___:_:__::_____:_:_:_:_32:23::______:__ mm tu’ofi ( i “43 LC C THE WATER SUPPLY SYSIEM or LANSING MICHIGAN including Invoctigation, estimates, and recommendations I r‘ S i‘ E/D' by O: Twila: J (5/11. H. B; Huntloy J. 0. Gowor m h. - May 1924 THESIS INDEX Present and Foreculted City Limit Diegremmetic Section through Pumping Stations Pent end Estimated Future Papuletion Peat end Estimated Future Papulation end Pumpage Poet and Estimated Future Pumpage Rates Her Well Deve10pment Wetor Requirements in Million gellone Pumpege Foreoeet of Leneing Water Works Deep Well Tents for the Station: Drillers teete for New Wells 10'1““?4‘3) Teble U0 tr! T'E CITY CF liNSlEG: Lansing, the capital of the State is located in the southcentral part of the southern peninsula of Kichigan. It has a pOpulation according to the 1920 U.S. census re- turns of 57,327, nearly half of which has been acquired within the last deCude. From the start up to 1900, the growth of Lansing has been slow and quite uniform. The recent growth is quite largely attributed to the rapid ex- pansion of the automobile industry vhich is exerting a similar influence upon practically all of the important Michigan cities. The city occupies an area which is practically square measuring approximately three miles east and west by three and one half miles north and south. mhe built-up portion of the city now includes all of the area within the city limits, except a narrow strip around the edge which has recently been annexed to the city and this is being rapidly developed along the south and west sides of the city. The principal industries are the Clds and Rec Auto- mobile Plants although many casting, truck, engine works, and similar allied industries contribute to the industrial stability of the community. Lansing is an important dis- tributing point for south central Hichigan on account of its excellent raierad facilities. The principal commercials district lies in the center of the city and the industries in general are located along the Grand River and the railrgads which pass through the heart of the city. HISTORY or; WATER wears DEVELOPMENT AT Lemme: A brief review will be made of the steps which have been taken from time to time to provide a more adequate ‘ or safe supply of water for the city. The first water works plant in Lansing was constructed in 1885. The supply was drawn from an open well sunk in sand at the site of the present Cedar St. Plant. The ori- ginal well, is still in existence but is now used for con- densing water storgge only. The pumping equipment in the original plant Consisted of two 1 1/2 million gallons Worthington duplex steam pumping engines taking suction from the Open well and discharging into the distribution system and against a steel standpipe 16 ft. in diameter and 154 ft. in height. This standpipe is still in service. A few years ago, in the early 90's the brick suction well was abandoned as a source of supply and twelve shallow wells were sunk in the station yard. The depth of these wells is notdefinitely known now but they probably did not exceed 50 ft. in depth. The water was drawn form the wells by direct suction through a 6" drOp pipe suspended in each of the twelve wells/ About 1895 the pumping capacity was increased by the addition of a Holly pumping engine having five millions gallons daily capacity. About the same time the water supply was added to by sinking about twelve tubular wells 6" and 8" in size to a depth of 150 ft. These wells were drilled on the pumping station lot near the tile wells and .were cased with wrought iron pipe down to the rock line. In 1905 due partly to the break of the single force main under the Grand River near the pumping station and the consequent inability of the Cedar St. Station to supply the north part of the city with water for several days, it was decided to construct auxilliary pumping stations on the out skirts of the city which would draw their supply from wells drilled into the codl measure sandstones, and discharge di- rectly into the distributing system. By this mehtod, it was also thought that the draft of the underground strata could be distributed and further that there would be material savings in the distribution by having water admitted to the _mains at a number of points throughout the city rather than ddstributing the entire pumpage from one plant. The Townsend St.station was the first auxilliary station built. Its equipment consisted of a motor driven Gould's Triplex Pump having a capacity of 1,800,000 gallons per day and taking suction from four 8"and one 12" wells about 350 ft. deep. Proceeding upon this same program, the Seymour St. Station was built in 1908. Five wells were drilled at this station and a Gould's Triplex Pump of 1,380,0CO gallons capacity per day at normal speed was installed. This pump was motor driven. In the year following (1909) the Pennsylvania Ave. station was built. The original pump, which is still in use, was a Fairbanks Morse, motor driven, duplex, double acting crank and flywheel pump with a rated Capacity of 1,500,000 gallons per day. In 1911 a 10" Allis Chalmers motor driven centri— fugal pump was added. It has a capacity of 3,000,000 gallons daily against the ordinary Operating pressure. Both pumps took suction through a long suction main directly attached to a system of wells about 350 ft. deep. Plate No.1 shows the general location of the several pumping stations. The relative elevations, the depths of wells and similar data for each station are shown on Plate No.2. The City of Lansing has been continually face to face with intermittent shortage of water. In 1911, it was de- termined to put down six additional 12"wells at the main station and about this time the shallow tile wells were aban- doned on account of pollution due to the more compact resi- dental deveIOpment in the vicinity of the station. In 1914 the Logs St. pumping station was built and the 20" wells drilled therevwas equipped with the first electrical driven deep well pump which had been in service in Lansing. All of the stations built prior to this had drawn the water fro from the wells by direct suction and the amount of water whcih was within reach of the suction lift machinery was therefore limited. In 1917 a 20" well was drilled inside of the present central pumping station. This well was also equipped with a deep well pump of the American Well Work's manufacture and similar to that installed at the Logan St. station. At this time the 12" wells at the central station drilled in 1911 were abandoned. In 1917 and 1918 the city constructed two 3 1/2 millions gallons reservoirs immediately south of the Cedar St. pumping station, and at the same time installed a 10 million gallon; horizontal cross—compound Snow pumping engine in an extension to the Cedar St. staticn built for that purpose. The Snow pumping engine was installed for use during hours of peak consumption, and to funnish fire protection. This pump draws water from the seven million gallons held in storage in the two reservoirs. The reservoirs are replentished by bleeding from the mains durings hours of low consumption by direct discharge of