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(D—‘N i

APPLICATION OF LOW-TEMPERATURE
VERNAUZATION TO COLUMN
STOCKS, Eatthiola incana

With bibliographies on vernalization
and on the production of Stocks

Thesis for the Degree of M. S.

MICHIGAN STAY}? COLLEGE

Joseph Emery Howland
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and on the profluction of Stocks

A TELSIS

vaxitted to the Graduate School of i.ic}“i:an
t.ue College of Abriculture and applied
Science in 1) Mr 131 fulfilment of the
reguire.1erts for the degree of

ILASm “BOP SOIL... CE

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Literature C'

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Auz111U1cl 111011911 re1mremcef on 301121

APPLY; IX A

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Agnuel types of Stocks safe

house cut-flower crops in northern sections. is sad for cut—flower

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srle is greatest in the snrini. but the cro; is reetili
time. The lerre—flovered, collin tyfie has rhpidly gainec :"eet favor.

r . . - . .
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' .L 10‘: 6‘1 9 gas. .8. even {v.8 LU to 30 1.1Cl.99 ll; 1.61141} , \‘~l v-1 t--€ CL”) . I91"

9 to 12 inches fiensel; covered vith florets.
Oiltlrél recuirements of the colugn Stocks

 

A L80 to 52° F. night te pereture jroduces a good elsnt grovth.

2 of flover~’uds occurs even more reelily at lover teepere ares.

‘ —"'\ ‘-I' 'f: -“ ~-- I ‘ ‘-~ 'v w-- R h . "
Tens e «o9 to e30 F. “lent teuoeratare s COMLuClJe to elcellent glullt/

(-

in the crow, but olants them require a growing season of cg months.

Time of flowering in Stocks is known to be influenced bJ teuweratlre,

but when this iAflueuce is most effec ive is the subject of each dispute.

m

"~-~-r 4 '9... ‘s r ~- so- -~-u r«.- ~ :0 ' n ‘- - -' ”v. ‘
Anna florists clelu tu:t a tBJyEIthIE cooVe 3 F. for a call; geiloa

of as little as 6 hours is likely to inhitit flowering.

Post (193%) clei ed that en exiosure to low temoereture for 1M days
was necessery for flower-bud Qifferegtietion, and he meinteinefl that the
treat eat had little or no effect when applied to plants in the very
early or very late steges of growth.

~

Laurie and Poesch ( 933) reported that flowering is hastened by

erjosing the seeilings (h-leef stege) for 2 weeks to 3 L00 F. tempere—
ture. They Claimed to have jrofuced the same effect by exposine the

w .. ,. - . * ° -...- , - . 1.. ,2 .0 . ,
”ouuc plants to Sll it frosts ll tee colelrose.

Bull (léhl) coald not substantiate this latter claim. “e allowea

r\
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V

StheI [er-s "n plants of tr- e 3; ll Lilr c- lctencer wrist;r to remain
ungrotected in coldfrexes until they iere benched in mid—Decetber after
the regoval of the chr fssi .themu: croy. The untreated ylents flowered
simultaneously iith the treatec ulznts.

Zorn end Gcertner (lQLB), Lian 1 florist s, reported thet the:
regular y expose their Sefitenber lE-sown Stocks seedlings to the usiel
fell temperatures in unorotected coldfrrnes until.ecrly Beceuber. Io
dens e is caused by any ordinary Lichigen fell weather. and accordine
to Zorn end Geertner the exgosure does seen to increase the earliness
of flowerinx.

L.sieller and Borth‘ic“ (l«37) foend thrt a 3—der eruosure to low

tenfieretires was sufficient to initie te florer—bm differentiation and

to cause a subsetuent flowerinr of all trerted nle uts. Bell (lThl)

entiate flower buds at any time the low temperature reguirement is

l . .
supplies. He clelned test er3osure of th eplents to low tew3eretures
when they are 5 to 0 inches tr ll Troéuces a short-stemnefi crot. To

”t“ O O

prevent sncl en OCCirrence Bell uses a :00 r. minimum until flower-hue
differentirdt on is cosjleted, after which any tes11ereture above freezing
is setisfsctory, vith the grOLth rate proyortionel to the temperature
A #50 F. tciierrtvre is the usual minimum, but lower tempers tire es ere

explogea if he croo is ceveloning too rev‘élf to flower for a certein

market occasion.

 

 

I a ‘ . a
In hlS Grower Tales for July 13A2 Bell renorts he.t even June sowlnys
s

may et flower buds normally, ens he concludes thst "oerhers...StocEs
belo e to the short dev class of plants and...temoerature is not the

n
vital factor in going oli nc‘ that we thought it we.

Stocks seeds germinate in o to e Ce’s, even in e cool house. In
warm weather the seedlings ere reafiv to he benchec vithin 3 or M weeks

'from seefiin , but during the cool, short, Cull 623s of 1311 grovth is

usually so slow that e weeks are required. Any check in the grovth

of Stocks severely injures then. They must be trensolented pronntly

efter germination, then grown regioly in the flags until the third or

fourth weirs of leaves have develo ed, et which time they should be

benched.

63(1111. ‘

WI '
as

Advantages of sirect s of Stocks

(D

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Hi}

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On march 21. lge2 tne eutnor insgecteu in the test 641cc

range of Geo. J. Bell, Irc. a gravel—grown plenting of a Seytenber l3
seefiing of the Bell Supreme Pink column variety. Plants benched

directly from the seed flat 2 weeks after the seeds were sown were just
coming into flower. Those which were exposed to the fell tenjeretures
in en uhnrotected coldfrsne until they were benched on Iovember lO
evifiently would not flover for another week, while those seeded direcul
in the gravel hei elreeiy been in flower for a week.

t would seem that eech time the seedling Stocks ere transolented

they suffer - severe shock - a check which ceuses e de ey in date of

to

flowering. Growth of Stocks is also seriously delayed if the main
roots are curled. Careless planting is the usual cause of root-curl,

but in the present study the root—curl condition wes observed n nlents
subjected to a vernelizetion treatment which nroduced a chrrecteristic

root deve103nent curing the period of storage. Affected plants were

observed to grow much more slow v to flower et a much reouced height,

o vest f r the flowers to be classiiiee as

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9 tge lenct; of tLe son rogoired

09 cl earlier crow of flovers. Ag ezrlicr
oltzido; b; gerely agvs; 1;; tLe Late of
P: of f: r. 5;;19 Stoch :0 not require a
5" rro relativeli erfiensire to oro¢¢ce
. -

sea on rercjlwmr. lealrse Of‘ET”EifiCi?l
¢th of as” ho“ orovcn very satisfiactory ”or
O‘.’iC-E¥ it, mt florists: in gregez'zzl hztxe been.
li..L.ti‘.-gf eg‘rijme; ”I; .

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SlnlpglfT PmeL;" STUDY

The purpose of the firesent ntudgr was to test the hypothesis that

l
e vernelizetion by a relatively snort eX7osure - probebly of from

‘ .‘.:

2 to h weeks - at a teeperature of 00 to 50 C. pronuces an accelerate

rate of develOyment in column Stocks, thus yroviiin5 the commercial

florist with a practical method for refluciug the length of the growing
season.

Tizie of flowering of_D1221ts procucee from Lerulh ted seeds
rposed to temge‘atures of lo, 30, 50, end 80 C. for periods of

(7'

time ren5in5 from 1 to 0 weeks was conpared with that of plants pro-

duced frou untreated seeds.

The inve stigetion xes limited to the st dy of these ten1erature-

\

time relationshigs. Factors of relative huuiiitg, li5Lt intensity,
lirht duration, and seed IMO isture-con tent during the periods of treet-

ment were kept as unifor a as possible for all groups of seeds.
Uncerlying the groject has been the idea that the niethod devised

for short suing; the 5rox.'in5 period must be s11ch that it produces an

ectu 21 com erciel e1vente 5-e in eerliness under conditions practical

for use by florists.

