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OBSERVATIONS ON BLOOD AND URI!!! 01" BOVINE ON VARIOUS DIES SOB OBSERVATIONS OF BLOOD AND URINE OF BOVINES OH VARIOUS DIETS by Mary Bruce guttchinge A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate School of flichigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of mm 01' SCIENCE Department of Animal Patholog 191m THEb'lfi IADLE OF CONTENTS Introduction - - ------- w ..... - - - - - 1 Review of Literature ................ 2 laterial and Methode - - - - ...... - ..... 3 Diecueeion - - - - - - - -l- - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Bibliography - - ------ - ......... - - 25 Acknovledgnento - - ................ 26 37443 -1- INTRODUCTION In the past. little has been published on the bovine kidney in regard to the correlation of the compositions of blood and urine from bovinee fed norml diets and those fed diets of varying mineral and vitamin deficiencies. The purpose of this investigation is to study this correlation to determine if it is of any significance in mineral and vitamin deficiencies. -2. MIN 01' LITERATURE Ehe author has found no evidence in litera- ture that any attempt has been made to correlate the conpositions of blood and urine on bovines fed normal diets or those fed diets with varying deficiencies. Duke (1) in his Physiology of Domestic Animals presents a few calculations pertaining to the urine analyses of normal bovines. ~3- nnmus um meg Ihis work‘was done on twentybtwo bovines from the Michigan State College lkperimental Dairy Herd. Eight blood and urine analyses were completed on two animals; seven analyses on three animals. and six analyses on eleven animals. Ewe animals were pastured early in the experiment. One analysis was completed on one of these animals and three analyses on the other. During the experiment, six animals died or were killed. Two analyses were completed on one of these: four analyses on two: five analyses on one: six analyses on one. and seven analyses on one. Tour groups of animals were studied. Group 1 consisted of eight animals which had.been fed normal diets. The results of determinations of the individual animals in this group are presented in rabies 1-8 and summarised in Tables 9 and 10. Group 2 consisted of eight animals which had been fed diets deficient in Yitamin.d to varying degrees. rho results of the determinations on the individual animals are presented in Tables 11-18 and summarised in Tables 19 and 20. Group 3 consisted of five animals which had.been fed.magnesium deficient diets. These results are presented in Tables 21-25 and summarised in Tables 26 and 27. Group h was composed of one animal which had.been fed a diet deficient in.potas- sium. the results of determinations on this animal are presented.in table 28 and summarised in.!ab1es 29 and 30. Blood and urine samples were collected from each bovine about once every three weeks. The samples were taken at approximately the same time - eight o'clock in the morning'- and the analyses were completed that day. or as in the case of the urine urea. the next day. -1!- IBLOOD ANALYSIS Ihe following are outlines of the blood determinations per- formed on these animals. 031.0311)! - 'hitehorn Methcjugl. Place 10 cc. blood filtrate in a 50 cc. Erlenmeyer flask. .Add 5 cc. of nitric acid and 6 cc. standard silver nitrate solution. Allow the flask to stand five minutes and add about .3 grams of powdered ferric amenium sulfate as an indicator. Iitrate the excess silver nitrate solution until a definite salmon red color persists for fifteen seconds. Calculation - Subtract the titration reading from 6 and multiply by 100. m. gives the mg.‘ of chloride. CREATINIM - (J. Unknown «- Place 10 cc. blood filtrate in a 50 cc. lrlenmeyer flask. Add 5 cc. alkaline picrate solution. Standard - Place 5 cc. standard creatinine solution in a 50 cc. Erlenmeyer flask. Add 15 cc. distilled water and 10 cc. alkaline picrate solution. Allow the flasks to stand for eight minutes and read with the calorimeter. Calculation - M I 0°03 1 1.0.9. I 12- this gives the mg.