___'—— _____._ ___‘———— __——. F. ——_—— ___'—— ___—_— __‘__——— ’— ___—— ___’— r,- .____—— ___—’ ’— ___'_d —_——— ___—— _____'— f J; #— _____—_— ’—— #— ”—— __—. ’— ,— _—_——— ”4 112 312 THS A SEDIMENTARY A8133? CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NKAGARA SEREES EN MICHEGAN Thesis {or Hm Degree 0‘ M. 5. MICHIGAN STATE UNWERSIYY Philip M. Husband 1958 TE‘F‘i‘d A mummy AND omen. ANALYSIS OF THE NIAGARA. m IN MICHIGAN By Philip M. Husband ATHESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Geology 1958. . /". (a _ f ' f‘ J L Q? ‘3’ 7 7/ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my committee, Dr. B. T. Sandefur, Chairman; Dr.'W} A. Kelly, and Dr. J. H. Fisher for their time, assistance, suggestions and helpful criticisms. Special acknowledgment is necessary in the recognition of Dr. B. T. Sandefur for his guidance throughout the preparation of this thesis and in his critical editing of this manuscript. Mrs. J. E. Smith was very liberal.with her time in reviewing this thesis and it is appreciated. Last but not least, the writer wishes to acknowl- edge his wife and son. 'Without their cooperation.and encouragement this thesis could not have been under- taken or completed. *%%**%********* ii A SEDD‘IENTARY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NIAGARA SERIES IN MICHIGAN By Philip M . Husband ABSTRACT A subsurface investigation of the Niagara series in Michigan was conducted by quantitatively and chemically analyzing cuttings from 29 wells distributed throughout the state. The analyses revealed that the structural development of the Michigan. Basin is post Niagaran and dolomitization is secondary and is related to structure in the Niagara series. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION smmum‘ OF‘THFPROBLEM LOCATION or warms A may OF NIAGARA STRATIGRAPHY LWMTORY PMEDIIRFJ‘OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI. GmeralOOOOOC0.0.0.0.0000...OCOOOOOOOOObOOOOOOOUOOOO00...... Structure and Thiclmess..................................... maple ComofltionOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.000...OOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOO. Sflec‘tiion 0f Tops 311d BettomSOOQOCCOOOOOOO00.0.00...O0...... Analysis for'Water Soluble Salts............................ W18 for CarbomteSOOOOOOOCCOCIOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOCOOOOOO “Sly-Sis for Shlan-e md 3111(2000090000009000ooooooooo0000000 ”sawed-01m RatiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0000000000COOOQOO‘. WITS OF IMMTORY MYSISOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Stmch‘GOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOCOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO0.0.00.... mcknessOOO0......OOOOCOOOCOOOOOOOOOOO0.0000000000000000... WfitesOOOOOOO0....OOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00.00.00.00.0 carbomteSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.000.00.00.OOOOOOOOOO. Shaleoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo00.000000000000000... 31110300....0.0.0.0...00.00.000.000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO mmswcaJ-Cim RatioOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0000....0.00.000.00.00 Errors in.Laboratory.Analysis............................... WHEATION OF mum” WAITSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.000... SUWTIONS FOR mm SWEY...’...C...OOOOOCI00......0000000000 mom00.000000000;000OODOOOOOCOO...OOOO‘COOOOOOOOOOOOOCOO... MMCOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'COOOOOOOUIOOOOOOOO...0.00.09.00.00... iv Page ELUSTRATIONS was Page IOWells USedinWiSOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO.0.0.0....00.0.0.0... IIO Q‘lant’itative and 'wmm mmOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOO000...... III. Stht'um MMOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQ.3.0.000IOOOOOOO'OOIOOOOOOO FIGURES 1. Stratigraphic Column of the Silurian of Michigan........... PLATES. I. Structure Contour Map...................................... II. Isopach.Map................................................ III.'Water Soluble Salts.......................I................ IV. Carbonate Map.............................................. V. Shale Map.............5.................................... VI. Silica Map................................................. VII. Areal Distribution.of Sand................................. VIII. mmemum/Caicmm Ratiomp IX. Location of WellS.......................................... x9 Location Of countieSOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOODOOOOOOO.0.0.00.0... S 19 20 28 29 30 32 33 35 36 37 A SEDmENTARI AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS or THE NIAGARA. SERIES IN MICHIGAN INTRODUCTION James Hall (18h2) is credited with naming the Niagara series. He defined the Niagara series to include the Rochester shale and the Lockport dolomite, and resting on the "Protean" group. J. G. Dana in.his editions of the Textbook of Geolggypused the "Niagara period" to include the Middle Silurian Niagara group, Clinton group (excluding the Rochester shale number), Medina sandstone and Oneida conglomerate, but excluded the Guelph at the top. A. W. Grabau (1898) described all rocks between the Devonian Onondaga group and the Upper Ordovician as the Niagara series. J. M. Clarke and C. Schuchert (1899) included the Guelph dolomite, the Lockport limestone, Rochester shale, and the Clinton beds in the Niagara series. This is the accepted definition of the Niagara series. However, the Rochester shale is now treated as a member of the Clinton fomation and the Guelph dolomite is included within the Lockport dolomite by the United States Geological Survey. The type locality for the Niagara is Niagara County, New York, where all subdivisions of the series are well exposed in the gorge of the Niagara River. Previous work on the Niagara has been primarily in the field of paleontology by G. N. Ehlers, E. R. Cummings, and R. R. Shrock. Cohee (19h8) dispussed the structure and thickness of the Niagara group in his report, U. S.fiGeolog_i_cal_Survey :reliminarLChart NumberfiBiLOil and 93:3 Investiations. Melhorn (1958) published an article on the quantitative, stratigraphic analysis of the Silurian rocks in the Michigan Basin. This analysis interpreted the sedimentation and tectonics during Silurian time. This work is a significant contribution to the subsurface geology of the Silurian in Michigan. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM In June of 1957, the author had an opportunity to participate in a field conference Sponsored by the Michigan.Basin Geological Society. This field conference was under the guidance of Dr. G. M. Ehlers of the University of Michigan. During the trip, Silurian outcrops of the Upper Peninsula were observed. This conference stimulated the author's interest in Silurian stratigraphy and a thesis of the Niagara series in the Southern Peninsula waS'undertaken. A quantitative analysis of the sediments was selected as the best possible approach to the problem. The results of such a study could be expressed and illustrated with lithofacies, structural and isopach maps in order that the sedimentary environment could then be interpreted. LOCATION OF WELLS Due to the depth of the Niagara series in the Michigan.Basin, the distribution of wells available for this study is not uniform. All wells from the Michigan Geological Survey's List of importantfideep_tests which.penetrated the top of the Cataract group were investigated for availability in the Gulf Sample Library at Michigan State University. The amount of available samples proved to be a major factor in the selection of wells. In order to obtain proper coverage, well locations are at a maximum of 30 miles to the nearest adjaCSnt well where possible. 'Wells are distributed adequately in the southern part of the state, but are some- what less evenly spaced in the northern and central sections. As a result of this spacing 29 wells were selected throughout the area. At: 141 mHmMQdZd. 2H 9mm: mg Hag 3 8 m m a 823m H u sounds oeeoHoHe .e 68 mH 3 2 m s 0H ooHnnom H a. means .35 sweeten 83 NH 3 3 m N ew donor 53 Nu senses. 28%er HHo tam HH 3 e z m m been Ha Seeds sedate HHo 5m SE. S b39300 name 3 m z m sH 80.38 Ha ofionHN sSHote as do «now £8 a 3 OH 2 m Hm name He .IHm Mm tandem .oo SsHoeeoe 52m osmHH m. 3 0H 2 a em S38 Ha oHnHom .oo mfiHHfle noofiooe Sum a . goo n3 3 mH 3 mH NH omgz Hu noeum one HHo S3553 H3 e 3 NH z 3 e 9880 «Ha tendon .8 HS tense 3m: m goo m8 3 mH 3 mH 8 done: He oofiogeoneoo one HHo nononm £3: 4 3 m z Hm 4H 555. He fiHeuaeSo :8 HS euro :83 m .38 madness 3 N 2 an H ceasefire Hu oonneno o5 HHo nHoumnoom ems: m m e 3 mm 3 Son: Him 9:53 spoon. .3 .0 88 H Mg . E .Iowm brews seam 11f! .9300 no awslzrl no seem flats oHesom mm as mmH m 0H m NH Mm m H m 3 mm mm mH 3: 3e 3e 3.HH 33 2 mm 2 4H 2 3H 2 OH 2 0 2:. z m m H mm mm ma m m m H mm mm mm mm Nm mm mm :H om mm in H MH mH 3.28mo bum conga ooHqum HHMHU .pm nadewO 5&3 333533 wounded A $ng omega oHdooam sass 562.30 ensues :5 undo Ha popdtHHomsoolpAdnqfimm H%.nommedm Hu Spouse .Hw xhuosoe Ha Bosses use HximEdHHHflz Hm nodem Hu. Arena: on He Entrance: Hu nouns. Hu gouge Ha eonHoN He sense He eeoeeom Ha efiounefim H*Auoow goo duo 93m new hfidgsoo HHC ofino _ .8 measure «H5 Soc 55 0.3m. deHm .o .h o5 as. .z .3 .oo madam .HmHHosz goo .5250?st @232 no flow. Sada—sou Hoopm 0.