 

Vernelizetion me" be defined as a urocess in which the 5roxth orocesses

are artificially (usua.ll;r by reer wer tion near 03 C.) kent nearly at

a st: nfs.till while the develOprientc processes progress rapicly,

thereby ens blin5 the treated plant to jroceed to reproduction more
epidl} the.n norms ”11;.

f N
\/

”V'U‘f-Jf' :- T P‘s-.'.“ A V'firfi‘np
V .‘..Ill 0* u -.44-JX..'\JLu—.J

In Larcn 10‘? the prerial Screza of Plflui Geeetics at he r”et“gth
(1:117. Cr..f-’.‘-1"lf._'e 311‘ 131.10.”: 5‘. 3111194313 (‘..'.'-j1;“te (an; :igLisClh 1‘33) «”111
:ernalisctis1 or L sguko's ”ethou :or tLe yre-trertgegt .f
71'

‘ " ‘ w" . ‘- r-. - -"',, "r. p . , J' r I A! r ‘ '6' .' -l
vgtll tgvh little 13? ”no u 01 tlis Arteo- or tenort. -1 0.1115.l

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.hccllc12, Lore recast review? 01 tle literztal. a; lcrrf (l;;{/,
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tion to tLQ re iormc 1 e. Arc 5.41tu liocess 1s congrue-fiu to .e

 

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{-1‘.‘ A - -.1 1‘1 -- ' . — . ' L.“ v ' 1‘: 4" ‘3': - I . . ' - '\’,'
”‘nc n.0u¢eg LE to lecover for UAE -31;:pr L419? L19C19tluu all

4.. - h -
u.".€ Fain-:1“: l

the Drecine conbitiog- reguirefi for cge rtnlu cougletion of

deve107nental ijseg, and tLe jrrticulnr set of fnctors constituting

 

l

‘ .L' .-.... . LII , . A ' a". . .- 4. 4L,,’~. ‘ .'... r4. ,..
"V‘rjfll?€ulOA uSOPulFLu , r9 l?CL 1A LgO ;resonu Culag, Leelka-ue>
. - .0 .. -'. -._. .1.,. ..."a. ., i- --.- .'"1- - V
.4; {9-1.1te $et o- e4verufledorl cog lDIOJR VJlCu s;))oseu.g voaln
" . . ’0 J- .- I“ 4' "é III C . - > V . '1 1‘ J- ‘ ‘ 1 0 q -»\ m1
;robuce tne {ccplelru-u ruue 0. bpxeln\ Gut o. uge t:en*ca 910“ .

~‘ " . .4. V - - o 1 ..-‘.. . V 77-.” h ' -.fl-‘ 9‘” s“ -_~ ~
the eAVirOumeltLl COhthlOHS ilecllg tee _ieetest Quit 14 tee leCBS-

. l
of vernelizstion."

Lysenko has steeofestly contended that vernelizetion 1s eeruired

in definite stages and that the yrocess is irreversible. Both con-

H'

tent one heve been contrecicted by numerous investigrtoru. .ne

,-

led studies of Lojkin (lffo) seen to inLicete that vernelizrtion

’Jo

etr

.0.

CD

CCCllreu progressively, enc teat prolongee treetuent alter t;

.‘.

Ho
(0

nininuo period necessary neitLer further slortens the vegetative
gerio; nor results in {my loss of the vernalizec con<ition elreed;

acquired. Reversrl of vernelifiztion occurr,d in the Logkin stueies

1

only vhen tee seeds were svbsegueetly Criec or held at hign temnere-
the vernelizetion trertments.
Lrsenso hes colcluied thrt vsrietrl differences in resjonse to
Yernelizetion trestnents ere aieotetions, resultin? from loaf—continued
natural selection curing evolution. Tyne therno end photo edefitetion
usrally ere similar, i.e. northern plants ere favored bv chilling and
's. The actual anount of vernelizetion treatment required by
any one veriety is not a fixed cuentity but veries both with the
temperature and lith coniitions of the region in which the variety

is to be grovn FAL witn those in which the seeds were yroduced.

Prrcticel uses of the vernrlirrtion :rocess

 

"U

That vernelizetion is a process wlich can be e ,loged successfullv

1 .0

on a large scale in comrerciel cro: 3rocuction a; everzge iereers hes

q

been claimed 0; Lyseako end his fellow (friculturel lenfiers in Russi

9.1
O

 

1
Bulletin 17

A
El
Cl

V

In 19?} the; recon en5e; the vernelisrtion of vheet, cle ..... i1m thet
vernzlized vinter thee.t out ielfie.- e“ring vheets end that du"

wheets yielied better when vernelized. rokeev end Vyrov (1933,1935)
reported that during tne Winter of lf9L syeciel courses were held in
the centrel Volge region to train 33,000 wheat farxers in the use of
vernclieetion. The clein is meee thrt virtually the entire ylentee
area of 300,003 he. in this region ves sovn with Hr: lined seed,
resulting in seedling profinction 2 to % 5‘.s earlier the n nornel,

U

thicaer stcnis, better root 5eve1033ent, er5 fever plants witI ut ears

to verious ”anL s

 

Lgsenko was griurrily interestei in cereal Trotuction, end he and
his fellow Russie ns r€.ve contmic e5. their inves tigetions elmost
exclusively on cereel cro;s. Few invertigetors in other countries
have studied the effects of vernalizetion on other than the cereels.
The err y, unfevor able report of the United States Department of
Agriculture (Echinney, Sendo, Sue Wis 11, et_§l) evidently 5iscoure§ed
the investigation of vernali7rtion by other American workers, even as
to its flossibilit ies for crovs other then ceree s. True, our frOVW'e
season is sufficiently long for the production of most field croye with-
out resorting to vernelizztion, but econouicel greenhouse production of
many florist crepe is Cifiicult beceuse of the reletivelr long time the

greenhouse bench-supce is occu_niee. Resilts of vernelizetion stuCies

on the cereels indicate thzt the tine required from the stert of the

treetnent until filents flower is epjroxinetely th sene es thet required
from the seeCing of unverx sli7es seeds until these plants flower, but it
is much more economical for the florist to store seeds in e refriLer z tor

for a few weeks than to heve seeilin s occgu; in.e {reeihonse bench space

Cvclenen, loth 5urin§ ripening of the seed and im:;e5istely after herves
-urner (19:7) wes unetle to eccelerete flovering in CelenCnlss by using
a 0—20 G. vernelizstion treetuent for 12 end 2; 533s.

Vernelizrtion nethots for :len ts re Juiriig hi:11-tenpereture treet-
ment he ve been studied converstivel; extensively in various countr1es

.1.

but his type of vernelizetion is outside the score of the present

CF

. l
stxiugr.

‘T-uh-Iw‘s .- m,» A.-

THEORETICAL POSSIBILITILS of SJCLE fi’L LY .nh15nIZ’” LS tons

Vernelization stu5ies of other investigators have shown that the
plants ,lich produced the {rec test response to treetnent usi'lly he ve
been those which tens to be biennial in ieoit. g: thiola is a
bienniel. The "Ten beers" t;'re from "hich the coluin varieties 1% ve

been deriveé ectuelly is 9 selection from the biennial type.

 

l
The 5ecreese in tne rate of germination, as “ll es the increase in
the number of seedlinfs too weak to vithstend tr «lentinr, es observed

in the nresent study, indicate to the eutlior that it 1s unlikel;' th.
tocks require a hifih-tennersture verneli7e tion tree tne ent.

fl

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7." ' MT‘ " ‘ 'r " - v " ”V.‘V"'IT_1':"'7"‘ '7‘
L'AlilRJ-ALb (Oi-1L1. ..lla.-IU.Jb USIIJD

The plan of the study was to grov both 2 spring cron and a winter

crop. It vqs thought that the effectiveness of the vernalizetion
u ‘ __ I Q ‘A n . _ _ -‘\ _ ‘0 ‘
treatments might vary Vitn tne tine of Qeer. In 1991 a late sjrlng

croo, designed to follow a vinter croo of column Stocks, was sovn on

; becsuse of the

62 .c. ~. := L t Lzs ' s rwu' d. ' 1 '1. 8‘) ';1
F bruery l’ Grovtr of S‘oc l r ”l 11 tre "r1

greetly increased amount of light evaileble. February 15 1's about
the last prectical date for sowinr Stocks in Hichigsn because leter

sovinys are subject to excessive heat. The shring of lghl was

q

unusually warm in Hichigsn, enc fo a time it apneared that the

'1

Stocks vould be unable to differeniate flower buds. In planning
the experiment it res thought that e late spring croy, which so often
fails to flower, might produce flowers only on plants from treated
seeds, thereby establishing another velue for the vernelisation treat-
ments.

The second tr'al, designed to follow the fell chiysenthemum crOp,

was were on an October 25, lng seed'ng.

The seeds used in the present study were harvested as selecti n
F0. 227-90A of the Ball KO. 1 Lilac—lavender veriEtU in August lQMO

in West Chicago, Ill.

 

Apfrecietion is exoressed to Georfle K. Bell of Geo. J. Ball, Inc. for
assistance in securing these seeos of known confiitions of jroduction,

..C'

and for providinq storage lecilities for the seed.

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LacL lot consisted of 103 seefis, selected :t rrnvon fron tne seed
peciefe. Lien critical (iscussion hes revolved about the possibility

‘ " 'Iq c“ . ‘ r . - an V .n r ' - “'r A, ’~ - < \“4— . ‘. n‘x '. I
of Viruell7wthn ln eLClsec, meltlcl, .Mo tangles eu-l,os, nznce la tne

-- 1 ,_ , J—r‘- . .1 .1- .., . _," .
resent stlQ' c.re tes tcnen to use Onl; u.lnjlred seels, en” cere has
0
4..-» .2 '. . 1- .. .'- z- : . .-T 4- --- -..4. ,7 ‘- ..m. .
ts -e11 141 21'11c1_i111 t--e gzel‘ll.1e tea. swse. s to _.7€‘751.t a e ' e 'to t11e e..or;,o.