¢ of creatinine. Unknown 1 3O GLUOOBI - Polin—Wu L2}. Unknown - Place 2 cc. blood filtrate in a Polin-lu sugar tube. Add 2 cc. alkaline copper solution. Standard «- Place 2 cc. standard glucose solution in a ralin-Wu sugar tube. Add 2 cc. alkaline copper solution. Place the tubes in a boiling water bath for eight minutes. Cool in running water. Add 2 cc. acid molybdate solution to each tube and dilute to 25 cc. with distilled water. Read with the calorimeter. Calculation «- Eta-M x 0'2 1 1-9.9.- This gives the mg.$ of glucose. Unknown 0.2 NOB-PROM! NITROGEN - Palm-lug. Unknown - Place 5 cc. blood filtrate in a large pyrex test tube. Add 1 cc. dilute acid mixture and 3 or ‘4 quarts pebbles. Boil vigorously over a micro-burner until the characteristic dense fumes begin to fill the tube. Cover the test tube with a watch glass and reduce the flame. Continue heating until the solution is almost colorless. Allow to cool and. add distilled water slowly. When the solution is cooled to room temperature. dilute with distilled water to 35 co. Add 15 cc. Nessler's solution. Standard - Place 3 cc. standard ammonium sulfate solution in a 100 cc. flarence flash. Add 2 cc. dilute acid mixture and dilute to 60 cc. with distilled water. Add 30 cc. Nessler's solution and dilute to 100 cc. with distilled water. Read with the calorimeter. Calculation - M 1 30° this gives the mg.$ of nan-protein nitrogen. Unknown URlA - Iarr's Direct Nesslerisatian Method 512. ~6- Unknown .. Place 5 cc. blood filtrate in a test tube. Add 1 drop buffer solution and 1 urease paper. Standard - Place 5 cc. standard urea solution in a test tube. Add 1 drop buffer solution and 1 urease paper. Place both in a water bath at 50.0. for fifteen minutes. The contents of the tubes are then transferred to tubes graduated at 22.5 cc. and 25 cc. Dilute with distilled water to 22.5 cc. Add 3 drops of Gun Ghatti solution and add Nessler's solution to the 25 cc. mark. Read with the calorimeter. Calculation 0 Standard x 0.075 x l_9_0_. ”mm 0.5 This gives the mg.‘ of urea. mus 1cm - Brown (3). Unknown - Place 10 cc. blood filtrate in a 50 cc. Erlenmeyer flask. Add 5 cc. uric acid standard solution. 5 cc. sodium cyanide solution. and 0.5 cc. uric acid reagent. Standard - Place 5 cc. standard uric acid solution in a 50 cc. lrlenmeyer flask. Add 10 cc. distilled water. 5 cc. sodium cyanide solution. and 0.5 cc. uric acid reagent. Allow the flasks to stand for twenty minutes and read with the calorimeter. Calculation .. .__5.9._. . This gives the mg.$ of uric acid. Unknown URINE AMLYSIS The following are outlines of the urine determinations performed on these animals. CELOBIDI - Simplified Yolhard. Modified by McLean and Selling 9:). Place 5 cc. of urine in a 50 cc. Erlenmeyer flask. Add 10 cc. standard silver nitrate solution and allow the flasks to stand for five minutes. Titrate with standard ammonium sulfocyanate solution. Calculation - 35 minus the reading of the titration multiplied by 100. This gives the x.‘ of chloride. minus: - l'alin (In. Unknown - Place 1 cc. of urine in a 200 cc. Erlenmeyer flask. Add 20 cc. saturated picric acid solution and 1.5 cc. 10% sodium hydroxide solution. Standard - Place 1 cc. standard creatinine solution in a 200 cc. Erlenmeyer flask. Add 20 cc. saturated picric acid solution and 1.5 ca. 10% sodium hydroxide solution. Allow the flasks to stand for ten minutes. Dilute to 100 cc. with distilled water and read with the calorimeter. Calculation - W ‘ 100° This gives the mg.% of creatinine. Unknown GLUCOSE - Benigct's Picrate Method (2). Place 1 cc. urine in a large test tube. Add 3 cc. 0.5 picric acid solution. 