“onon $930034 93 quHoo Noumea. .o .3 b.3938 mac End H3 @2384 phmxom .m )3 oedeam .H .3. mthQz .5 A3 .8 HS 38528 .8 HS 38528 CHASE ago D neoaequSon sauna wmnNH Hfim :mmHH meme HHQHH NFOMH HHOQH 03.2” mam» 939.. comm SSH Home . mm mm mmmw meow mm 5 mm :m mm mm Hm 3 3 3H 3 H A SUMMARY OF NIAGARA .STRATIGRAPHY The Niagara series in Michigan is described by Baltrusaites gt 9.3;. (l9h8) as the Clinton formation and the Lockport dolomite. These formations are correlative to the Clinton and Lockport of New York. The Clinton at places has a gray shale 5 to 10 feet thick at the base, a light brown dolomite from 10 to 15 feet thick and a gray calcareous shale 10 to 15 feet thick of Rochester age at top. The Lockport dolomite commonly consists of white to. buff and light gray dolomite overlain by a light brown dolomite . An wgfllaceous dolomite is found in the basal portion in the northern part of the peninsula. Certain sections are cherty and in places in the eastern and western parts of the Southern Peninsula pink and red dolomite is common. In the Northern Peninsula of Michigan, the Niagara series is divided into the Burnt Bluff group, the Manistique group, and the Engadine dolomite. The stratigraphic column of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan (Martin, 1958) indicates the Niagara as a group and the Clinton and Lockport formation are undifferentiated. {A personal conmnmication from H. M. Martin (1958) stated the latest report from the Committee on Stratigraphic Nomenclature has called the Niagara a series. The series is middle Silurian and rests on the Cataract group and is overlain by the Salina group. STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN OF THE SILU'RIAN 0F MCHICIAN* ‘ 23>deer l u l P . Bass Island m. : Mackinac Breccia P ' I E. Saline. fm [ Pt. Aux Chenes » R Vi . _fl _ M .. __ . .M ‘ l I Lockport dol. D . l D Niagara L . ' E Clinton fm.. Rochester I l alll’lll law L , J ‘l O A W‘ Cateract fm. Cabot Head sh. mem. E l R ’ I Manitoulin dol. mem. } After Michigan Geological Survey Publication 50. Figure l LABORATORY PRO GEDURE General A laboratory procedure was utilized by which a sedimentary section could be analyzed quantitatively by weight and this data in turn expressed in a form representing sedimentary facies. This procedure is similar to that followed by previous research workers at Michigan State University. A summary of that procedure follows. Structure and Thickness The structure and isopach maps are based upon data from wells analyzed and are supplemented by information obtained from other descriptive-logs. These logs were obtained from the Michigan Geological Survey . Sample Composition The sample well cuttings were obtained from the Gulf Sample Library at Michign State University. The cuttings are stored in glass vials and each vial represents a drilled interval . A sample cut by weight per foot was taken from each vial in the Niagara series. These sample cuts from a single well were combined to form a composite sample which represents the Niagara section of that particular well location. "Junk iron" which contaminated the sample was removed with an electro magnet . Selection of Tops and Bottoms The marker horizon for the top of the Niagara series is the base of the Salina formation. The Salina salt is underlain by a brown dolomite. In the southern section of Michigan the salt beds my be missing. A brown dolomite which correlates with the Greenfield dolomite of northern Ohio was selected as the marker horizon where the salt was missing. The Cabot Head shale is a marker horizon for the base of the Niagara series. The shale is a very distinct greenish shale and some interbedded red shale. Where the Cabot Head shale is not present the Manitoulin dolomite is the bottom marker horizon. Analysis for Water Soluble Salts The sample was placed in a weighed hOO milliliter beaker and weighed. Distilled water was added to the sample and the mixture boiled and decanted. This procedure was continued until a test of the super- natent liquid using a silver nitrate test revealed no significant amount of soluble salts in solution. Distilled water was necessary because the hardness of the tap water at East Lansing would contaminate the sample for the magnesium/ calcium ratio study. The