tle well known battle-
ship gray which is furnished in several shades.

the painting of machines themselves in the factory
should receive attention. (it is well understood that
a coat of paint will materially lengthen the life or a
piece of apparatus.) If this paint is 01 suitable c010r,
it will serve to increase the illumination. such a paint
should be hard in order that it may not be marred easily;
smooth, but not glossy, in order that it may be easily
cleaned, collect the minimum dirt, and.not give any annoy-
ing reflections, light in color that it may increase the
useful light in the room. it is desirable that it be im-
pervious to the actions or 0113 and compounds used as
lubricant for drill points and milling machine cutters.

many colors have been tried to find the one best
suited for machinery and for most uses a light gray
seems to answer the purpose. it reflects approximately
35w of’the light which strikes it and yet is dark enough

so that finger prints and stains do not shutrup too much.

Light orange has received considerable favorable comment
and can.be recommended.where the darker colors are not
preferred by the plant owners or Operat0rs. it should
be kept in mind that preper painting or machinery will
also make for safer Operation, the shado s which gener-
ally prevail around slotters, milling machinzs, and punch
presses are eliminated, and the moving parts made visible.

ceilings should be made white where possible. A
high grade 011 paint is deSirable, out where white-wash
is absolutely necessary, frequent cleanings will speed
production and keep the lighting bills at a minimum.
i-he sidewalls also should follow the same color scheme
as the ceiling. rhe lower part Of the sidewall is of
less importance in reflecting light, and for purposes
of appearance it is Often desirable to have a shade 0f
dark green, grey, or some other neutral color, as finger
marks and.other disfigurements are not quite so notice-
able. i-he dado is 01: advantage in another reapect also
in that it reduces the brightness cf the background in
the field of view.

A clean bright interior has a decided effect in
improving the morale or the workman and it increases

the prouuction materially.

Suitable h'inishe s. 393;
Offices, schools, and Stores

On account 01' the widespread use of indirect and
semi-indirect lighting systems it is always desirable
that the ceilings be light in C:‘:lOI‘. A color should
be chosen such that its refle ction factor is above 507s
and much better results are obtained when a 7070 or higher
factor is installed. rhe exact tint is determine d by the
use. to which the room is to be put, allowing for prOper
color harmony.

For the walls it is not desirable to have one color
throughout unless the contract between north and south
rooms will not be naticed. A slight bluish cast is pre-
ferable in a north room and is obtained in combination
with pale olive green to give the desired results. A
south room will respond best'when the olive green is
given a yellow cast. Light buff or cream are very good
colors for walls and come next in line. rhere are cases
however, .where a greenish tint will give a soft and rest-
ful atmosphere which is much to be desired and answers
the color question for these rooms. rm co-efiicient of
reflection should not exceed 60 to sew.

It should be borne in mind, however, that a light
colored room is much more cheerful than one finished in
dark colors and in many cases dark surroundings will
give the impression of bad lighting while in reality
there is a high enough intensity on the working plane.

In many places it is well to sacrifice lighting econonw

for artistic effect, but due recognition should be given
to the psycholOgical effect produced on the individuals.
A dark, gloouw interior will always be Oppressive and
weigh down on one‘s feelings so if bright and cheerful
pupils, customers and clerks are desired, the tendency
should be toward the brighter shades.

slare, one of the evils which must be watched in
many lighting installations, will be materially reduced
if the artificial lighting unit is viewed against a
bright ceiling. Light walls and ceiling tend to spread
the daylight around the room and reduce contrasts during
the daylight hours. wrest care should be taken in speci-
fying glossy walls or ceilings because glare and specular
reflections are much more pronounced with this type of

surface than with any other.
hesirable Finishes for nesidences

Lighting efficiency in the home is not at all im-
partant, but the color 0f the walls and ceilings has a
big effect on the pleasing appearance of the rooms.

If the chosen colors do not reflect light satis-
factorily, the room will never appear bright and cheer-
ful, no nutter how much light is supplied. hark green
is a noticeably poor color and lighting units contract
so brightly that they are annoying. rhere is one way
to get around a painting scheme using dark colors, and

that is to furnish deSk and floor lamps in addition to

the central fixture. ihese bring up the intensity where
it is desired and allow the rest of the room to remain
dimly lit.

Of course, the most desirable finishes are light
colored.wall paper or paint. lv0ry, white, ivory tan,
silver gray, cream, pale azure and combinations or these
colors are usually considered best for ceilings. rhe
' walls follow along with the darker shades of the above
mentioned colors. Lately the use of buffs, tans, and
light browns both clear and stipple has come to the fore
as a favorite interior finish} Paint directly on a
plaster wall will have a higher diffusion but a slightly
lower co-efficient of reflection. use should be made of

this fact when choosing lamp sizes.

1L9 mssent ials OI

 

modern Indoor Illumination.

 

Up to ibis point, the lind__irt l conceets of the

controlled Lav: been stated 3K1 discussed fit some length.

l;innxflpu m of them is

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absolutely necessary to eLi a satisfactor lighting

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disCIS ion contiedet téking up these and ther Recesss'i‘y

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ieatires from t”; fleeign engineer 8 standp01nt.

The Quality of illumination.ras to do pith the distri—

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io: and color vs ue oi t;e liyht: thile

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bition, di'
the (l-ub1t" 's the amount of light/e‘tner recessary or

n1 ‘3 ‘7 ~.‘\ . a“- , R'r-e -_ '-; -s:o - ". -. - -~ rJ ‘ -‘ 3 :‘-fl
already aiailablc on the Lurking plane. inerc are

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Llare mav be defined as any brizhtness within the
field of vieW'tLtt interferes with vision, causes eye

or dis :0 mfort. it is light out 01
place; srzl may be direct or reflected, the; is, it 1:11;
come directly from he li;hti£b unit to the c

be reflected from the null

machine su iiaces or glaaed pa

be guarded against in making a layout and if it becomes
evident later should be removed.

Direct glare Irom a light source is the most common
and generally the easiest avoided. birect glare from a
bare lamp is one of the greatest hazards to vision. On
this account all lamps OI 60 watt size or larger should
not be installed without a shade.

i'he extent to which glare is objectionable is depend-
ent upon the contrast in brightness between the light
source and the background. when meeting an automobile
on a dark road, the headlights may be so bright and glar-
ing as to-be blinding to the eye, while the lights 01' the
same automobile on a brightly illuminated street in the
city would hardly be nOticeable.

Locating a unit within the field of view will also
increase the glare. i‘ake two examples, one Irom each
extreme. in the rug department on: a large store, the
' rugs will be hung high on racks and the units should be
placed back out of the natural line loi‘ vision with the
rays directed forward to the vertical surfaces of the
rugs. A directed typo unit such as is used in store win-
dows answers this purpose. An alternate solution is a
totally indirect or semi-indirect system with a very dense
milk glass unit, which will give the necessary illumination
wifivut glare. the second example could well be a shoe.
store where the brightness oi‘ the units is less or a

problem, and a uniiormly high level of illumination over

the entire floor area is desirable. he knows that
the peOplo move about considerably, and their atten—
tion is not repeatedly drawn upward, as it would be
while inspecting rugs, in such a manner as to in-
clude a lighting unit in the direct field of view.
There are two distinct glare points to watch for
in artificial lighting. The one is a source of light
that feels uncomfortably bright as soon as it enters
the field of view. This type or source should never be used
for interior lighting. The second, and a much lower
glare point, is one which, while not bright enough to
cause immediate discomfort, will fatigue the eyes when
it remains within the field of view for a period of
time. ihis lower glare point is much more difficult .
to determine because it varies for different individ-
uals. ‘A.good figure to follow is to never let the
brightness of a unit which is to be continually in the
field of view exceed-i candle per square inch of apparent
area. a unit which is not to be in the field of view
continually may have its brightness increased, the
limit being 2 to 3 candles per square inch of apparent
area, depending on the color of the background.
heflected glare is all its name implies, and comes
to the eyes as a shine or glint or the lighting unit on
some polished surface. It is much harder to deal with
because it usually comes from some location below the
horizontal, and the eye cannot be protected from it

easily. Specular reflection, as it is sometimes called,

is most frequently encountered by the reader while
looking at the highly polished or glossy surfaces of

a magazine, the print in certain sections seeming to
fade away into a bright shiny spot or larger area.
Local specular reflection may be relieved and generally
removed by changing the lighting source to such a posi-
tion with respect to the work that the specularly re-
flected light will be thrown away from the eyes.

The brightness of a reflected image is dependent
upon the brightness 0f the source. either change the
'unit for one which possesses thicker milk glass, thus
diffusing the light to a higher degree, or else change the
color of the background so that it has a higher coeffi-
cient of reflection, reducing the point brilliance to

a degree'where it ceases to bother.
SHADOWS.

Almost as important a question as glare, shadows
deserve consideration when making any lighting layout.
In.general, shadows are undesirable and should be elim-
inated. their most frequent causes are spacing the
lighting units too far apart or not using large enough
bulbs. having given large enough bulbs and units pro-
perly spaced, shadows may creep in due to an increasing-
ly thick layer cf dirt on the fixtures.

In lounge rooms, dens, and some lobbies, soft
shadows are restful and pleasing. It is the sharp, black.

well defined shadows which should be guarded against.

ihey are the ones which hide projections on the floor
or moving parts of machinery and tend to impair depth
vision. Large area lighting units tend to eliminate
deep shadows, and if two or more units shed light on
an area it is almost impossible to have deep shadows.
no attempt is made here to cover the Special
shadow illumination required in photograph studios or
in art museums where statuary and monuments are dis-

played.
UNIFORMITY OF ILLUMINATION.

In years past the owners 0f buildings, in their
desire to Keep the initial costs low, saw fit to allow
lighting installations to be made in which pr0per spacing
was not established. instances are on record where
workmen situated between lighting units had only one
quarter the illumination their neighbors had, Who were
located under the lights. h.L.M. domes with 200 watt
lamps were mounted 10 feet above the floor, and seven
feet above the working plans. fhese units were spaced
20 feet apart. ihis gave an intensity on the working
plane cf 12.5 foot-candles directly under the units,
while at points 10 feet away, located between the units,
an intensity of 3 foot—candles was obtained. by chang-
ing the spacing of these units to 10 feet the intensity
under the units was increased to 14 foot-candles while
that oetween units was 12 foot-candles, a permissible

variation.

.hrom many tests the following general rule can be
stated, viz, in general, the spacing between units shall
not be more than one and one-half times the height Of the
light sources above the working plane. closer spacing
will be necessary to maintain extra high levels 0f illum-
ination, but the maximum limit stated should not be
exceeded, exeept in special cases, and then with the

knowledge that an uneven level will result.
iLthIHATIUh Oh thTicAL SURrACdS.

There are many places, such as drafting rooms, school
rooms, and newspaper composing rooms, where light is re-
quired principally on horizontal planes as desk and table
tops. it has been the custom to calculate the necessary
illumination.on.the assumption that if the horizontal
surfaces received enough the vertical and sloPing surfaces
would also. inasmuch as vertical illumination from ordin-
ary units is only about half that 01 the horizontal, it is
readily seen that at times this may be inadequate. Eor
general illumination, the units should have a good distri-
bution in the 60 - 60 - 70 degree zones as well as down-
ward; this will give sufficient illumination on the ver-
tical surfaces.

in art museums, poster boards, show windows and in
some industrial applications, such as automobile body
painting, etc., where illumination on the vertical plane
is desired above that on the horizontal, angle reflectors

should be used to supplement general overhead lighting.

COLOR QUALITY OF LIGHT.

hor centuries the human eye has been deve10ping, and
it has adapted itself to function best in natural light.
natural light varies considerably in quality throughout
the day, but should be the standard of reference with
artificial units, the same as daylight levels of illumin-
ation represent the standards for industrial plants.

rhe ability to see objects in their true colors
is important when one is matching colors oi materials
or trying to get a true conception 01 an original work.
at an art exhibit. Colors help a great deal in distinguish-

ing one object from another, such as a brass bushing on

a polished Steel plate. A black and white picture will not
always show these objects one against the other. Since
in a great many applications it is difference in color
which renders objects readily recognizable to the eye,
color discrimination is important from a utilitarian
standpoint. Another factor to consider is the unfavor-
able impression created by unnaturally-colored light;
this must be guarded against also.

rhe development of the modern hands bulb has been
carried on with the color results always in mind until
now all OI the colors OI daylight are-present, though
not quite in the same prOportions as in daylight. rhe
changes in the colors or objects when viewed in this
light are not serious. hor some Operations, however, it
is especially desirable to approximate natural light as

closely as possible. the mazda daylight lamp, with a

blue glass bulb produces a light of afternoon sunlight
in quality. this entails an absorption of about 55p of
the emitted light. Using the same bulb with special
blue glass enclosing glooes, the light approximates noon
sunlight: 60p of the emitted light is absorbed. rhe
third combination, a projector type unit using a day-
light bulb and special enclosing glassware, gives a
north sky quality and is used for color matChing alone
and requires a large expenditure for power as 85p of the
light is absorbed. ror show windows, clothing, fur, and
rug stores, or wherever color is an.elenent in the dis-
play of merchandise, the daylight bulb should be used.
In industries where the requirements are more strict, such
as chemical and textile factories, lithographing and other
paper work, and the areas to be lighted are medium in
size. rhe projector is for very exact work where the
areas to be illuminated are very small, such as color
matching units on store counters — - hosiery and jewelry
counters, and clothes shape. rhe exact north sky units
will satisfy even the most exacting individuals and are
the best that science has developed for this w0rk (- -
except for the mechanical, electrical matching machines

which eliminate the human element).

\'r|l

Quaié'i‘l'f‘i' OI liLUILllLi’l’IOl"

The eye is capable of adapting itself to see under
illuminations Which range from a high level of 6 to 10
thousand foot-candles down.to a fraction.of a foot-cande.
rhrough this wide range good vision is possible. on a
clear, bright day the illumination in sunlight will vary
from 6 to 10 thousand foot-candles, and in the shade will
dr0p to approximately 1,000 foot-candles. rhe other
extreme will be found on a clear moonlight night when
the illumination varies from 1/2 foot-candle down. An
illumination of approximately 100 foot-candles will be
obtained indoors by a north window on a clear day. it
is readily seen that it will.be difficult indeed to pro-
vide too much light for the eye as long as it is well
diffused and there are no extreme brightness contracts
between the surface to be looked at and its surround-
ings. rhe problem is to prOperly control the light.

At the present time the highest recommended illumi-
nations are for Operating rooms in hOSpitals and for
show windows in brightly lighted districts; these values
are from 100 to 200 foot-candles. the next bracket of
from b0 to 100 foot-candles will find many and varied
uses such as jewelry and.watch making, extra fine bench
and nachine work, extra fine inspection, linotype, mono-
type and engraving, the ring of the boxing arena, auto-
mobile paint shOps and dark leather sorting, cutting and
sewing. excellent lighting for industrial plant 8 is

from Z) to 30 foot-candles according to present accepted

standard. to the uninitiated this sounds like a great
deal of light and this illumination does look very
bright when first installed. "1‘0 make a room bright as
day“:means an illumination above 100 foot-candles. Con-
siderations of economy usually limit the level of
artificial lighting to the lower values, and many
factors must be taken into account because of the low
limit imposed on the designer.

A‘word at this point about the function of the
eyes will explain.the recessity for maintaining high
levels of illumination. rhe eyes are always on duty
during the waking hours, shifting around and changing
focus, the muscles and nerve centers using a large
amount of energy during the day‘s work. it becomes
important that the lighting shall be such as to make
possible an effectiVe impression upon the retina with
the least strain. When the illumination is of a low
order, these impressions will'be inadequate, the eye
muscles have extra work thrown on them and they be-
come rapidly exhausted. 'l-he speed with which the work
is done has to be greatly decreased and mistakes are
frequent.

rests of several thousand employees in factories
and commercial establishments show that mole than.50w
of the employees have uncorrected faulty vision. Ad-
ditional tests also show that an astigmatic eye or
subnormal eye is helped more by'iumrovements in illumi-

nation than the normal eye. It fbllows that as the

illumination is increased a point is quickly reached
where the men.with subnormal eyes will be able to see
almost as well as those with normal eyes. rhis is the
desirable situation because it improves the 50% of the
men.having faulty vision.

fir. P. W. Cobb of the mdison Lamp Works ran a great
many tests on the time and light required for perception
0f a.small test object under various levels of illumina-
tion, the results of which are shown on the accompanying
graph. This shows that it takes 3-1/2 times as long for
the norml eye to perceive the. test object under 2 foot-
candles as it does under 100 foot-candles, twice as long
unler 6 foot-candles, 1.7 times as long under‘100 foot-
oandles, 1.5 at l6-foot-candles, 1.4 at 20, 1.3 at 50,
1.2 at 40, 1.15 at 50 and 1.1 times as long at 60 foot-

candles as it does under*100 foot-candles. rhis is an
average curve for norual eyes and shOxs that good illumi-
nation has an Optimum value between 10 and 20 foot-
candles, at the knee of the curve.

Data taken.by fir. barre and Er. hand on the time
and illumination required for discrimination, plotting
the normal eye against the astigmatic eye, shows the
pronounced improvement registered by astigmatic eyes
over a given increase in illumination. raking a normal
eye as 1, or unity, at 12 foot-candles, it takes 4-1/2
times as long to discriminate under 1 foot-candle and

twice as long at 6 foot-candles, relatively Speaking.

An astigmatic eye requi es 15 times as much time at
1 foot-candle as the normal eye needs at 12 foot-candles,
or 5-1/2 tines as much as the normal eye under 1 foot-
candle (the same illumination). The astigmatic eye needs
4-1/2 foot-candle s to see as fast as the normal eye does
under 1 foot-candle, and 12 foot-candles to see as fast
as the normal eye at 6 foot-candles. A continuation of
the curve will show that the astigmatic eye needs 20
foot-candles or more to see as fast as the normal eye
at 12 foot-candles.

information collected by Messrs. Luckiesh, raylor
and Linden, Of'the ueneral electric nesearch staff
shows that the speed cf reading with a black and white
contrast in an illumination 0f 16 to 24 foot-candles
is 20% faster than.the speed in 3 icot-candles of illumi-
nation. with.a gray background, the increase was not so
great, and taking into account the fact that commercially
we seldom, if ever, have a white background with black
objects, facts again show the necessity for higher illumi-
nation such as 20 to 30 feet-candles for commercial
establishments.

better visual canditions will increase production,
decrease spoilage, reduce the number of accidents, bring
up the morale of the personell and pay for themselves
after a limited time.