0.5 cc. 5% sodium hydroxide solution and 5 drape of a 50% acetone solution. Place in a boiling water bath for twelve minutes. Goal to room temperature and dilute with distilled water to 25 cc. Compare with permanent standards ads of ferric chloride. cobalt chloride. and dilute hydrochloric acid. ~8- DOILPROTEII'NITROGlUgLEI. Unknown . Place 8 cc. urine in a 50 co. Erlenmeyer flask. Add 1 cc. 10% sodium tungstate solution and 1 cc. 2]} l sulfuric acid. Pilter and dilute filtrate 1-10 with distilled water. Proceed as for non-protein nitrogen of the blood. Standard - Proceed as for non-protein nitrogen of the blood. Calculation - W 1 125- This gives the mg.$ of non-protein nitrogen. Unknown The calculation presented in Bray's textbook for non-protein nitrogen of urine is as follows: Standard x 250 Unknown After performing a lumber of determinations and calculating them in this way. it was found that the results were widely different from those obtained for the total nitrogen determination of the urine. These results should vary only slightly. Study of the determination and its calculation led to the discovery that the dilution factor was apparently incorrect and should be 125 rather than 250. TOTAL NITROGH - Polin Modified (h). Unknown «- Place 2 cc. urine in a 200 cc. Erlenmeyer flask and dilute to 100 so. with distilled water. Place 1 cc. diluted urine in a large pyrex test tube. Add 1 cc. digestion acid mixture and 2 or 3 glass beads. Digest as for non-protein nitrogen of the blood. Standard - Place 1 cc. standard ammonium sulfate solution in a 50 cc. test tube. Add 1 cc. digestion acid mixture and dilute to 35 cc. with dis- tilled water. Add 15 cc. Nessler's solution. Calculation - W x 500° This gives the mgfi of total nitrogen. Unknown URIA - Marshall's Urease Method 12). Two 5 cc. portions of urine are measured into two 200 cc. Erlenmeyer flasks and diluted with distilled water to 100-125 cc. 1 cc. of a 10% solution of urease is added to one flask. Add a few drops of toluene to each flask and allow to stand at room temperature from five hours to over night. The fluid in each flask is titrated with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Calculation «- The amount of hydrochloric acid required for the contents of the flask containing the urine and ensyme solution minus the amount of hydro— chloric acid required for the flask containing the urine alone and that previously determined for 1 cc. of urease solution corresponds to the amount of urea originally present in the sample. This is multiplied by 60 to give the mg.$ of urea. URIC ACID - Benedict and Pranke (1Q. Unknown - Dilute urine 1-20 with distilled water. Place 10 ac. diluted urine in a 100 cc. Erlenmeyer flask. Add 5 cc. sodium cyanide solution and 1 cc. uric acid reagent. Standard - Place 10 cc. standard uric acid solution in a 100 cc. Erlenmeyer ~10- flask. Add 5 cc sodium cyanide solution and 1 cc. uric acid reagent. Mix and. allow both to stand for five minutes. Dilute to 50 cc. with dis- tilled water and read with the calorimeter. Calculation a W x ”‘0' This gives the mg.‘ of uric acid. Qualitative tests were done for albumin and acetone. Ml - HellerLs 115 Test L2). Place 5 cc. concentrated nitric acid in a test tube. By means of a pipette or dropper. allow urine to flow down the sides of the tube. The urine should form a layer on top of the acid. If albumin is present. a white. fluffy ring will form at the Junction of the two liquids. ALBUMII - gag Test Qt). Beat 5 cc. of urine in a test tube to boiling. If a precipitate forms. it is either albumin or phosphates. Add 3-5 drops of dilute acetic said. If the precipitate is due to phosphates. the solution will clear upon the addition of the acid. If the precipitate is due to albumin. it will become more pronounced upon addition of the acid. ACITOHI. rm cc. of urine is placed in a vial which contains 1 gm. of sodium nitroprusside and ammonium sulfate mixture (1:100). Dissolve the mixture and add 2 cc. ammonium hydroxide. The presence of acetone bodies is indicated by the development of a permanganate color. SPICIPIC GRANT}. The specific gravity of the urine was determined by use of the urinometer. Corrections were made for temperature. -11- EIDROGEH ION CONCENTRATION. The colorimetric method was used to determine the hydrogen ion concentration of the urine. This was done by making standards of disodium phosphate and potassium.acid.phosphate. Bromcresol purple and phenol red were the indicators used. The urine was collected.under mineral oil and the pH was determined as soon as possible after its collection. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION. Microscopic examinations were made on the sediment to determine whether any epithelial cells. blood cells. casts or other abnormalities were present. -12. The tables that follow present the determinations of the various animals in each group and the autopsy findings if the animal died or was slaughtered. Table l The Blood. and Urine Values of Case 7% Age - 3 yrs. Date Glucose Creatinine* Uric Acid* Urea“ Chloride" 112? Total N“ pg Sp.Gr. £12. Acct. W 2* .9 E. .H 2. .9 2. .2 E, .H E. .2 93332 5/3/38 60.97 .1% 1.19 81.30 1.35 8.06 18.29 1398.00 M50 605.00 33.70 568.17 1000.00 7.8 1.031 - Amorphous 6/1h/38 58.“? .2% 1.28 71oh2 1.37 3.73 19-35 1182.00 M50 2M0.00 33.89 568.17 769.22 8.0 1.030 - Amorphous 12 8 u e a s e e s e e "" occ. pus cell 7/ /3 8 30 2% 1 26 88 68 1 37 1M 5M 20 68 1M58 00 M70 70.00 36.51 500.00 1058.20 7.6 1.033 Epithelial cells 7/26/38 50.63 -2% 1.21 80.00 1.50 13.hh 7.91 1908.00 M70 250.00 31.08 735.27 1212.12 7.M 1.033 ~ Amorphous 8/9/38 “5.0“ -3% 1.M5 75.M7 1.92 15-68 20.00 1836-00 M15 70.00 M5.11 657.87 1315.78 7.M 1.030 - .Amorphous 9/6/38 60.60 .2% 1.06 8h.78 1-53 17.11 20-26 2M63.00 M50 710.00 35.29 9M1.85 1666.66 7.2 1.035 — Amorphous 10/”r/38 57.63 .2% 1.0M 79.36 1.25 10.2“ 36.58 2313.00 M50 0.00 M5.11 796.17 1M81.M8 7.M 1.033 ~ Amorphous Died 2/1/39 Autopsy M120 Maximum 60.97 .3% 1.M5 88.68 1.92 17.11 36.58 2h63.00 M70 710.00 M5.11 9M1.85 1666.66 8.0 1.035 - Minimum M5.0M .1% 1.0M 71.M2 1.25 3.73 7.91 1182.00 115 0,00 31.03 500.00 729.22 7.2 1.030 - Average 94.52 .275 1.21 80.11% 1.11.7 11.82 20.111; 17914.00 1150 277.30 39. 211 631.07 12111.73 7,5, 1,032 .. B - Blood * - .% s .0 . - s ifi G it U - Urine Total N - Total Nitrogen Alibi. .. figfimnc rav y NPN ' ham-Protein Nitrogen pH ~ Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acct. - Acetone -13. Case In This animal was a three year old.Jersey cow. She was one of the normal control bovines. .A rumen fistula Operation had been per- formed on this animal in the fall of 1937. She had been losing flesh for some time. It was thought that the fistula may have been too low and that too much fluid.was being lost from the rumen. She died February 1. 1939. and an autopsy was performed. The animal is thin and emaciated. The skin and subcutaneous tissues are negative. Practically all lymph nodes of the body show enlargement of moderate to marked degree. One of the pelvic lymph nodes is 6 inches long and 3-h inches in diameter. One of the mesenteric lymph nodes is 3 inches in diameter. Along the intestinal tract is a continuous mass of modules of various sise. 0n sectioning. the tissue resembles a sarcoma. The head and neck are negative. There is some excess pleural fluid. The lungs show some can» gestion throughout. The bronchial lymph nodes show considerable enlarge- ment. Considerable excess pericardial fluid is present and several clumps of fibrin are present in the fluid. The heart is markedly involved by growths similar to those described in the lymph.nodes. These are generally distributed throughout the myocardium. Many of these bulge on the epicardial and endocardial surfaces. Some of the larger ones show good sised.areas of necrosis in the center. One of the pulmonary semi- lunar valves and one leaf of the bicuspid.va1ve are involved. There is considerable