Unus Lzll snell seens were 5:.lso re on cc. Tnese vere sown in lflhu as
Lot 95. A srnlle of the remnant of tne seed used in l9el was sown es
9 check lot in lCEC.

The Bell 30. ll 'lnk (selection lo. lEO-UClA) 911 the Bell Io. 23

A)TlCOt (M lection :0. e—lOJA) p"esunsbly Were yroiucec in the green-

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t- 2.. , _,. 7 .' 1. : ,. f“ 1.1 .._ - ~_..
1.02058 .Li'. nEEFt C-...A.Cc’c> O, Ill. Au -1l¢~tOI‘U ls -‘.llOl’IL f0
. o I‘ . —' ' ' '3‘“: Cl. '1 M 'I‘fi ‘- " . f. ‘1' Afi‘ ' l‘ '
vs“letles uses in lyLE: Sting; u ..lte-s Unruenlc, Stumjg & Melters

Yellow tender. and Holler-Frenltlin Yellow Koneer.

Pre- trert eq- %:eir"stlon of tLe see3s to control molds

 

 

Previous ettenwts by Hoxsle (133%) to vernelise seeés of the
column StocEs were unsuccessful becruse moles killed the embryos during
the period of treetnent. Seeds use: in the nrese nt study were soaked
in a one ner cen agueous ner uric chlcri e solution lor 10 minutes
just :rlor to the start of the regaler soaring neriod in the vernvliza-
tion trer Wei s. Preliminary stilles indicated thet this tree

did not refuce the serninatlon rate of t 'e seeds.

Rehluletizzsr gmror'tn r..e of t--e e2:‘;‘-.or o c .rlu'“ the vernell . tion trPaE-ZQLE

\l

 

Prelimine.r; stuaies lnficetefl th. :erwln netec seeds ol Stocks (0

not grow exces fively airing low tenwereture store: ; hence no attenfit

ves xafie to reeulete moisture—content of the seeds or to use 2 rete”tin§
solution for the. 1: ..L 0.01 seeking.

Q ”1"?" "' (\or‘,m-‘ “ 4-5—"fi'r-
vqt ..1..1,'_ A. ."if t7. do -—-.‘—i- bJ—C

 

M“ -~ .- :- Ah q~ ,-'—: . -. r: . '- r- ‘ tap it. ‘- f‘"'. . r0 ' fia‘ " I‘
r’rell..11.1.2.16,r stuc...es 1.11...1Cc‘t:1\_1 t.A_t s. 12-Ao1r sec. 1.1,;~ .del 10c. ct

1‘ 1" 1n ‘-M ~ .‘-5‘3' 3! -- J- . W“: '1‘ ." HA" .fi'r ' ” .~ r.
rooA te gelctl1e was sulllclent to initiate “alJlArtIOn 1n seets of

Stocks. Accorfiinfly ell lots were sorkee for th's period before being
refrllersted. For the period of soaking, aggroxieetely 50 cc. of

l . 2
s-ey‘lli ze< olstllled water were uses in lEO—cc. b.skers.

The seeds were trensferrefi after the period of so:

'2'
tetri dishes (103 mm. by 15 mm.) for store e in the re- riceretors.’
G=rwinetion of Stoc seens uncer truer

 

 

It nip-fr be. c__11est "1019C 1-rl'1et‘11er the presence of the. 5—81 cc. of water

used to rinse the seeds into the petri dishe rev have reduced rer‘iAe

U)

tion of the seeds. In a nreli ine y erneli1eAt seeis of Be 1 Ho. 1

a

f‘r‘. f‘ \ ' '~ '. ° - _
Lilac-1""eA1er (selection lo ae7-yOA) helo uneer elstlllec water et

50 C. germinated in 6 dsrs. Seeds of Ball 10. ll Pink (selection

lo. lZD-fiOA) germinate& in 3 ep.;s then held uncer tee weter st room

§

temperature. Under similar con'eit ions see<k of Ball 10. 20 Apricot

(selection so. 6-lODA) erhibited s 30—per cent germination after

3 days.

 

1
True (lClu) has shown the injlri us eifects of distilled veter on
plsnt growth, but trelirinsr" stu Sies by the eresent author seemed
to inuicete no s gr1if.1cent diffe re1ce in the rete of germine.tion of
Stocks seeds vhich had been disinfected ens soaked.
’)
L.
Various chemicals may be used to <ec:reese the 191at1 of period required
to vernelize seeds, but in the present study nor e of these were used.

The last 5-8 cc. of the water were used to rinse th, seees into the
‘ s

.'q—.\
\‘1/

 

 

fi_.o I I V >_ 1 A ‘ 'N ‘ {i " . J. ‘I ~ 0 , _ ‘ ‘ ‘
b lthlFJ .63 P6 weer tune U16 is: Ci *1e >etii Lienes ?T&C1£LEG
-- .- ° -1... n “on: - -4. 4.- ..? r 6 .43
t-e 'OcclUilluJ o: suiiicie1t eeredlol ior cont i;1v e ”or 1 01 the

’- ""’II‘ t r- "" . ' "\ ' I
ea LQ- ;.1eu 9(14105 of SGGnS in :Qtfl

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619369, tut me coneidered it necese {arr to remove the covers Jaily

r- rJ' “ — r a ‘I r. T“"-“ V15" ”:1: 7’ ~-' ‘-«~- ‘1
cerute the seep? for a Iew eecon e. 11e1e1_o (l, 1), re or lug tuFt
9‘; mx ‘ J- . ' ‘ r-‘ w :j "x . v1. 1 . h" H .r\ .‘ -'I . — .._ m .
t+1£lizrtion nro lessee More leh1;.11 cloeec Jar? th?& in 0we1 ones,

clainec that free exc<ss 01 air is anaerentl

-- r. on d" 1" ‘ 4 ~ '1‘ ‘.‘ I: L. - . V ‘1 ~ ‘ “p J‘1,“ f'\ 9~\v‘\ q
inn eit1or, nahever, CO1sieers Jne sir V011 e 01 t1e luD mm. 0y

1 [‘04

r: .._., . ' ’: 1. , ' . ' .0 t. 3 4.2- ., ,L‘-
13 ”1. get‘i Lisa gs suiiic1egt ior tHe lflO—eeeu sew1ies or tee 1e131n

~~ \ J- . .v .. 5-1- . u ‘ ,I l‘ I ‘
treetgegt ueee 5 Due mzese1 3316;.

derminrted seers of S- ocrs contimge t grow at temperatures of
e. . 9°”. ' ‘ a . a 4' ”*1“ n r .— -. u: .. '1 a
6—10 0. (-1e. 1). Gioutn 01 giHLtS ct J-lo C. nee grewioesi; need
\ 1 .‘. “ M I r O _ ‘ . -|_‘ .“
ll wno nave etueiee the veineliZation piecess e Jee that o1e of

f

d-
B

0‘ l
t+
O

the most serious problem? ncountered in vernalizetion is
yreveutinfi growth of the seeélin 9 during the ti e of refritg'erption.

It is not that this. g:rm-*th densities: the eeefliizrs bu t that the c:_iificult_y
involved in headling seene vitL exceeeively long3 serouts mefiee ulazting

of them connercielly impoeeible.

sn- -7‘, \ - _- , .:. . 1 1,17 ‘ , ‘1 .
goninney et al (1939/, however, remite~ goo; “taupe mate Lee;

 

[.._]

This lite eture has recently been reviewed in a firivete paper by the
t got be revi ewe6 here. The most in >ortent of these

1
rem>ort have oeen inclueed in a 913319: .entz r* bi"s]-iogrejhg in Anyendix E.

 

The 1GO-seed souple of Bell Lilac-lavenior,
selection Lo. 22 -§DA. sovn in new. washed,
beuk eznd in the 3 inch jot, was gernineted
at TOOJ tenpersture for #3 hours and then
transferred to the 10 refrireretor. Tue
whotOflrewl was made when the act was removed
from the refrigerator :2 V9039 later.

- 9 _ - ~ ~ - I - - ~
e, 4. - - ' .1 ., ~ + ‘2 . — ~. , ' - - J— 4.
JJ u:1.1‘3‘ 1-}. "1-€‘fi(1 t ‘. 0.; H" l -‘.1' , "‘71'” ._, 3...C-‘. 19-1 (5 1’ 1.11.0 ‘C ) a?

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' - ,. 1 - , ' -. ‘ .7: »- t, 4. - .' V 4.

l. 111k-- 1,1.» , r '~1~ 1' ~‘1 t11e e€2e( e \"czwe tr act-1 ' u:r:-,»1 ‘ itr. u..e

'w‘ 1 1 'l ‘1‘ ‘4 7 ” “.- 4 1" 7 7 _\ y (—0 r M" +3, J'- 1 v ' —.