the well in the station yard. In 1919, one of the abandoned 12" wells immediately out- side of the Cedar St. station was equipped with a 12" American deep well pump and a new 20" well was drilled near the north reservoir and approximately 1000 ft. from the Cedar St. station. An additional 20" well was also started during 1919 and is known as the Park Place well. Thss well approximately 1500 ft. from the Cedar St. station is equipped with a American deep well pump discharging directly into the distributing system. In 1923 plans were laind for a new pumping station and 12 new wells located near the intersection of the Pere Marquete Railroad and the Red Cedar River. At the present time these wells and the pumping station are under construction. These wells will discharge directly into the distributing system and is connected to same by a 16" main laid parallel to the Pam. railroad. The Water Work's distribution system was also added to from time to time until by 1896 it included over 40 miles of cast iron pipe to which were connected over 2500 services, approximately 300 of which were metered. Ten years later five more miles of pipe had been added to the distribution system, and the total number of services had increased to nearly 4000, nearly half of which were metered. The consumption in 1905 was slightly less than a million five hundred tho- usand gallons per day or approxinately the same as it was in 1895 when carrying less than two-thirds as many consumers. At the present time the water work's system has increased until it is supplying approximately 66,000 people through nearly 12,000 services, practically all of which are metered. The average daily use at the present time is five million gallons or an average of slightly less than eighty gallons per capita. During seasons of heavy consumption the water supply is incapable of meeting the demands made upon it and the service is defficient in quantity and pressure. With the completion of the new wells and pumping station this condition will be releived, but as the City of Lansing con- tinues to grow as it no doubt will, the supply of wates will continue to decline in ausntity and pressure. POPULATICN GQCWTH The growth of population and wealth in communities imposes greater demands for municipal improvements. Public works and utilities, usually adequate when placed in service become increasingly more deficient until the time arrives when some change must be made. At that time it is important to plan for the future in laying out the work to care for the present. Inasmuch as the demands for water are quite largely de- pendent upon the population to becsupplied, it is quite im- portant in beginning an investigation of the future water supply for a community to investigate the past growth of the community and the factors which have influenced it and fore- cast as nearly as possible the conditions which will have a bearing upon the future growth of the community and its de- mands for water supply. The rate of growth of pOpulation of the City of Lansing was very slow until after 1900. The population as taken from the 0.8. census for each year from 1860 to 1920 inclusive are as shown below: 1860 - 3,047 1870 - 5,241 1880 4 8,319 1890 - 13,102 190; - 16,485 1910 - 31,229 1920 - 57,327 It will be noticed that the population practically doubled in the last decade. Prior to the last decade, Lansing had been quite largely a resindential community dependent upon the syrrounding agricultural district, and serving as a distribution center therefore, although some diversified manufacturing had been conducted there. ‘ Within the last few years, lansing has had a phenomenal growth which has been common to Other Michigan cities in which the automobile industry has become established,‘ 'The Olds- mobile and Rec Automobile factories together with allied industries have been.quite largely responsible for the change in the rate of growth of Lansing. Other factors which have a considerable bearing on the gfowth of Lansing are: let. Its railroad facilities. Lansing is on the main line of the Grand Trunk R.R. and on very important lines of the Michigan Central and the Pere Marquete. It is on a brance line of the Lake Shore and Mich. Southern 3.3. These railroads provide excellent shipping facilities. 2nd. The Grand River flows almost through the heart of the City of Lansing. It is paralleled by rail- road lines. The availability of condensing water for use in large factories combined with railroad facilities is important for large industries. 3rd. The City of Lansing owns the water and electric light and power utilities and is in a position to furnish cheap water and cheap power to the manufacturing coneerns desiring such service. It has not, however, at all times been able to meet these demands as it should, but it must do so if the city is to continue to grow industrially. It is defficult matter to forecast the population of a city, the growth of which has been due to so great an extent to a specialized industry, the future of which is difficult of prediction. In such cases the future of the principal industry must also be considered. An illustration of this fact is furnished by the Mississippi River cities which had such remarkable growth from 1880 to 1900 when the northern lumbering was at its height but which experienced a marked depression for the next decade, from which they are Just now beginning to recover. One of the best means of forecasting the growth in p0pulation of a city is by comparing it with the growth of other cities now larger, whose growth has been influen- ced by conditions similar to those affecting the growth of the city for which the forecast is being made. In the comparison the cities are studied with reference to their growth, before and after the time at which their population was the same as that of the city being investigated. 0n plate No.3, we have shown the past grwoth of Lansing from 1860 to date, and have compared it with that of Detroit, 'Toledo, Des Moines, Grand Rapids, Columbus and Indianapolis, all referred to the time at which their pOpulations were the same as that of Lansing at the present time, namely 57,527. It will be noticed from this diagram that in past growth, Lansing will probably continue at a relatively un- iform rate for the next two or three decades, and will app- roximate 85,000 people by 1830, 115,000 by 1940, and 150,000 by 1950. DIRECTION £§_GRCWTH: In considering the development of a water supply system for the future, it is essential to know not only the probable extent of pOpulation frowth, but as well, the direction which that growth will take, so that improvements planned at the present time may be designed with a view to usefulness in the future plant. The present pOpulation of Lansing is approximately 66,000 peOple. The are occupied is 11 square miles which gives an average density of pOpulation of 9.4 people per acre. It is probable that the density will not greatly increase within the next generation and accordingly we have assumed that the pOpulation in 1950 will be distributed over approximately 25 square miles of area or more than double that now