Complete tables of recommended standards of illumi-
nation have been.establiShed by experience and are issued
by various authorities and are given as a guide for dif-

ferent classes of work. by keeping in mind the character

cf the work and the fineness of detail to be observed,
one is able to select from the values given in the
table a suitable level of illumination. A very com-
plete table is included with this work as an aid to
those wishing to make new designs. rhis table is one
which is made available to the trade by a reliable
nanuiacturer cf lighting equipment and can be used
freely except for one reservation, viz., the "minimum
values" given are too low and should not be used. the
column headed "good practice " gives, as a whole, fairly
accurate values to use in the formula for finding the
necessary lamp size. there the value obtained is
slightly over a given lamp size, the next size larger
should be chosen. It should be kept in mind that there
is a marked tendency toward higher levels of illumina-

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CHOICE Of“ A LIGh‘l'lfiG SYSCJL’l

As has been previously discussed, there are three
general systems of illumination classified according
to the manner in which the light is distributed:

A - Direct Lighting

5 - Indirect lighting

0 - semi-indirect lighting
The fundamentals of these three systems will be dis-
cussed, as will the general requirements, and a guide
given to assist in'the prOper choice of a system.

The individual characteristics of a room to be
lighted are impOrtant factors in the selection 01‘ a
lighting system. Cost and efficiency are factors
which limit the choice, although the present tend-
ency, particularly in the more Specialized branches,
is to mks gOOd lighting the first consideration”
Attention is again called to the fact that a suit-
able choice of colors and frequent painting or clean-
ing are important.

there a decorative lighting unit is essential
the primary purpose of the lighting unit is to pro-
vide light of sufficient quantity and quality to
establish and maintain the required intensity on the
working plans. he matter how beautiful or artistic
a unit is, it should not be accepted unless the light-
ing requirements are satisfied. units can be designed

to be highly artistic and st ill function as efficient

lighting devices.

DIfm‘U‘l' LIGHI IR u.

Idrect lighting systems employ lighting units
which send.the greater portion of light directly to
the surfaces being illuminated.

Direct lighting is recommended for industrial
or commercial interiors such as machine sheps, assem-
bly rooms, factories, foundries, etc. this system
has the greatest overall efficiency from a power in-
put standpoint and the least depreciation with.the
passage of time. the presence of large quantities of
dust and dirt in.the atmosphere, and the dark tone of
the walls and ceilings are most effectively overcome
by a direct lighting system. Line shafts near the
ceiling cf machine sheps preclude the use of a semi-
indirect system. ror high bays and mounting above
crane runways a searchlight or projector type of
direct lighting unit is the only kind which will
provide satisfactory illumination on.the working plane
with a reasonatle expenditure of power.

At first, Open reflectors of metal or glass were
the most common type of units used, but with the ar-
rival Of more efficient bulbs and a constantly increas—
ing lumen output, the use Of the Open type glass reflect-
ors has been largely discontinued. Open type metal
reile ctors, sepecially those of porcelain enamel

interior surface, are being used very successfully

in the industrial lighting field. Boroelain enamel
reflectors are commonly classified by shape, as a
done or bowl. i'he dome is preferable because it
gives a better illumination on vertical surfaces and
higher efficiency.

the highest grade of industrial units manufact-
ured for this purpose are called the ‘h. L. m." domes.
(R. L. M. stands for neflector and Lamp manufacturers
standard Dome.) these must be built to standard
specifications of contour and quality 0f the reflect-
ing surface. ihis insures a durable and highly
efficient unit, a contour cf reflectorwhich will in-
sure an.effective light distribution, and a depth.
which will shield the filament from view sufficiently
to minimize glare.

A still higher development 0f the dome is known
as phe elasstell'fdffuser. it is a combination of the
dome reflector and a white glass globe. rhe milk glass
globe completely encloses the bulb and diffuses the
downward light. rhe reflector fits over the globe and
concentrates the rays downward except for a.IeW’SlOtS
around the top which allow a small portion.of the
light to be audited upward, thus illuminating the
ceiling and improving the appearance 0f the lighted
room. rhe reflector also reduces glare by hiding a

large part Of the bright area of the globe. rhese units

r17 - ‘ ~.<. ~ .— “rw — ‘n M .- r§~~4~ .- .\ ' wres- - ' 2-. x ' ~..- '
should be f-;:Co-:r..s-i--,en T.1-“’I‘d a. 181,, 1-1,__1- Cl;i.llb Ol

. ’ 11“. *‘ + . 'N '3" ' H ~ '1 O -Q" w' ' A - ‘.‘~ ~“ ~~ I , - -~\ .' ‘N
illumination is desired h an indistr111 plant.

V

.Lu 1211......1 11-111 1-1: .

in illumination by the indirect me‘ .‘01 all of the
light is first thrown to the ceiling and upper side-
walls where it is redirected and diffused to all parts
of the room. elaro from the unit is elimir is d since
the ceilirngzmrts as the 11 JR; solrce ani.a nfuc1mmn Of
distribution is directly downvwarl A very even distri-
bution of light is obtained, pith 801$ -aiow‘ aid 11f}:—
01t reflections from surfaces at the torkin: gline.

A somewhat S; all

(=3!

" percentage of illu1nination is thrown
on vertical surfaces than with'the other two mete ds.

rhis 335-3m is the least efficient from a power in—
put standpoint as all light mzimt is received at the

working plane mist first be reflected inbm'tha ceiling

or sidewrl s. 10 help raise thz level of illumination

(D

for 1 git n peter input the most e11131ent units em-
ploy a mirrored glass reflector within the bowl to
direct the light to the '1l1rg

ins Quality Of illumir na tion Obtained by indirect
livhting is counted to be the very best. rhis so a-
Wnat cfissts the ificrcuse in cost, but in Spite of

is

the present tendency is to employ a semi-

fndirect s ate: EiLZOSt sxclxsiv 1; firms; for 'rlg at

us

indirect layout waild have been spoofiied.

Out-‘1‘ .LLYUIALJJI LIGii'lL-U '

oemi- it“ di rect li._3';ti::g 11.11111 she: a are 01
combining the tent Lres 021'. direct and i:1:11rect svsterns.
"with a correctly desi gned bowl of tit-its glass

ness of this unit is low enoe;t so that eve ietiiue is

that the prefer degree oi vertic;l illu drinetion, and soit
or graded 3 seems are trodiceo. As nus been rre1ioasl;
notei, e liJ-t dezx‘ity oi 1.1-its 51 see an: be used in
cert :zin loca tioes the e the units 3 - hung nith end the
nature 01' t1; nor-9: is sud: that the units are not in the
usual rs nge oi vi sion. where is no merged diiierence

in li;hting eiiect between a very liilt densit‘ so i-
iodirect :nit end the useel enclosing unit ior direct

f'ez'er 1 rule S".;"S til-tit any unit

,-
\—

1 13:12.1: 1 ing , out the

{(1')

.“1’11’1‘. directs more t:-sn LO‘IS'J 01 the 113-: 11;'1'.:,_-i‘-l is classed
as se:‘;;i—iniirect. the "otter c..w oi tz-ese ditt-
usuelly is 01' £21 iiiciei 1t der-sit; so that 011;? 2;) — 2.13,”...
oi." the light is transmitted throw-L11 the bowl. 1'1113
type 01' illu:r.inntion has :3. higher overall ei‘iicie'icy
iron the newer standpoint than the 1 dir': c
“ives a higher 91:11. 01' lighting; the-1 the dire ct method,
as yell at: 13111118311111. some 01" the b745, ioatzires.

the se;;-1-‘2:ciirect 1:".et110d Letit adapts itsel 1' to

re31dence, Oiiice, and pdciic L‘llalié liLL.1 , rrcre

the system 51st be 01 500d aogearsnc; axe 1n ner 0 ions
. — -. v . , .- -| ' ~1 -{ _ 5 4 . qu -.
re 1 tiers U19; the decorative or arenitectdrel icetureo 01
I. I 1 " ‘ ' . I I ~ r ,v— ,\ «v N» _ «x ‘ . 4 > . K - ' 1' . c‘
tne Strroogd «gs. bldce this s stem pest luliills i. so

(r

C)

a more tLan

81.1. 1;

CD

I

IiiiJULS'l'nlAL AM." UOWnUlAL “ital-{1011's

MAILING A SUl'l'ABiu‘J LAIOU'J.‘ .

For an engineer or anyone who is installing a
system or estimating its cost, or who is reaponsible
i‘or the results, the location of outlets, wire size
and choise 01‘ units are 01’ utmost importance. sven
with the preper unit, an incorrect Spacing will spoil
the lighting eiIect. wiven the right unit with prOper
spacing, inadequate illumination will result 11 the
wire size is not large enough to furnish the lamps
with Iull Operating voltage. it becomes imperative,
then, that the units be prOperly Spaced and adequately
wired. If this is done, a change can be made in the
type or reilector or bulb size at a later date without
overloading thus improving the ile xibility as well as
insuring preper Operating conditions. special atten-
tion is called to these i‘acts here because of their
great importance to successful lighting. choice of
units and pr0per apacing is covered in this book.
ror informat ion on computation of wire size, the reader
is referred to any good handbook or elementary text.

books or direct and alternating currents.
:sP‘AC ING OE LIGHTING UM'L‘ S.

The spacing between units in relation to their
height determine the degree of uniformity oi’ illumination

and also influences the degree oi shadow thich results

‘i‘his has been discussed somewhat previously but the
various facts will be summed up now for ready reference.
In most cases the construction Of a building divides
it into a number of bays, and for the sake of appearance
the units should usually be placed symmetrically in
these bays. rhis contributes to uniformity of illumina-
tion. Panel designs, or beams, on the ceiling, and other
decorative or outstanding features, also call for a
symmetrical Spacing, but it must always fall within
the limits 01' maximum permissible Spacing with regard
to the height of the units above the working plane, if
uniformity is desired. when there are no natural
divisions in the room, and the outlets are not already
placed, the room should be divided into a number of
areas approximately square , and the units placed at
the center of each, the maximum distance between units
not exceeding 1-1/2 times their height above the plane
of work, which in most cases corresponds to a spacing
about equal to the mounting height above the floor.
with sich a system, the distance from the nearest row
of out lets to the wall is one-half the spacing distance;
the distance from the walls may necessarily be made less
than half the Spacing distance in order to avoid shadows
and to maintain a high level of illumination on benches
or desire close to the walls. it will be iound necessary
to install more than this minimum number of units in
order to create and maintain a level above 30 foot-candles.

Another case where the above minimum does not hold

13 :or a hiCh bay noun 13C in a turLiLe r005, or Lfd in:
830p up Qeove a traveling crane. A special type unit has
bean develeged Cil'el a LlCh liCl on; unit 3 is; is,
essentiall; a mLUll anCle SCread iloodli Li, nmcu li”e

- - ‘~ " - ‘- . '1' ‘ J. .' .1“. —“ ~. ~ "e ~.~ ,-n~ .- x - -.. «'-
an -‘-'u.t0--.O Ulla 1-8.. i... CL L' ’..‘l t;_ a CL Jai‘ .Lc' “£3 a"... '..i _-. 1‘ “a; l 4 re
a ream naily 010:3 Sf“ciLC to llriiinh even distrituiicd

4‘ 'r .c - v - ' “ I i: I : J r- ' . R ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ’ -" ’I "o ' ‘f
at the \flMflflL; blame. .Lae ll.“$ lio;.;LaLJ11 or oral

. .
Kw & k . ‘fl‘Ld

1 T -. "‘ I‘- ' ‘\ - - \ '- ‘\J‘ ‘vv‘ \N .~ ~ -r --. . -\ r
charac_erittios LOJld.L9 alxort COwfilstfild diipl stat

—r a. , 3': 1AA 'o: 1 . I 1‘ fi-l-vv J‘. ‘_ :7 I - .‘N " V 1 ~‘ ‘c'

oos‘tion oi the arena. whis elini ates snauous on the

' ' ‘ 3‘ ". _—~. - - l - ‘ - " . \ - .
easy is 1 cl :3“. rinse tr: r diff ,oljozed, rl's s
w, _ a r~. I _ q ', _ .| . a" .. ‘ o J— C . .‘: --. u 1 a .-
lewning in m: a .ne _axinin uLit Sn ciu 18 1C $1303 tue
A. g ._r

. “‘ "\ H I ‘- l' . ,. ‘ . .|

ins lumen method of calcalation i: the simplest an

s .7 1- .NJ— - . ',~" —:&- ' ‘. . -.- ,3 3- - .4-
Lli 3—8; U 11-! t o2—‘ 8 Been 0.8 v *w" yea S .L L4 1: ti-‘c kin/1‘5! ...\/Ix_, 1.

l
-L
. A- -‘ .. - .-. _ .4 .t . _ ° .'.- - fi . .: f‘, H ._, *1-
used at tLe p:esc£t time. lawnsC uc'iuel LEO- the
a

-e:ired n‘Ln'er Oi ioct csndles th: fetal L mLe: o:

L‘.

(D

A-4. ‘A .,,-.' 14 «I Vq——»\ . ' Q. 7 -. . ~a1."‘
lumen» LfllCh must ue Swdglled at the LOT-1" urine

v ‘1 , .4- A. -* ,--. ....-2 A w ‘ _-, .‘ ,7‘
81:11:33. to 1:443 -O'at—Cf.elit.ldci (El-3,, .‘CLL 11.;thluq i” ‘ L; "'_ .‘ L335},

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eyidano that tile l.mps -nst emit a
-V "i .:
lume :msthantnis

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Le p are 0. tort; sole oi it 18 EbeOfUdi 1m tne

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the 1371.18 5‘le CclllfiCs c in). 0.1. -;.18, par». .9 cumulus..- C’L-LL
only a portion reflected to the HO“:. its a ount :‘Jt
1 -.- 'f‘ ' .fi " - ’\ ~ 9 . 4‘ o ,- '1‘ ' r" " N '1" 4. ‘
QBJBLJS unon the characteristic* oi tie li;: Lti?t uni

m.- - -.~-: .1. .. w- i - A .~ '“ t: ‘.
1.11-3 i EiLEQ$l {1.1.15.1 C010]... 01 tl—e ‘|.(,«‘vl.|~d Eli- " C23 1.1—11.". Sta- 'g“ t..e

‘ 'fircf’ .‘ |
1’. U-.. laugh.

rie te anice.l ter 1which covers t1“ rronort ion

-a - 3.». i , .‘ +- -‘ M ..., - .-,' -, . ‘ :. , i: -. ...-
oi the room is 04118‘ UM: Oum lLde, and in or of U0

{3:

'- . .‘ -fi , 1 'l,‘ v ,. —, -L - -L— .f' ,, .f‘ . '_ , i_ .' .

better ihde ‘t-nd the ei.ecu of 100% prs OltIUuS
4-1. '.,.. - -.‘ .- —- a . 4 -— _--»-‘1+..',4- "1 ,, ,
LL -‘3 IALQL kl: t1 - C ice; '... Ja-‘Lr O;— Ll---L 5) 04.1 UNLL ._.. U -m‘U l-L ‘i‘n‘i. 11' —&-t iCI‘fiA’

co_nmxhar a room 40 113 tr'lr it. Tilfll darn malls

U
. V . ._ ' . A h" ' r " I" " ' ,"\ ":'p I I 'fir‘ . - ‘ '-’ I 41' ~ 3.". . I“ I‘ ," ' i 5-;
emuiiped Kltm LkO systems of 1ChtiuC Lni n are lueuthgl

and he other 14 it. it is 85.1811" seen tLrt :7. Liter
v- . . I .“ . '7 J N. ‘," --: . I ~\ ‘ ‘ 1 + -: .- ,- '- '\ >-
levol oi llllalLQ io. til, result l. t-e Case of a

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loner molnti“ 2;e1 no nee d e 111“ tLC sum, alou,: oi

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li ht starting downward., there is less li

portion Tsich Strikes the ma ls and a hiffer nrorortion

Striking'mmlYEJleC’Elifle-

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light in lurLc rooms Mr ecufil mountinL height.

it does not iollow that it is d girable to Keeu all

ll;l-4h 01.1. tl‘fs.‘ “£4.41. .5 8.1.x; 0311.1--6’1... .1 CL; 1.3.1.1. g-..\.’..L..'.. .L

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corfora+e

included and the exact method to qpply it will be ex-
plained in detail.

wake the chart of reflection Iactors of colored
surfaces and compare with the painting schedule on a
new layout, or with the actual colors of the room on
a redesign installation, and find the actual reflect-
ion iactors oi the ceiling and of the walls. necord
these values. next pick out the unit which iS‘tO be
'used, or one with a distribution curve as close to the
new one as possible, and reier to the Opposite page of
calculation data. next make use 01 the reilection
factors obtained at iirst. ii the ceiling reflection
factor is 70p or better, use the first three columns
as indicated; 50% to 70%“ the middle three columns;
less than 50%, the last three columns. in like manner
an individual column choice is made by reierence to the
wall reflection data. now follow this column flown to
the zone applying to the chosen unit and the prOper co-
eIIicient OI utilioation will be found Opposite the
room index, previously determined on another chart. this
appears quite complicated but the method is really simple
and after several coefficients have been<ietermined, it
works itself down to a system.and no trouble will be

experienced. An example will be added later.