.’. 1. 1.1.1“ 1.1.'(“. of“ . -.J’DU -111 \1 ,1 / 1' - -L 4-4 1, -LOu O;L_‘. l“

- 3. ~ ‘- 1-4- . r 4' 3‘. ""1" i ' '» p ,1. c‘o-w'r ‘ fir v- VvaT‘fl’lr '1 '3 r~r 4-: +0: I .
C ’ L L-‘ -€ - I10 LJ‘ 1.. b5.e 6.1.L/l‘; O ‘1 CF- .1...“. J. -).L. -_.V-(r....L ( UJ—O-L U pl -

o ‘ -“ .‘.. ‘ L ~ t O ‘I‘\ ‘_ :4- 'r\ ' 1.. o ‘ : ‘ ' ""v
t: 1 occurs “oet re'_il 11 growtg keen m1 1(lrlg rr1 tlu. rue
I I ' ‘ - -" v Q ~ . - 1. ‘l- J- . ' 1 ': ~-“ 4’ ' 4‘ '. fl. . ’ fi.' 1 -' t --‘-. , -V -.
~1111, raw C¢~1?, is :u1_1otevlw' r1'11.6 {Lu -t lgilthFle/ OVt5lxrlPJCpkL

-"“ " "v . fl". '1 “ " "1"‘1‘ . " ’1‘ fl 1‘ 4-. 3'." “ ' - ’1
Vc' tl‘.e £111-1Cllt,’ 2’“. 1,;1‘11‘ 11-1.. .Lr'I ..0-: 1r? .-tELu SCPLS.

Refrigeration temperatures ueefi in preeent stgfi;

 

It eeezed oert to eJWlo; thTlTPrath£ teeperatures near 00 C.

.0 CH _’.. . , .'.‘n ., 4..» r1 0 " - . -. . .
.’.Of 01:00-3. JLCCOI'NAAip .‘ 111-9 'J-l b. te.ea,*&'l€,.t1..re VIRS IIS‘GL as 131:0

J—u.‘

\ ‘ n . ‘fi'fi'. ‘“ r “ - A' - -"~“ J“ V” c. h" '|.' . c ‘1'
Lori: in rtllitfirutlgd in t1e ores~ut Funk;, th1ou31 toe ef-ecus

4......111 ‘1‘. .' .-'.."1 " ,1, . ~ r?
of .enpeietaree o: ,3, YO, «no LO c. Leze aleo Gtuuleu.

» .‘. ‘I I‘\'- 1 ' ' .’1. a 0 \‘4‘1 r- I J a '\ .1 . . '~ .‘-
731389 119.13. OER-.11 C101. 19m. 130 C8119}? (r72 I’G‘ffi- 9c 1 OJ. VtrlfiifiilEC‘JlOA. it
. $.11 . ,3 ' ‘ A. ' _ 4LT. ,_ 1.. 4. ,' ,- ‘, «’1' 1,. ‘ ‘ ,.
vars 010L311 tag. 111 w1e 1resen» ennui; me o-rwwn. werieo.o1
4‘ - I». 1 ‘ i— . 9. . m1 ‘— 1' ~- ‘ ‘ ‘ 1 ' a» P» ‘- ~ .~
rgirlgplhblfld 1131t p oxe to be enceeeive, out it we: eioecvcm nfit

u .1 ~. 1 °- N 1.x .: . 1 4.“ 11V. '. i
toe Also of startiob one varloas treat euts et weexrj lAfiGTthS

would ingicate eov sue“ occurrence.

 

1

izetion wee not to be considerec in
0 Keep the time of exwoeure and the

low and comma able for all refrigera—

. q p

tie photo jobse or vernal

his study, efforts vere made t
nteneity of the incideat l t
r

J

.\
(“Vi
\\ 4/
Aliition of veter during neriod of refr i"eret ion

 

A single thickness of blottiug fryer vss used as a moisture pad
in the cover of each netri Lish. 30 additional water was used in the

ntl

(D

3 moist et the end of the 3-week

1;L1 trial. All lots were suffici

. . ...'.--. -. .3 . ‘ 4. .‘ ,.,\. .° .. . 3, ..
gerioo. Br;1n1 Llfi cccu1, however, in the lge2 tiiel, esvec1slld 1n
tne lots stored at 5° and 3° C. Conseeuently sterilized distillei

veter was sided in 5-3 cc. quantities to th netri dish when the seeds
eppeared to oe insup‘1c1entl zoist.

Preve tion of revers"l_01 ver1uli19tion

 

 

The gossibility of revers cl of verne lis etioz1, esgecielly when the
seeds ere dried before being sown, has been the subject of nich
critical discussion. To avoid pos sisilitv of error thr0“‘n reversal
’ vernalizstion, in the present study all seeds were sown immediately
after renovel from the rsfrirerntors.

~a

Seefllingugroduction

 

The 1341 trial was sown in Lnsteri ii 178 ed Z-yesr-old cenoost on

6.4
' J
"‘3
{‘1

Feb. 15 in a 750 F. greenhouse. -ithin Ehh hours meny seedlings

pushed up thr ugh the soil. All flats were transferred 2 Weeks leter

d-
O
p

'80 F. greenhouse. After 2 weeks at the lower temperature the
seet_1“'s vere sjottefi in flats. An attemjt was made to sejerrte D"
inspection the single-flowering type from the double—flover in 15 type.
Seedlings of Lot 1 (, wee he at l0 C.) were the hes thiest egoearing st
this time. Only one pl: nt in this lot was unus"ll small.

It was observed that in rsn;' of the smaller jlsnts the roots were

slightly to severely curled. This congition evidently Was a result of

1
Drovtn wnile t1e seealings were held i1 s ore e in the tetri dishes.

m ‘ , .. .. ‘ I ."‘ ‘. s , 1- 1 ,_ -\ - - 1

1ne 13~2 tri:l yes soxn On Oct. 8;, lflel 1n rashes sane 1n 2 53° F.

greenhouse. Seefiing was again done b? the careful use of tweesers
since no successful method of drging the sur eces of the seeds su11ic-
ieztly to per it the use of normel methods of seedirv Les yet been
found for Stocks. Flats were watered vith warm water in eeietely and
then fleced on an east shelf in the greenhouse. Fla ts containing Lots
16, t1, :1, 57, 69. £1, 67, 7h, 79, at, 33, 91, 92, C3, and 9t were
aced on the vest shelf of the sane g1eenlm01se. Attention was given
to she conuitior1s of 11 .ht, tengsreture, eni moisture conjarable.
However, it was very noticeable vh,n the seeclings were benched on

Dec. 18 that those from the west shelf (oredominently check lots) were

entirely nornel in growth habit, while those from the east shelf had

prouuced a ,rOIth clm r ctezi7eu bv brittleness, i.e. the leeves were

'1
10st very ref-1111;". A soil test by the orwrw system“ :-.1e<:.e on these
. . . 1 . . m. . h
senfis t1e follov1n£ Leg fails: to inrlicste any aonormal s01l COHLlElon.

 

Attenpts were Laue in the 19MB trial to eliminate the root~curl contition
by soving the seefls in eclietel‘r after they were Cisinfe ec ed and seated,
"out the technicgle was not sniff ic.ie.1tl;r refi.1e( to verrant its use.
2

The use of c1Ut01eceo s earth es recoxnended for tonetoes by Beker (l9hl)
seemed in nrelininsrj trials to leeve the rate of gerhinetion unaffected
in Stocks, but the ‘ete of seeding was not appreciably increased.

?

Snurway, C. H. 1338. Soil testing: a practical system of soil
fertility die nosis. Iich . Agr. 1xw.Sta. Tech. Eul. 132 (End revision).
h

It is now believed that the brittleness occurreQ only in the treated lots,
and that it was a boron deficiency sfuutom, with the lack of boron Cue to
the method of storz15e of the seeds durin: the vernaliz ation treat *ents
hfl to e deficiencg of ooron in the s‘asep_e t sand-culture of the seed-
ings. Discussion of this conclusion is outside the scone of the preseut
paper.

14 "J

1:.)

..1 ,1. .91.. - 1 .. . ,. .1 ,.,...:.. -,, . .3 _
LuCu iint receiven l giezt of d ,otc::111 11t1ete-m040 3991c cs lciuc

te nutrient solution in each of five weeklv feecigcs. Leaves

0

O V
. W- '1
1110 €121.15

*Jo

were lightly rinsed after esch feecing. Io ELLitionrl water wee Ven.

U".

n 4‘ :.' ~ -~ ., 1 "
last leeclnb was eeue on Dec. 1?.