sample was then dried and weighed. Loss of weight in the sample was the amount of water soluble salts. The weight of water 10 soluble salts divided by the original sample weight multiplied by one hundred is the per cent water soluble salt. Analysis for Carbonates The sample after treatment for water soluble salts was disSolved in hydrochloric acid. Three normal, six normal, and concentrated acid were added, heated, decanted, and filtered in three successive stages respectively. Filtering was necessary to avoid loss of fine clastics in the decanting. Ashless filter paper was used in order that the filter paper could be ignited in an igniting dish and the residue returned to the sample. Average ash content of the filter used was 0.0035. grams. Since all weighing was conducted to the nearest 0.00l gram, the weight of the ash would not affect the sample to any sigmifi~ cant degree. The sample was washed to remove all calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. The loss of weight in the sample after acid treatment is equal to the amount of carbonates. The weight of carbonates divided by the original sample weight times a hundred is the per cent carbonate in the sample. Analysis for Shale and Silica The residue remaining after the acid treatment consisted of chart and clastics. It was disaggregated by boiling in a one nonral solution hydrochloric acid. This procedure was all that was necessary because 11 any shales or sands bound together by a calcareous matrix were dis- aggregated in the analysis for carbonates. This material was then wet sieved through a 230 mesh sieve (0.062 mm. opening). The material remaining on the sieve was then dried and weighed. The loss of weight due to fine clastics, silt size and smaller which passed through the 230 mesh sievewas called shale by this author. The weight of shale divided by the original sample weight times one hundred equals the per cent shale. The material remaining on the sieve was dried and weighed. The residue was then examined with a binocular microscope. This material consisted mostly of chert; quartz sand was noted where present. The size sample remaining was not large enough to permit any satisfactory separation of the quartz and chert. This residue was called silica and the weight of silica divided by the original sample weight times one hundred equals the per cent silica. Ma gnesium/ Calcium Ratio The versonate method (EDTA, TitraVer) was used to determine the magnesium/calcium ratio. Jodry (1951;) and Young (1955) have-used this method and it has proved to be very accurate and rapid (average time necessary to titrate a sample was 10 mimtes). A brief description of this method follows. l2 Reagents and Solutign Sample Solution. One gram of sample is dissolved in 10 milliliters of 6 normal hydrochloric acid and then diluted to 250 milliliters with distilled water. Versonate SOlution. Dissolve h.OO grams of disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate (versonate) in about 100 milli- liters of distilled water and then dilute to one liter. Potassium Hydroxide Solution. Dissolve 21.14 grams of reagent grade potassium hydroxide crystals in about 100 milliliters of distilled water. This basic solution is used to adjust the pH value of the sample being titrated. Calcium “Indicator Powder. Thoroughly mix 99 grams of potassium sulfate and one gram of murexide (ammonium purpurate) . This indicator is also available in the prepared form from the Bach Chemical Company , Ames, Iowa, under the trade name of "CalVer't. This indicator is unstable and it should be used in the powder form. Buffer Solution. Dissolve 67 .5 grams of ammonium chloride and 5 grams magnesium salt of TitraVer in about 200 milliliters (of distilled water. Add 570 milliliters of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and dilute to one liter. Potassium—granide. Prepare a 10 per cent aqueous solution. This solution overcomes any interference caused by iron, copper, cobalt, or nickel that may be present in the sample. 