DEPPJJ “‘1 AT 1015 ALLOTJ'ALIGS

in addition to increasing the total lumens provided
by the lamps to compensate for the losses in utilization
allowance must be made initially for the inherent depre-
ciation in lumen output of the lamps and in reilecting
efficiency of the reflector, walls, and ceiling due to
deterioration and to the collection of dust and dirt.
The average depreciation will vary from 15p to sow de-
pending upon the type Of reflector and local conditions
of smoke and dust. rhe length 0f time'between dleaniqzs
is also a very big factor.

the probable average illumination.in.percent of
initial illumination will vary, due to all the factors
mentioned above. do obtain uniform results, the follow-
ing depreciation factors may be used.as a guide: .75 -
.80 for clear or clean.locations, .70 for average rooms,
and .65 for dirty locations or places whiCh are infre-

Quently cleaned.
CALCULATION’OE LAMP 3133

Only one more factor must be taken into account,
and that is the necessary bulb size. It readily follows
that the re cessaryl amp lumens can be found from the
formula as given, and by reference to a table which
shows the lumens emitted by bulbs of different size a

suitable one can be chosen.

Lamp Lumens floor Area (89. it.) x besired root-Candles
Required : (Number 01) TOoefIicient cf) 1 {Depreciation}

Per Outlet ( Outlets ) x ( utilization ) ( factor )
The explanation cf the formula is as follows:—

rrom the definition, one foot—candle over an area of

one square foot equals one lumen, thereiore, to find

the total lumens necessary fer the room, multiply the

total floor area in square feet by the desired foot-

candle intensity. now divide the total number of

lumens needed.by the number of units, thus finding

how many each unit will have to emit (assuming 100%

efficienty). This figure must be increased by the

ammunt 01 light absorbed.by the unit - ceilings and

walls - so it is necessary to divide by the cOefficient

of utilization, previously determined in the table for

the room and unit in question. rhe last step is to

make an allowance for the natural accumulation of dirt;

this is accompliShed by dividing by the depreciation

factor. All mathematical steps having been.pr0perly

perfomed, the result obtained is the lamp lumens re-

quired per outlet. heference is now made to a table

which gives the lumens emitted by bulbs cf each size,

and it will be noted that the figure opted ned lies

between.two bulb sizes - so the larger one is chosen.
A.study of the many layouts included.will give

the application of this method to commerical problems.

rhe accuracy and.ease with which it works is easily.

apparent, and satisfaction can be guaranteed by the

lighting engineer to even the post particular customer.

JVé'é'f'JTED Z 14 Y007'J - .5‘ YMMETflCflL JFK/W6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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UOVE LlGHrlHG

that special adaptation of indirect lighting
commonly known.as cove lighting, not only has all
the other advantages of indirect lighting, but has
the additional advantage cf entirely concealing all
lighting fixtures as well as the light sources.

industrial lighting is primarily for utilitar-
ian purposes, with the possible exception of the
higher class general and.private Offices, whereas
window lighting seeks pleasing aesthetic effects
even though its most important aSpect is purely uti-
litarian. i-he point in this case is the sales power
of the window, and in.this respect window lighting
differs from all other types of lighting.

now, when it comes to such interiors as church
and theatre auditoriums, ball rooms, lodge rooms,
hotel and club dining rooms, library reading rooms,
court rooms, fine store interiors and.other similar
installations, indirect lighting from cornices and
coves 0f1ers an excellent solution. i-he trouble up
to the present time has been to get the aesthetic
.minded architects and interior decorators into agree-
nerm with the all too practically and economically
minded engineers and owners. a compromise must some-
times be made between the utilitarian.and the aesthetic
and this can now be done more easily since cove light-

ing has been develOped. many large interiors walld be

ruined architecturally by the installation of a host Of
lighting fixtures Of the ordinary type that would be
required for their prOper illumination. with cove
lighting it is possible to eliminate visible fixtures.
rho lighting units may be cleverly conceabd.wifiin
cornices and coves in the architectural desing, wall
and floor urns and in other ways. in tlese locations
and for the others previously mentioned, cove lighting
should be considered.

Cove lighting leaves little to in desired from the
standpoint Of the utilitarian inasmuch as it has long
been recognized as the fearest approach to daylight in
its beneficial effects upon the eye. Glare is very
nearly, if not entirely, absent due to the low bright-
ness Of the illuminated surfaces Of the ceiling and
walls. YShadows are greatly sOftened‘becauSe 01 the
diffuse character Of the illumination and hence annoy-
ance and eye fatigue are reduced to a minimum.

Please refer to the blueprint Of “A Cove-Lighted
Auditorium” attached.

now'to proceed with the design Oi the actual in-
stallation. iron the size Of the room, width, length,
and ceiling height, (average height if the ceiling is
curved) a room index is selected from table 6. width
is 40 it. at the cove, length of the main floor 84 ft.,

ceiling height at cove is 25 ft. and 30 ft. in the

center, giving an average height Oi 37-1/2 feet.
inspection Of table 6 for large, high rooms gives
a room index 01 l.b.

cove lighting uses quite a large number of re-
flectors. in this case each cove has 62 reflectors
installed on 12 inch spacings. rhe units are Spaced
close tOgether to keep from having the ceiling streak-
ed as it would be if they were farther apart. exper-
ience shows that these units seldom are installed wdth
spacings greater than 18 inches; more units and.smaiher
bulb sizes give more even illumination on the ceiling:
8, 10, 12 and.lo inches are the most common.spacings
used ior units.

bulb size is the Last thing determined in the
ordinary methods Of computation, but in this case
experience teaches that it is generally quicker and
just as satisfactory to arbitrarily put the units in
at some given Spacing, and choose a bulb Sine, then
figure through and.see what intensity would exist at
the working plane. If it is too low, try the next
siue larger bulb. if this, then, is too high, the
units may be Spaced a little farther apart and fewer
of them used. this will bring the intensity near

to the desired value.

should the 11:.t CLg..tc. i;te.:11g .3 much too low, in
auditjlni'to stag; int n; 1x) the Lfifill sine 'i‘“ #" bulb
the uni ts snaild be res need 1 :3: together 13+ "in
1017111- c:;ntpcc. to 'yl_LJK' :or"t.i; 6:211”1 LUwLu; 1{.ian. fifill. be
needed at this n w spacing. :Ze reierse 0: this V “case
is also true. 1318 cut and‘tr’zetLOd m9

gather to aibitrar" to the un2L1tiatci

’
‘ ‘~ . " ’ ‘A I ,~q v . .11 a ‘\ .~ I "—i \ .~-. ' -‘ 1. - a =-
n and ‘l1uclfl; ore of tno lelzd 1: the ioralla K-iie
' t - ‘ 4' Q ‘r‘. ‘ ‘ ‘ .' "‘I‘ -. “ .‘ 4‘ . ‘ g I“ . "I ‘ f‘. r‘ ‘x . - .1 ‘0 *" ;
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. ..,- . . ,1 ,' ., '. ,, - -- 3..., .‘..,. - - ._ :4
peiience he till see Ole nisdom 01 this .-_~t;-ou a; it

w. . v \ ~p ‘r .l, 3' ' 4’ 4‘ ‘ ‘ J. ‘ v - ‘ " “H“ + ‘
gives a Lorlaolc la~OUb at each step eten though bLe

...- q. +- ~ ,- Vv- - + ‘ ‘— ‘ r- - . :1 T <~ . .a . '\
intensity Lilo. not be the de-‘ireu- if; ..e. --e ci-osen

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rnc paint schedule c-1lei lo: a caen stone

p.)
y_l
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ceilinL with a reilcction iaetor 01 75% mid an ivory
tan wall with toodwar; aver; ing as to she ‘Or reflect-
i n factors.

i0 ii:d.the coeffiCient Oi utilisation, tlrn LO

(1)
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file as one representative stzndar
illumination. under ‘Wery fight ceiling” 709 and
'lairlv fight walls"53p, Opposite a room i:dc;~: 01 1.5 the

coe11101ent oi util ation “s ion d. it is .Zc, which

is a good atcra e value; fisherillv it varies Lctreen

lhe depreciation Iactor tor any totally indirect
system under clean conditions is .79.
solving the general equation ior intensity in
root-candles:-
_ Lumens number Coefficient Oixhepreciation
intensity - per lampxbi unitsxutilization factor
Floor area in square Ieet.

Substituting values previously determined:-

intensity ' 13b0 x lb4 x .26 x .75 = 12.3 Ioot—candles.
40’: 84

 

This is a desirable intensity ior auditoriums.

by inepection oi the cross-section 01 the auditor-
ium, it is evident that the intensity under the balcony
on each side will be somwhat less than that out on the
main Iloor. to raise this low intensity to nozmal and
keep down the shadows, mount 6 ornamental units, #23
in table 7, l4 ieet high.and'on.14 ieet centers under
each balcony. Install a 100 watt bulb in each 01 these
units and the shadows will be eliminated. the usual
red exit lights should be Sp:cilied above each door.
so attenpt is made to design.the lighting 1&y01t for
the stage, as this is very highly specialiaed and can-
not be covered in the sc0pe or this book.

by inspection it is quite evident that the areas
under the balcony will be very well illuminated by the
'spill light” from the main lighting iixtures due to
the complete dispersion from the ceiling. The light
from 12 ornamental units with reflectors has been added

to'bring this up to normal. it should.be noticed that

the total iloor area was not used; only that which is
directly under the coves, and.protably the intensity
over the whole area may be somewhat less, due to the
amount oi light which escapes to the area under the
balcony. Attention is now called to the Iact that the
ceiling has a rerlection factor or 78» and the nails
average 60%. in choosing the coeiiicient of utiliza-
tion, a vlue of 70fi'was used for the ceiling and 50w
tor the walls in order to use the tables. Actually
the ceiling is 8% higher and the walls 10¢ higher
than that allowed, hence the intensity is higher than
the first computed iigure and.will compensate for the
losses incurred'by the use of the cove projected area
on the floor as the actual floor area. rhis does not
occur in ordinary rooms.

If every fourth light is connected on the same
circuit and.each circuit is put in a series with a
dimmer, a variety of lighting eIIects may be obtained
by changing the intensity of each set with reSpect to
the next in line. other combinations may readily be
made by series parallel connections.

To utilize color lighting in conjunction with
white lighting of iull intensity, it is necessary to
bank additional color reilectors both above and.below
the main installation. rhis can be more readily done
in.a shallow cove by placing the cmlor units on the
vertical center line between.the white units. theaters

and dance halls will be the largest users of the com-

bination systems.

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rue amount 01 illumimation neccsc;ry ir a window
varies: with tne location 01* the S ore,those in the
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'ldght on.the object but not on the eyes", is a
basic fundamental of all lighting problems and is
cepecially true in show window lighting. modern Show
windows, when illuminated in accordance with the cor-
rect principles, have the light sources located at the
tOp and front of the window, close to the plate glass
where they may be readily concealed by valances, painted
signs, or curtain drapes. with this arrangement, strong
illumination may be directed downward.and forward to
the trim, giving it the direction which experience has
shown.produces the most effective results. it has some—
times been found advisable to set the reflectors up into
the ceiling until the mouths are flush. The reflector
for each window should be carefully selected by study-
ing its distribution curve so that it will direct all
of the light to the floor and not lose a percentage of
it out of the window. moreover, reflectors should be
closely Spaced to insure most effective lighting; this
also permits 0f turning off alternate units leaving
sufficient illumination ior a white or light colored

display.
I rhe necessity for ample provision for‘window spot
and flood lights cannot be overstressed. ror instance,

if a displace of dark suits is arranged in the window,
it will be found that the window will be ~ark no matter

how much light is poured onto the suits. if, however,
a light background is used and the extra illumination
is poured onto it, the suits and other dark material
will be silhouetted sharply against the light back-
ground and the value of the display will be greatly
enhanced. These results can only be accomplished by
flexible lighting; flood and spot lights provide this
medium.

fiarvelous effects in imparting atmosphere to wind-
ow displays may be secured by the Judicious use of
colored lights. where carefful application of colored
light on various merchandise is made, striking window
settings my be obtained. sane ral rules to be followed
in the application of colored light are very difficult
to give, because each window disPlay in itself presents
a specific problem requiring special treatment. in
general the best results will be obtained if the light—
ing engineer provides the window decorator with a good,
efficient, flexible layout, leaving the details to him.
It is to that end that the accompanying layouts are
mrzde.

The four furd 8111811138.]. principles which should be
observed in designing show window lighting layouts are:
To conceal the light source; to locate the light source
at the t0p and front of the window; to control the light
by use of the prOpsr reflectors correctly Spaced; and to
use plenty of light - enough to make the window stand
out clearing and attract the passerby. {to these might

well be added a fifth, and that is to provide several
wall, floor and ceiling plug outlets so that other
mwans of lighting may be easily added as required.

the direct type of illumination as used in.show
windows is the most efficient in commercial use at the
present time. the reflectors emit as high as 857-2: of
the generated.light and a good average coefficient of
utilization is .65. rhe usual size of narrow windows
will only require one row of units and.the spacing will
vary from 8 inches to 18 inches depending largely on
the required intensity. rhe quickest way of computing
bulb size and checking the installation is to assign
units at 12 inch spacing; this gives the number of
units; then choose the renuired intensity, from 100
to 500 foot-candles as outlined, and solve the general
formula for the lamp lumens per unit. rhis gives a
choice of the nearest bulb size; if this is too large,
fewer units may be used and they may be spaced.a little
farther apart; or if the reverse is true, several aldi
tional units will bring up the intensity to the prOper
value. rhese should then be equally spaced all armind
the window.

leap windows and high windows will generally re-
quire a double row of reflectors, one of which.is tilted
to concentrate its output on the back area of the window.
An illustration is included to show this method of de-

sign.

 

 

    

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r LOODLI Glil‘lBG BUILDIIJGS

The first step in the design Of a floodlighting
project is to determine the effect desired. in the
case of building illumination it should enchance the
effect striven for by the architect. lecide what por—
tion, or portions are t: be lighted and to what inten-
sity. in area lighting the use to which the area is
to be put will determine the quantity cf light needed.
Another factor which influences the quantity of light
is the neighborhood in which the building is located.
ror buildings located in the central parts or business
districts of large cities, the higher intensities must
be used in order to get the necessary contrast and.make
the building stand out as it should. i-he usual range
of intensities for floodlighting buildings is 10 to 20
foot candles; 25 to 30 foot candles are sometimes used
in the 100p districts downtown or for advertising
purposes. rhese are the favored intensities for bill-
boards and signs.

Having decided upon.the lighting effect desired
the next step is to determine the available locations
for projector equipment. sometine s, particularly in
display lighting, the choice 0f location is very much
restricted and the design is greatly influenced by the
availability Of locations.

in display lighting the concealment cf the equip-

ment is generally of first importance and.locations are

selected with this end in view. the lighting of a build- I
ing with set-backs at various floors offers ideal loca-
tions for mounting projectors which will be invisible to
observers. whey should be mounted inside 01' and just be-
low the t0p cf the parapet so they will be protected and
out Of sight. care should be taken to see that snow,
ice, water, and refuse will not accumulate on them.

when locations for mounting the floodlights are not
available upon the building itself, it is sometime 3 pos-
sible to mount them on adjacent buildings or ones across
the street. A suggested layout for this type of light-
ing is included and the method followed is very evident
from the drawings.

There is another method which is becoming papular
for floodlighting buildings. it is used a great deal
on low buildings and in locations where no other type
of projection can be used. it consists of a lantern
bracket type or projector, the external appearance or
which duplicates the street lighting units used in tie
city where the installation is being made. a very
novel scheme is used for the internal arrangements.
rrovision is made in the base for a 200 or 300 watt
bulb which illuminates the interior 0f the unit and
casts its rays up and down the street as does any ordin—
ary street light. A 500, 7:30 or 1000 watt bulb is
located in the tap cf the unit and is eauipped with

a very efficient reflector, thus directing practically

all the output of the large bulb onto the area to be
illuminated. my mounting these units on posts like
street lights the direct glare is kept out Of the
eyes or the passerby.

on the common width 01‘ sidewalk, standards for
lantern brackets should not be placed closer than 20
feet apart, neither should they be placed directly in
front of the doorways. instead, one should be instal-
led on each side 0f the entrance. rhis adds to the
appearance cf the building and gives the best lighting
layout.

in cases where existing street lights- are of a
certain type it is well to select a lantern bracket
01' similar design so that all will-appear alike.

After choosing a lantern bracket the building and
sidewalk layout should be inSpected to see how many
units can be installed without Spoiling the appearance,
bearing in mind that they cannot be closer together
than 23 feet.

coverage per unit is the next step. in gen ral,

a unit located on the curb Of a usual width sidewalk
placed 12 to lb feet from the wall will illuminate an
area about 20 feet wide by so feet high. this area is
not materially different for any bulb size so it follows
that for high buildings a double bracket will be neces-
sary, that is two units will be mounted on each standard

or post .

the choice of the 530 or 1000 watt lamp depends
almost entirely upon the intensity desired and the
distance to the surface to be illuminated. the use
of 500 watt units for the lower height buildings with
“throws" up to approximately 1b feet, gives satisfact-
ory results. nor the higher buildings, even with aver-
age sidewalks, the 1000 watt units are much more effect-
ive. if the highest order or brightness is desired for
the building the maximum number of 1000 watt units will
be required; this means double brackets every 20 feet.
The 750 watt bulb will be useful in obtaining the medium
intensities. I '

having determined the number of standards and brack-
ets, a bulb size is estimated based on the distance to
the building and the desired intensity. i'his information,
with the building size, enables the foot candles to be
computed as outlined on the blue prints. if the actual
foot candles are materially different from the desired
intenSity, a change in bulb size or a re-arrangement of
units, or both, will accomplish the desired results.
Reference to the blue prints will illustrate how this
is carried out.

This type 01' lantern bracket is used extensiVely in
illuminating gas stations and other such areas where they
Will enhance the beauty 01' the arrangements as well as
efficiently light it. nor this service the 500 watt bulb
has been found to be most satisfactory. i'he units

should be so located that the majority 01' the light is

cast across the flow 0f traffic, thus furnishing illumi-
nation with the least possible glare.

it should be remembered in planning a layout for
any type of floodlighting that evenness of illumination
and complete coverage are most essential. ihe ancunt of
surface a floodlight projector will cover is a function
or the distance from it and.the beam Spread of the unit.
ror our purpose we may group floodlights into four
ge neral cla see 3:

Narrow beam projectors Up to 15° beam spread

fwdium'beam " -'16°'to 29° " "
Wide beam ” - 30° and over
Special beam ” - In.which the hori;ontal

and vertical beam Spreads

are not alike.

the exact beam.Spread required for a specific in-
stallation can be easily determined by mathematical
calculation or by measurement on a sketch drawn to scale .
rhe closer the bank cf projectors to the surface to be
illuminated the larger number of units required. care-
ful reference to the blie print of the floodlighted
tower on the Office building will bear out this statement.
too much can not be said about making a scale drawing
and working up the layout from it. it is fast, accurate,
and easily checked. A reasonable allowance should be
made fOr the overlapping 0f beams at the edges so that

a unifbrm intensity will be maintained.