occupied by the city. Plate No. 1, shows the present City limits and our forecast of the City Limits for 1950. It will be noticed that it is considered that the greater part of the population growth of Lansing will be to the west and south except for a strip about a mile wide which will take in East Lansing. DOMESTIC USES 9§_WATER: Ag 13 usual in the experience of water work's plant when first constructed, the water supply at Lansing appears to have been ample for a few years and the consumers were furnished water on the "Ilat rate" basis. Within a few years, however, the growing demands made it necessary to conserve the supply and metering was adopted at gradually increasing proportions until at the present time all services are metered and waste restricted so carefully that it is apparent that the present deficiency must be met by increased supply rather than further economies in water use. The records of water used in the past are very uncertain , and are probably all based upon estimates. From the water work's directories which are available for the years 1896 and 1904 that the consumption at those times was approximately 1 1/2 millions gallons per day. From measurements which have been made of the maximum yield of the various well groups shows that the sonsumption now approximates 4,600,000 gallons per day, which up to the beginngmg of the Pennsylvania Ave. air lift installation was contributed by the several stations in approximately the following amounts: (average for year) ave. rate max. rate Cedar St. main Station 1,640,000 to 1,640,000 gal. Pennsylaania Ave. " 2,500,000 " 2,550,000 " Townsend St. " 80,000 " 340,000 " Seymour " " 520,000 " 490,000 " Logan " " 100,0.0 " 4oo?ooo " During the summer of 1920 the water supply was mater- ially increased by the installation of the air lift to the 19 wells at the Penn. ave. Station. The station building was increased to makd room for two 1150 cubic feet free air capacity air compressors and a 3,000,000 gallon daily capacity motor driven centrifugal pump. The air is delivered from the compressors to the wells by a system of wrought iron pipes. The water flows from the wells to a receiving reservoir of 250,000 gallons capacity through the pipes which formerly served as suction mains. The wells as no equipped are capable of yielding about 5,000,000 gallons per day whcih increasecthe previous supply by about fifty percent. FIRE REQUIREMENTS: In addition to supplying the amounts of water required for domestic purposes a water work's system in all of its parts must be capable of successfully supplying the necessary quantities of water at adequate pressures at any time to combat any serious fire. Experience has shown that while what may be called a severe conflagration occurs only at long intervals, they do occur with sufficient frequency to dem- onstrate the wisdom fo supplying adequate water supply fac- ilities to care for them when the emergency arises, and that city is wise which provides the necessary facilities in advance. .ir;vThe amount of water required for fire protection varies with the size and importance of the community to be protected the character of its development and the importance of parti- cular sections or industries to the welfare of the community. The amount of water required for fire protection becomes pro- portionately smaller with larger population. From the recommendations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, Lansing should have water avaiable in various locations in the following amounts: 1920 1930 Main commercial and Industrial 7,900,000 GPD 9,200,000 GPD Closely built residnetial 4,0-0,000 " 4,600?000 " Average " ” 1,500,000 " 1,500,000 " sparsely settled " 1,000,000 " 1,000,000 " (1/3 lots occupied) In Lansing the pressure for fire purposes is secured by use of fire pumping engines so thattit as only necessary to deliver the water to the site of the fire under maximum draft conditions to that there will always be a pressure of from 10# to 20# in the maans which will enable the domestic consumers near the fire to have continous water service and insure the fire pumps operation without suction Iift. SUMMARY 93 W4TER REQUI?EMENTS: Table "B" shows a summary of both domestic and fire requirements. This table shows that the maximum demand during severe fire will be at the rate of 15,400,000 gallons per day in 1920; 20,700,000 in 1930 and 26,900,000 gallons per day in 1910. The water works in all of its parts should be able to meet these demands for a period of at least eight hours With any one unit ofeiquipnenh of each type out of service for repairs or other reasons. 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It is usually considered adequate to provide water at a maximum rate for a period of eight hours, or one-third of a day. Accordingly, each million gallons held in storage is equivalent to 3,000,000 gallons daily capacity in water supply which would otherwise be necessary in addition to the development for domestic demands. The Lansing Water Works system includes two 3 1/2 million gallons reinforced concrete reservoirs. These are available for use during the peak hours of the day and for supplying the water for fire protection purposes. That part of the total storage capacity whcih is not required to care for the daily vataations and hours of peak pumpage is available for fire protection purposes; this varies from six million gallons in 1920 to four and one half million gallons by 1950. The amount of water required to fight an eight hour fire, i.e. the excess above the domestid rate will increase from 2.6 million gallons in 1920 to 4.1 million gallons in 1950. It is apparent, therefore, that the 7 million gallons of reservoir capacity is sufficient to provide for the peak hours of the day and furnish water required to successfully fight the mast ser- ious conflagrations resonable to be expected up to as late as 1950, provided the water supply is avaiable to keep them fil- led to capacity each day. In all the projects considered herein for enlarging the Lansing Water lorks System the storage in the present reservoirs has been utilized for peak rate and fire pro- tection service and the deve10pment of water wupply made correspondingly smaller, being governed by the seasonal maximum rates of domestic service. The water required to peplentish the reservoirs will be drawn from the three wells on the Cedar St/ lot, or from the mains during the hours of small use. ADVISABILITY 92 PROVIDING FOR FUTURE HEELS: Any municipal water works system should be built in advance of the demands which are made upon it, for only by so doing will the plant be able to meet the maximum demand which quick growth or unusual coincidence of demands may make upon it. Experience has shown that a plant enlarged only as necessity demands is always inadequate and exerts a serious retarding influence on the deve10pment of the community. - Certain parts of a water works plant must be built for a longer period in the future than others, on account of the fact that they are difficult of enlargement except in relatively larger units. This pertains particularly to water supply structures and pumping equipment. In Lansing it is believed advisable to provide a water supply capable of meeting the maximum demands which will be made upon it for the next ten years. This requires the ability to furnish a continous draft of 7,700,000 gallons per day and a draft of 12,300,000 gallons per day over a period of a month or more. Pumping station equipment should be provided so that the maximum demands can be met with one unit of any kind of equipment out of service. The distribution system should be made adequate to tran— smit all of the water required for fire and domestic dpurposes at the present time with reasonable pressures (20# or more) it the hydrant. It should further be planned with regard to future enlargement from time to time in anticipation of the increased demands which the increased growth in pop- ulation and pronerty value make upon it. AVAILABLE SOURCES FOR INCREASED WATER SUPPLY: There are a number of means by which the water supply for the city of Lansing may be increase. Amoung these are: let. The filtration of Grand River water. 