13 E251 Indicator. Dissolve 0.15 grams of Eriochrome Black T (called. F-Zhl and available from the Bach Chemical Company) and (0.50 gram of sodium .borate in 25 milliliters of methanol. This indicator solution is stable for approxinately one month. Titration Calcium. Pipette 10 milliliters of solution to be analyzed into a 200 milliliter porcelain dish (white background of the porcelain diSh aids in identifying the end point), then add about 20 milliliters of distilled water, one milliliter of potassium hydroxide solution, and approximately 0.10 gram of calcium indicator powder. ' Stir, and titrate with the versonate solution. The end point is reached when the color changes from pink to violet. Due to the instability of the indicator, any samples not titrated to the end point in ten minutes after adding the indicator should be discarded . Total Calcium and Ingestion. Pipette lO milliliters of sample solution to be analyzed into a 100 milliliter beaker, add 25 milli- liters of distilled water, 2 milliliters of buffer solution, several drops of potassium cyanide solution, and 3 drops of indicator solution (depending on strength of indicator solution). Care must behtaken to add reagents in the above named order. Stir, and titrate with the versonate solution. The end point is reached when the‘ color changes from wine-red to clear blue. enemies Given: A = milliliters of versonate required to titrate calcium to the end point B = milliliters of verSonate required to titrate total magnesium.and calcium to the end point 0 607 = atomic wei t of ma esium ' atomic weight of cafcium Therefore: Mg/Ca .. 0.607 x (B-A)/A 15 RESULTS OF LABORATORY ANALYSIS Structure The structure of the Niagra series in the southern peninsula of Michigan is a basin. The deepest portion of the basin is in the general locality of Gladwin County and is estimated to be over 8000 feet below sea level. The Niagara series crops out in the extreme southeast corner of the state in Monroe County. An anticlinal structure is present near Howell, Michigan, and gas is produced in that locality from the top of the Niagara series and the bottom of the Salina group. Other minor structures are present locally due. to the numerous reefs in the Niagara series. Thickness The Niagara series thickens in the northern part of the state but thins within a belt extending from the "Thumb". area on the east to South Haven on the west. The thinest section recorded by the author is in Caledonia Township in Kent County. The recorded thickness is 65 feet. The series gradually thickens south of the thin zone to over [:00 feet in the extreme southern portion of “the state . Evaporites The percentage of evaporite in the analysis of the samples remained relatively low (less than 3 per cent). There are two areas where the 16 percentage is above two per cent, one in the northwest part of the state and the other extends from the "Thumb" area south along the eastern edge of Michigan. No locations, one in each area had more than two per cent (samples 6 and 27). The remaining part of the state had less than one per cent evaporites in the Niagara. Carbonates The dominant lithologic elements of the Niagara series are carbon- ates. The carbonates generally decrease toward the center of the structural basin. The lowest percentage of carbonate recorded was sample 9 with 77 .h. per cent and the highest percentage was sample 18 in Hillsdale County (97.3 per cent). The percentage of carbonates is higher in the southern portion of the state and less on the north and east . ' Shale The percentage of shale and silt size particles (less than 0.062 mm.) was highest in the "Thumb" area and drops off rapidly to the south. The percentage lessens gradually to the west and to the south of this high area . Silica The analysis did not divide the chert from the sand. However, a viSual examination of the residue determined the areal distribution of 1? sand. The sand is corrposed of quartz, well rounded, frosted, and poorly sorted. Sand was found in samples 11 through 21 or in the southern quarter of the state. Silica concentration is the higheSt in sample 9 in Clinton County. Here the amount exceeded 13 per cent. The silica content remains above 5 per cent over most of the northwestern part of the state. In the "Thumb" area and the extreme south central area, the percentage was less than one. The Niagara from other areas contained between one and five per cent silica. Magnesium/ Calcium Ratio Results of the nagnesimn/ calcium ratio analysis yielded a simple pattern of low magnesium in the center and east central sections of the state. The magnesium content gradually increases to the south until it reaches a mean magnesium/calcium ratio of about 0.62 and remains near this value . To the north and west the ratio constantly increases until a maximum ratio of 0.707 is reached. in Manistee Count . Errors in Laboratory Analysis The largest error in the analysis is in the sample itself. Error A, is the impossibility of taking an uncontaminated sample to the top and to» the bottom of the series. In certain areas the picking of tops and bottoms of the section was difficult. 