F
k
D
6 .1

W‘ !_ 3‘ _ ~ 1' ~ I ~ -‘
LE-1C.’11-1,’~, 12-119 FPFLll1L;S

 

Plants of tee lVLl triel were beached on Agril 19 in a west-center

tiled bench. Roots were uettee together in the flea ts, “u the; were

1 -. n q '1 _“ ' ~ ~_ q f o H __
retner s all one non—Iiorous. he slants were Dencmec at e o 11cc t;

r V °. " - ,‘ “. 1 - 'I
0 sea sfe.in? imLeeietely es recomeu 1104 the flats. Tier 1.ere l1 Ltl:

}-lo

shefied for a veek, but those near the 6oor wilted severely, necessiteting
the removal of all lower leaves On the: to recuce the danger of foot—rot
infection. Foot-r ot was already freseat in check lot B; hence this lot
was grmn to 1.115.111.1111” in the original fist (1‘11". 2). Ghee}: lots C, D,
end E Vere benched on April 26 in the iorth end of the eas bench of the
he soil used for these was s remnant oi
the main heron. Root systems of these check plants were much LOTS
extensive thy n t”-.;se 011 the glents etccuec 011 the l“ét11, 2.116. 16101.. er 11116 s
116 alreefiy been differentiated in men;
was JUCh drier, reeultigg in less page e in seweretin; the roots.
The 1942 trial slants were benched on Dec. 13, l1hl in
center bench of he sees ’”90.u0u19 es usec in the 12%1 trial. Plants
were benche6 directly from the oririnel flats (fits. 3 & L). Tie oer ch
has previously leen c1eer—ro1er at h in hes. Roots were heevy, well-

or070rtione6, and epwroz iv: ”61 l— 1% inches long. All plants exhibited

,.- 1A _ a
h‘VHFVW “KVMJLWC f

‘

f‘

 

ljhl trial Check lot B

. 2.

..b1 i ;:1:

 

denoted lots 20 ans L are
.'1 :liCc "te Cl-eC.: lots 3'8 and, C3").

These see-miliiigjs were gzrngtmed at the standefi 590 F.
temp rature used for Stocks. Florists Cleim tnet
higher te;~er€ tures wroéuce e verkened growth 2nd 9
;1e.tcr los ss fr01 foot—rot. Irjro er xste
tile reel ceus e of 00th trov bles. It is tne auth
oelief thzt StOCIs should be grown at I
temfierature until they are benchea, the: at 55—60
for the nex nontn, e33 only then should tge temger—
ature ue loxrer reo to E}O° F. The more reoid rate of
growth protucel under this SJstem seems to be of
consideraule value in oromotin; earliness of flower—
ing. Growth is not week, enu foot-rot is not
serious, provided the the soil is new and the

rinw is some correct

,
’ )
,1

1’,"

et

8

S .3

S .1

A t .3

ii 0 7g74:oanJ»4
w...“ L x4 6 71.70 c.) 7..

sees
C111

.
n

n .
or. P. O
14 .0 3
9
1l .n lloCTJu ,D,o
no 6o no mg no we mg
.L
e

B

Fig. h.

 

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7"! '
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are S
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(31941.11

U
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201‘:
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.1111

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t o ‘ 0 \.l/ O “
fl. .... . .‘. .._ a .....w, 1
r .. -h ; .A .o, -4mwtc. r
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..I . .L TI“ 00 MIJ o o. I. all...
O 11— +U e ,. u 0 7L \I .._u.
..t. r . ..-m at r .1
Lb .....1; . U. .1.. n.4,, «.1-; Fr). nd .. ....\.. PM; .._: ... e
.... e 3 S .._,u .T. J T}. no 22.7.1.0 Cr. 2 .1
Lb “A r .0 C t ht. _ LI. . o .5” o d . o
c. 5... Fc T ....“ r «bu. LL 1 l .-L 7.. .1.. .1.
t ...... 0 e 7 2 MM.
1 , . \ .. x) .
.m m. m M. L _ 7 w.-. 1....0 do 19 7. w
e l r f e. ..L. .20 7... l 7 221+ Orb cw
..m CC. ...L n 44 0 Lb — _ a o o o a o a 0 NJ
6 e 1.L r). (C f0 2 . .... 2. v! .._...., any A...» .1
.1 r ....“ r .... e S (C l 2 l 2 l l L .
.l ...u ..... -.L R .1 n.
S ..u v. t .... O ...). 0.. Q 7) n...“ rm“ 0 l P.
0.x. U; :1. AC .._.u .1 “my; 7‘... all 1.!“ 1 9L _r.. a F NJ. mm
..L O «a 111. mu 1 ......1. r11 1... ..w M .1..rhw .h 0.. ... ..1
I .. :z rc _- .. ... .. ,. . fit r: . .2 I. m. . ._
”o. l H..." ...... m v r; 6,. r-.. ..l 7o .0. g. .x
-... O ..1- x

. € . e u. T 9.. a: 7,. O .. 0 do (U F.) .....L. H...
T... t \} .... .. ...u F. J- C 0.71.... 7 .7 .2! O
.01 fb t o o o o o o -o
.1 .... O f. ..4 .J 1)"... 9.. .J 1 ...... e.
,T.. F. .. r T l..- ..Lr Z n...
..2u. . c O ...H . 0.
ox .1 A: an; 1 u
"2... “l n. _ f _ 1 1...
.... O 2.\ C O l. S ..2 7...!C 7. . G

a a 4. . e
E. I O . .l d u 1 f

. w .. 1

.-. r. m. H . o O S ) L. A) 42 7 _\J ..

..rh H 1 v¢ .1 e — WI;/\.L I . a \ {.‘. (....
O .1 n t 5 .1 r .0 ...ll (:11 ....o
t O .1 a .. .. . ..f l 8

Lu «Tu r In fit. u n...
.._ e w v m _ L. G 2 71. 587.... t
.1. ...1 l S. t r ..J l 76% ”or“... *7. 1
.1 n1 1-.. ...u. r a... e . u l .1. l l 7- .‘w
.1 fl... ..c E . u «l a! D \2 , O .._ .
C. ...l- t q. _ Op ......u - lily n... J P. . (..-; Tr, 0 ALT «U ....
a. 4.- t. h . 6 ...J._ r) l 0).. F (... fl .4. T. l
c .. .. n. -3 .J . u. .r.,_. _ .r F,

s I. (C ulfi ...L 11% t IIJ \o r [I \|L — . ”a e
on i O 0. 3m _” O 02...!U L4. R1,. .’..T.-. .n
O O .4... w... 1. Ti _4 RJ 6L 9.. 1 ad ”n , ...b
r C .1 e .. ..- .... 7c .

AI r0 01 .l 1 .
I . O

\J \& fl. .0 Cu
3. h. F L1 .i ..r. ..2. n0 1». hr 9; .-u. 0. 4. .J.
r .1 ... 1. e ... .-o n... -....- L- wlh- Mono ,1.
C v u l o sf 7. 7L 7. T! .A
n. n. u ... 7 y “.1
. 2a h. . ~ . . OK.

.# , . .

an 1..”. ..M c. ..-; .... r.
\L . 0 V. U r a \ HI . J 1...w. ...l. ‘
,. ..3 O l L 23 11.31.1711 8.
l 3 ..d E 7213.3rc 7.. T...

O 1.. ..C . 4. ....— m...
e .0 e . .
.._ “2., 1... ..11 I“ o o o o o o o t
t .... t ...u V C a .u T T

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r. 8 l u .0 C I D J F . . A C
O W“ L1- Ck u. - .'..—

 

 

 

crous.

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. _ _ .._, m“
..r orig? 12'1“». .._.

J

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.L‘ . J— o'-
L l‘al urltl,

on of over-

E'LLl'C‘E'.‘ 1.1 if”; ;

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E ;.:f_ CliI'VF ’1‘- .

 

i»).

Ii:
Werpturee vere carefullf regulated.
u‘wically elonjmtec, .

\/

 

--~_- .-.. --J~
1 film lewV
5nd

.L

f

' F.“ ._" ‘

U. 0' )lCé,
Sell—maleture

- r,‘ ,—. o
.'l of ly-rc." tl‘l£‘-l.

greegLomse tem-
Flower

gtrcigfit,

snikes were
and hérvilj set witL Ilore+s.

hours

1391“

-‘

HUI:

res in ITUE trial

.1
L; {A
71

5
A

.aries of

creeahouse tenwerat

hours

mrz

\

,r 9nd duretio:

17'

= 796-21..

‘\

h5-u90 F.

1

i1

number

T

period

.
,-
-L

we {1

1 r0 r0 _ 7)
l
l 7}. Or; .0.

0L 1 U \u. 1:. 9L. ql. f0 f0 \uu .fi,.l “UH/.0 AC 1; (O C.) P), 0

L1 1 ll ndnr.b
l

r,

ML \w% n...» O; l n... 1 1 71.1 fir. r0 L- ...; K. 7. 7), ”2,174.7”
\

n: n.71du fm2J\%/o ZJcho 1r 1*uunh,fiJ Le firn.:fi,
l ,1; L. 0c. 1 l l 1 “L;
E

2 «HAJ 72)»! l 2 7.), 1L». ,0 l ..L. l 2 1% 9.. 9... 7, l
«L .....V

.1.. Wu F) 0:. 6...;0 ....J O Y 7-..,AJ 7L4 1 7‘4 .L «Q wl\rr l 4,.) ..