excess clear peritoneal fluid. -1M. The spleen and.pancreas are negative. The liver is negative. There are numerous nodules over the peritoneal surface of the stomach and intestines. Some are apparently located in the walls. The cecum and large intestines show similar involvement. Each kidney contains several of the growths. Some bulge con- siderably on the surface of the kidneys. The bladder is negative. The uterus shows two rather small growths similar to those in the walls of the stomach and intestines. The diagnosis is lympho-sarcoma. Table 2 The Blood and Urine values of Case 76 Age-2 yrs.. 10 mos. 2222 .2222222 2222212222* .221212219f Uree* Chloride* §§§* Total 8* ‘Eg Sp.Gr. 1513. Acct. Sediment 2* .2 .2 .2 .2 I! 2. .2 2. .2 .2 .2 22122 0 . 11 5/3/38 53.19 .1% 1.15 7M.07 1.M0 11.13 29.M1 2226.00 M65 50.00 M8.00 7MM.02 1265.9M 8.0 1.029 - - Aggrpfigfisce 6/1M/38 M7.8M .2% 1.25 80.96 1.MM 5.86 16.66 107M.00 M30 100.00 30.92 612.72 800.00 8.0 . 1.027 ‘ 7/12/38 M7.28 .I% 1.30 100.00 1.M3 16.8M 6.97 77M.00 M70 30.00 28.57 367.62 70M.22 7.2 1.03M - - g3: cziij cast 7/25/35 1m-92 .I% 1-20 81.63 1.38 9.21 23.25 26M0.00 M95 30.00 MM.11 892.85 1785.70 7.M 1.026 - e 000. Duo 0611 Doc. epith. cell 8/9/38 M1.66 .2% 1.28 82.30 1.81 11.23 22.55 1596.00 M05 50,00 Mo.oo 500.00 1075.25 7.2 1,029 - - Occ. pus cell 6 8 M 6 : Occ. epith. cell 9/ /3 7° 1 '12 1°35 “2'52 1.M8 3°"1 21.89 823-00 M60 M0.00 37.97 297.60 533.32 7.2 1.011 ~ - Pus and epith. ee11e 10/M/38 M2.55 .2% 1.20 100.00 1.M2 10.12 25.M2 2307.00 950 10.00 58.00 362.05 1550.33 7.2 1,935 - - pus and epith. ee11e Maximum 53.19 .28 1.35 100.00 1.81 16.8M 29.M1 26M0.00 M95 100.00 M8.00 892.85 1785.70 8.0 1.035 - ~ Minimum M1.66 .1% 1.15 M2.55 1.38 3.M1 6.97 77M.00 M05 30.00 28.57 297.60 533.32 7.2 1.011 ~ ~ Average M6.MM .1M% 1.2M 80.21 1.M8 9.71 20.88 1637.1M M53 28.57 39.65 610.98 1102.11 7.M 1.027 - - B .- Blood * - Mei Sp.Gr. - Specific Gravity Alb. u Albumin Acet. - Acetone U - Urine Total N'~ Total Nitrogen NPN - Nan-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Table 3 The Blood and Urine Values of Case 77 Age ~ 2 yrs.. 10 mos. page 2141.29.22 mm" Uric Acid* gag“ Chloride* 222* W 22 22:22:- 2.12- 5.333. Sediment 2* 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 £3.93 5/3/38 65.114 .1‘7u 1.11 57.80 1.66 7-35 39.2? 2356-20 505 155.00 M3.M7 905.77 1111.10 8.0 1.030 Amorphous 6/1M/38 53.61 .276 1.11 76.0M 1.66 5.57 16.66 1572.00 1170 250.00 30.76 833.32 1111.10 8.0 1.03M ~ 7/12/38 M7.61 .294 1.37 100.00 1.75 1M.95 18.18 2082.00 1190 110,00 39.21 657.87 1333.32 7.M 1.038 .. 7/26/38 1«16.08 .295 1.30 93-‘45 1.65 8.96 19.35 2222.00 M75 80.00 37.50 905.77 1M26.56 7.M 1.035 Amorphous 8/9/38 M2.55 .28 1.21 85.83 1.75 13.06 311.18 2238.00 380 80.00 M5.11 868.05 1666.66 7.6 1.036 rue cells 9/5/38 67-56 Jig 1.27 93.02 1-66 11.93 22.55 2901.00 M75 6M0.00 38.M6 1M75.00 2083.32 7.M 1.0M0 Pus cells 1(VIA/393 59-70 .375 1.19 97.56 1.66 10-73 26.52 3283.00 Mo 60.00 50.00 1M70.57 2083.32 7.M 1.039 Pus cells Maxim 67.56 6% 1.37 100.00 1.75 111.95 39.27 3283-00 505 6M0.00 50.00 1M75.00 2083.32 8.0 1.0M0 Minimum M2.55 .176 1.11 57.80 1.65 5.57 16.66 1572.00 380 60.00 30.76 657.87 1111.10 7.M 1.030 Average 51560 31% 1.22 86.211 1.68 10.35 25.29 2239.10 M62 198.00 M0.6M 1016.62 15M5.05 7.6 1.036 3 233:: 1...:88. 21.2 22:82: NPN - Non-Protein Nitmgen pH ~ Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acet. — Acetone Table M The Blood and Urine Values of Case 78 Age a 2 yrs.. 10 mos. am 22% Creatinine" Urio Amid” 2122* 0h1oride* 5131* w 2.2 m. 2.110.. _A_e_e_t_. Sediment 2* 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22311.9. 