2nd. Increasing the present develOpment from the coal measure sandstones utilizing eigher air lift or electric deep well pumps. 3rd. Deve10pment of shallow well supply from the drift over- lying the sandstones. Eaeh °f these méthods have been consideroa, the practicability of its development investigated and estimates made of the cost of development, and the annual cost of operating. FILTERED GRAND RIVER WATER: One of the available sources of water supply for the City of Lansing is the Grand River, the water of which could be so purified as to render it satisfactory for use in the public water supply. The Grand River has its source in the southern part of Jackson County, and flows in a general northerly direction toward Lansing, thence westerly to Lake Michigan. The drainage area tributary to the Grand River above Seymour St/ Bridge in North Lansing, is 1238 square miles, of which 472 square miles is contributed by the Red Cedar, which unites with the Grand River within the City of Lansing. The drainage area of the Grand River above the City of Lansing is approximately 766 square miles. The Grand. River receives considerable urban pollution the most important source being the sewage from the City of Jackson, practically all of which at the present time dis- charges directly into the Grand River. During periods of low flII, the sewage at Jackson where the tributary drainage area of the Grand River is but 50 square Miles, is approximately fifty percent of the total runoff in the stream. Jackson is about fifty miles upstream from Lansing. The flow in the river is in general rather sluggish so that probably from twoktonfburldaysnis required for the flow period from Jackson to Lansnng. Very little, if any sewage enters the Grand River between Jackson and Lansing. By the time the Grand River reaches Lansing, its drainage area has increased from fifty square miles at Jackson to over 750 scuare miles and by virtue of the long travel of the polluted water, the stream has been subject to self-purification so that the water by the time it reaches Lansing is not grossly polluted by sewage. Its use, however would involve the construction of a mechanical filtration plant which must be carefully Operated under the bacteriooogical control. Numerous sites for a filtration plant are available, all of which provide excellent railroad facilities on account of the fact that the Grand Trunk Railroad parallel the Grand River for many miles upstream from Lansing. Pollution from the City of Lansing makes its advisable to locate the plant above the discharge of any of the sewers now built and suffi- ciently far upstream to enable future sewage improvements to be carried out without endangering the water supply or entailing unduly large cost for outlets downstream. The best location to meet the above requirements is at the present City Limits about one mile above the LOgan St. bridge. The flow in the Grand River is relatively uniform on account of the extensive swamp and marsh areas which are found in the upper parts of the drainage area, and which serve to store the runoff during rainy seasons, and release! it gradually during the remainder of the year. m The U.S.Geological Survey maintained a gage at the Seymour St. Bridge in North Lansing from 1901 to 1906. Daily read- ings of the flow In the river were made during that period. The minium flow recorded was 122 cubic feet per second which was observed on but one day. The lowest aferage for any month was 265 cubic feet per second. Ag the City of Lan- sing uses at the present time only 7 cubic feet per second and probably will not exceed 25 cubic feet per second as late as 1950, it is apparent that the river is able to supply all of the water required for the City of Lansing indefinitely. The records of the flow measurement of the Red Cedar River show that the minium flow of this stream during per- iods of drough is less than the use of the city. If the river was to be used as a source of supply, an impounding reservoir would be required. The Grand River offers many advantages over the Red Cedar as a source of supply. TYPE 93; PLANT CONSIDERED: The tentative design of a filtration plant sufficient to supply the City of Lansing should be built now sufficiently large to take caleof the season of heavy demand under 1930 conditions, which requires a filtration plant having a daily capacity of 12,000,000 gallons. The plant includes a cast iron intake with suitable strainer set in the pool created by the old Michigan Power Company dam. Water would be drawn through this intake by low lift pumps discharging into a mixing chamber arranged with over and under and lateral baffling and providing a storage period of approximately 20 minutes. After the mixing of the chemicals with the water to be treated in the mixing chamber, the water would pass to a coagulating basin having three hours subsistence period. From the coagulating basin, the water would flow by gravity to the filter units each of one million gallons daily capacity, based upon the ordinary water works rating of 2 gallons per square foot of filter area per minute. From the filters, purified water would be discharged into a clear water basin. g§2§3_§3. STATICN‘TQ FURNISH FIRE SERVICE ONLY: In this pdant the Cedar St. station would be used only for fire service emergency. New pumping equipment would be installed at the filtration plant for all domestic service. The estimates cover steam turbine driven centrifugal pumps, although equipment of the cross-compound type might be found more economical, the preference depending upon the relative costs and efficiency guarantees of the two types at the time bids are received. r The entire station would be designed for steam equipment which would necessitate the sinstallation of a 600 horsepower bdiler plant, high and low lift pumps, stack, breeching and auxiliaries. The filters should be washed by pressure supplied from a wash water tank. The estimated cost of this plant is $528,000. The annual cost of this plant upon the 1930 pumpage is about $90,230, of which approxiaately