18 Contamination from cavings is to be expected even if great care is taken to remove the larger pieces of caved material from the sample. Some minute pieces of iron from the:fi=====iewe:::===32_1i;_r;lfii~~v:***~w~4:: Sample Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Mg/Ca Number Evaporites Carbonates Shale Silica. Ratig_ 1 0 .620 8h .075 5 .958 9 .3116 0 . 263 2 0.671. 89 .559 3 .128 6.638 0.620 3 1.0h0 83.190 8.1112 7.356 0.611 1. 0 .1780 87 .109 u .591 7 .821 0 .707 5 0.529 85.560 9.5119 14.373 0.6115 6 2 .181 80.693 8.653 8.1.71 0.175 7 0.325 86.861 7.658 5.128 0.275 8 0 .821 89 .987 8 .295 0 .899 0 .101 9 0.288 77 .361; 8.388 13.960 0.576 10 0 .985 92 .9h3 5 .835 0 .235 0 .208 11 0 .790 88 .796 7 .h25 2 .988 0.631 12 0.139 89.079 7.893 2.889 0.65h 13 0.6118 90.871 17.735 3.7146 0.6h6 114 0.182 95.119 3.280 1.388 0.621; 15 1 .227 96.1.68 2 .092 0 .210 0 .631. 16 0.u29 93.631 h.850 1.090 0.626 17 0 .139 96.68h 2 .215 0 .801. 0 .631 18 0 .131 97 .3113 1 .831 0 .703 0 .598 19 0.21.7 96.757 1.781; 1.211 0.63h 20 0 .219 96 .737 1 .h90 1 .552 0 .626 21 0 .300 95 .021; 3 .327 1.31.9 0 .631 22 1.033 88.327 9.111 1.522 0.598 23 0.277 91.315 6.531. 1.873 0.612 2h 0 .151 87 .0113 12 .303 0 . 202 0 .306 25 0 .701. 87 .868 10 .907 0 .521 0 .592 26 1.066 8b .981 13 .7h7 0 . 20h 0 .095 27 2 .580 81.333 15 .662 0 .1102 0 .058 28 0 .297 89 .1119 9 .861 0 .693 0 .057 87 .021 9 .107 3 .239 0 .060 0.333 TABLE III STRUCTURAL DATA. , L JV sisal a ll W , :~ fl Wfi Sample Elevation of Number ToLof Niaggg Thiglgzes: ___ 1 ~3227 1.15 2 ~1959 926 3 ~3h22 875 h -3673 3118 5 ~3592 270 6 ~h705 2&5 7 ~25h6 1115 8 ~3073 65 9 4.376 131 10 -2857 97 11 -1261 301 12 «699 355 13 +2h -h52 1h -536 360 15 --911 21.1. 16 ~19h2 3h3 17 ~181h 385 18 -699 250 19 - ~982 h92 20 4:65 210 21 ~801 302 22 ~2h13 160 23 -3852 103 2h ~3578 1314 25 -2391 109 26 -3h02 111 27 -h881 119 28 ~7675 166 29 ~76h2 275 21 INTERPRETATION OF LABORATORY RESULTS Eardley (1951) places the Michigan Basin in the central stable tectonic region, which consists of a foundation of Precambrian crystal- line rock covered by a thin veneer of sediments. In general, the strata in this tectonic region dip gently except where slow and prolonged move- ments during Paleozoic time created domes, arches, and basins. Schuchert (1955) shows the Niam Sea extending over most of Michigan during the Niagaran epoch. In early Clinton time, the southern part of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan was exposed but by late Clinton time the entire peninsula was covered by an epeiric Sea, which was conflnent with the waters of the Applachian geosynclinev until late Lockport time. The Basin probably was not-isolated until Salina time. A comparison of the isopach naps of the Niagara series and the entire Silurian section as mapped by Melhorn (1958) indicates that the Michigan Basin developed in the Upper Silurian. Melhom (1958) states: I l... isopach maps of Cohee (19148) indicate a center of the Middle Silurian Niagaran basin 10(21th in western Gladwin County. Eardley (1951, p. 29) locates the center of the early Paleozoic Michigan basin in the general area where Clare, Gladwin, Midland, and Isabella counties adjoin. . o . in. the surly and middle Silurian time the center of the Michign basin was farther northwest than shown by Cohee and Eardley, probably being located in Southeastern Missaukee County. Isopach maps constructed by Cohee (19h8) and the author do not indicate a basin development in Michigan in the Middle Silurian, certainly 22 not centered in Mssankee County- Eardley (1951) indicates only the present day structural configuration which is unlike the basin of the Middle Silurian time. If the Main had developed in Niagra time, the thickest sediments nay have been in the vicinity of Clare county. The thickness of these sediments should decreaSe concentrically from this center. This is not the result- obtained in the analysis. The series thickens to the north from the central part of the state and it also thickens to the south." This thinning of sediments on the structure extending through south Kent and north Barry counties is an interesting feature . Was it due to uplift and erosion or was it a high on the sea floor resulting in an area with less deposition? The author believes this area was a high in the sea floor caused by a delay in the subsidence in the form- ing of the Michigan Basin. It is interesting to note that the presence of. sand in the Niagara series does not extend northward beyond or across this