5/3/38 59.88 2% 1.32 97.56 1.12 13.33 7.2M 1860.00 505 310.00 32.M3 757.57 1176.M6 8.0 1.0M0 ~ 6/M/38 59.16 .2% 1.27 95.23 1.75 5.81 30.61 3168.00 M50 80.00 50.00 1315.77 1818.18 7.6 1.032 - 7/12/38 51.81.2343 1.32 125.00 1.00 12.59 17.6M 2220.00 M60 100.00 36.36 637.75 1388.88 7.M 1.03M Occ. pus cell 7/26/38 53.M7 2% 1.25 1MM.92 1.50 13.91 6.91 2M66.00 M50 M0.00 37.03 905.77 1515.1M 7.M 1.035 - 8/9/38 M3.95 .378 1.32 112.35 1.55 15.02 3M.M8 29M0.00 MM0 60.00 50.00 905.77 1M59.8M 7.2 1.03M Occ. epith. cell 9/6/38 59.16 .276 1.2M 93.M5 1.60 12.M0 21.M2 2721.00 M80 720.00 M2.25 966.55 1818.18 7.2 1.036 .- 10/M/38 M6.83 .1% 1.28 101.52 1.M2 10.2M 16.66 1731.00 510 560.00 M0.00 856.15 1176.M6 7.2 1.031 - Maximum 59.88 .3% 1.32 1MM.92 1.75 15.02 3M.M8 3168.00 510 720.00 50.00 1315.77 1818.18 8.0 1.0M0 Minimum M3.95 .1% 1.2M 93.M5 1.00 5.81 6.91 1731.00 MM0 M0.00 32.M3 637.75 1176.M6 7.2 1.031 Average 53.M6 .276 1.28 110.00 1.M2 11.90 19.28 2MM3.71 M70 267.10 M1.15 906.M7 1M79.02 7.M 1.03M 3 : 3:33 Total N: $321 Nitrogen fifr’jfifiiflc Grafity NPN - Non-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ian Concentration Acet. -Acetone .Inmis .r. ,1 my. _. Table 5 The Blood and.Urine Values of Case 267 Age n 2 yrs.. 7 mos. 22.132 21.112222 M1222“ 21.12.2222“ 2222* Chloride" 3535* Total 11* 35 5333;. 535. Aeet. 292211222 22 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 2. .2 .22222 5/3/38 5M.9M .25 1.25 73.52 1.60 12.30 27.27 266M.00 5M0 0.00 M8.00 850.32 1M28.56 8.0 1.031 - - 000- epith' cell Amorphous Sent to Pasture Arerege 5M.9M .2% 1.25 73.52 1.60 12.30 27.27 266M.oo 5M0 0.00 M8.00 850.32 1M28.56 8.0 1.031 - - B - Blood * - MG~% Sp.Gr. - s ecific Gr vit U _ Urine Total N’- Total Nitrogen Alb. - Agbumin a y NPN - Non~Protein Nitrogen PH h Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acct. - Acetone Table 6 The Blood and urine Values of Case 0167 Age 0 6 yrs.. 1 mo. 212% W 12111111151111.1121: 11111111” 11* W 11 1112; 111. 1.1 11111111 2* 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 9 5 5 33135 0 . ell 5/3/38 57.M7 .3% 1.55 79.36 1.M8 7.33 21.M2 1362.00 500 75.00 38.71 538.77 769.22 8.0 1.030 0:2. 33ftfi. cell 6/12/38 511.79 .37? 1.35 111628 1.81 7.32 25.6M 18M8.00 M20 50.00 M2.85 961.57 1538.M6 8.0 1.032 Occ. pus cell 7/12/38 M3.M7 .3% 1.MM 125.00 1.56 1M.28 17.1M 1818.00 M50 30.00 39.21 69M.M2 1307.18 7.M 1.036 Occ. pus cell h 7/26/38 57.M7 .3% 1.31 137.93 1.9M 21.62 20.5M 2M00.00 M30 10.00 33.33 1059.30 183M.86 7.2 1.0M0 fifgfppfigscell Occ. epith. cell 8/9/.'58 29.28 .3% 1.51 117.62 1.59 17.02 27.27 2352.00 M00 50.00 MM.77 932.82 1769.90 7.2 1.035 - 9/6/38 58.82 -3% 1.32 115.60 1.69 17.77 22.00 2313-00 M90 10.00 38.71 1275.50 1923.06 7.2 1.038 ~ 10/2/38 26.73 -3% 1.21 111.11 1.57 12.65 32.09 3123.00 MM0 10.00 M0.00 13MM.07 169M.90 7.2 1.035 ~ Maximum 58.82 -3% 1.55 137.93 1.92 21-62 32.09 3123.00 500 75.00 MM.77 13MM.07 1923.06 8.0 1.0M0 Minimum 23.27 .3% 1.21 79.36 1.28 7.32 17.12 1362-00 M00 10.00 33.33 538.77 769.22 7.2 1.030 Average 52.5 .3% 1.38 112.21 1.66 12.00 22.30 2173.70 hh7 33,57 39,65 972,35 15h3.22 7.M 1,035 B a Blood ‘ * - . Sp. Gr. - Specific Gravity U .. Urine Total N - Total Nitrogen Alb. - Albumin NPN - Noinrotcin Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acct. - Acetone 1 Table 7 4: ‘31 The Blood and Urine Values of Case DIM 7 Age as 9 yrs., 3 mac. 1 22.12 2.121% W’“ 21.11.1212“ 221* Chloride." 355* 53311 11* 35 5313.313. 3335. 53513955 :" 1* 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 5 y Urine w %? 5/3/38 65.78 .3% 1.32 135.13 1-28 13-33 23-07 2222.00 500 85 00 M1.37 1623.37 2500.00 7.8 1.033 - 3 6/12/38 53.33 .22 1.39 122.92 1.53 5.00 26.5M 19MM.00 MM0 80.00 38.96 961.57 1333.32 8.0 1.035 - M .F 7/12/38 5M.05 .3% 1.50 181.81 1.69 20.91 11.02 1806.00 M30 M0.00 60.00 718.37 1739.12 7.2 1.037 000. pus cell 7 7/26/38 22.22 .2% 1-20 123.88 1-63 12-52 22.22 2712.00 500 M0.00 38.71 1M36.77 2500.00 7.M 1.036 - ;* 8/9/38 52.91 .11 1.M7 131.57 1.70 1M.5M 17.6M 236M.00 M00 20.00 M2.85 1250.00 1851.8M 7.M 1.036 — 9/6/38 52.05 .175 1.28 106.95 1.53 8.77 20-00 1261-00 M90 M30.00 32.M3 698.00 1063.82 7.M 1.033 .. L 10/2/38 57.80 .I% 1.26 196.07 1.58 13.33 8.00 2061.00 M10 50.00 36.81 735.27 1M28.56 7.M 1.0M1 ~ M i L H 3% Maximum 65.78 .22 1.50 196.07 1.70 20 91 26.52 2222.00 500 M30.00 60.00 1623.37 2500.00 8.0 1.0Ml 53 Minimum MM.MM .11 1.32 106.95 1.M8 5.00 8.00 1M61.00 M00 20,00 32.13 693.30 2127.6M 7.2 1.033 } Average 5M.62 .215 1.M3 1M8.62 1.59 12.91 18.35 2370.00 M52 1.06.M2 M1.59 1060.M8 1773.81 7.5 1.036 1 t 3 B - Blood * ~ Mg.