one-half represents the interest and depreciation on the necessary investment, and the remainder represents the items of fuel, labor and coag- udlnt, other items of Operation being omitted as being com- parable in all of the projects considered herein. The estimated cost of a 15,000,000 gallon filter plant which with the emergency well wupply would be required to meet the forecasted demands for 1945. The estimated cost of constructing a 15,000,000 gallon plant is $788,000. The annual cost based upon an average pumpage of 12,000,000 gallons per day is estimated to be $126,880. The filtered water would be sterlized and delivered to the meins clear, colorless, and pure. Its total hard- ness would probably average slightly over 200 parts per million. During warm weather there would be a possibility of some taste of odor in the water due to algae growths. These could be overcome by areation and other treatment. Temperature of the water would vary from 32 to nearly 80 degrees. I A filtered water supply at Lansing can be indefinitely enlarged at an expense practically i n direct proportion to the additional capacity desired. The annual cost of dil- tration per million gallons decreases with increased quan- tities of water treated. The annual cost for 1930 condi- tions is 832.10 per million gallons, decreasing to $27.80 per million gallons in 1945 with 60% more water treated. SUPPLY FRCM DE§P_WELLS: A secohd source of increased supply for the City of Lansing is a greater development of the underground supply which is now being used. Up to the first of Sept. 1921 the time when the emergency plant started Operation, the City was able to secure about five millions gallons per day from a scattered system of about 25 wells, most of which are 6" in diameter, about 375 feet deep and pumped by direct suction. Four of the wells are 12" or 20" in diameter and are now equipped with deep well equipment. FACTORS INFLUENCIIG WELL YIELDS: The practicability of increasing the supply from deep wells in the vicinity Of Lansing depends largely upon the extent of the gathering groung to the wells, the trans- mission capacity of the strata, the elevation of the static. water level, and the depths to which it may practicably be lowered by pumping. All ground water originates as rainfall. A part of the raingall is evaporated from the surface of the grouhd, a part flows off without having been absorbed by the soil a part is taken up by gegetation, a part re-evaporated, and a large par! sinks into the soil. It is that part which sinks into the soil which is of importance in the develOp- ment of underground water supplies. The rainfall absorbed by the soil usually travels slowly through the underground strata towards the nearest water courses seappearing in the streams through seepage or through springs where conditiohs are favorable or may be brought to the surface by pumping from wells penetrating the strata. It may be conservatively estimated, based upon the gathering capacity of many watersheds for which data are ava- ilable that from 20% to 40% of the rainfall reaches the subsoil. The average annual rainfall at Lansing is about 31" and it is therffore probable that at least one-third million gallons can be drawn from the coal measure sandstones daily through the year from each square mile of exposed area without depleting the amount of water in storgge. A heavy draft goneentrated in one locality may, however result ina lowering of the water level in that vicinity. The yield of a system of wells is also dependent upon the amount which the static water level is depressed by pumping. In ordinary sandstones wells neglecting friction in the well, which for wells as shallow as those at Lansing is not large for sizes commonly used, the yield of the wells varies directly with the amount which the static water level is lowered by pumping, i.e., if a group of wells will produce 1000 gallons per minute with a lowering of the water level of 10 feet, the same group will ppoduce 2000 gallons per min. if the water level is depressed 20 feet. The normal passage pf the water through the ground is very slow and the gradient correspondingly flat. Under pumping conditions, the velocity increases rapidly as the well is approached with a correspondingly increase in the slope of the gradient. This reiults in a depression of the ground water surface in the vicinity of the well which in Shape somewhat resembles that of an inverted cone. Long continued pumping at high rates extends the limits of the area or the circle of influence affected by the increased rates of flow, and where the amount of water withdrawn is very large results in a permanent lowering of the static level. GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 52 LANSING: The lower peninsula of Michigan may be compared geolog- ically to a huge saucer. This refers both to the tOpography hf the ground surface and of the underlying rocks as well. The center part of the state extending from Bay City to Newaygo and from Jackson to Gladwin is occupied by the coal measure sandstones of the Jackson series. Lansing is loc- ated near the soughern part of thesiarea which embraces alto— gether over 10,000 square miles. The surface of the rock in this area varies from 300 to 900 feet above sea level, and that of the ground from 700 to 1000 feet above sea level. . In approximately concentric rings outside of this area is found the Parml sandstones and the Marshall sandstones. Bordering the Marbhall sandstones are found the shales and limestones. ' On account of the superelivation of the rim of the can-y cermmapy flowing wells are found in the inner part of the saucer, more particularly along the inner line of the Marshall sandstone. In the coal measure formation in which Lansing is loc- ated it is not difficult to secure wells most of which have a static water level slightly below the surface of the ground. Wells drilled in this location yield moderate supplies of quite highly mineralized water. Wells in the vicinity of Lansing are ordinariiy drilled to from 350 to 400 feet deep.. Wslls at a greater depth have furnished saline water. The Marshall sandstones while fur- nishing a water of high quality at Jackson and at other places near the edge of its outdrop furnishes salty water near the center of the saucer. At Bay City and Saginaw which are about the same distance from the Marshall ex- posure as Lansing, the Marshall sandstones are the source of brines. XIELD OE LANSING EELLS: The last tests run on the well groups at Seymour St., Townsend si., Cedar St., and Pennsylvania Ave. stations in order to ascertain as closely as possible the facts with re- gard to local well yields which have so important a bearing upon the feasability of a more extensive development of the same source. The results of these tests and the principal data secured are shown on the following table. The coal measure sandstones are not large water bearers in most sections and the Lansing wells are fair examples of wells in these strata. The specific capacities per well, or yield of water per foot of drawdown at Lansing when pump- ing the wells by groups was shown by tests to