high on the sea floor. Possibly the currents were unable to carry the sand beyond this high. The series thins sligltly in the extreme south section of Michigan and may reflect the development of the Cincinnati Dome. The contirmed thinning to the east may indicate the early development of the Findlay Arch. The percentage of clay size material in the "Thumbfi area; could indicate a facies change from the source of clastic sediments from the Cincinnati Dome area. 23 Ascording to the criteria. set forth by Sloss (19117), the Niagara series was deposited in a platform-type environment. The platform limestones are deposited under marine conditions in tectonically neutral areas of the continental interior. Adjacent positive areas are either paleplaned, submerged, or are too far removed from the site of deposition to contribute any clastics. Uhert is common in platform limestones (Sloss, 19117). Results of the laboratory analysis of the Niagra samples show significant quanti- ties of chert. The higher percentages of chert are concentrated in the northwestern part of the state. It is noticeable that the tectonic h1g1 which existed during Niagara time in the central section of the state Separates the chert concentrated in the north from the lesser amounts in the south. _The small amount of evaporites indicate) that the areas of high evaporite percentages were not isolated for any length of time. At times these areas were possibly isolated from a supply of fresh mine water and in this manna the concentration of salts became high enough to precipitate . The calcium/mgnesinm ratio is not influenced by thickness but seems related to structure. The amount of magnesium increases toward the margin of the structural basin. For this reaSon, the author believes that dolomitization is secondary and is related to the regional structure of the Niagara series, 2h Jodry (195M believed that dolomitization was related to structure and found this relationship to be true in a study of structure and porosity in Michigan. Young (1955) in a study of the Stony Lake Oil Field, in Michigan found this relationship was not true. Apparently for small, local, detailed studies, or where the structure is not well developed, this relationShip of dolomitization to structure does not always hold true . ' Tinklepaugh (1957) in conducting a detailed study involving three — oil fields covering an area of six townships found a significant statistical relationship between high dolomite and structural high . The process of dolomitization has lead to a. great deal of specu- lation. The theory of marine alteration may come close to being the answer. Marine alteration is the modification of limestone by sea water before emergence. The magneSium.is supplied by the sea.water. In sumnarizing it may be Said that whatever the process causing dolomitization in the Niagara series, the dolomite is secondary and is related to structure 3 and secondly, the structural development of the Michigan BaSin is post Niagaran. 25 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY The research of Jodry (19514), Young (1955), Tinklepaugh (1957): and the author have but scratched the surface of the possible relation- ship between dolorntization and structure. Further studies of the TraverSe group are recommended to investigate this problem since wells into the younger group would be available in greater quantity than from the Niagra at the present time and a better regional study of this relationship would be possible. As more and more wells are drilled in the Niagra group a. study in more detail could be conducted for a comparison to the dolonfite-str‘ucture relationship of the Traverse . 26 REFERENCES Baltrusaites et a1. (19h8), A Summry of the Stratigraphy of the SouthernTeEiilsula of Michigan, Mimeo graphed . Cohee, G. V. (19h8), Thickness and Litholo of U or Ordovician and Lower and Middle 851‘ urian RocEs in the Mica ESE 6'11?th Number 33, U.S.U.S. 3'55 the UEIver'sIty of Michigan ’3 shegs). Cumflngs, E. R. and Shrock, R. R. (1928), The Geolo¥ of the Silurian Rocks of Northern Indiana Indiana Depar on 0 Conservation" PUBE'catEn Mer '75. Dapples et 5.1: (l9h8) , Tectonic Control of Lithologic Associations, Bigger. Assoc. fietrol. Gaol}, vol. 32, pp. 192h-19Ll7. Dice, B. B. (1955), "A Quantitative Study of Composite Devonian Litho- facies in the Michigan Basin,“ Unpublished Master's Thesis, Michign State University. Eardley, A. J. (1951), Stflctml Geolog of North America, New York: Harper-s Brother. "w" 'fififi Ehlers, G. M. and Kesling, R. v. (1957), Silurian