Attention is called to the iact that there will
.be a small percentage 0f ‘bpill“ light outside of the
published beam spread. under ordinary circumstances
this is perfectly all right and serves to bring up the
intensity of the area between.the units but should it
be desired to eliminate this ‘Spill” light a louvre
may be installed just inside of the lens Whlch will
eliminate all but the main beam, rhese can be pur-
chased from the floodlight manufacturers as extra equip-
ment. A.visor made cf sheet aluminum can also be
furnished where it is only desirable to eliminate
the upward spill light. rhis clips on the outside
cf the front door and is not used in conjunction with
a louvre.

Another feature in.floodlight construction that is
well to mention at this time is in regard to color illu-
mination. Provision is made on practically all units
manufactured at the present time to facilitate clipping
in a color screen behind the present lens which will im-
part color to the beam. rhe screen is made Of a Special
grade of heat resisting glass, designed ior the purpose,
and it will retain its color qualities for an indefinite
period. rhis screen is used regardless of the type of
lens or spread of the beam when color effects are to be

obtained.

.
‘5..-’

one Lean clan iiicaiion to enciu r :s t: CL
tn: type 01 lens, tie type Ll ftiiuC or L;
‘ _"\n l:,f:r.‘-1“.'n_“"-:r‘-.'- -‘ ‘ \ c.1,~" ,
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generatzd LT a plain reilictor Ln plain 1e

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Ci;ncy oi Lh- o. -m atgra es ”J“, u. [all i

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Ladium beams - lbo to spr ad.

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Rorinortel Liam Sp: ad? vary'irom 18
generated .3 a plvin riilcctor and plain in
eiiici;:nc: 2;;4 tntnl efficiency ee.sp
'pide beams - 3 0 been 87? a~ and grin:
Vertinl L;am ipxsnus var; from 2L0 to
horiao Rial Leam spreads vary from $00

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Reflect or gene Horizontal vertical ream i'otal
Prismatic 1: anlite me dium 44° 50° 2:372: 66. 57b
Plain " " 70° 5&0 15w 55%
u in " 70° 15° lbw 55%
Prismatic " " 75° 25° 15 ‘5bfi
" " " 70° 30° lb bew‘

The above special beams are representative of what
can be secured as they were picked from the catalog data
of a reaponsible mnui‘acturer. many other combinations
are being furnished, a complete list 01" each will be found
in the lighting catalogS. V

various sizes cf bulbs are used in the above des-
cribed units. i'hese range from I100 watts to 1500 watts.
with this information and a choice of reflectors practi-
cally every condition may be satiSiied.

‘i'he methOd 0f making a floodlighting layout for a
building is a more or less “cut and try " preposition at
first, but as experience is gained it will be iound to
be a more exact art. As this discussion progresses,
careful reference should be made to the floodlighted
tower of the office building and the computation sheet,
blue prints of which are enclosed; also the floodlighted
theater building.

One thing that always must be kept in mind is uni-
formity of illumination. it follows that the closer the
bank of floodlights to the surface it must illuminate,

the larger the number of units necessary to fulfill the

requirement and the smaller the indiviiual bulb sizes.
when the units can only be placed two to eight feet back
from the surface they are to illuminate, they must be
Spaced not farther than four feet apart, using {>00 or
300 watt bulb depending upon the intensity required.
Quite often it is found necessary to Space units on two
to three foot centers insuring a very complete coverage.
wide or medium wide beams spreads are commonly used ior
this work. As the bank is moved further away IrOm the
surface uniform coverage can be secured with a much
smaller nmnber 0f units, using the same or a smaller
beam spread. in order to maintain the sane intensity
then it becomes necessary to increase the bulb to a 7b0
or 1000 watt size. Longer distances of projection, such
as across a street, or higher than average intensities
will generally require the 1500 watt bulb, unless the
percentage of units to area illuminated is $012 what high
in which case the 1000 watt bulb will be sufficient.

rhe calculations for the necessary number of units
is carried out as follows: consider the distance 01'
projection and the area to be covered,and choose a bulb
size. ‘rhis gives the emitted lumens per unit and sub-
stitution in the general formula with the area to be
illuminated, foot candle intensity, 66.570 efficiency
and an 80;-'a depreciation, readily solves the number of
units Of that size which will be receseary to fuliil

the re quirdme nt s.

gelsct a beam Sp; n; u;::; will ,lTa acceptably uniiozx
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QOLOR FLOODLIGHTLNG

There are two types or color iloodlighting - still
and mobile. the still color iloodlighting installation
is the simpler in design, as it consists of but one
system and is patterned much the same as the still ‘white"
installation. in fact, a "White":floodlighted.building
may readily be colored by inserting color Iilters behind
the lens. colored iloodlights are, on the average, about
002 as efficient as the corresponding;White light so in
order to maintain about the same level or illumination
it will be necessary to increase the bulb sites or in-
stall additional units. I

who simplest still color application is the flood--
lighting oi a building in one color. More complicated
installations may be designed.to flood various portions
or the building in various colors. iwo things must be
Kept in mind, however - iirst, that the use 01 more than
one color calls for harmony in.the colors used; and
second, that the floodlights should be located, ii at
all possitle, so that they are easily accessible for
changing the color filters. this last ieature will per-
mit variance from time to time or the color eiiects pro-
duced. (One good example or this system in Lansing,
Michigan, is the board of water and Light building, on
West Ottawa street. ihis untilizes colors both irom
units on.the building and irom other units in the attic

windows OI the city hall.) Still color Iloodlighting

layouts are designed the same as a 'White"installation
except due allowance must be made for the 50p efficiency
or the color units.

umbile color lighting is the most complicated.but
it provides the finest, most attractive and Spectacular
results, and its design should begin with a study or the
architecture or the building to De Iloodlighted. rhe
medern.type 0i skyscraper with numerous set-backs, pil-
asters and Other forms or architectural adornment offer
exceptional Opportunities to the ingenuity or the designer.
These set-backs also provide ideal locations for the in-
stallation and.concea1ment of equipment which adds charm,
mystery and illusion to the eiiect when viewed Ironlthe
ground.

Mobile color lighting has as its limits only the
number or colors, the Space available for the equipnent
and the anwunt of money available for the installation.
rhe installation should be designed to provide suiiici-
ent flexibility in effect to prevent monotony. The
lighting units should be concealed on the building it-
self as much as possible. Provision should be made for
rapid changes in the arrangement of both color and motion.

ihe intensity or the illumination and.the number or
xloodlights or each color depend.upon the location or
the building and the material of which it is construCted,
the same as ii it were a ’white"installation. each color

system is required to fulfill an.entire individual part in

the program; this means that there must be a full set 01
Iloodlights ior each color designed as explained above.
rhese color units will be named to tether and with the
white units so that as each is individually lighted it
Will produce the desired eiiects.

The installation is Operated by an all electrical
controller which consists Oi cycle dimmers ior the control
of the white systenxand.magnetic contractor switches,
prOperiy synchronized with the Operation of the cycle
dimmers, for controlling the colored light. Ihe action
may be set to make changes of any duration of time de-
sired. As the “wash" system Operates, the white light-
ing is gradually increased Irom Zero to maximum, at which
point its intensity completely washes Out the color and
the building appears in white. one color may be switched
011 and another on without perception or any change to the
onlooker. ihen, as the white system is gradually decreased,
the second color gradually cones up to its full intensity.

Again, the white light increases, washes out the color,
another color takes its place and the white decreases.
this action is constant and according to a predetermined
schedule.

une Oi the outstanding examples of this type of art
is a large bank on which three complete iloodlighting
systems are installed: - l-ned, 2-hlue, Z-white Or un-
colored. ihe control equipment is located in the basement

and is arranged to give twelve color changes in two minute

intervals. uuring this time the building changes Irom
white to red, red.tO white, white to blue, blue to white,
white to red and blue (purple), red and blue to white.
where are also six periods during wh1ch the various tints
Oi red, blue and purple are either increasing Or dimin—
is he (1.

Another ieanre or this system is that various
changes can take place on various portions OI the build-
ing at the same or diiierent times. rhe delicate shades
produced by the increasing and decreasing intensity of
the white system, and the combination shades Obtain-d
by switching on two or three blending colors at the same
thee are beautiiul. rhere is a broad iield and an un-
limited Opportunity ior this type oi illumination.
nesults are dependent upon the Illuminating engineer,
Architect, and electrical Contractor who must work to—
gether to the common end and develbp the sensational
combinations possible with.this form of lighting. rhese
results will more than Justify the increase in cost above

the ordinary type of floodlighting.

‘ - ' .,.,2,,‘, V- ,3- .y. _‘ 4.1 -‘ .h‘ _,, .,
Lille L‘angl .; alt} 0* ‘21. .i 011. J.‘ 00 L. villi 416;; 22.11,;

rloodligiiing ior true chit-‘3 3:11,“; 01 intro it rt diam
Y"S Iirst installed ior a low test games in the iill OI

‘ I ‘3 " 2" -' - “a - ~- 2 ." w ‘\ .‘ .~ - ”a. . :- ~.-r “ .
lvev and the success 01 the trial has 2,82 Lefi be an in-

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1 the <r;.‘tine. rim: initall.aitui,.xiring tree; Limit

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l1 id and it an lOuni adv gable to has an illu _ t d

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bill; 1.8. one ”hich has piiite- rLlie. rue to the

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1213011?“ 01 T113 ,_SLL‘.~L;‘3 at I'll.”

.— .~- I"- -"' Jq- -. ~.,' ~ 2» - 4V ._. -: -. .
credit lo: the (Cilcn and installation 1 n- s uleLfl-u-

1:: stei in illumination belch;g to tto alumni Oi ttzs

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school — h. r. la b d1, tlectrical ht_iheer Oi tzze risk;
seq; ”-J, n" and harry ha:tin 1 Martin and hi; on O mgrqf,
both 02;.metrtit.

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loot Chaires)and is adequate :Or the players to iuhction
vs rapidly as by hey and.tithoit any annoyance ircrn ;lare.

it is not even necessarf to nae an illt_i“‘-cibill. ihe

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locate of tne 0938 01 each corn r tower to iirnisn cur-
r11t to t}: four 110 volt, 10 L a Iloodli_its #2103 are

mounted on the t0p oi each to er. lhlh ¢riziaino ,ood

, - - .. ‘ , 1 .., 1 1 . C”
\uiifiv; L1 113 ion, 9: eLoL orwoi t ' r 1 111313 de

.r‘ . F‘ J- ‘ ' ‘ ‘ - 4 - l J
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0

pLa;e irom tLe traHSIOim r up $29 tower to the u.it:.
'rhc Cantor to ors also Lav: ioa 131E: Lot ti :3 a e 20
A J each; 20 - 1000 Watt, I-BO, lOb ‘UO 1 L 1L3 fire mouzt d

.3 mlmr‘ru '1 “ -~:«, +713” h"?! 0.": - "’ 1o "4'“m“: . "'
an) .1 VQL; ..‘u . , u... <_l L Li...) pdl.) 1U 1... H «5.11. LJ--
are con eot d in ptrgliel, the ioi;r rciLociors ars Gonna fed
in series and Operatv tcrug: the ébfl vo1t empfl?. ihis
Lawn; Lo 1010 Tatt LulM at 10p over voliase and in=rzasos
tLLir lumen output.

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V. .-

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lamyns #0? watt. $12 10 L n lamps Op r313 at u;p_1,imz..1d

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the list grica for

‘.

their :A-rm 1 liie oi 100 hours, an
buib Las bein racintiy reduced iron V1LL.OU to 112*.oo

each, dccrzisinj both the initial and fiaiite niace cost

considerably. the 1000 watt 105 volt i-ZO bulb is burned
1072» above its rated voltage which increased its lumen
output to 30 lumens per watt, or 50,000 lumens per bulb,
but decreases its maximum life to approximately 125 hours.
rhis sytem facilitates maintenance as it limits the use-
ful life of all units to approximately 100 hours, and
theoretically all bulbs will need to be replaced at the
same time. Another feature of the design is that all
units are mounted on trunnion bases and can be easily
swung around for servicing without danger to the main-
tenance man. A set of guides permit their return to the
original location without any further adjustments.

each of the towers if 105 i’eet high, approximately
5-1/2 feet square, and is anchored with a concrete founda-
tion, sunk approximately five feet in the ground. 'i'he
towers are so designed that they are capable of with-
standing 3. 100 mile gale. steel ladders run up the inside
of each tower to a platform located directly beneath the
units which facilitates maintenance.

A complete layout of this important develoPment is
included as it indicates the modern trend for foot-ball
field illumination.

Another interesting feature introduced here is that
2 - 20 inch n.L.11. douse containing 1000 watt bulbs are
mounted oneach tower and pointed toward the stands.

rhese lights are independent of the regular system and

When the main lights go out, the stands will still be
illuminated to a moderate intensity by the six 1000

watt domes on each side.

"the lighting units for this installation are all
special and as yet are not on the market commercially.
It will be found relatively easy to make duplicates,

however, as the dimensions are given on the attached

drawings.

 

7715' UN/Vg/i’J/T)’ 0F 0571’0/7‘ JTHD/Z/M
5537' ZZZ UAW/$247363 F #510 //Y 4.}. .4. - A930

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AREA LIGHIlHu

‘ In this type of lighting it may be said, as a general
rule, that the elimination oi glare is or the utmost im-
portance. une eifective way of reducing annoying glare
is to mount the projectors a sufiicient height above the
surface illuminated. yractically all of the manufacturers‘
catalogs state the beam candle power of their units but
if they do not it will be supplied on request. Beam

candle powers and mounting heights are shown.in the follow-

ing table:
Maximum.beam ‘Minimum.MOunting
candlepower height - rest
10,000 15
20,000 20
50,000 ' 50
100,000 00
200,000 70
500,000 90

In the lighting of parking Spaces, gas stations,
driveways, etc., locating equipment so that it iaces
the flow or trafIic, either in or out, is not recom-
mended. As a general rule the larger portion of light
should be directed.at right angles eras nearly so as
possible, to the direction of traffic.

when lighting an area for Sports, locations should
be chosen so that a minimum number Oi'spectators face
the projectors and.the area is illuminated.evenly over

the playing field. Several examples will be cited.

For playing tennis at night a very high intensity
and even distribution Of illumination are required.
ulare and shadows must be eliminated. A large, Open
type, short range, wide angle floodlight should be
chosen i‘or this work. 1'0 illuminate a single court
prOperly, six units must be used. rhese are mounted
on the tape 01' poles 50 to £0 i’eet high located approxi-
mately 10 feet from the edge of the playing court, one
at each corner of the court and one Opposite the net on
each side. these are directed sharply downward and play
can continue without any discomfort to the players. in
case there are double courts the poles between mist sup-
port two units. 1000 watt INS-52 bulbs will be found
quite satisfactory. as they provide 34 foot candles. use
of 1500 watt units will raise the intensity to 05 foot
candles; this is even more desirable due to tie small-
ness of the ball and the speed with which it moves.

Miniature golf courses have recently come to the
fore and require consideration to that of the tennis
courts except a much lower intensity is required. rho
balls do not move at high rates of speed. might flood-
lights of the short range, Open, wide angle variety
will also do fine work here. nor square ares one unit
. is put at each corner and one in the middle of each side.
courses not larger than 1120 feet square can be lighted with

1000 watt

lamjs to an 13133311“ 01 7.0 lOQt canilm: pr Lgtte'
while those 01 lbL last on a side requzre 1500 watt
bulbs ior the 8am: int n3ity. “ectafi;ular 31:8; sloali
be treated in a imila manner Ly locati “ 10 e3 cirn
the long alu43 ever; to to :0 Test r1tl two unit? per
pole. rhese units rhcrld be mounted a niniru; 01 as
Ieet above the ground. a much better Iigur: is 30 to
en ieet as 11 Lite; hush better QletllbillQE o; llght.
short range ilOOdliLnts uh; also be used 101 this type
01 lighting, best results oeir: obta1hed w;:n a Ianlize

or spreading LME313 used, \

uoli ariwdjygtraz;es are :xn?t illflfllUSiQU‘Lgvffl dium

m

and long range :locdlights. alter zany 1e ts a certain
ilOOJllvht cospany recon ends the iollowin; layr:ut. ror
each :0 ieet oi ridth 01 the driving range install/One

nole be Is t L15; Tltn iour unit; on it. 1Y0 units have

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have a 1000 watt u-eu bulb and a clear lens. ihe Spgeau
lens units illurinute the 1m 01 te more dt‘ounu and air
Ixrnile light lL'Um the directnd'type LIIil‘LS cog-11‘ iiiLU—j 0:35:10-
to cover the last 2311 o; the com se, ire” lbv b0 nub
Wards. nr1v1ng re“, n‘r‘:~.goncrally shoeilgg'2*;n‘
deso. ll the 1933 are unsoverai he poles ghoulo oe
placed arout be lest back as this allots spill llvub 1r0m

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Aviation Field Lighting

For this type of lighting, the fundaments can again
be stated in terms or lumens or light or foot candles de-
livered per square foot or area. Certain illumination
values have been.fixed.by the united states Government as
minima which must be met before a field can receive its
license. before one attempts to design a layout f0r an
airport he should familiarize himself with the regula-
tions as outlined.in.the bulletin “Airport mating segu-
lations“. A cOpy of this bulletin may be obtained.by
writing the Aeronautics nranch of the lepariment of
commerce in Washington.

The important lighting equipment Ior an airport may
be grouped into three general divisions: beacons,
marker lights and.landing field floodlights.