% Sp. Gr. - Specific Gravity ‘ U' ’ “Tine T0231 2'“ Totol Nitrogen Alb. ~.Albumin é NPR " Non-Protein Nitrogen P3 r Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acct. ~ Acetone Table 8 The Blood ano.Urine Values of Case A5 Age - 6 yrs., 1 mo. 2333 35333333 Creatining* Urie Aeid* 5533? 53533553* 555* 2325912?: RE. §En§£~ .EEQEEEEE 2* H .12 E 2 H .3; E 5 5 5 5 53555 5/19/38 53.76 .33 1.20 86.95 2.22 9.18 13.88 1253.20 500 120.00 37.97 580.75 909.08 6.6 1.035 Amorphous 5/10/38 55.95 .35 1.20 106.95 2.22 15.38 13.63 2616.00 550 60.00 36.51 1025.57 1626.00 6.6 1.035 ~ 6/21/38 50.76 .15 1.27 98.03 2.20 11.23 26.09 1516.00 510 100.00 52.25 698.30 1333.32 8.0 1.025 ~ 7/19/38 57.61 .W% 1.20 129-87 1.66 18.55 13.21 1535.00 550 130.00 26.53 600.95 1000.00 7.5 1.038 - 8/2/38 58.82 .18 1.32 153.85 2.10 19.51 16.66 2509.00 555 50,00 35.29 1329.77 2050.80 7.2 1.032 - 9/13/38 57.80 .2% 1.15 89.28 1.62 13.11 26.31 2857.80 580 160.00 32.60 966.55 1905.76 7.2 1.031 - Slaughtered 7/15/39 Maximum 58.82 .5% 1.32 153.85 2.22 19.51 26.31 2857.80 510 160.00 52.25 1328.77 2050.80 8.0 1.038 Minimum 57.61 .1% 1.15 86.95 1.62 9.18 13.21 1253.20 555 50.00 26.53 580.75 909.08 6.6 1.025 Average 53.95 .26% 1.22 110.82 2.00 15.57 18.29 1996.00 575 103.33 35.17 850.15 1568.99 7.1 1.032 ~ Blood * ~ Mg.% sp.Gr. - Specific Gnevity , U . Urine Total N’- Total Nitrogen Alb. - Albumin NPN - Non-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Aeet. — Acetone -15.. Case Ah This animal was slaughtered. The autOpey findings were negative except for an abeceu on the left pelvic limb which affected the articular cartilagee in the hock Joint. mmo .H m; 3.90% HH0.H m.m mn.mnm .304 0.» 00.8mm .3 fl .3 Heoom 8.3 9.8 8.0m flames“: 330.5100: b.2515 3:88 a £0.90 0030350000 00H nomoudhm I an me: a o 8.3» 3.9: 2303 3.3 9.62 om.~mm oo oo.:- Hz.n nm.~a .36me 8.8a. 8.9.9. «0.8 5.02 .g 33.806 .850 .33 3.6 .3 338.75: mammmmndmmnmm o” oaaaa um: -.e~ Hw.H an.” own Hm.m oo.a no." can a~.mn -.~ an.” oeauoano no»: eaon_oaap onanaefirao enough 600.8 3435 an! fl 0.30s ta. 00 0023 9.2 00.“: no.5 0.0093 . 0334 ad“; Eebd alas. 18619 11 The Blgod and Urine Values of 0880 A2 Age 6 5 yrs.. 10 mos. Mg W 0reat1n1ne* Uric Acid* 2192* Chloride“ 31111} W lg m. 23 .2 .§ .H E. .H E. .2 E. .H E. .! EEEEE h/19/38 53.M7 .29 1.31 219.78 1.h7 9.1M 19.70 1830.00 520 800.00 29.26 631.30 1129.99 6.6 1.039 5/10/38 51.20 .26 1.92 3hh.82 1.73 13.61 13.33 2556.00 M60 80.00 35.29 1250.00 1818.18 6.6 1.0u0 6/21/38 u5.u5 .16 1.53 181.81 1.50 11.98 17.6M 15h2.00 520 70.00 38.h6 811.67 1h28.56 8.0 1.033 7/19/38 u3.h6 .28 1.50 270.27 1.19 20.51 17.39 1818.00 110 T23 3353 28.03 1h53.h7 172u.1u 7.2 1.0u0 8/2/38 51.68 .16 1.59 95.23 1.90 9.69 12.19 1026.00 930 12h0.00 28.57 u07.15 69h.hh 7.9 1.029 9/13/38 5u.6h .1% 1.61 192.30 1.56 13.61 17.1h 2033.80 u50 700.00 32.08 880.27 1562.50 7.2 1.0h0 9/27/38 u9.1h .16 1.u7 153.8u 1.39 11.85 20.5M 98h.00 n75 650.00 29.12 581.30 1069.50 7.2 1.035 Maximum 5h.6u .29 1.92 3hu.82 1.90 20.51 20.5u 2556.00 520 T2: 3:33 38.h6 1153.17 1818.18 8.0 1.010 Minimum M3.M6 .19 1.31 95.23 1.19 9.19 12.19 98h.00 M30 70.00 28.03 h07.15 69u.hh 6.6 1.029 Average 50.29 .19% 1.55 208.29 1.53 12.91 16.12 168h.20 “70 590.00 31.5“ 859.31 1332.h6 7.1 1.036 :3 : 31:3,: .2 82:. 21;?“ : 21:31:26 NPN - Non-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acet. - Acetone Table 12 The Blood and Urine Values of Case Al Age - 6 yrs.. 1 mo. Date Glucose Creatinine* 3133.0 Acid* Urea)“ _C_h1_ Fri-(19* E Total N“ pg SE.Gr. All), 55193. W 3* U B U B U B U B U B U Urine Occ. gran. cast " "' " "' " '" " " - - " " Numerous pus cells ”/19/38 58.13 .1% 1.11 186.91 1.26 15.23 1u.28 1907.00 520 750.00 26-31 735-27 1369.86 5.6 1-030 - - Epith'cells'Am°rph°us Numerous pus cells 10 8 . 