1; A}; AL 1 ML .9; ..1. 1... 9... 7.-. l n...— n.... l n; fix.
I// [xi/I /l//// / //It/Il/////I,/// -/./:///;I/ il//
a!— 11_ a... at... W; 9.. 0(— GL rh— al. 1; 1..— ..I* «L r fir” CL nL T .. 7\.,7....7j. ,
nl. 1|. 1; «1+ 1+ 1.1— l 1-. l

._) ;_ _ -. _. ._ _ L. . r _ k _ r- _; _ r _ . .... _ _ .1 _ _
KC AC ..1. ...ruL, w. ./ PU 7.1L 7+ , ,v \H - l f). fin . l _ ; .Cn , .r L l 4 J .r... .. ad. 0/
G; l r .._ .4... ...; nL hr. 1 1 n L 1* 0L 1 mg n»...
(\J 1 10. «I. 1* 1* ML nd :i at 1... 1i 1 .l. r.,(_ 0L hr... nL .1. i .1} .1 . ...}... 73/

. ”r. y . .2, .. . n;
l 1 1 l l l 1 CL n.1, 0L 0c.

 

 

7" fl 4. O 4-“ a a
~~"-‘ ' —‘ -A A ' K“ . -\ .
nE‘ we A...” .....t ..LUS l - ‘J-.L ' (-1C4L9S

 

eon:ercisl florlst ;r:ctices on vrtering vere followed in t

1‘ .4. . . 4— : .c“ . ~ - ~
tue J_elus FF? Leo O; the LITAL99F LESeru

" a 1 («5 _ L‘r a R ... o p “ \ a ‘.I _ - I." v .L .. -I
1'; the l ”'n t"1( we oc 100 1-*e.~ seller. :1; ant: b-20r0.1-;-ld' L: uf—‘l ec.
‘7. f". L‘ A “'1 h . ‘. .' .‘ .- t 1‘ ,- 131 , " . m
041 .L’C C . 1!, r S t&‘ _l .( 41L! 5‘ l‘ 8:“? ”GULLCsle'.-. (C .'. (L Silusti ( “IE-Al 4.1.0,. OI]. l-L‘C {_\_J ,
1'", VA“! 1‘! .'.—Y‘w‘ r ll— (.3— "l."- r-.'.~ I: A-\ :fi A S“f‘:‘l 1' - J- 1vr-L ~79
UL -1. g..;., 4-64. -LLT’ .-g“...(....l J, ..a ’ (_/ g (No, L -.LL. ”.‘I‘LJ‘. -1. -v. , 1C..p L'J 1 (Joe;

- ' . J. ,‘, . ,4- . ' , .. 4. H. . .0 ° fl A ,.‘ , . 4.1 s ..1 ‘2,
was eq.lleu Eu eecg V6U€flhg so ULCU some 0; 1t lCEC-@N out Usrocsn use
1. ‘ ,. ' . . , . 1. r) ,, .4. ' .. - , ‘ . 1.. .
oxtsers lallceteu z Ola LE co. t~451ol of merclrg, so wglcu uiwe u_e

~ "V 1 ~ - ‘ - :"HV -‘. 'a- “ v -_~- . .-
rs @453 vzteols. as allefl euove was eaalleo.

-- \J u- .-

 

1‘ 1 - 1" : .‘. '- '1 «1. r 1 . .,, - ‘ r‘ r ‘I \""‘"' "P ('5 ‘~ ,‘w
A--l )lcnts ln 131.9 11L; ’6 Lu were 1-1.1:,6Ct9n. ct lmulh elem wee-

w

,' . .. .._- .9 ~ , , ~.~ - ..- 6-“; r": , -.,~.-
to LeEOCL uressdce ol (lsease. “one yes e;e lOlue. roe Sllfiut
° 1 .. ,1. 4.‘ - ., - ‘-, . ,- ., ", , ‘. .2 _. ." J. : 1.
Mllu.w presslu on age aleutu rue; tuPJ Mere JCqueu Les eraelcsbee o;
l-.1p.-.- . .- ..
u? ELL-b.4- U..L f‘r..iu.€.t.LOil.

Pl -- J- r q -\ a ‘A ’ v“ ’ 4-'.. 1 \rs V "\ ..C‘ ~-. - .
.ngle iTlFII'US ”(Ole ’..;r?‘:;.Ci;(-‘.\._ ‘51911 l-llE‘d’ .'-: (.‘. OT‘J a" 13.;1‘98 OI‘ .LOLLI' )ElI'S Of

.—._I

,, -l\' ,I‘ '. - A _l . .g- . _ s \ ‘ J- . A'- -' .1 ,- ~ .0 ‘- .'-,
leevez, em. curl has tr--e; to .«I‘EVCLLL. 1,; .erv to an; 0:. geese leeves.

u

Sqecicl core was tek;n at eacn w:terin; to prevent Crnage to the leeves.

V1: ,-.- '1 A -~ . .* rs '0 w- -‘ .' —-- r “v '5‘ ‘r- v: .
Flollsts re_llell u_lo all leeves LTD“ the loner j‘ t o; tee stews 11

tPe winter croo to provice the air ci"culetion deeged necesserr to

- ._

o - I 1 3-» \ , I .‘a ‘ . ~ ‘ fit} a." A
firevent foot-rot 1niect10n. In tge lywl trlel the re orrl ol teese

 

- . i - l " .,._ .,
has glven on tee altereoon of

”-1 V‘ . sa .!_- n '0 -~-. % g
A l ”.'.t syrlurln. ol 13qu L uer leaves
fi_ 0_ '- 0 . .w r 1 ‘r‘ .‘ “ .~. “ I_ ' ~- '7
Feb. 22 o; n laex .slencee hOTCMCL. Arrunbe any we; 1n.ec1: elf

1
6 ‘_ ~..

5 ¢e s e t
A o 1’ I f 2 0 UN ~,_ I “1‘ . f ~F .’.. .’.“ '
“151134-38 nee-V11 purrm me 1114.1, to <-r.- the let-res. Calf
e t

‘The four tensioxe
Allen T. Knight 0
Collere.

rs were deed any , constructed, 3rd suuolied by
the Department of Horticulture of nichlan Stete

 

Fifi. 7. W eh grovth of 19Ll crow.
I . ~_ .‘ . z’ \
\COSpare Vltn flg. lo)

/ ..,.\
\_7*/'
...OSF?

7

15117 C

11 7.7.3:." ‘- " l

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C u M L u .1. O a... C
T. a. T ..u. t ...... f .
G t a .. O n f . r
f .h Bx. n” ‘ o... “.1., CL .1
S ....“ .1 a... 1L. t a”;
. y 2 .... l. L ...: .l e /\
....w W. . u. Lb C l T
.. ~ ... r... e .vql‘
O O F .T.. ... .. .0. .. u ”v F.
T r .C n W... e r .1
O 9 . e .1 m 0 .n r
. -. C EL r l S... H C LU
.1 nc wi e .1
v. pl we 0 s .0 .n o;
r O .5.“ ...... .1; .1- ‘u.
. . n... t ...u .r... r
1 an ...... A C S 1
1l A. n r O .1 e .t
N. .... .1 D. C .. .u C O 9
i O 1.. n4... Wm. A 1:.— 21....
D ..I r S .E t
.. l .r . O. ...-.. H S .E 1
-Tu .. .. 9. a... ”...... e. .L- ..L
n... f _ t t n w. a-.. O
E. C . an C . . .l 1; «I
C. G .1 m.H . e 0. 1.._
f“ 1“ “m .A 1. a. ,c 0 e s
e .flL a” +4 ..t .1“ . u“ m.
e A)“ C“ O Du Lb I
F... . s u :1- f l 0- TL. rt
f t O .. T. .L. .3
V. . and a Q.. C. n .1.. .1. ...“
. ...... 1...”. . u T; _ ...L a. l e
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-m a O I c. e. v . .l
. - .-x. m .. L.... n 'Tu « .v. e Ox
0 0.x F. ..A 1H e e C . I
.... l u . n m . P H) 1U . ..u .. h
t“ O. M. -._ C 0/ t C C q. ,
r( . ,L. . . _ r 1 wk. 0 ..J Wu
3 l H a . 0 9 1-. 9 s .1
F. u. . u: f .l .3 t -u
e ".... 3 «.1 O m . k u ...“ C
..u .1 .. .1.... "P. .. n: C e e and
T . n... ...H v. n.“ r C a.
f. m P- .1.. P e c. . ...,
e u.“ n u t .' y w r
o ml.“ .1. on. ...L 0. 1.. H” e «U.
. T n... -n .1 l .l ...... H. , ....“
O S F .l .... F ...M F
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C v. r... O R .. .3 n
1 S (u C Lu .3. a.“ ..ru h;
r 0 n r.” r... .1. r... C .1
or or t nun a... Lt... “A +.u l 9. .Tu
J ..3 .Z O ...c . l C . F.
a“ .: ..“ Dc n“ -l a“ .m en T“ .+U so
.1 t T O 0 n e 0 .l
v .3 u .1. .4 .1 s e r g
C a t L .. , +4 .t r C _ r
P. ...“ m l 8 ... .c p... u +4 a ..G 9
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t ..... .. 0.. fix 4* ...L l .L .n x.
9 .7 . -u .... “w. . u C f
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n... +u an LU .‘4 1U 0 Q: .0 .0

 

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o v 11. l
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+1... IL 11* A 'I .(I so 1*
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Cl “V .\1“ C HP H
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ll 1 \.\ _
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fill III - l - - 14,. ..m/

 

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Tixe of floverinv

It W99 essugefl that uOuhmi less thin a E deg differelce in the
time of floverin; voulo Le reesouebly sigiificsnt :11 of coxuez Ciel
imjortunce to the florist.