Beacon lighting is an application or the principles
of marine lighting with a thought to the additional dis-
tribution of light into the vertical plane, on account
of airplanes travelling in three dimensions. each air-
port must be supplied with a rotating beacon which
rotates in a counter clock-wise direction.at the rate of
6 revolutions per minute. A common unit to use for this
service has a 24 inch.reilector and accommodates a 1000
watt, 110 volt f-20 bulb. rhis provides a 3,000,000 candle
power beam and can be seen for from 10 to 80 miles de-

pending on the weather conditions.

Marker lighting, which covers boundry, approach,
Obstruction, and roof sign lighting, is an application
of the principles of good sign lighting practice. All
of these lighting fixtures are standard equipment by
the various manufacturers and are listed in their cata-
logs so that they nay be purchased as units. no Special
theory is involved in their application except that the
floodlighting of the roof and walls of the hangers should
be carefully carried out as outlined in the section de-
voted tO floodlighting of buildirgs.

Landing field floodlighting is the most talked about,
the most expensive, and many times the most unscientific
part of an installation.

i‘he fundamental considerations Of satisfactory land-
ing field floodlighting, in their order Of importance,

are t he following:

1. Low vertical divergence of the beam

2. uniform illumination Of the field.

5. Sufficient intensity of illumination
on the field.

rhe reason for the low vertical divergence is quite
evident when consideration is given to the fact that it
is much easier to look from a dark place into a brightly

illuminated area than it is to see after one gets into the

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however, should the units be mounted higher than 80 feet
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does not remedy the shadows, or else spread the units
along one side and even up the lighting as much as pos-
sible. reference to the type ”L" and “'1'” airports included
will illustrate this method.

it is well, wherever possible, to illuminate the port
from one side and one end, the locations being chosen such
that with the prevailing winds the maj ority Of landings
can be trade either across or with the beam. Unly the one
bank of lights need be used in normal wind and weather
but when it is foggy the second bank will help consider-
ably by bringing up the average intensity.

Among other things, the government requires that to
obtain an A-l-A rating an airport must be a minimum Of
250 leet square and have a minimum 01' .15 foot candles
of illumination on the vertical surface at all points on
the usable portion 01‘ the field. it follows that if the
field is 5000 feet square, it still must have the minimum
01' .10 foot candle as called for in the requirements.
i-his mcre than doibles the work Of the lighting engineer
because he is not allowed any larger vertical divergence
or higher mounting height than befOre and he has twice
as far to project the light. An analysis 01 the results
obtained with the high intensity are will show a standard

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the classii'ying 01’ an electric i‘ountain under build-
ing illumination or area lighting would be hard to Justify
so it will be referred to as "Space Lighting ” because that
explains more nearly what actually takes place in a
fountain.

being given a fountain, either one which has many
water efiects or just the one change, the task or illumi-
nating it is comparatively easy. ihe lighting units are
submerged in the water basin out oi" sight and they pro-
ject their beams upward into Space where they pass through
the streams or water and spray giving the very pleasing
appearance with which we are all iamiliar. Additional
colors are furnished by extra sets on: lighting unit s. All
OI the lighting units are, as a rule, connected to a
cyclic dimmer so that the water is brilliantly lighted
in ever-changing colors 01’ red, amber, green and blue as
it rises and falls.

To give a better idea 01' the equipment usually used,
the mnuiacturer 01 one line 01 iountains lists the follow-
ing as the standard line. i‘he smallest has 9 projectors
and provides 7 colors and 7 water eiiects - 49 changes in
7 minutes. rhis installation uses 2320 watt bulbs while
all of the others use 1000 watt bulbs. next comes the lb
projector Iountain. it has 10 color and 6 water efiects -
60 changes in 6 minutes. thirty-rive projectors Iurnish
illumination to the next larger size and it has 12 color

and 8 water effects which t aT-Ie place in a l!) miuu" ;- cycle.

ihis one is particularly effective with its 70 foot
central geyser. ihe largest one and by iar the most
pretentious boasts sixty-three 1000 watt prujectors,
which furnish 12 colors to a water effects, 96 changes
in a 10 minute cycle. rhe largest also has a 70 foot
central geyser and harmonizes well either in a large
basin or as a lake type.

The projectors should be arranged uniformly around
the fountain and located at the places Which will pro-
duce the most inclusive efiects on the water. this can
easily be decided.by drawing a diagram of the water pat-
tern created by the fountain and placing the floodlights
at the base oi the Spill water. minor re-arrangements
after putting the fountain in service will correct any

apparent defects.

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The foot-candle values given in the following pages correspond
to present standards for different classes of industrial operations,
offices, stores, etc. They are merely an index to good practice.
In most cases, where higher foot-candle values than shown in this
table are being used, it is found that the benefits derived more than
offset the slightly increased cost. The desirable illumination for
any particular installation depends upon actual conditions, such as
the accuracy of the operation, the fineness of detail to be observed,
the color of the goods worked on or handled, and, in the case of
stores, the advertising value resulting from the attractiveness of a
well-lighted interior.

TABLE No. 5

Present Standards of Foot-Candles of Illumination for
COMMERCIAL INTERIORS

Foot-Candles Foot-Candles
Rewmmended Recommended

Good Mini- ' Good Mini-
Practioe mum Practice mull

mesheds 10 6 Dance Halh ............... 6 4
mammal. iiiiih'i'. : : : : : :1: 12 8 ”30'9”? 6 4

. aItIn oom ..........

A” 6311”“: Operausn Oflioe ......... 12 8
General. .. ............... 5 3 Dental cilan- ,,,,,,,,,,,, so 25
On Panntmgs ............ 25—100 10 Depot—Waiting Room 8 5

Auditonums .............. 5 3 Drafting R ........... 25 15

Automobile Show Rooms. . . 15 10

B ank' Elevators:

lobby .................. lo 6 “‘3'“ and Pmnw - ' - - 6 ‘
Cases and Ofiices ........ 15 10 Fire Engine House:

Barber Shop .............. 15 10 When Alarm is turned in . . 8 5

Base Ball—Indoor Game. . . 15 10 At Other T """"" 3 2

Basket Ball ............... 15 lo Gmmmbiw 3

Bowling: Live 8 S
OnAlley,RunwayandSeats 8 5 Repair Dept. and Washing 15 10
On Pins ................ 25 15 G

ymnasiums:
Billiards—General ......... 6 4
Main Exercising Floor.. 12 8
On Table """" 25 15 Swimming Pool .......... 8 5
Cars: Shower Rooms .......... g :
_ Locker ooms ...........
Fuji)“. “mm? C°‘_‘°h _ Pffi s 5 Fencing. Boxing, Wratling 12 a
Halls, Paasageways in In-
Bag Racks ............ 12 8
genera Cases .......... 12 12 uriors .................... 3 2
Street. Railwaya-lid sub-way 10 6 :andball ................. 25 15

Churches: capitals:

Auditorium ............. s 2 Ebb}; and “00°qu 30°!!! 6 4
$1134”, Scrilool Room ..... lg 3 arm ors ............... 3 2

mt or ostrum ....... _
in Glass Windows ...... 25.5.: 15 3233;) 3'31}. 10°31. film 5 3
Private Rooms .......... 8 5

Claim, Rooms 5 3 Night. Illumination... . 0. 2 0.1
3023?; "[155; """""" 12 3 Operating Table ......... loo-zoo 7s

""""" OperatingRoom......... 15 10
Court Room .............. lo 6 Laboratories ............ 15 10

13

 

 

 

 

 
  
 

 

 

 

 

FOOT- CANDLES REQUIRED
TABLE No. 5 (Continued)
Present Standards of Foot-Candles of Illumm' ation for
COMMERCIAL INTERIORS (Continued)
Foot-Candles Foot-Candles
Recommended Recommended
Good Mini- Good Mini-
Practice mum Practice mum
Hotels: Two to four
Lobby .................. g 5 Show Cases ............... times that 0!
Dining Room ........... 6 4 store proper
Ki ................ 10 6 Show Windows:
Bed Rooms ............ 8 5 t1Cities——
Corridors ............... 3 2 Brig 3y Li?3 ted District. 150 100
Writing Room ........... l2 8 usiness Loca- 75 50
[mn Rooms ......... l2 8 id“ Eoodr Stores """ 50 30
Start com. . 6 4 Rigging“? District. :3 :3
Vol tores .....
“d" “mm“ """""""" 6 ‘ smuu Cities and Towns... so so
Lunch Room .............. 12 8 .Li hting to Reduce Day-
k llig t WIndow Reflections. 200—1000
”It at ................... 12 8 Sto D t t d
res— epar men an
Moving Picture Theatre Large Specialty--
During Interim-non ------ 5 3 Main Floors” ..... . . .. 15 lo
Dunne Pi --------- - - 0-1 Other Floors ............ 12 a
Museum: Basement Store. . . . . 15 10
General ................. 8 5 Storm—Medium Size:
Special Exhibits ......... 25—100 10 ..... . ............... 12 8
0m Buildinw meters-.22: ii 3
Private and General 01300-- Book ................... 12 a
Close Work ............. 15 10 China , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12 8
No Clo-o Work .......... 10 3 Cigar. . ................. 15 10
File Room -------------- 6 4 Clothing ................ 15 10
Vault .................. 6 4 Confectionery ........... 12 8
“00013150“ 1100111.. 6 ‘ Dairy Products .......... 12 8
WOW 3mm.“ff'is::::::::::::: 1% 13
° 'M zlin """"" :2 6 Dry Goods .............. 15 10
a1 3' etc '''' 10 1% Electrical Supply ........ 15 10
{nd General 0mm. 15 10 F . .................. l: I:
deeult ----- 6 4 "'“'.'::::::::::::::: ii 8
“d Stau'ways. ' 3 2 Masher)! ........... 15 10
Railway: Hardware ............... l2 8
D0 t—Waiu'ng Room. . _ a 5 at .................... :2 {.0
Ti etOflices ........... 12 8 122th WHH'dh """" a 0
Rest Room, Smokin Room 8 5 T er, ‘m “3" an 12 8
BusmC‘mm aim-12 8 :u'..““"£i1:::::::::::::: 12 a
Star torage """"""""" 6 ‘ Millinu’y ............... 15 10
C°".°°“"° ------------- 6 4 Music ................ 12 a
Tram Platform """"" 4 2 Votions ................ l2 8
Restaurants ............... 8 5 Pizza .................. g I:
Rauluet .................. 25 15 S '- "" Go " ‘ o ' d s 12 8
Schools: ailor .................. 15 10
Auditorium ............. 8 5 T°b.°°°° ---------------- 15 1°
Clo; Rooms, Library and Vanety Store ............ 15 10
.................. 12 8 Telephone Exchanges:
Corridor: and Stairway- 5 3 Operating Rooms ........ s 5
Drawing ................ 25 15 Terminal Rooms _________ 12 3
-mw1reeq ------------ g g Cable Vaults ............ 6 4
mail; Rx?” -------- ,5 15 Tennis (Indoor) ........... 25-50 15
lltudy Room—Duh and Theatres:
Blackboards ............. 12 8 Auditorium ............. 3 2
mm“ <Ind°°r> ------ 8 5 3:151:33323313 ii 3
Squash ................... 25 15 Toilet and Washroom ..... 6 4

 

 

 

 

Aisles. Stairways. Panage-
ways .....................
Alemhling:
R h ..................
M%m. . . . . .' ..........

Fine ...................
ExtraFine ..............

Automobile Manufacturing:

Automatic Screw Machines
Assembly Line ..........
Frame Assembly .........
w Mfikingf. ...........
y an acturing—
Amembly. Finishing and
Inspecting ..............

Bakeries ..................
Book Binding:
Folding. Amemhling. Past-

Chemical Works.
Hand Furnaces. Boiling
Tanks. Stationary Driers.
Stationary or Gravity Crys-
tallizing ................
Mechanical Furnaces. Gen-
erators and Stills. Mechan-
ical Driers. Evaporators.
giltratfioon. hg'eclgglnical
rys mng. lea
Tanks for Cooking.n%x-
tractors. Percolators. Ni-
trators. Electrolytic Cells.

Clay Products and Cements:
Grinding. F iltfl' PM.
iln Rooms

Color and Glazing .......

Cloth Products:
iCutting. Inspecting. Sew-

Pruning. Cloth Treating
(Oil Cloth. etc. )—
Goods.

Light. -
Dark Goods” ...........

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

 

 

TABLE No. 5 (Continued)

Present Standards of Foot-Candles of Illumination for
INDUSTRIAL INTERIORS

Foot-Candles
Recommended
Good Mini-
Practice mum _
3 2
5 5
I2 8
20 12
50-1” 25
15 10
15 10
I2 8
20 12
50-100 25
12 8
8 5
l2 8
15 10
12 8
12 8
5 3
6 4
10 6
5
8 5
10 6
15 10
15 10
50-1“ 25
12 8
20 12
5 3

15

Comtruction—
Indoor General ..........

Dairy Products ............

Electric Manure“:
Storage Bat Rolding
ofGrids.Charg1ngR
Coil and Armature Wind-
ing. Mica Working. Insu-
lating Processes ..........

Elevator—Freight and Pas-

Forge Show and Welding”

Foundries

Charging Floor. Tumbling

Cleaning.

Shaking Out ............

Rough Molding and Core
akIn .................

Fine Molding and Core

Making

sssssssssss

Live
Repair Dept. and Washing

Glass Works:

Mix and Furnace Room.
Pressing and Lehr. Gla-
Blowing Machine .......
Grinding. Cutting Glam to
1»... 33'2"" ' pom...

e nn Ing.
Bevelinig. Inspection. Etch-
an ......
aaaCutting (Cut G1“).
Gnspecting FIne ..........

Glove Manufacturing:
Light. Goods—
Cutting. Preaaing, Knitting
Sorting. Stitching. Trim-
32%de and inspecting .....
Gm.—

Cutting. Pressing. Knitting
Sorting. Stitching. Trim-
ming and inspecting .....

Hat. Manufacturing:
Dyein. Stifl'ening. Braid-
ing. caning and Refin-

Foot-Candles
Recommended
Good Mini-
Practice mum
5 5
12 8
10 6
20 12
5 5
50-1“ 25
10 6
8
10
15 10
3 2
8
15 10
10 6
12
15 10
25-50 15
12 B
15 10
15 10
50-100 25
10 6
15 10
12 8
15 10
10
50-100 25

db.-
.

.. .o .
___' r_...—.

 

Mfm'marur ..I

   

 

 

Meanings REQUIRED

 

TABLE No. 5 (Continued)

Present Standards of Foot-Candles of Illumination for -
INDUSTRIAL INTERIORS (Continued)

 

 

16

 

Foot-Candles Foot-Candles
Recommended Recommended
Good Mini- Good Mini-
Practice mum Practice mum
Ice Making: MilHng—Grain Foods:
Engine and Comprmor 10 6 Cleaning. GrIn' dmg' and 8 5
. . .................. fingw . . orR. ..... g. Z l2 8
M8: rading ........... 25 15
Rough .................. 10 6 05m:
fizzlmm ................ g :{(5) Pr'nta; an 2 Gen eral— 15 lo
................... one or
Ext-a FIne .............. 50—100 25 No Close Work .......... 10 8
Usually mui Drafting Room .......... 25 15
' t reflections
Polished Surfaces ..... . . . rom speci Packing:
100““! “8'" Crating ................. 6 4
'°‘“‘°° ' g ................. lo 6
Jewelry and Watch Manu- 1m 25 PaIn' t. Manufactunn' g ....... 10 6
factunng ................. 50— Paint Shops-
Laundries and Dry Cleamng° 12 8 Riing 3."! mulls. “maid 3 5
. _ M3118 and Fi ing. 12 8
Leather Manufacturing. Fine and Painting and
Vats.. .......... . ........ 5 5 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15 10
Cleamng. Tanmng and Extra FIne Hand Painting
Stretchinl‘gl. . .. ........... 6 4 and Finishing Automobile
Cutting. uhmsandstufl- m 6 es. Piano .emn) 50-100 25
mung. unseen; ' " 15 10 Papa- Box Manufacturing:
light ................... lo 6
Leathu' Workmg: D ark ................... 12 8
12"“!in Winding and Storage of Stock ......... 5 3
lhgha'mt ‘— 12 8 Paper Manufacturing:
IDuIIIIIIIIIIIZiIiifiII 15 10 33m Machino.GrindinI 13 ‘6
ding end ering .............
3;... ' Nag.“ lung. Cut- Finishing. Cutting and
LigIIt ................... 15 10 Wilma-W12 3
Dark ................... 50-100 25 Plating ................... 8 5
Locker Rooms ............. 6 6 Polishing and Burnishing. . . 12 I
- . Power Plants. Engine Rooms,
"mm .M c... 3......
m ”n“ ‘ “° 10 ‘ Boilers. Coal andAsh
Main; am "In 'M'al Ignatius- Stowe Batu-w
chine work ' Ordin A “w .................
matic Machina. ough gmtgm d pment 0‘1 8
Grinding. Medium Bumng 3'" esand‘ "Wilma-5'
and Pohstm ........... 15 10 “W Emma, -
Fine Bench and Machine craters. Blowers. Compres- 1
Work. .Fliisziutonéaticdfia- sors .................... 0 6
a. um nn g. - -
Fine Basin and Polishing 20 ““1““ Mum”
Extra Fine oh and Ma- Meltn'xms and Casting.
chine Work. Grindingmne Miscellaneous Machines.
Work‘” 50.100 35 Prensa ................. 12 8
'Proolfgilleading. .Lithograph- 15 10
. I ectrotyping .......
Meat Packmg Linotype. Monotype.’1‘ype-
8180811561111 ............ 8 5 fitting 1mm Stone.
880mm: utfinguCook Engraving .............. 50-100 :5
ing ................ 12 I Reca'ving and Shipping ..... 6 4

 

 