vary from 2.2 at Townsend St. to 3.7 at Pennsylvania Ave. One well at East Lansing showed a specific capacity of 7.7 on 48 hour test with three other wells within 800 feet being pumped sinultaniouily. The three easterly wells in the Potter Park group have individual specific capacities of about 6.0 or nearly couble those of the other 16 wells of the same gen- eral locality. So far as the local data are reliable they indicate that in the immediate vicinity of Lansing the yield of the coal measures probably increases towards the east. If this is the fact, the most favorable site for further ground water development will be found east of Potter Park, which is under development at the present time. The following table is for the purpose of comparing the yield of the Lansing wells wihh those of other wells in cities where extensive deep well developments have been made. No. of Ave- 3 ecific wells Capaci ies Location Single wells Group pumping Lansing- Logan St. 1 2.3 Seymour St. 5 3.2 Townsend St. 5 2.2 Cedar Ste 5 308 Penn. Ave. 19 3.7 East Lansin 4 7-7 Rockford L1 3. 7 4.95 Oak Park, Ills. 10 2.9 Madison, W19. 4 21.5 # Clearing Yards, Chicago 3 8.6 Mason C ty, Iowa 2 23.0 # Very ample spacing - little interference. A study of this table will show that the yield per foot of water level depression of the coal measures at Lansing are considerable lower there than in the other cities listed above. At Rockford, where the specific capacity is about a third to half greater than at Lansing, a large expenditure is now being made for additional grouhd water 'develoPment. Rockford has a population of about 65,000 and is located on the banks of Rock River which flows directly through the City. At Madison, Wis. a commission of four engineers re- commended the abandonment of wells and filtration of Lake Mendota water. The city has subsequently enlarged its well development. The Madison wells yield a cOpious supply of hard water. : m.m as. ene\ama e.oa eaE\Hsa m.aa a.ba max mm.m .mnn m IlbhmHHll .o><.csmm p.& was was memo» pmHa saw so co>uompo =mpaosgse dopnompo c so.e - - . m.a m.m = N.m eas\asa o.HH .eas\aea a.ma n.oos m.HN m.em mos ea.H cos «a. new gas owe. .* .mhn a mama n .mnn m o.mOH m.eHH :; .Ilmhmmwnn asses cams .pm assesses .pm use om memma Rama mmmg Nmfi mama “whwagsxx \s oawaomawz me ao>mum on» gnaw soauoocmoo an depoowme mansnona assoassaoz .soaposm poouac an asapsaoaa amass spas condoms was peep wage Asa neposopam *** amps: pecan ”scenes *m .ma: m Scum copmaomuepsm* Aaams mammam. mpaeeawo cavaooam aaoa neg mpaewawo cavaoomm.>< Ramona. huaoeaso cavaooam naouksum Agnouo. comm emmaasm neon psnm osHe Hopes hopes shaman CONCLUSIONS §§_29_FUTURE WELL DEVELOPMENT 52 LANSING: From a study of the geological factors affecting the yield of wells in the coal measure sandstones at Lansing leads to the conclusion that it will be practicable-to se- cure a supply from the sandstones which will be adequate for' the city's needs for the next generation at least, and in fact, for the indefinite future if the deveIOpment is made as to extend over a sufficiently extensive area. I Up to the present time not more than about 2,000,000 gallons per day has been pumped from the sandstones at any one location in Lansing. However, for many years the municipal water works has been developing about 4,000,000 gallons daily from Penn. Ave., Cedar St. and Townsend St. locations all of which draw from the same collecting groundfrom the three stations all located within a square mile. So far as the records are ava- iable they indicate no material recession of the static water level due to that pumping. With dncreased deveIOpment, it is probable that some recessiOn aill occur. The experience at Chicago where about 15,000,000 gallons daily is drawn from the wells over an area of about 200 square miles has been that the water level has receded about four feet per year. At the Stock Yards where from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 gallons per day is pumped from an area less than a mile each way the recession has been about six feet per year. At Rockford where wells have been in use for about 30 years the average drOp in water level has been about .8 ft. per year. The pumpage is about the same as at Lansing but from a very small area. At Madison Wis. the supply is drawn from eight wells. Under a draught of about 2,500,000 gallons per day the static water level had drOpped about 16 feet in 35 years or about 1/2 ft. per year. The wells extend over a large area. It is probable that under heavier draughts the water levels at Lansing will drOp due to the increased frictional resistance to flow occasioned by the higher velocities near the well area. As the well depths are limited by the brine in the ddeper water, the available well yields and efficiency will decrease and the pumpage head increases. There is no way of telling Just how extensive a devel- Opment the strata will maintain without dropping the water level to such an extent as to materially affect the problem. However, inview of the past experience at Lansing with a pumpage of about 4,000,000 gallons daily from a small area it will probably be practicable to bump from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 gallons per day from a system of wells in one loc- ality with the wells extending along a straight line at about 300 feetspacing. It has been predicted that the pennsylvania Ave., Cedar River locality is capable of supporting the 1930- pumpage of 7,000,000 gallons per dga. From the data already at hand it points to the strata as being porous from pennsylvania Ave. easterly. This loss ation has been selected for the first development. A system of wells are now under construction along the East City Limits and the Red Cedar River which is believed will supply about 7,000,000 gallons per day. This amount with the Pennsylvania Ave. supply will be sufficient to care for all 1930 needs. There has been three methods considered of drawing the water from the sandstones and delivering it to the city. (a) Drawing water from the wells by air lift, Steam pumps furnishing pressure to city. (b) Motor driven deep well pumps with boosters operating against city pressure. (c) Deep well pumps discharging into surface reservoir with steam pumps furnishing pressure to city. All of these plans utilize the Pennsylvania Ais. group of wells developed by air lift. These wells, on account of being equipped with electric compressors and pumps and hence more costly to Operate than the new steam station wells, will be used only in periods of heavy demand. Of the three methods above mentioned the first has been chosen as the best because: (a) Cheapest in annual cost. (b) Most reliable. (c) Most flexible under changing conditions of pumpage and water levels. ADDITIONAL T‘“ 'CrV'hm .L-. —— -.-—-.—— _ Tip 1;- -- 3L, 1“”) A ——‘.