‘ :,..‘.:.:‘.'. ,,,+ ,_'1'..< 4.. 13:“ .0 r1. .-,:.., .fi .:.,.,~ -. .-
450 SJ._..-..LJ..LC¢‘.1..J LL11 £16.ch .Lu. J...lb OJ. 1.1.31 81111;; ‘08 10.11411 11]. 6:1.

10, ll & 12). T1e1.m1 L dc" difference 1: time of

c P-

I

J
+—'-
M
H
fix
’ b
kJ-
J)
o

,1
.

flowering of tLe single-i l01tl° plants occur1"e; in both tricls. Per-

centsjes of ion—flovering filELts were {190 norggal.2 Agoe“eatly there
was no varietal Lifference in re: oLse to treetgeLts, since tLe Ball
Lilac-levender varietg normally flowers a few days bef0“e the Ball Pi1k
variety and epnroxigstely lO Cage be fore the 0 her varieties (fig. 13).

Stem-length is en eswecielly in§ortsnt consiuerrtion in deter inin:
quality in tne (Jo Inn Stocks. Records were neue o: eve aye heights of
the fileuts i1 each jlot at each date the records for time of florerio:

—. n- \ ‘ mg _ ~ I ‘ l r ’- . {.‘- 1
we e meme (lire. ls & 15). lue Aoril 4, lyed, gate were cocauteu iroe

 

Stocks are usually cut when S—l) florets lave oeenefi. Florets IEl-.1«”
o e . A

rate of at least one per is”. In the nresent investifiat

U

u- H- e)
.. k.‘
:3

a
it was found too tinecoirol1u1 e'oroceeture to 001nt as oven only

in vulch lJ florets Leo Opened; hence a plant was consieereo to heve
llOVETPL .Len 0 1e floret was fully Open.

F)

It woulé see; that he ve1: LElithiOfl trertgents sLould first eyhibit

their influence t1 10"n a rewuction in, or eli 1 tion of, tlis

c i sirxce the tLe oreticel reeson these rlents 371 to iIOVer is

t r have returr.ec=. to tie ori- ;iuiz~ l oiennia‘l Leigit end- t;.'c.s recjiire
e +-

-: :' .... - v x " w-n ‘\ '1? “ n- f‘.‘ ‘0 .'
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More TOECUeu 1091,1velu 11 Otufil ver.a_1nr.lon trervmeuts nee been
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' ‘fl ‘ : J. 1' J ~ J’ '. In). ..L. 1‘1 a" 0 T.

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urleL occur1eo 1n tue lots etor o a o-. v.; LPHCP UAUQC oon,1olj
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one nature 01 t4- grooiege lAlOLVPh, tJlR Eblh; in, 01 coerce, 01 0&1;

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preliminary one eroloretor" nnture. -ge inneoi€pe objective was the
determination of tge reaction f column stocks to certain lov-

7' s. ' 4.: . -°1 -- . ‘.. 1-, '1. 2 -. ' . “-.A . 3.
.e"nolizroion 1111 UlOuLolj uE o- coi¢e1c1ul 1A,ortence to t4€

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F“ - JO ‘Wfiv . -, _-. n ‘g “ , . H .I ' ‘5 7‘ 'u u "1‘1 .1
iloriste glowigb rtocus “la in tn-t 1; woulo eeeo euv1ektle to use

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seed which was jroduced under such eavironmentel conzit io:1s that 2

nature fire—ix rvest vern 1 ligation could occur. Tge use of such seed,

combinei tith a method of scrcl-;y production in wLicht tlte pl; nte are
benched directly from the seed flat at the end of the

week, probetly rill yrofuce at no added erjense an eerliness 01

wrrcticrl ignortrnce.

SQJLARY

0‘ V, f fiVe conxercial varieties vere unaffected 1n

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2 See& germigetioa res cate"1ally recuced by the treetgeots, With
tLe reduction increasing trogressively as the ten: reture veg

iacrcoced eni firofiortlogstely as time was increased.

iot influerice the resjonse to the trertnects.

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tion Chaucer in whicl the air from the green-

tLe time no plants had flower buds in evidence.

A ‘70 - u o .
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not affected.

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SZCCIS (Zetthiola incnxe) and their ERCLUCIICN

 

 

.1

1929. The crtolo:7 of Uetthiole. incene with reference to the
etiee. few :hytol.

23 103-12.

193?. An account of sclerote-fornir; funri CEUSiAfi fiiseaees in
Latthiola, r“1.11"e1d 391 hi; ma in Victoria

moy. Soc. Victorie Proc. M?:}Q:- =5.

 

 

 

 

""r ..- 15"1 * 7f
Eli-LI I‘d-Lgu- - ’ h. 11.

19.17. 'r-Iutetion in 1;: t t-:iole Eliz'lE , e L‘ienielizing syecies.
(A review of a pauer of tie same title by H. F. Frost).
/_
.- x

 

B :LUVLs ’ f'ud'. ’ Sa‘l 132:3. :3. R. ’ a116, wit-:1 422' P. C.

, ,r' .2. . . . . .. .._” . q, a 1 .‘ .
3J0. 1x_ner11entel stueies in tne QnOSlOlOgJ oI .iereeitr
ettl 1013 Roy. Hort. Soc. (Loni.), Repts. Evol. Corn.

.2 O 7 I T: J,

{I . 1 j ’.
'D"f\’"fl..’ '7‘)?“ r r
.UA‘V‘.1..2.5— VIA ’ -1. I).

192 Doubling in Stocks. Gard. Chron. (Lond.) 70:97.

 

H

r)
m
TO

Florists' flowers: Beet Lothien Stocks. Gard. Chron.
(Lond.) 72:152.

L"RIXOLLZR, W. L.

a.

1933. A bacterial bli {i t of Stocks cause a b;r Pgrtowonee
ingee (also knovn as P. nettlmi 19 e). P1;t032th.
’Z

 

 

L" _ f'
2;.0 ‘17—-900
COT—LllJ-LT’ ‘1.
"V a -, o a 1 1 1 - j \
1939. Lote on couoling 1n tCn wee: Stoccs. Gare. Caron. (Lonu./
10R: IJOO

DL‘JiTZLCIL-f, D.

an “a . u‘ q_ >- ' .0 u ‘ -_ _ ‘ .’r‘.
18 a. :irnt SbOCHS not .or winter UlOOJ. Sauset o;

LLSILLLER. S. L.

19f7. Selecti.n of double-flowered Stocks in 53911 Slant et:;e.
n I Y" '\ I ’y 1
Proc. AJBT. Soc. nort. boi. 39:747.

‘ 1 ’E."-?r-1-— -- ‘u‘... ‘ _
(,':.nCI- -Vi.-nh 10455, n. A.

 

f short oeriode of low te pereture on

o
on in Stocks. Proc. Aqer. Soc. Hort.

1933. Selection in the oroduction of the ever-eoorting Stocks.
Ami. Bot. 147:727-33.

1 12. The origin of en early variety of ye
Auer. Breed. Assoc., Ann. Rept. 8:53

tLiola by mutation.

 

1915. The ixheritaace of Coublenee. in Letthiols and Petunia.
{'1‘ ‘ - +1. 0 7 " . —. n- r-~'7 '7",
I. -ge ’TUOuLeSlS. Aaer. nature L4 c¢;-;o.

i.L

 

l9lb. Hutation in Kettl
Amer. Jour. Lot.

 

ola :nnue, a gence1121ng suec1es.
7 I

r)
\ _ ,1 H‘

 

) O
L.
I.)
5—4
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.— 4
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H

if. Univ. Pub. Agr. Sci.

 

H
1)
H
:3
O
m
D
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0
‘14
Q
5.;
*‘3
O

. Bud verieti s and chimeras in Hetthio
-1 .. \.
Agr. neg. 33:91-40.

P)
O\

10 '

 

 

l)£8. Chromosome mutant tgjes in Stocks. II. Putting a tree;
chrocoeome to work. Jour. Hered. 19:104-11.

\

 

.-\—, ‘* o - o 0 - 1 I ~
911. UnconWlicetee triennic ingeritence of ourele versus reu
1 9 Q

.‘ -n .. f‘ .’- 'l lhrx o I. on. "7‘ .1,
in “nttliole 1. v.. “at. Ace . uCl. Proc. 17zhge-go.

J-

 

 

 

 

“9:1. Trisowic inne“itence of Coubleness, comnliceted by lethals
in letthiole incenr. 131a 17:h99-§99.
eed JAIJ. H. C.
."H‘ ¥* ‘ ‘ r~ "‘1'. ‘\"" '0“! 1‘ '2 . I . n
l;;%. . reSdLulAb l o. nOQ*(lQJLJCthn.