’* I * FOOT-CANDLES REQUIRED

TABLE No. 5 (Continued)

t0“ for Present Standards of Foot-Candles of Illumination for
’ INDUSTRIAL INTERIORS (Continued)
FWI'C‘ndb Foot-Candles Foot-Candles
Rmmd“ ‘ Recommended ecommended
G004 “int Good Mini— Good Mini-
P'am ““3 Practice mum Practice mum
Rubber Manufacturing and Store and Stock Rooms:
d 5 MUG“: . Rough bulky material” 3 2
' Calendars. CompoundIng Medium or fine material
‘2: I: agile? CFabric Prre oration. requiring care ........... 5
utting. ing a-
chines. SOlld Tire O 8' SLI’IJCUJI’RI Steel Fabrica-
gogfii Mecghimical. 00 ll ‘2 8 1.1011 ...................... 10 6
u mg. u camzms- - - S G .............
IS 10 Bead Building. Pneumatic “88" rading 25 15
12: ‘2 TireIBuildrin and Finish- Towns:
' ins. nner ‘u 8500. IR ..................
Mechanical , Trim- 1591?”. ................. I: 13
ming. Trending .......... 15 10 IEan Fine Instruments
1: : Metal Works: Sonia. etc .............. 100 25
Miscellaneous Machines. Textile Mm“
I0 6 Ordinary Bench Work. . . . I2 8 (Cotton)— .
Punches. Presses. Shears. 09011108 and , L8 9108-
Stem .Welders.Spinning. Card ins Drawms- rams.
,. 3 5 Fine nch Work ........ 15 10 Roving. Dy eins . 8
nd Tin Plate inspection ..... 25 15 SPOS’liDg SpInmngw Draw'
12 g Ing-In. Varping. Weaving.
m, Shoe Manufacturing: uillins. Inspecting. Knit-
.. 15 10 Hand Turning. Miscella- 2:5’ Slashing (over beam
M um Bench and Mach“), oSilk ................... 12 a
dc Work .................. 12 a (w. 3;" Thro . D
50-10" 25 fispectgiigfnd Sortilngsflaw m ng. Mug. ’6' 12 8
ateri ZuttIng. ting .....................
and welung (Light) ...... 15 10 9”“ “(f FWW'WL- wee"
lo 6 InspectingandSortingRaw iLDiK atnGInIshIng15 1
1: 33 Material. Cutting. Stitch- Dgrbk Gomod‘l """""" 20 1(5)
1118 (Dark ) .............. 50‘1“, 25 evasiflen); k w
- . ar ing. 'c ing. ashing
. 6 6 80:22:11? fizmngCutUng 3F“!- Combin D '. ------ 6 4
Io 6 Egoap Chip and Powder. ' s 5 0:33:33: wfififlfi' " lo
I tamping. rappin -
12 ' Packing. Filling “(1%):6? [Digit (€303: ........... lg 13
g 5 ing Soap Powder. 10 6 geafiag— .............
g t oods ............ 12 8
12 I SW1 and "9“ ”"15 BF" Dark Good... 20 12
Sheet and WIre Products. Knitting Machines. 15 10
Soaking Pits and Reheating """"
Furnaces ............... 3 2 Tobacco Products.
Charging and Casting Drying.S tripgong. General 3 2
33:15 and Hen. . . H.011}. g . 6 Grading and rtmg ..... 25 15
n .
5 3 gliwfling' rou [I] 3, gauge. Toilet and Wash Rooms. . . . 6 4
8 5 0 mg and caning. 8 5 Upholstering'
Plate Inspection. Chip ing 25 15 . '
Automatic Machines. ed. Automobde. Coach and
lo 6 {65“ Bad Coldssouing: FurnIture ............... 15 10
Ire ramng. coring. ouse
fine by line .............. 12 8 Wareh """"""""" 3 2
, Woodworking:
gimme: L ., m“ Rough Sewing and Bench
12 8 Belt Conveyor Tubes. Work .................. 8 5
Main Line Shafting. Sizing. Planing. Rough
15 10 Spaces. Chute Rooms, In- Sanding. Medium Machine
side of Bins ............. 3 2 and Bench Work. Gluing.
Primary Breaker Room. Veneermg. Coopera l2 8
50—100 25 Auxiliary Breakers “Dd“ Fme Bench and achIne
BIns ................... 5 3 Working. Fine Sanding and
6 ‘ Screen Rooms ........... 8 5 meh .................. 15

 

 

 

 

l7

 

 

 

FOOT- CANDLES REQUIRED

 

 

 

TABLE No. 5 (Continued) '

Foot-Candles “lamination for

OUTDOOR LIGHTING

These values are included for reference purposes although the special
considerations of design are not covered in this bulletin.

Foot-Candles Foot-Candles
Recommended Recommended
Good Mini- Good Mini-
Practice mum Practice mum
Automobile Parking Spaces. 1 0.5 632%"??? fi‘f‘f‘f‘fi'fi . ._ 15 10
Baseball Diamond (Indoor Yard and Driveways ..... 4 2
Game) ................... 10 9 "moo Pitching ........ 6 4
Basket Ball ............... 6 4 Ice Hockey ............... 3 5
Bathing Beaches ........... l 0.5 Loading Docks ............ 3 2
Bulletin and Poster Boards: Lumber Yards. . . .. . . 1 0.5
Bright Surroundings— Mggrdromes: 3 2
Light Surface ........... 30 20 "n5 """""""""
Dark Surface ............ 50 30 MTMCk """ (See ' B :ld: - - 15 10
Dark Surroundings— onuments uI Ing
Light Surface ........... 15 10 ELMO")
Dark Surface ............ 30 20 F b (S L d'
Boxing: reig t ee oa Ing
Seats ................... s 2 Docks)
Ring ................... so so Pal-onset --------------- 4 2
Building: Playgrounds .............. 4 2
Construction Work ...... 6 4 Polo ..................... 8 5
Excavation ------------- 2 1 Prison Yards .............. 5 2
3:101:12:ng glad Mon- Protective Industrial ....... 1 0.5
Bri ht Smdmu— Quarriu .................. 3 2
Li t Surface ........... 10 6 Railway Yards:
Dark Surface ............ 20 15 General ................. 0.25 0.15
Dark Surroundings— Scale House ............. 3 2
Light Surface ........... 6 4 Roque .................... 6 4
Dark Surface ............ 12 8 Signs—Painted (See p0.”
Church Windows (Art Glam) 25-50 15 Boards)
Cirszias: 2 Ship Yard Construction. . . . 6 4
t! ................... -
I a ................. 10 6 Skating ................... 2 1
Storage Yards ............. 1 0.5
Clock Golf ................ 10 6 . .
C net 6 4 Smmming Pools ........... 5 3
. """""""""" 2 1 Target Shooting ........... 20 15
”"1“. '5’“ """"""""" Tennis Court .............. 25-50 15
Dnll F Ields ............... 3 2 T I Slidm 2 l
a?! n'.'°°dh‘h“d 25 5° ‘5 Traflic Officers ............ so 10
Practice ................ 6 4 Trap Shooting ............ 15 10
Games ................. l2 8 Volley Ball ................ 15 10

STREETS AND THOROUGHFARES

Lamp Lumens per
near Foot of

Street
Business District: -
White Way—Large City ............................................ 500-2000
Small City ............................................ zoo-500
Park Boulevards ..................................................... 50-100
Thoroughfares and Wholesale Districts ................................. 50—min
Residence Streets ..................................................... 20—40
Outlying Districts and Alleys .......................................... 5—10
Highways ........................................................... 10—20

18

 

 

- alr’t'lal

(undies
amended

M ini-
e mum

Q

'04-'30 Us- I:

c

9
'°UINQ1NI~O

’3
U1

‘ lg;-

 

5)" ~x-r- ..___.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Illumination on Horizontal Surfaces is a prime
requisite in offices, drafting rooms and those shops where
the problem is to rovide the best illumination for sustained
vision of flat sur aces on the horizontal or slightly oblique
planes in which papers, books and other flat ob'ects are
usually examined. For relative performance 0 various
units compare coefficients of utilization for any given
condition.

Illumination on Vertical Surfaces is essential in
many industrial operations where working surfaces are
in vertical or oblique planes. It is likewise important in
stores with vertical shelving, rug racks, etc., in art museums,
library stock rooms, office file rooms. Without an ple-
mentary units, the illumination on vertical surfaces rom
ordinary general lighting units is of the order of one-half
to one-third of the horizontal illumination values.

J

Ap earance of Lighted Room refers only to the
general) or casual efl'ect produced by the complete system,
and is not intended to rate the unit as to satisfaction from
the standpoint of good vision or freedom from eye fatigue.

Direct Glare is the most frequent and serious cause
of bad lighting. It results among other things from
unshaded or inadequately shaded light sources locawd
within the field of vision, or from too eat contrast
between the bright light source and a dark ackground or
adjacent surfaces. Glare should be avoided by the use
of proper reflecting and diffusing equipment.

Reflected Glare from polished working surfaces is
particularly annoying because of the necessity of directing
the eyes toward those surfaces, and further because the
eyes are by nature especially sensitive to light rays from
below. The harmful effects of this specular reflection can
be minimized by properly shielding from below or diffusing
the source.

Shadows, that is, differences in brightness of surfaces,
are essential in observing objects in their three dimensions,
but are of little or no value in the observation of flat
surfaces. Where shadows are desirable, they should be
soft and luminous, not so sharp and dense as to confuse
the object with its shadow.

Maintenance Requirements depend upon contour of
reflector, construction of fixture, and average maintenance
conditions. The rating is based upon the likelihood of
breakage, the labor involved in maintaining the units at
comparable degrees of efficiency, and indication given
of need of cleaning.

21

 

 

. till: i. I.‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

: um an 6.6. 6.6.6. 56.56.556.555 6.6.6.550. 6.0.5500 0.50022 552555. n”2.5.55.5
_ «a N 00 000 0.000 000000 000001 000111 001111 111111 lllllL m
“a I. L m o
__ I S o s v u
M _ M m .2 6.6.6. 6.6.56.0 6.6.6.500 6.6.5552 6.0.0222 5022.55 522555255550. 5.50.500 .m n.
_“ I m 19...” MM 000 00000 000000 000011 00.11.11. 01.11.11 1.11111 11.1222 1.12222. m M
v. R I a w
m m m mun 6.6.6.5 555.550.555.500. 8.8.0.525. 8.0.0.2.25. 0.2.5.5.5.5. 22550.0. 550.0.0.0. 50.0.555 n o.
w 7% 2B X 0000 000001 000011 001111 011111 111111 111122 112222 12222.2. .m w
. .l .1
__ T murn m m% m 6.6.6.350. 6.6.50.0.0. 8.8.0.0.22 0.0.2555. 0.21550. 2.50.0.0.0. 55.0.0.0.0. 0.5.5555 0.50.000 n
_. C m “m m on M 000001 000.111 00.1111 111111 111112 112222 112222 222222 223&&&
l
R A m
0 m% .mrn R 6.8.50.0.2. 330.225. 8.0.2.2.55 0.25.550. 2.5.50.0.0. 50.0.0.5.5. 0.0.5555 55.0.0.0.0. 5.0.50.0.0 0.0.0.0.0
“m 6 2” am. 000111 001111 011111 111122 111222 122222 222222 223333 23333534444u
1 . 9
E n w I
. m 0 mva .mrn 8.8.0.225 0.52255. 0.2.2.550. 2.55.0.0.0. 55.0.0.0.5..0.0.555.5. 0.5.5500. 5000.00. 0.0.0000 0.0.000 n
_ m 01 m 001111 111111 111112 111222 112222 222222 222233 23.3333 33.5.4.4...m 444.5.5.
_ R T 11.. 8
_ u l I
m N M% Mu" 0.0.2250. 2.2.5550. 2550.0.0. 50.0.0.55 n~0.555.0. 5550.0.0. 50.0.0.0.0. 0.0.0.0.0.0. 000.0.00 00000
t R s9 s7. 111112 111122 111222 122222 222223 222333 233333 334444 4.4.5555. 55.5.5.5.fl
9 7
u r m
c D .5 .5n.new.5222222222..222.22....manganese.“
. m m nu MM no i n-.. a... o .. so .. on u on to. 5mm 5mm 2..
8H s m
.1
. - L cl 8 R
E . M t s L n
M m m mm... m n
01 \I \II \I \I )
m n 2... “we.“ on om m rm rm m n n m
o l
R be DM mu. 9% 1» mm 1m 1H mm u .05 um r
O (\ 0 I. I. 1 It ( ( o
o a 0 R w
FU FU
—
_
o .—
..n
.2

 

 

" km

3‘

ROOM EFFICIENCY AND REFLECI‘OR CHARACTERISTICS

“STICS

TABLE 6
ROOM INDEX FOR LARGE HIGH ROOMS

X1115

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 I111!

 

In)

 

 

 

 

111“ 1 01-1 II. “4.1 . o. I. In! 1.2.131111.
u 6.5 555 6.6.6.6. 5550.5 5550.2 55220. 0.0.0.0. 20.22 0.225
"w 00 000 0000 00000 00000 00001 011.... 0111 1111
m 555 6.6.6.6 6.6.6.0. 5550.20. 5550.50. 00.0.0.2 25m22 0.25.5 2555 2550.
"a.“ 000 0000 0000 000000 000011 00111 01 1 1111 11.11 1112
mm aw 555 6.555 6.56.0.0. 55550.0. 500.050. 0.0.5022 0.0.225 525.55 255.5 550.0. 50.05.
fl 5 000 0000 00000 000000 000111 001111 01111 11111 11.12 1122 1222
w“ an m 5555 5555 55550.0. 55050.0. 255222 05025502555 2550.0. 50.0.0. 0.555 0.550.
.010 mu N 0000 0000 000001 000011 011111 011111 11111 11122 1222 2222 2223
l
m .o. M 55556.0. 55500.0. 50.20.50. 0.20.022 0.0.2555 0.25555 25.0.0.0. 55.0.0.0. 0.555. 5500. 5.0.0.0.
3” "m m 000000 000001 000111 001111 11.1111 1.11111 11222 11222 2222 2233 2333
1 R
my mum 55000.2 500.222 0.0.2255 0.22555 2555.50 5500.00. 50.555 055.55 50.0.0 0.0.50 50.00.
fl 4.“ 0000.11 0011.11 01.1111 1.11111 111222 112222 12222 22222 2333 3344. 3444.
1
mm mun 20.0025 20.5225 0.25555 22550.0. 55550.0. 555555 55555 50.0.0.0. 0.555 0.0.50 0.0.50.
"H mm 001111 011111 111111 111122 112222 122222 22222 23333 3333 4444 4555
mun mun 002555 0.22550. 25050.0. 550555555555 5550.50 550.00. 0.0.0.00. 0.0.50. 00.00 00.0.0.
“m on LLLLLL 111112 112222 112222 222229- 223333 33333 33333 4‘44 5555 5555
l
} } gm
8t 8t u) 0L w
.. .. p .. m m mg m mm mp
mm. m.“ .3 mmmmm u 3%..“ MM“? .mmwmm 0 Mwmmm 0 mmwm a mum 0 Mum 0 mm 0 5.. “am 0
to to,
h a .n 0 mm 1 .5» .. 5.. $5 555 555» 455$ .555m 555m 555m 555m 555m
0'
L u g R
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.3. kw 5. 4m 7% mm 5.0. m5. 59 2 m5 m7 s» m
1 DM m0 1.... 16 5 n m m 4 w m 7w ..
I_\ 1 1 1 ( I.\ ( I.\ ( I.\ I-\ o
mu m u w < < < _
FU FU R W
b 66 .060 0.06.0. 6.0.0.553. 0.5.6330 0.93000
M3 1” 00 00.0 00.0.0 000000 000.001 0.00111 MMMMUM M02555. 0.2.5555
1 11111 llLLLl. M
. 1 11 1 | 1 1 a. 1111.111
111111111/1
m m2 660 60668666088008.8002 000211001255 0.2.2555. m
1% 410 000 00000 00000000001100111101111111111LH”50.0.0.550000 .9
2 11 1.0.0.... 1Ln.n.in. n

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE No. 7
A GUIDE TO THE SELECTION OF REFLECI'ING EQUIPMENT
RELATIVE FOOT-
CANDlI-fgfpoglgEGWEN APPEAR- RE-
........ 0.552.: 2..." men .55
1100" SURE
03 On
1101100011 mm
Direct Lighting—General Industrial Reflectors
1 A
m. A B B B+ B B+ A —
White 30‘” Lamp Excellent. Good Good Very Good Vq'y 3:03
90' w 180 '--0% Good Good
0' to 90 '—66%
2 @ B B
Glccctecl Diffuser — A — A — + A B
C10“ Lamp —“‘ Very Good Very Very Very Excellent Good
90' to 180 '—7% . \ 600d M Good Good
0' to 90'—60%
Special RLM Applications
3 A B B — B B B — B+ A+
ELM Dome
. Dun-tight com m Good Very Good Good Very Very Excellent
’ 90°00180'—0 a Fair Fair Good
0' to 90 '—54 o
4 A M 3+ H 8.0 D 0+ A+
tic-
. B cell ‘ V V I U ' V Exoauu
I “am!" ”L23. \ A m Goodon Fig 201%? 1:1"qu pi?! i
1 . p 20—foot above
90' to 130 —0% mountp Poliehed
0' 00 90°—76% ing ace-
1 7 Hem
‘ Industrial Reflectors for High Narrow Bays
5 & A+ B B C+ D c A
Concentrated
Min-dc Reflector Excellent Good Good Very Unccfic- Fcil- Excellut
Almlnum Com . Fair factory
Clear Limp P0110301
' 130°—-5
900' at: 90 >722? % sum”
6 @ A+ B B C+ D c A
610.1% Excellent» Good Good guy Igncctic- Fair Excellent
Clear Imp m :bovc
’0' to luv—3% Polished
0' to 90’—73% Surfaoec
7 % A+ B B c D c+ A —
Oddlled
Aluminum Excellent Good Good chy Unnafic- Fair ch
Reflector Fair factory Good
Cher Lcmp Polimghod
’0' 180°—0
0° .2? 90 L722? sm‘”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

\T

 

 

I

B
ImIGootl

 

-—I——’