——-—L AIR LIFT PUTT§_:Q ”"0“;03 ZZLZEVOIRJ ETEOTRTC P"”P0 :Q CIT”v 131“" This flan croiei'latcs the "1011“” Or 12 new .clls a ong the RW‘ Cedar River upstream from the PCHHS”1V3§1&A703H€ From; of $8118. Wells Tswli he a frrri atzlg 450 feet in dfigth “1th a diameter 01 12 inchgc, and placed on 300 ft. spacing. At tic frcrcnc tire thr 1 x"slls ET; down and nine c. re connects d no with the air and drain ”ipes. It is expected tc have then in “"notinn X"iti'in a few weeks so that water may be pumped inco ttc City's mains. Air for purging the tells will b’ compresse’ 1? electrical driven air compressors locatri in tn- new in pirv station on the north side of the P339 Ta “ouc‘ts Railroad. A system of air piping delchrs tie air from file ccm:res ore to the wglls. The Water and air rising tlrcugh the cducti.r pircs is dis Far- ed into a Well 'rad and tank located at such rleviticn "boys “rcnvxl‘t“ai the Vt;b‘r ‘rnflv flcurlnr r vit*r‘to a rci'u‘orced concrete suction res;rvcir loca;cd at the new pvwrvn: staticn. The pumpih: e;uipmcnt consis.s of also rical dr‘"cn cartrifu3al rum; . The prw1s take SICCICU rom the reservoir receivirxz'thc flow fITW1iflms*walls and disclaifxa:it into the City r"gins. I ’ ‘ O ' ‘ .-. ~ ‘ . A - —-. The Catlmmi. d cost of this QILJQCL IS 34? 00 aid ‘hc annual cost in c‘uuing f’x;d crgrvcs and depreciation No.1u he 1 "' "VP", «I r V‘ a - 1930 and - 000 in 1340. ,QUALITY 93 DEEP WELL WATER: The water from the coal measure at Lansing is moderately hard (about 330 p.p.m.) and pure, provided the wells are pro- perly constructed andmaintained. Lansing has in the past been visited by epidemics of dysentery which have apparently been attributable to the water supply. All water now pumped from the wells is being chlorinated for sterilization. The Hichigan State Board of Health has made elaborate investigations particularly of the 1919 epidemic and finds that the trouble is traceable in part at least to defective well head connections. It is also probable that many of the wells are improperly sealed into the rock. It was found in the installation of the emergency wells that a large number of the Pennyslvania Ave. wells were partially filled with sand and gravel which had probably entered the well at the bottom of the casing. Such a condition offers a possible source of contamination, for the we ls located in the built-up area or along the rivers. The supply is in itself pure and safe and can be drawn from the rock and delivered to the consumers in that condition with prOperly constructed and maintained wells. 31mm GROUND way The greater part of the State of Michigan is covered with glacial drift which in many places is water bearing. At Lansing the first water supply was drawn from this drift at the site of the present Cedar St. Station. It has been dif- ficult for use to secure information concerning these tolls and their yields. From the data avaiable it seems that the system originally consisted of 12—24" title wells sunk into the gravel from which the water was drawn through 6" drop pipes connecting with the steam pumping equipment. This system of wells was adequate during a period when the average daily consumption was about 1 1/2 million gallons per day which would approximate 2 1/2 millions gallons with short periods of an hour or two when the rate would probably be as high as four million gallons per day. Assuming these conditions as representing the fact the wells had a specific capacity of something less than 9 and possibly as low as 4 or 5 gallons per minute per well per foot of lowering the water level. The surface tOpography and inspection of gravel pits in the vicinity of Lansing indicates that there might be a possibility of develOping a considerable supply from the surface gravels in certain localities. For that reason we recommend the sinking of test wells,as that is the only satisfactory means of determining the practicability of such a deveIOpment. From all the information that Can be obtained from test drilling and from the State Geoligical Survey it is plainly seen that it would be improbable that any system of shallow wells could be deveh0ped around Lansing which would be adequate for the city's growing needs. DATA ON WELLS AT RIVERSIDE SUZPING .TATIGH: 1,4521: ”0 Well Lepth 12" casing Ft. of Static No. in ft. in ft. 10" casing level 1 426 79 108 12' 2 504 69 212 14' 3 4 465 57 120 12 5 499 66 57 10 6 525 73 213 9 7 465 ~ 75 127 9 8 423 79 117 8 9 475 89 83 ll 10 ll 12 Well Draw- Work level G.P.m. Specific No. down with pump with pump capacity 1 33' 45' 228 7 2 36 50 270 7.5 '1 4 ll 23 170 15 5 17 27 166 9.7 6 14 23 292 20 7 7 16 213 29 ‘8 37 45 197 5.4 :9 15 26 255 17 10 11 12 Well LBased on 100' G.P.M. at G.P.M. with do. total lift. permissible work level this level 35% interference 1 74 410' 266 2 76 465 302 5 78 4 80 600-53' 600-75' 5 82 685 445 6 82 600-50' 600-77' 7 83 600-508 606-41' 8 85 405 263 9 82 600-46' 600—65' 10 78 11 78 12 77 Well 0p. press. E of Based on 150' G.P.M. at No. lbs. submer.tota1 lift. per- this level mdssible work. level 1 81 '65 124 745 2 61 65 126 840 3 (1:) 128 4 77 65 130 600-75' 5 81 65 132 920 6 77 65 132 6OC-77' 7 G5 . 65 133 600-41' 8 81 65 133 675 9 67 65 132 600-65' 10 128 11 128 12 127 Well G.P.M. 35% oper. press. 2 of submergence No. interference lbs. 1 485 111 65 2 545 111 65 3 4 606 95 7O 5 600 114 65 66 600 84 67 7 600 60 7O 8 440 114 65 9 600 85 70 10 ll 12 There are three air compressors in the new pumping station one of 2250 cubic feet capacity and two at 1750 cubic deet capacity. THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM The present distribution gystem consists of slightly over 100 miles of cast iron pipe, varying in sizes from 4" to 16". The propertion of the eamller sizesnis very large, over 85% of the pipe being 4" and 6". This great prepond- drance of the smaller sizes of pipe results in excessive friction losses between the pumps and the consumers during periods of heavy draft, and makes the system unable to sppply adequate fire protection to the major part of the city. A system of feeder mains has already been strated with a view of connecting the main pumping station with the four substations located on the outskirts of the city. These substations have not been of a great deal of use in case of fire because their capacity was not iegge enough. A single 16" main, leading from Cedar St. station to the main mercantile district of the city, supplies practically the entire amount of the water for fire protection of that dis- trict. HYDRANT PRESSURE REQUIRED: The Lansing Water Works does not raise pressure during ordinary fires, the necessary increased nozzle pressure being furnished by fire engines. It is, therefore, only necessary to deliver the water to the hydrants during maximum fires at a mindmum pressure of from 10 to 20 pounds and in the re- quired quantdties. The system is capable of delivering water at a 7.6 millions gallons rate to a severe fire in the mercantile district in addition to supplying a domestic rate simultaneously of 7.8 millions gallons per day. The amount requirefidin the resendential districts is from one-fourth to one-half as great. The water re uired for fire protection, particularly in the mercantile district, should be supplied by the Cedar St. station, in which there is now installed a 10 million gallon Snow horizontal cross-compound pump, practically new and a 4 million gallon Holly pump, installed in 1885, but maintained