GREEIFILLE, S. S.

m7 F he a
l 1 7-7. .63.: 104'; -
J ...

,1

se of Stocks seedlinfie to hetero-euxin aooliea to
the soil. Amer. Jour. Bot. 2L:h§fl-99.

~ 1.x, -—.. ,. .y‘ ., ,7 /‘-‘ Try..." .. .1...; 1 q;‘ -
J23JUL..L1.JLU ’ f O J . €...LL1_ Vi. 1L u¢..an.~'.-l-..e . aL' . d g

,. - a 's . ~ ~ - \
1919. O' .outle StOCts. Jon . not. hort. boo. (Lone./
)- , r

1930. D ubling of th.

e of Stocks. Ohio Agr. Era. Ste.
Bimonth. Bul. lhE:

LdemY, m. m. gnu FRUéT, n. b.
** m 7'

1923. _wo extreme smell he tniole w nuts: 3 hedloid Vite on.
end a diploid wit; two FCCitiOJEl chronoeome fragments.

 

a "‘ rm. —"
n er. returel. U¢.22—j3.
P(~\\Iv:j. K.
153%. Temfiereture as a fector in bud mifferentittiOA ené
flowering of tocke. Proc. Aher. 50c. Hort. Sci. 31:071.

 

1935. Some effects of euperature and light upon the flower—bud
force ion enc leaf cherecter of Stocks. Proc. Ager.
-- ._ , -, /\ _
Soc. nort. Del. 72 pt

. ‘-.’ ' ‘
FTLJ. ...! ALI“, R. D.

 

War D L
P.‘.& -L' -5. .

1n11.**

J.
V

*4)

Effect of altergate tew Pi: ire on toe floweriig
a? nd_er colun; StoCVF. Eroc. Amer. Soc ' r

’ \
77.3% .
. ‘OIJ/ J_3‘-T.

1'-

C0 0
O
'J-

Ql-O-v“-> .. ~. L
“.‘.—4143. (/0 0

-he efzect of tezz e1 stare {LL ghooogeriod on the L10 V'th
i

and :lowerin of H's ellanoous anuusls. l"I‘OC- 439T-
rl ‘q o -l ’ ”-7 ‘
DOC. :“IOI‘u. bCl. 'J:l|‘)-’7_L:Z°

F

-ou=le sni sin 1e stocks. Proc. nger.

Floriete' flowers: wiLter-ilo‘m ering tochs. Gard.
CLron. (Lonfi.) 77:1Q2.

7‘.
P...
. . .. - . \
(TLe OTG€ClA€ of uouole flover81. Extrzit Ce IV

Co rere‘cn Io,ernot 94:.le (e Grgetique Paris, Co pt.
LCLL. ct Rpfis., j 7-9fi

 

I urbuel eLterimguts on the inheritonco of Couoleness
84¢ other Chrrrcters in Stocke. Jour. Genet. 1(4).

 

CL tie “oée of i:'1e:itc-mce of certain cnrracte MT in
LJdole--L.o*ii' Sto We 9). Ztechr. Inru.:tive A)ctpn. u
Eererounmslehre 10:237-310. (firfi. Sta. 270. 33:031).

 

1315.

She (0iule Stock - its lietory and behrvior. Jo ir. Roy.
\ ~ .
Hort. Soc. (Lood.; LQ:

 

A eugqested expladotion of the obnormslly Edi } re001€s of
doubling quoted by grovers of Stocks. Jorr. Genet.

 

if
\i—l‘
(T x
0

On selective Tortivl sterilit" as a; eXglanztiou of the
bah: tior of tie Q0‘1Lle— t11o111 Stock a-d the petunia.

.0

\ .

Amer. Iaturel. .3.eoo—eo.

 

lfl?.

-. c 1 l . -, . “ ~‘ .‘.” ‘ I -. ., \
Resecrcn 1n tne genetice of Stocas. uErL. buTOh. \Lonu./

N.(‘f\'

.’.‘f' i 1 .. . r_-.1
DO:‘+)‘+, 32’ 1:12; ‘QJ o(__/', L)”.

 

f ,‘:-1‘
1_ . ,-

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J

1‘

Lultiwle ellelonorphs en<111131n iec tors in i1fi1eritrnce
13 Letthiola incann. Presigentia1 A dress to Lrit.
Aesoo. Bot. Sci., Cardiff, Greet Britein.

 

 

1923.

Reversionrry here Cb er in the Stock end its sijr1ificnnce
in re.¢erc to the structure and evolution of the
"109012n in the Mfiloedelee, the Orchideceee, and other
femilies. Ann. ‘ ot. 37:1 1-32.

 

TO: .‘PZIIl-Js . C .

193k.

Stocke. Rejts. to Evol. Con ., BO“. Soc. (Lon(.) :3?-LO.

Clzron .

c.)
{‘3
"3
p .

.s in wallflowers eni Stocks.

Counted grain pollinations in Latthiola. Amer. Katurel.

5'3: )lU—El.

Brearlnq 1n Stocg. (nettn1o12,1ncene/, a viroais
”3 I“ W,
rhyt01at1. c4:ll)

 

 

10 1'0

"J;

Tvo mosaic Cieeeses of ennuel Stocks. Jour. Agr. Res.

50 :U “'77.

c' "7 if )
.‘. I ._~.

1 MTV "‘ 1 C ‘-
EEC- J—vVZug‘R’ o l“.

 

l§37. Foot—rot of china aster, annual Stocks, and Transvaal
daisy caused by Phytonhthora crytogee. Jour. Aar. Res.

 

54:163-71.

MlflfP‘Ird’fi-‘~ . ..r T‘
.L bU¢LJ~AA¢b ..A-k'. . .u .

\ ** t ‘ U 0 0 ‘ 1 1 a
190%. (Furt; r stuoies 1n cr0351ug yeas, StOC'Q, emu oea1s).
I ‘- I- w - " -\ ‘ v . $ - ...
ZtSCuT. beuuv. 1ersachsv. Ossteir. 7:?33-32.
L" 1 ' 1'
5.11333. 10 . LL.
,-c . - a . c u n q- ~u . 1
ljjo. Altenar1 leal-Sjot 01 Stocus._ ua1d. Cn10h. (Lonu.)
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1oo:23o-37.

H:
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192}. Soue stuuies in th production of double blooms 0
Ed. Afr. Exp. Ste- Eul. 259:8 -102.

3113303, B. B. and Brrsticr, H. x.

1936. Photooeriodic responses of certain greenhouse annuals as
influenced by intenrity and wave—lengths of artificial
light used to leng hen the day-light period. Plant
Physiol. 11:225—L9.

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r.” / ‘~ " .‘ ... “.....H m. . .‘. . . «.-‘- ‘.. 7- 1~pr
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.- ' . No '~~ ... 1.. ‘2. -.. . 2' ..-— UT
lVFtlQfl. UL halec t ) . Jul . L (J. (JV. :- .- : L_'..L-L-‘u'o

XUTHAI. P. S.
l???. The enetonicsl ex.‘C cytolocicel evidence for the formeti
of Aroxt1-»ro oti 11' substances in the develoein; germ o

rife. Amlélo LOU. 2:771-57.

(1..—Jul A‘IZIU‘JYA’ T o 1f .

lf U. (Sowe sveec1iel features in nhasic develonnent of various
9 C“ ‘. ' " '. r ’7 ~ 7‘- ,
oerle‘r Io or: s}. covete-ege notenika b:jl“%9. (nerb.

P312133, G. L. and KILSQlLBAu H, T. A.

li7L. IHCuCinfi crly fruitinm int'i11ter wheat by seen eotivetion.
\ f r— r
JOLLI‘. Imer. SOC. A"'I‘011. 2%.): jag-'71).

1333. (32“eri: ents on the s.oruen1nc of the vegetative period of

., , -_ \
R 'zdlou cereals Dy tne method of T. D. LgsenkO). Jinta
,4 - -

PURVIS, O. H.
his of .he influence of teupereture Curing germina—

Q
tion on tne sunsegueut develoument of certain winter cereals
ts relation to the effect of length of day. Ann. Bot.

 

1353. The inheritance of the sgrinr enu winter habits in hybrids
Of Petkus rye. Ann. Bot. 3:719-20,

RI 03:37:13 , A . A .

 

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Beverlm lir.rti

:1 of Winter rye by high temper9tures.
lb tare (L0:a~_. 2

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H. and SAKEO, W. J,

an method for accelerating sexu9l reproiuction In

S i
wheat: f‘l rtner infor;8tion about larovization). your.
I red. 2%: 16 'j-CD.

(Aartonical {nu cytologicrl cfianes in seeds under

veraalirrtiOA). ZLir1. Pros. roflziol. 2:110-bl.
‘ a ‘ ‘7' P'7'T‘3\

(hero. Aust. 3:3’0. 1839/.

 

r-effects of auxin seed treptment. Amer.

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MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSI Y

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