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE No. 7
AND COEFFICIENTS OF UTILIZATION
nouns ӣ1143: ILLIIMI- cauual 112117 113117 (13%) FAIIIIV 113m (53%) mnumnmm)
union—43 menou r
or "m“ 11101111147103 111317 Hum VERY mm mm VERY mm van!
1114113 110117 max max 1133? DARK DARK DARK DAR
(50%) (30%) (10%) (50%) (30%) (10%) (30%) (10 0)
than Amp 01m ROOM ’
6...... 6...... mu... m, COEFFICIENTS or UTILIZATION
Calculation Data—General Units
0.6 .32 .25 .25 .52 15 .2'5 .27 .25"
0.3 .40 .36 .34 .39 .35 .33 .35 .33
1.0 .43 .39 .37 .42 .39 .37 .39 .37
1.2 .46 .43 .41 .45 .43 .41 .43 .41
1.5 .43 .45 .43 .47 .45 .43 .45 .43
.80 .75 .65 2.0 .52 .50 .43 .51 .49 .47 .49 .47
2.5 .56 .54 .52 .55 .53 .51 .53 .51
3.0 .57 .55 .53 .56 .54 .52 .54 .52
4.0 .60 .53 .56 .59 .57 .55 .57 .55
5.0 .61 .59 .57 .60 .53 .57 .53 .56
0.6 .25 .25 .21 .55 .24 .21 .23 .21
0.3 .36 .32 .29 .35 .31 .23 .31 .23
1.0 .39 .36 .33 .33 .35 .33 .34 .32
1.2 .42 .39 .36 .41 .33 .36 .37 .35
1.5 .45 .42 .39 .43 .40 .33 .39 .33
.75 .70 .60 2.0 .49 .46 .43 .43 .45 .43 .44 .42
2.5 .53 .50 .47 .51 .49 .47 .47 .46
3.0 .54 .52 .49 .52 .50 .49 .49 .47
4.0 .57 .55 .53 .55 .53 .51 .51 .50
5.0 .53 .56 .54 .56 .54 .53 .52 .51
Calculation Data—ELM Special Service
0.6 .25 .25 .24 .25 .23 .24 .2'6 .24
0.3 .35 .32 .31 .34 .32 .31 .32 .30
1.0 .37 .36 .35 .37 .35 .34 .35 .34
1.2 .40 .33 .37 .39 .33 .37 .37 .37
1.5 .42 .41 .33 .41 .39 .33 .39 .33
.80 .75 .70 2.0 .44 .43 .41 .44 .43 .41 .42 .41
2.5 .43 .45 .44 .46 .45 .44 .44 .44
3.0 .49 .47 .45 .43 .46 .45 .45 .44
4.0 .50 .43 .43 .49 .47 .46 .46 .46
5.0 .52 .49 .43 .50 .43 .47 .43 .46
0.6 .34 . .24 .34 .2? .24 .25 .22"
0.3 .42 .33 .34 .42 .37 .33 .37 .33
1.0 .46 .43 .39 .45 .42 .39 .42 .39
1.2 .50 .47 .43 .49 .46 .43 .45 .42
1.5 .53 .50 .46 .52 .49 .46 .43 .45
.80 .75 .70 2.0 .53 .55 .51 .57 .54 .51 .53 .51
2.5 .62 .59 .56 .61 .53 .56 .53 .56
3.0 .64 .61 .53 .63 .60 .53 .60 .53
4.0 .67 .65 .63 .66 .64 .62 .63 .61
5.0 .69 .67 .65 .67 .66 .64 .65 .63
Calculation Data—High Bay Units
0.6 .42 .3'6 .33 .41 .55 .33 .40 .37
0.3 .50 .43 .47 .49 .47 .46 .47 .45
1.0 .54 .53 .52 .53 .52 .51 .51 .50
1.2 .53 .57 .56 .56 .55 .54 .54 .53
1.5 .61 .59 .57 .53 .57 .56 .57 .55
.80 .75 .65 2.0 .63 .62 .60 .62 .61 .59 .59 53
2.5 .67 .64 .63 .65 .63 .62 .62 61
3.0 .63 .67 .64 .66 .65 .63 .63 .62
4.0 .69 .68 .67 .67 .66 .65 .64 .63
5.0 .72 .69 .63 .63 .67 .66 .65 .64
0.6 .42 .40 .37-'74 .40 .3 .41 .33
0.3 .51 .49 .43 .49 .43 .47 .43 .46
1.0 .55 .54 .53 .54 .53 .52 .52 .51
1.2 .59 .53 .57 .57 .56 .55 55 .54
1.5 .61 .60 .53 .59 .53 .57 53 .56
.80 .70 .60 2.0 .64 .63 .61 .62 .61 .60 61 .59
2.5 .68 .65 .64 .65 .64 .63 63 .62
3.0 .69 .67 .65 .67 .65 .64 64 .63
4.0 .70 .69 .63 .63 .66 .65 .65 .64
5.0 .72 .70 .69 .69 .67 .66 .66 .65
0.6 W .55 .37 .40 W. .37 .40 .37
0.3 .49 .47 .47 .43 .47 .46 .47 .44
1.0 .52 .52 .51 .52 .51 .50 .51 .50
1.2 .55 .54 .54 .54 .54 .52 .54 .52
1.5 .59 .57 .56 .57 .56 .55 .56 1 54
.80 .70 .60 2.0 .61 .60 .59 .60 .60 .53 .59 .57
2.5 .65 .63 .62 .63 .62 .61 .61 .60
3.0 .66 .65 .63 .64 .63 .62 .62 .61
4.0 .67 .65 .65 .65 .64 .63 .63 .62
5.0 .69 .67 .65 .66 .65 .64 .64 .63
25

 

 

 

 
 
  

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.

       

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_‘a""t-v—.-

 

TABLE No. 7 (Continued)
A GUIDE TO THE SELECTION OF REFLECTING EQUIPMENT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I..153'5.73...|
APPEMI-
um 3'15 MICE or 1mm '5' INI-
1131111113 11107 uamso suns “hill? ““0"" mum
ROOM
03 0-
HM Vl‘hl
Store and General Utility Enclosing Units
mmmd B+ B+ A B B+ A— B+
111:1“qu V V Exocll Good V V V
as o cry cry cut «7 cry «y
90' to [80 '—3% Good Good Good Good Good
0’ to 90.45 o l
9 _\\\A—B+ABB—BB
Prismatic Glass
Endodnl U3“ " ‘ ' Very Very Excellent Good Very Good Good
90’ to 180 '—27 a Good Good Fair
0. to 90 .—53 o
Enclosed Semi-Indirect Lighting Units
10
Enclosed
Semi-Indirect .. B — B — A — B + — B
“-323.55“ .
tc OP Very V Excellent V V V
Skeleton Egégéé Fair F23 Good” 631 Good”
Glass Holder
90° to 180 '—50 o
0' to 90 '—27 a
ll -
Enclosed - r- B B — A A — B + A —' B
hmmflnglfii " '
In t In
Etched Top Good erry . Excellent. Very Very Vay Good
90' to 180 '—43 o
0‘ ‘0 90.42 o
3.37-1ch ‘ ,. ‘ B — C + A A A — A B
Botto
Etched To In Very Very Excellent Excellent Very Excellent Good
(Close Co'lins (I’nIy) Fan- Fair . Good
90' to lair-953 o
0. to 90°—” 0
13 g
..2“.:.‘~°d....... C + C + A A A A B _
-Glass
Bottom Very Very Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent. Very
Etched Top Fair Fair F an
’0' to 180'E—51 o
0' to 90'—21 0
BMW '2 -- k' B— C+ A A A A B
Semi-I direct ‘
Manage Glass fl Very Vay Excellent. ExcellentExccllent Excellent. Good
”.wlso.—69 . Ffir Fair
0' to 99°—l7
26

 

 

 

‘

TABLE No. 7 (Continued)
AND COEFFICIENTS OF UTILIZATION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mums AVERAGE IILDAII- sauna VERY new (10%) FAIRLY llal-IT (50%) FAIRLYDAIIK(30%
IIA'IIoIA—As rRAcIIDII )
or "mm 'lwmmm FAIRLY FAIRLT VERY FAIRLY FAIRLY VERY IAIRLV VERI
mu; LIGHT DARK DARK 1|th DARK DARK DARK DARK
(50%) (30%) (10%) (50%) (30%) (10%) (30%) (10%)
Chas Anna 0711' ROOM
W mum- cum-n mm COEFFICIENTS 0F UTILIZATION
Calculation Data—Enclosing Units
06 .22 .17 .14 2'6 .16 .13 .14 .12
0.3 .27 .22 .19 .25 .21 .13 .19 .17
1.0 .31 .26 .23 .23 .24 .21 .22 .19
1.2 .35 .30 .2 .31 .27 .24 .25 .22
1.5 .33 .33 29 .34 .30 .27 .27 .24
.80 .75 .65 2.0 .42 .33 .33 .33 .34 .31 .31 .23
2.5 .46 .41 .37 .41 .37 .34 .34 .31
3.0 .49 .45 .40 .43 .39 .36 .36 .33
4.0 .53 .43 .44 .47 .43 .40 .33 .36
5.0 .55 .51 .47 .49 .45 .42 .40 .33
0.6 3'3 .22 .13 .26 .21 .17 .19 .16
0.3 .35 .2 .2 .33 .23 .24 .26 .23
1.0 .33 .33 .29 .36 .32 .23 .30 .27
1.2 .43 .37 .33 .40 .35 .31 .33 .30
1.5 .46 .41 .36 .43 .33 .34 .35 .33
.80 .70 .60 2.0 .51 .46 .42 .47 .43 .40 .40 .33
2.5 .55 .51 .46 .51 .47 .44 .44 .42
3.0 .53 .54 .50 .54 .50 .47 .46 .44
4.0 .62 .53 .55 .57 .54 .51 .50 .43
5.0 .65 .61 .57 .60 .56 .53 .52 .50
Calculation Data—Semi-Indirect and Indirect Units
0.6 .17 .13 .10 .14 .11 .03 .03 .07
0.3 .21 .17 .14 .13 .14 .12 .12 .10
1.0 .24 .20 .17 .21 .17 .15 .14 .12
1.2 .2 .23 .20 .23 .19 .17 .16 .14
.75 .70 1.5 .31 .26 .23 .26 .22 .19 .13 .16
2.0 .35 .30 .27 .29 .25 .22 .20 .13
2.5 .33 .34 .30 .32 .23 .25 .23 .20
3.0 .41 .37 .33 .34 .30 .27 .25 .22
4.0 .45 .41 .37 .37 .34 .31 .27 .25
5.0 .47 .43 .40 .39 .36 .33 .29 .27
0.6 .19 .14 .11 .16 .12 .10 .10 .65-
0.3 .24 .19 .16 .21 .16 .14 .14 .12
1.0 .27 .22 .19 .23 .19 .17 .16 .14
1.2 .30 .25 .22 .26 .22 .19 .13 .16
.75 .70 1.5 .34 .29 .25 .29 .25 .22 .20 .13
2.0 .33 .33 .29 .32 .23 .25 .23 .21
2.5 .41 .37 .33 .35 .32 .23 .26 .24
3.0 .44 .40 .36 .33 .34 .31 .23 .26
4.0 .49 .44 .40 .41 .37 .35 .31 .29
5.0 .51 .47 .43 .43 .39 .37 .33 .31
0.6 .13 .14 .11 .15 .12 .10 . .63—
0.3 .22 .13 .16 .19 .15 .13 .12 .11
1.0 .25 .21 .19 .21 .13 .16 .15 .12
1.2 .23 .24 .21 .24 .20 .13 .16 .14
.75 .70 1.5 .31 .27 .24 .26 .22 .20 .13 .16
2.0 .35 .31 .23 .29 .26 .23 .20 .19
2.5 .33 .34 .31 .31 .29 .26 .23 .21
3.0 .40 .37 .34 .33 .31 .23 .24 .22
4.0 .44 .41 .33 .36 .34 .32 .26 .25
5.0 .46 .43 .40 .33 .35 .33 .23 .26
0.6 16 .12 .10 .13 .10 .0 .65 .07
0.3 .20 .16 .14 .17 .14 .11 .11 .09
1.0 .23 .19 .17 .19 .16 .14 .13 .11
1.2 .26 .22 .19 .22 .13 .16 .14 .13
.75 .65 1.5 .29 .25 .21 24 .20 .19 .16 .14
- 2.0 .32 23 .25 .27 .23 .21 .13 .17
2.5 .35 .31 .23 .29 .26 .24 .20 .19
3.0 .33 .34 .31 .31 .23 .26 .22 .21
4.0 .41 .33 .35 .34 .31 .29 .24 23
5.0 .43 .39 .37 .36 .33 .31 .26 .24
0.5 .13 .IT .11 .14 .1r . .07 .W
0.3 .22 .13 .15 .13 .14 .12 .10 .09
1.0 .25 21 .13 .20 .17 .14 .12 .10
1.2 .29 24 .21 .23 .19 .17 .14 .12
.75 .70 1.5 .33 .23 .24 .26 22 .19 .16 .14
2.0 .36 .32 .23 .29 25 .22 .13 .16
2.5 .40 .35 .32 .31 .23 .25 .20 .13
3.0 .43 .33 .35 .33 .30 .27 .22 .20
4.0 .47 .43 .39 .37 .34 .31 24 .23
5.0 .49 .45 .42 .39 .36 .33 .26 .24

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

' Semi-indirect and indirect units unsuitable unda very dirty conditions or where ceiling and sidewalls

are very dark colored.

27

 

.tgsr.

 

TABLE No. 7 (Continued)
A GUIDE TO THE SELECTION OF REFLECTING EQUIPMENT

 

cAIiIiiisnitinriizlim .
APPEAR-

UMP SIZE MICE or DIRECT “E' MAIN-
”36%” BLAKE "gm? suAnows taunt:

OR ,
Hulzontal Vl’flul

lIOHTIIIG IINIT

 

 

 

Semi-Indirect and Indirect Lighting Units

 

15

O n
Semi-fidirect

 

B -— C A A — B + A — C
Enameled Deflector '
Mcd1um Density Very Fair Excellent Very Very Very Fair
Glass Fair Good Good Good
”Bottlilga PI???
e I0 c_
0° to 90 °——13%° /

 

l6
Enclosed C + C A A + A + A B _.
Luminous Bowl

Indirect I Very Fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Very A
90' to 130 °—-64% F air Fair
. 0° to 9o°—6% ‘ _

17 C+ C B+ A+ A+ A+ C
OpenIndircct

’0. ID 1800—807 Very Fair Very " " - I? II . n n . Fair
1 0'to90°—0%o Q :i: > Fmr Good

SPECIAL UNITS FOR COMMERCIAL INTERIORS

18 Recommended in sizes of 100 watts d bclo . I aim
Dense glare and shadows make the c an w 11 larger

. . . pen t unit less satisfacto '

White Class I totally encloemg wh1te umts. Its pi'fiiacipal a plication is [ii]: 2:;

Reflector locations as small rooms. closets. stock bIn aiaIes. and other places
0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I occasional use where low wattage lam 'tabl
Frosted Lamp 0 _ . . . ps are In! .
,0. to 180 ._lgfi’ UniEolelEia;nu of UtihzauOn average about the same as for
0' I0 90°—70 o ' ' f

 

Units of this t merely diflusc the li ht d d ' .
improve the_distmtion of Ii ht as 055511.33 froth“? Lagemflgly ‘
Flattcned units him No. 8 distri ute light more efficiently downwagj' ?
and are usually to be preferred. Stalactite and s herical globe.

erg]. bloweveri‘apphtgable In h:Irauiiin rooms, banks endpother interior. I
Inulngcer Insreew ret 'pomn '

cfiicient distribution of light. "n °° " attach“ w “1°

Round and
Stalactite Globes
90' to 180 '—38 o

0' to 90'—-42 o

 

 

 

 

Coefficients of Utilization about 10 - .
for Unit No. 3. % '°“’°" “m“ "In“ swan I'
I
. The difl'using alities in both the bowl - fl
_ 20 reflector render e unit low in brightnesasfldwiltilel lggudiamgimr
. freedom from glare and shar‘fi shadows. From the stand ”0.11 n8
“1’80 0911110 dirt collection 1t retains the sadvantage of the open b0 "1" 9‘ I
Reflector umtus appllcable [or close oeilin mounting, pal-mitt] w ‘ Th”
' Open spacing between units often desire e in la: stores' it"8 a Wider
‘ mm Bowl 111 mtenors where Indirect lightin is profit,“ I). t 38"”. wall
,0. to 180 ._13 0 because of unfavorable ceiling fining. 11 mpracuca]
0' to 90. 609? Unigolggimgnu of Uuhxauon shghtly higher than those gin,“ for
Paper. parchment. silk, or other ma ' fi
21 used as shades in connection with snow 33:10:12.3? eflwtiveiy ‘
tullum' lSuch shades not only add an element of decal-flu? pnsmauo
Enclosing Unit efiemse vee to aovanety of designs or stencils but th 0n. lend-lug
. . e echve 1n reducing the candlepower and brightness - 0y are also
Decorative Shade of the eye. w1th slighthss 1n efliciency_ Ve . m “)0 d1rect1 on
’0. 180' 21 stores and oertaIn mllhnery or olothi ”suitable In exclusrve
0' 390'36 00 stores. Shades can be added to c as secuom of ‘19

' . . . . ting . pertinent
Coefficients of Utilization a little lower than three for Unit N 8'
o. .

\

 

 

 

 

28

 

 

 

I
,r
“I,
I.
I.
I
r
1

   

7“”

Very
Fair

Fair

’
.1.-‘—
11m mes.
3.1 Iry than

15 in limb
her placu

(”aid

/'

pprfi‘lflbly

are lumP- '
Ioanwm‘

‘ill glulfl

r interior!