Rocks of the Northern Peninsula of Meagan, Michigan GeolochalT Societyf W" ' 7' Jodry, R. L. (19510, "A Rapid Method for Determining the Magnesium/ Calcium Ratio of Well Samples and Its Use as an Aid in Predicting Calcareous Formations," Urmublished Master's Thesis, Michigan State College. Krumbien, W. C. and Pettijohn, F. G., (1938), w_ al of Sggimmtirz Petrography, New York: Appleton-Cmmry-Crofts, 9 pp. List of Important Deep Tests (19%), Michigan Geological Survey, Mineographed. Martin, H. M. and Straight, M. T. (1956), An Index of Michi Geolo Publication 50 , Michigan Geological Survey p. h 1. Martin, H. M. (1958), Personal Commication. Melhorn, w. N. (.1958), stream hic % I is of Silurian Rocks in the Michigfi Basin, Bu . Amer. Assoc. ro . Ceol., vo . , er .9 PP- - Schuchert , C . (1955) , Atlas of Paleo phic Maps offiNorth America, New York: John Wiley and Edna, .efi." * Sloss, L. L. (19117), Environments of Limestone Deposition, Jour‘n. of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 17, mnnber 3, pp. 109-113. Swarta gt 5;. (19M) , correlation of the Silurian Formation of North America, Geol. Soc; Aner., vol. 53, pp. 533-538. Tinklepaugh, B. M. (1957), "A Chemical, Statistical and Structural Analysis of Secondary Dolomitization in the Rodgers City-mndee Formation of the Central Michigan Basin," Unpublished Doctor's Thesis, Michigan State University. 27 Wilmarth, G. M. (1938), Lexicon or Geologic Names of the United States, U. S. Geological Survey. e in 9 , art 2,, pp. 9 - 97. Young, R. T. (1955), ("Significance of the Magnesiiun/Calcium Ratio as Related to Structure in the Stony Lake Oil Field, Michigan," ' Unpublished Master's Thesis, Michigan State University. APPENDIX SOUTHERN PENINSULA PLATE I 28 STRUCTURE CONTOUR HAP Top of Niagara Series OF Contour Interval: 1000 feet MICHIGAN o o o \ 0000 o o \? 000 6.000 o ‘3 . 000 \ o 9 o O 00 o o \ o ’ 3 0000 o ‘2000 o o O o o . CA - "00 o 3 LL ON C to 20 o 0 waw o o o o to N No.- -——___1 MHES .00“... .Ar .. ..--.-._-.~ H r-~—t an. 1......» ‘—--s ~ PLATE II SOUTHERN PENINSULA OF MIC H I GAN 0 90m» 0 I! com» Ill 7°° 50° A00 300 o o 0 20° 0 0 o O FOCD 20K) 0 N300 0 O V§§V’ ., ‘ -- 30.\<‘;\\\\\ rules 2? ISOPACH MAP Niagara Series ISOpaOh Interval: 100 feet a S‘Til‘lrt. A SOUTHERN PENINSULA PLATE III 30 WATER SOLUBLE SALTS Niagara Series OF Contour Interval: 1 Per Cent MICHIGAN O O i O O o o o o O 2 2 o I o o O 0 ° 0 o O o o SCALE 0 C,- IO 2“ o L. L .1 o 000*0000 -———-... ——___10 O? ””85 0 We“ Locohor PLATE Iv 31 CARBONATEMAP SOUTHERN PENINSULA Niagra Series OF Contour Interval: 5 Per Cent MICHIGAN o o o o o o o o 80 0 ° 85 o 90 . SCALE 0 IO 20 O O . .. Moles 0 We“ Locnhor PLATE V SHALE MAP SOUTHERN PENINSULA Mam Series OF Contour Interval: 1 Per Cent MICHIGAN 1\_ O SCALE 0 IO 20 Miles 0 We” Locohon: PLATE VI 33 SILICA MAP SOUTHERN PENINSULA OF Niagara Series Contovr Interval: 1 Per Cent MICHIGAN SCALE O IO 20 p L J Miles 0 Well Location; PLATE VII °h SOUTHERN PENINSULA AREAL DISTRIBUTION OF SAND OF Niagara Series MICIHGAN C) (W O r) O O O O O 0 o O O O r) O , i o e O 5 N6 . 9AhLL O I ’ '1 ’I \ "A e‘ , L-..-._-...l..--,-__.___l O. . . ... .V :85 PLATE VIII 35 A _, _ .. ‘ MAGNESIUM/CALCIUM RATIO MAP SOUTHERN: PE-I~:IHZ;I_JLA d- / Niagara Series .JI’ ”M‘- Ratio Interval: 0.1 Mg/Ca NIICIIICEAII ‘ V N ‘0 e I) 0 O u. 0 , ’b x.) e 'l/ O C" O O O 0 v 0 O O O O O O O (v 1 O C, . .... I W C W I l""'""‘“——' N-~-- cum “‘ K I .. ......“ ..-“, m_-‘,.~q --‘~"qu‘ « ' PLATE VII ”I4 SOUTHERN PENINSULA ‘ mm. DISTRIBUTION OF SAND OF Niagara Series MICI‘IEGAN --—‘ m.— -~..——-—~_— w‘~.._- «- PLATE VIII :3 CU T H E. R P E i‘ I 5*: ‘32 U F,- Niagara Series MICHIGAN .". cu .PP-W~-~I-~V~-O-‘-m-*~oc_1-‘m ” —.— . “mfiu' ... Ratio Interval: 35 MAGNESIUM/CALCIUM RATIO MAP 0 .1 Mg/Ca A 0 O I ) 0) e I O r ‘b L) O «p e c- 0 \ e O O I.) A .2 ;3 o - .4 .5 0 o O .6 O . U / O O O O O L . {'I ‘ C) 0 .\ Cl mm __ ..n--—-‘een e-..“ “menu—c.— «inn- ’- ' 36 EEATEJI SOUTHERN PENINSULA LOCATION OF WELLS OF MICHIGAN 02 Cl 03 029 o4 27<> 05 280 06 260 07 250 08 09 024 0'0 023 022 on °|6 ‘ ol7 0l2 02' _ SCALE ‘”5 p 0 IO 20 0|! 0'9 I; A ‘4 ”r , . tee-“OM00. -—-—_... HL 020 M‘Ies O WDIIInrr-Qn 6.5.4 MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT or CONSERVATION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION ”7"” M7 calm W“: 4M” LOCATION 01" 6011130133 £04 WFWD W1” a W TMOIG " m ' Alfie: Nd! [m 0 6 # 4m... 1 A « , m m mm: m- «r W ”film-'0' m. M “5200 m# fl 4 WI M #4 mar 37 0 l0 ROOM USE ONLY MICHIGA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES N 3 1293 03083 0321