in excellent sperating condition. The utiliza- tion of the Cedar St. station for fire fighting purposes re- sults in a marked economy in the distribution system on account of its central location. All of the plans that have been mentioned for water works improvements have taken ad- vantage of the use of the Cedar St. equipment, and the 7 million gallons of storage held in reserve there. The estimated cost of the mains at the present time is approximately $360,000. An additional sum of approximately $115,000 will be required to install the additional feeder mains required in 1930. Both of these estimates are based on pipe costing $65.00 per ton and labor prices as they are at present. ESTIMATED COST OF FUTURE FEEDER MAINS Location On Legan lt.Hope Logan Franklin Larch N.City Lim. Penn.Ave. Franklin Kalamazoo Clemens Kalamazoo Cedar Total From Barnes Logan Saginaw L0gan Franklin Larch Sherdian Penn.Ave. PenneAvee Mich.Ave. Pine Saginaw To Mt.H0pe Wash. Franklin Walnut N.City Lim. Vermont Franklin Vermont Clemens Kalamazoo Townsend Franklin Size 12" l2" l2" 12" 12" 12" 8" 12" Length 1000' 4000' 2300' 2500' 3000' 2800' 1500' 800' 4000' 1500' 1300' 2400' Estimated Cost 3 4,580 18,000 10,500 11,450 13,750 7,580 6,820 3,860 18,000 6,820 5,520 11,000 estimated Cost of Future Feeder Mains -$115,880 SUMMIRY 0F EXPEHLITURES REQUIRED FOR nwrw'" I rum IL L‘ REINFORC was .NT 0F DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Location Cn Isaac Ma in Huron Isaac LOgan Sycamore ionia Ionia Walnut Wash. Idich. Idich. Franklin Total From Pumping n Mfiin Logan Grand 3. Isaac Huron LOgan Saginaw Ionia Wash. Cedar Walnut estimated To Logan Max. Ionia Washington Barnes Ionia LOgan Washington Franklin Mich. Cedar E.City Lim. Saginaw Cost - 0f Istdins Estimated Slgg_ Length Cost 20" 4000' 3 38,000 20" 4000' 08,000 20" 3800' 58,100 16" 4000' 32,000 12" 1900' 8,702 12" 4600' 21,334 20" 1100' 10,450 16" 4100' 29,407 12" 2350' 13,500 16" 900' 7,382 24" 1800' 24,090 16" 4500' 55,500 12" 2650' 16,116 needed ------ RIVERSIDE PUMPING STATION ,' ESTIMATES AND hECOLimubATIods FOR THE LANSING WATER WORKS The water works system of Lansing is now composed of the Main station at Cedar St.,the Pennsylvania Ave. station, the Seymour St. station, the Logan St. station, the Townsend St. station snd the new Riverside station. The usin station snd the Pennsylvania Ave. station at the present time are the two principle stations from which the water for Lansing is obtsined. The Pennsylvania station is composed of nineteen sir lift wells which will furnish about 4,000,000 gsllons per dsy and the Main station will furnish about 2,000,000 gallons per day when worked st maximum capicity. With the ’ three substations working at full capacity the total water svsilsble at the present time is about 8,000,000 gallons per day. This supply is adequate to supply the requirements of the present p0pulation as is shown on Plate No. 4, but it would be deficient within s very short period. The new station located at the intersection of the Red Cedar river and the Pere Marquette railrssd known as Riverside station is composed of twelve air lift wells and s one million gallon reservoir. This plant will be in oper- stien within a few weeks and so the well drillers report shows on teble(0) will be capsble of furnishing 5,000,000 .gsllons per day. This plant was designed for Lsnsing for the estimated pepulstion of 1930. When this plant goes into Operation the water available from this plant together with the supply from the Msin station and Pennsylvania Ave. ststien will be about 12,000,000 gallons per day. From an investigation it is found that the Operating costs of the Townsend, Seymour, and Logan St. stations are too much for the amount of water obtained and are now only used in case- of emergency. For this reason these stations should be a- bandcned when the new Riverside station goes into Operation. From table (A ) will show that the amount of water required for 1950 is 12,500,000 gallons. There is a possibility that the new station can increase its supply by drilling more wells, thus making the Lansing Water Works System furnish an adequate supply for the needs of 1935 or 1940 without further reinforcements. In case Lansing does take as rapid growth as has been estimated has a population of 150,000 in 1950 it is reason? able to expect that the present system will have to be rein- forced at some future period which would be about 10 years hence. At this time the question will come up as to whether the system should be reinforced with an addition of deep wells or should a filtration plant system be substituted for the present system. If Lansing's growth should exceed our forecast and parallel that of Detroit er Toledo it would be wise to abandon the wells and substitute a filtra; tion plant because of the economy of Operating such a system. If the growth should be less rapid then additional wells would be advisable at such time when the present sy- stem is inadequate tc supply the requirements which will be about 1935 as can be shown from Plate No.4. When this situation occurs it will necessitate the construction of a new group of wells, a reservoir and a pumping station at, some location remote from the Potter Park well deveIOpment. The Seymour Street station has been considered as a suitable location for these wells although conditions at that future date and observations of the wells prior to that time may alter the selection of the location at that time. .wNmV Skunk W§~tmha , .kuxxou I auqazal I .mo ewes—«k xaoksuufidk. .N‘UNE ~Q\<\W>\V‘Q ‘0.“ RES IS» message‘s: $55 I I. toxxnuhkxhtou IIII K0\k§ x! ck toxkhxm. §b\a\. V to.s\t\h. .0... v‘ u~§§\\h§§m~< I h. tONXBkh. kn. Wtoatimhl we I 533:. eh resend. tcxxsxh um. keckxfiomIIN ’ HKNQLKUUhk “ §0\.\\.\h¢ N\\\§\I\ ; ; . e.“ . III I III I III was“... . I 5 a We“ — . ) t I \e K _ _ 1 m, _ —|I bzshzcsd Rina—3N .III . e , . I III I III I III I . use? as .33». _ b Z NT VI 1 W . llc . _ _ e. _ _ _ .lIl III III. II. III _ ea Sea has.» 3.2 I {WIDE 0%er _ I I m l I. l I I I «K rem ab.» puma chansons? I I 2 {A A V5. 5 754 Tia/V '. 'J by 41me Jud/2m . _-—‘ fill/Mike Mil? ml E lev, 34.7 5 oz MYIOH Gal/an Rafe .t l i 1 3000’ —1 It l9-6"W/e H +(/- /z "We/I 1 4 -i e i_j§: r— _.. “W- r FLA TE N0 .5. semi othx coax cub. Sex 85 com: 83 came some cg '2 ma. Wfldad MWWDOHJ All Ala/1 Wile/4" S‘OIVVS‘flO/il NI 3 VNW\ VSKNN fizxtnxh. theka II \ANQK>\§\.\ K Q fix “$5.5 \AEYQSQNVY RR R.\ §S§>¢G§x§ nv\<\h.>\3 Ex 0 >\Q\k denxbnx Ntbk \vIK QNR Vthxk WM My RWTQ‘ the: 0th twkcsa fi PUMP/16E ~M/LLOW GALS. PER DAY AT /0 /6.90 FLAIZ' . ”52.4 [800 [9/0 1.920 1.930 fiARJ DIAGRAM JHOWING PAS T 8: E STIMATE D FUTURE POPUL A TION & PUMPAGE LANJING, MICH. ra decompany the: i: or HUNTLEY’ - GOWER SPRING IGI4. A940 ' S POPULATION m' 8 THOUJANDJ [9629 as! 053:. RN; 0% \ffiik )\\v\.\ .3 seems.» 323.3693 0L. 3.9530 tub“: uzehzwq ems wt wedgk MS: E cmaaxtem stem 2853 settexfi 333% §\ 3\ Q‘Qs . huh.”\ 85s Lag §§\ I33 um sou 9mm Ara/777W .uvy NW0d (x PENN. A VE. \\L 5 734 name P/afe /V0. 5' New 5fa7‘lbn - . New W5” Line : 6r:o/7e’ 7315M“ RR. 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