8.110 the

lug given

I
.1 dimnewl'
.mpundmg
nIllNllll- 0

91 n es wel
imprncuml

a given 10'

I...
c 01131 Iiveli
1r prismauc
10“ lendmt
e," are 11
.ll( dirt‘ 'Cllon
III “dug"
depmunent

g lillll N0. 8'
/

TABLE No. 7 (Continued)
AND COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PROBABLE AVERAGE ILLUMI- CEILING! VERY LIGHT (70%) FAIRLY llGIi‘l' (50%) FAIRLY DARK(U%)
OIMITNIII‘I’IAL 1515:1333" FMRLY FAIRLY VERY FAIRLY FAIRLY VERY FAIRLY VERY
mus 1mm DARK DARK LIGHT DARK DARK DARK DARK
(50%) (39%) (10%) (50%) (30%) (10%) (39%) (10%)
than Moms mm" ROOM '
c....... 3...... 3...... mm H COEFFICIENTS or UTILIZATION
0.6 18 15 13 l.) .12 10 10 08
0.8 .22 19 17 19 .16 14 13 11
L0 25 22 20 2 .18 16 15 13
1.2 .28 25 22 2 .21 19 16 15
.70 _60 1.5 .31 27 24 2 .22 21 17 16
2.0 .34 31 28 28 .25 24 20 19
2.5 .37 34 2 30 .28 26 22 21
3.0 .39 36 34 32 .29 28 23 22
4.0 .43 40 37 34 .32 31 25 24
5.0 .44 41 40 36 .34 32 26 25
0.6 .14 ll 10 ll .09 07 06 05
0.8 .18 l4 l3 14 .ll 10 07 ()6
1.0 .20 17 15 15 .13 11 09 07
1.2 .23 “0 17 18 .15 13 10 09
.75 .65 1.5 .26 22 19 20 .17 15 11 10
2.0 .29 26 23 22 .19 17 l3 12
2.5 .31 28 26 24 .21 20 14 13
3.0 .34 31 28 25 .23 21 15 14
4.0 .37 34 32 .27 .26 24 17 16
5.0 .39 '16 34 .30 .27 26 18 17
f 0.6 .15 1 1 10 11 .09 .07 05 04
0.3 .13 15 13 13 .11 09 07 06
1.0 .22 I9 16 15 .13 11 03 07
1.2 .25 22 19 13 .15 13 09 03
.70 .60 1.5 .27 24 21 20 .17 15 10 09
2.0 .30 27 25 22 .19 17 ll 10
2.5 .34 31 28 24 .22 20 13 12
3.0 .36 33 30 2 .24 22 14 13
4.0 .40 37 34 “’8 .26 24 15 14
5.0 .42 39 37 30 .28 26 17 15
SPECIAL UNITS FOR COMMERCIAL INTERIORS
22 Units of this design have the same character of distribution
as open t pee. with cover plate serving to exclude the dust
Enclosed and dirt rom the lam 03 and reflecting surfaces of the unit.
Semi-Indirect They have the decid advantage from the standpoint of

Enameled Deflector
tolled Glass Top
90' to 180 '—48%
0° to 90 °—10%

 

cleaning accompanied. however. by considerable sacrifice In the
total light output of the unit.

Coefficients of Utilization about 20% less than open top
units of the same design.

 

23

Ornamental Lantern
Art Glass Panels

ng
Bottom Plate
Internal
Reflector
90° to 180 ’—8%
0° to 90 °—40%

 

 

 

 

Lanterns of period designs to conform architecturally to
interiors. are frequently used in public buildings. notably
churches. Reflectors inside of the ornamental housing Increase
the lighting efficiency and if made of glass may be made to
transmit varying amounts of light to illuminate the side panels.
Subject to a variety of design in which distribution ranges
from direct to totally indirect lighting.

Coefficients of Utilization for the type of unit illustrated
will average about two-thirds of the values given for Unit No 2.

 

24
31qu 1 1.
(3,33:ng t

hall Frosted Lamps

Multi-light clusters are in favor as decorative elements in
public buildings and other monumental interiors. When
mounted high with a large number of low wattage lamps, the
result is not unsatisfactory. However. when mounted low.
the uncontrolled distribution of light and the glare from the
fisluelded sources, spoils what would otherwise be an artistic

ect

Lighting efficiency about 50% lower than same wattage
in single lamp unit.

 

25
La: e Main
nit

Small Decorative
Lamps

 

 

The application of shades to multi-light units will. in
many instances raise the over-all effectiveness of the installa-
tion. 011 the other hand the illuminating qualities of large
decoration designs can be materially improved if the decorative
lamp clusters are built around a central large-lamp unit
either of the indirect type or of dense enclosing glassware.
A combination of this sort ofl'ers a greater flexibility 1n control
of li htin effects and. in mostcascs. will allow the illumination
Ieve to raised by the use of a larger lamp in the main
unit at any time if the occasion requires.

 

 

29

 

 

 

TABLE No. 7 (Continued)

SPECIAL PURPOSE INDUSTRIAL UNITS

 

26

Ilecp Bowl
Iiiinnielnl Steel
Clear Lamp

90° to Iain/0%
0° to 900—"659’8

 

Generally infcrior to 111.31 Home with
bccauso 01' lower ctlicicncy. sharp shadows.
when uscd nbovc. shiny surfuccsi. (..oiitri
iinpresmion the light at any angle from a deep

is generally less than that from the 111.31 b."
(Zimflicicnts of Utilization (Ibul
those given for 1711it No. 4.

average

 

 

 

 

s '7
21
Prisnuitic. Reflector
Clear Lamp
90° to 180° 2W};
0 ° to 90 °~74¢70

Highly oilicicnt ri-llcctor which. by iiiod
can be made to give extensive. broad. or_n:1_i
tion charnctcrislics. “i111 clciir lumps it It
shnrp shudous and rctlectcd glare. and those
handicaps to n more general use of this typet
Ill usual mounting heights. \\1utt-—bov11
positioned. help those factors. although thci
some extent. accurate control of light (listr
the ellicicncy.

(limtlicicnts of l'tilization about 13‘}; 1
given for l‘nit No. 9.

 

28

hIirrored (Llano
Hells-ctor-
(Jlear Lamp
90° to 180 °—()‘§-}3
0 ° to 90 °—69%

This unit like all decp—bovsl ty es has a 1:1
to protect auninst dirch glare: it ikcvnse ha:
in that it docs not protect against rctlcctcd
nvoid ahar 1 shadows when used with clcur 1:
whitwbowi lumps lowers the efficiency of [.114
due to the light being bottled 11p in lllt‘
general. are not rcmunmcndcd.

Coelli(:iii~_11t_s of Utilization are about 109’,
given for 1.:int No. 4

 

29

Concentrating
Aluminum Reflector
Dust-tight IIouI-ung

90° to 180 °—_—(1%

0° to 9t)°—nT°70

 

 

This unit has an aluminum rcflcctor insi.
housing The reflector insert gives a convent
and a conscqiicnt higher utilization factor
interiors than Would be the case. with Ifiiit
efficiency. compared to Iinit No. 7,liniiL-1 111‘
to locations where excessive dirt and smoke pi

Coefficients of Utilization

_ _ average about
those given for Unit No. 7.

 

30

Vapor—proof Fitting
Ennnieled Steel
Reflector with
Class Enclosing
ilobe
90° to 180 °~—O%
0° to 90 °—68‘70

 

 

 

Designed for locations where or
gases, or explosive dusts arc
moisture laden atmos

Irrosive vn
likely to be I
pheres such as canning
rooms. shower baths; also where gases and I
proccsses as oil refining. varnish making. sprnv
and the like are present. units of this chart
mended. See also Unit No. 31.

Coellicients of [I

tilization about 1() to
for an Open reflector.

 

 

 

31

Vapor-proof Fitting
Prismatic
Enclosing Globe
90 ° to 180 °—28€35
0 ° to 90 °—57‘%

 

. Applications same as

isb usually not. subject, 1

o ' ' '

u)::1(i;iii:)11hr in a variety of metals and coiiipositi
n rom acnl vapors of chemical plants

also in grain clevato
. rs. spice. flour in 2 ’
facture of imwdere wrngialgqu gullml
. , p

for Unit No. 30; t1
0 corrosive action

explosive dusts are

~ . present.
Coelhmenta of l}

tilizatioii about the same 11

 

32

A ngle Reflector
Enameled Steel

Output 74%

 

m

Often used in cranew
ment general oVerheqd
.. avatein l ' ‘
lateri ‘ . In )tllldlll
roccsaesfl q“Hillemtind . £1130 1'9 111:1]! indiVlfllliil)
g .' l ., 81‘3”] dlstributio '
..peua tare must, be taken ' n or d"

general. they should b0 ”limits “giving units ti-

ays mountcd below cra

 

33

Local Lighting Unit
Substantial
Reflector and
“older
Cover l’lute

Output 45-55%

 

 

 

To supple
_ ..mcnt gel ‘1 'l - -
Ill 1 . - . , .1 M lightin .
“'liiciil-E\-(ils ”f Ill-“Inllmhnn of t lt‘ org ‘th‘ro: n“
l , Ilkunrnl lighting of "1 1011' "r ”f "0 1“
ass cover ,. . 71 Hindi »
surface from 1,112; mi 1 i'fccoinincndcd ”t‘o
“4190er s ' , I ( irI; constr '
m hould not .16 311mm” ‘1 Motion 1111
..D in U by 81161101. 3

‘iiiid
and
prt

ist
(in—watt insh

 

 

. . la
the live] 01' illuminati frosted lumps Wm I-{I'l

”1| mquired.

3O

 

font‘xnued)
Dl’ STRIAL UNITS

'7

above shiny surfaces. Contrary to e «use
the- lirht at any angle lromadeeplnflsteelmfim
vie- than tbatfrum thsBLMbtandsrdDu-e

COLOR QUALITY—APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL DAYLIGHT

A few years ago discussions of artificial daylight were centered about units built on theoretical lines and of
y inferior to ELM Done with .him \- somewhat uncertain performance. Today. good practical units are being marketed and consequently the field for
“‘"I’ 'mflf‘nq. sharp shadows. Ind m Ellench units has broadened beyond the original conception of limited applications in stores and textile industries.

The duplication of natural daylight is confined largely to those industrial and commercial applications

involving accurate color discrimination or color rendition in varying degree. depending upon the specific require-

"m 0‘ "‘mmion "no firm 15% low “men to. Even in this field difiiculties arise because the colorist has been accustomed. perhaps through years of

:n lur knit .\o. h.

habit... to a specific daylight quality peculiar to his location. It is practical and expedient. however. to provide

. . #m-mi reproductions of daylight for any given requirement with the attendant advantage of constancy and
y Omt'km\ wilt-ctr: which. by modification lflfiflfizb-hour availability.

mule to give extensive. broad. or narrow light .
'artr-nstia ii itb clear lam It is difficult to 2rd

pstuamuregenrxduseoithist peoiuninsrtu
ll mmintmg beizhu. “bullish“ lamp.

\H‘ul. m curate. untrul oi light distribution as “iii

Although color quality is acmrately specified by color temperature designations. equipments for reproducing
NM“ “d "M“! “"9 " these “do" m.-'::v_;erlayvlight for working purposes may be grouped roughly into (1) skylight units. (2) sunlight units. and (3) units

Muhich provide a whiter light than the common types of general lighting equipment. but. not so white u those
rd help time fscm although their use sacrifice 'isted under (1) and (2).

 

rieur) .
Mluiehts 0f l'u'liuu'on about 15% higher than ll!"
{at \ mt \u, 9

 

elm . .' bu“
)0 l lowers the efiiaency of the unit a ,
ii the?) lift)”: being bottled up in the reflector. and. I

al. are not recommended.

.urflirients of l'tilizstiua are
(«I lllll .‘0. ‘

about 10% lower than ll”

 

34

Skylight Quality

Special Color
Filter

Clear Lamp

Equipments of this character em loy accurately correcting
filters by means of which it is possible to du licate the color
of outdoor daylight. Generally designed for ocalized lighting
over counters in stores. for small areas or special operations in
industrial plants where precision in color identification. grading.
and other color inspection is required. illumination of the
order of 100 foot-candles is desirable for this sort of work.

Color factories. paint and dye mixing. art studios. chemical
analysis. dental mechanics. surgery. textile and cigar sorting
and grading are examples suggesting the application of skylight
reproducing equipment.

As compared to unmodified artificial light. from 6 to 8
times the wattage is required for the same foot—candle values.

 

a a e ‘ m
' aluminum reflector Inside of a'dus _
l“: “iiidmu'eiw insert "was a airmen Ire.tcdhIdling:ti-ilh‘tlirl:I
u ' line ‘ actor in

a must-queut higher on 993‘ Unit No. 3' halo“!

l‘.«-lhcients oi litilisegon average
use given lot l'mt No. i.
‘ ' flammable
' ed for locations whereavouvebzspgxcbfiwed' ls
hwmuplmive dusll m [11er to ' e .engim
i" M ‘ dm atmospheres such a, cannudgvapors from such
“mushriwrr baths; also where “5336‘. 29pm” lacquer paintint
.cns. 1refinin8. varnish int 135‘; character are mom

 
    
  
    
   

x‘l'ml'l 3"“

35

Sunlight Quality

Reflector and
Color Correcting
Globe

Clear Lamp

 

Enclosing lobes of sBecial crystal blue glass frosted on
the inside modify the lig t from a lamp to a proximate the
color of direct sunlight at noon. Their ap li)cations are to
some extent the same as skylight units. e actual choice
depending on specific requirements: in general. noon sunli ht
equipment is used for less exacting color discrimination. or
example. ink and dye mixing. and inspection may be done
locally under skylight quality. and a general system of noon
sunlight equipment may be installed in certain rooms or over
small areas restricted to manufacturing operations requiring
clear color rendition—such. for example. as lithographing
processes. color printing and the like.

As compared to unmodified artificial light. from 2 to 3
times the wattage is required for the same foot-candle values.

 

   
    
   
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
   
    
   
 
   
  
 
  
  
  
 
   

‘ are present.‘umts o
birding; also Unit he. 3i.
(Twllicients of Utilisation about

an open

10 to 5% low ‘1‘“

 

reflects
' V0. 30'. the glass
' ' same as for Unit . ' .
claim. subject to corrosive acuonuznm £0“de
lflbiye in a variety ol metals nudging ants.
. from acid vapors oi chemi iced mills. in the manu—
l onsin elevators. spice. llour ”(1h su rt
“III powdered sugar. .
ve dusts are [re-ant.

' No.9.
'cientsofUu'lisation about momenta Unit

 

 

 

. . . . or . ’ '
t $93111: id‘lcrigutiiiznuniu to avald glare. ln

.' Tiled be placed high.
ations require

 

li htin where Oper dim

lament niilidiialif tile order of 50 will? Enigma .
cumulil'n of at least 10 foot-can or this reason
ml kg 1.8 t to much handling an t reflecting
I. "filth 1:0” recommended to Esrllfgsuhstsntisl;
p a dirt; construction or
Otilclaiiiitnlile supported by socket shiny
l alt inside iroowd lamps wxll gene
w s

illumination refill" -

provide

36

Ordinary
Equipment

Blue Bulb
Daylight Lamps

Lam with blue bulbs. commercially known as MAZDA
“Dayliglii.” lamps. emit a whiter light which is but a artial
step toward daylight whiteness. in many instances 0 color
rendition. their use gives sufficient color correction to be of
considerable advantage over the warmer tones of unmodified
light. For example. they are widely used in stores and show
windows to im rove the display of merchandise. Again the
light blends wel with natural da light: in fact in many cases
it is about the same color as e daylight which one gets
indoors taking into account the prevalence of warm tones in
window shades. walls and hangings; for this reason the use
of daylight lamps in offices and many other places will be found
to correct an unsatisfactory mixture of ordinary artificial light
and inadequate daylight.

The next larger size of lamp will be required to produce
approximately the foot-candle evel as com uted for a clear
lamp of a given size. They are used in 1 common types
of equipment.

 

37

Color Modifying
Globes

Clear Lamp

 

 

 

Enclosing globes with slight bluish ingredient do not
ap reciably modify the color quality of illumination for
uti itarian purposes. but have a considerable field of applica-
tion by virtue of their whiter appearance. Such equipment is
correct for the yellowish tone usually noticeable with ordinary
o l lassware. These usually give far less color correction
th’gn AZDA Daylight lam . he units are very pleasing.
up or white and clean. an are often more satisfactory than
units of yellowish tone. particularly when supplementing
natural daylight. The spectral quality of illumination is
usually not far from that of a clear bulb MAzoA C lamp.

Coefficients of Utilization will be about 10% to 30% lea
than the values given for Unit No. 8.

 

31

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.s.‘

.}s.l}”’ .4.o._. .
. ‘.§l (o.
a . .

o‘lot .
,o
u' ‘

 

Reflection Factors

The proportion of light reflected by walls and ceilings of various colors, that
is, their Reflection Factors, has an important bearing on both the natural and
the artificial lighting. The proportion reflected will depend somewhat upon the
color of the incident light. The figures here given show what proportion of 5

No. 1 No. 9
White Ivory
Paper White
80% 80%
No. 2 . NO. 10
Gray 55:3.
7093 789%
N 3 h L N 11
- . -—~ 0.
/ Gray ' r a, 1 Ivory
fl 6096 a__ . 1 7195

 

   

 

No. 4 910. 12
Gray Tvory
5695 oiiz
No. 5 No. 13 l
Gray Primrose (“
4496 7896 a
l
, l
No. 6 No. 14
Erench Iéifahsen
my
4096 6396
a N .5
' O.
NO. 7 7' v P 1
Gray r Gig;
2896 \ 729%
I' ~- ' No. 1g
' . C‘r S1
(113;, 8 q if; . , ’ ahdeéaerriay
' ir— ' Stone
19% . . - . . 52%

 

 

of Colored Surfaces

the light of MAZDA lamps these painted surfaces reflect. Reflection Factors are of
special usefulness in determining the Coefficient of Utilization (ratio of light de-
livered at the work to total light of lamps) applicable to an interior. The Re-
flection Factor of any colored surface can be approximated by comparing it with
these samples

No'. 17 '

Buff Stone

and Pale .

Azure

39%

190.18 ‘ll’

Buff
64 %

Pale Azure
Bufi Stone and White
41 % 5 a %

No.19 _ No.27

No. 20

Tan

35%

 

No. 21

N o. 28

Pale Azure

40 ‘7
cocoanut -

Brown
19%

N o. 30
Shell Pink

 

No. 23
Bright Sage -‘
and Ivory
Tan .
489%

No. 32
No. 24 Cardinal
Bright Sage Red
4195 209%

 

81712 J29 964

 

a]

59 ..vl .~

M €le GNU

FUD

n
“I“
m
6
m

 

_\ ’

..OII. ’. e

51

I'
l
l
I
II
I
l
l
l
l
l
l
I
II
l
II
I!
II
I

28

 

llllllHl

vol-1