0 .1 . 0. . . . . 0 1 00.00 26. u 6 . 1091.66 .6 1.02 - - Amorphous 5/ 1’3 59 7 ‘5 1 55 13 71 1 76 9 hl 9 90 1338 00 ”5 3 5 09 75 5 5 Numerous epith. cells 6/21/38 u5.us .16 1.23 20h.08 1.70 7.80 2h.00 2219.00 500 50.00 37.50 1000.00 1909.76 5.6 1.02h - - Epitho cells Numerous pus cells 7/19/38 1$1.15 {1% 1.19 81.63 1.73 111.15 17.96 1272.00 M40 50.00 28.57 1416.65 727.26 6.2 1.010 - - Numerous pus cells Died 7/20/38 Aut0psy 3958 Maximum 59.70 .19 1.55 20u.08 1.76 15.23 2u.00 2210.00 520 1300.00 37.50 1000.00 190h-76 6.2 1.030 - — M1n1nmn M1.15 .1% 1.11 81.63 1.26 7.80 9.90 1272.00 “MO 50.00 26.31 h16.65 727.26 5-6 1.010 ~ - Average 51.11 .16 1.27 150.83 1.61 11.65 16.53 1682.75 “77 537.50 29.73 690.h1 1260.88 5.7 1.022 - - B - 310061 I“ " 145-75 Sp.Gr. .. Specific Gravity U - Urine Total N .- Total Nitrogen Alb. .. Albumin NPN .. Non-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acet. - Acetone -16- Oase 11 This bovine was a Holstein which had been off and on low Vitamin A ration for eons time. She died July 20. 1938. and an autopsy was performed. no skin and subcutaneous tissues are negative. lost of the lymph nodes shov edema and hemorrhage. i‘he thoracic lymph nodes show marked swelling. congestion and some edema. ‘l'he pituitary body is markedly cystic and apparently shows some calcification. There are marked and extensive adhesions throughout the pleural cavity. especially on the left side. i'hese are minly fibrinoue. A fietuloue tract through the diaphragm indicates perforation by a foreign body but the foreign body is not located. i'he left apical lobe is almost entirely converted into a cavity containing dirty. grayish. foul smelling fluid. The cardiac lobe is some- what similar. A large similar cavity is also present in the left diaphrag- matic lobe. i'he remainder of the lungs shows patchy pneumonia. marked emphysema and considerable edema which is both pulmonary and interstitial in type. On the right side there is much pneumonia with some necrosis in the anterior lobes and some patchy pneumonia in the diaphragmatic lobe. Marked edema and emplwsema are present on the right side. he bronchi throughout the lung show marked congestion. numerous hemorrhages and some mcopurulent exudate. l'he pericardium is negative except for some external adhesions and some excess fluid. here are a fee subepicardial hemorrhages in the left ventricle. -17- There are numerous small plaques in the endocardiun. There are also some in the atrium. the aorta shows many plaques of various size apparently somewhat calcified. The right side of the heart is negative. fhere is a fistulous tract from the reticulum to the diaphragm and some adhesions are present. The spleenand.panoreas are negative. the liver shows some congestion. One abscess about 2 on. in diameter is seen. The gall bladder is enormously distended.with‘bile. The bile is cloudy and light in color. the rumen is negative. Ihe reticulum contains a piece of wire about 6 on. long which is held in a fold by a looped end. i'he omasun and abomaeun are negative. Ihe cecum shows rather marked congestion. Ehe small intestines show some patchy congestion throughout. rho congestion is marked in some areas. The large intestines show some patchy congestion. There is sons excess viscous mucus ever the mucosa. fhe kidneys show some congestion. rho bladder and.genital organs are negative. the diagnosis is necrotic pneumonia.' Date h/19/38 5/10/38 6/21/38 7/19/38 hkudmum Minimum Average E2188112 2? E 68.02 .19 56.65 .25 61.72 .15 50.25 .1% 68.02 .2% 50.25 .1% 59.16 .126 Creatinine* §_ 1.00 1.12 1.2h 1.28 1.28 1.00 1.16 .9 13u.22 1h2.85 166.66 lhh.92 166.66 139.22 197.16 Uric Acid* Urea* Chloride* §g§* Total N* 2 2 2 2 2 P. 2 2 1.M9 9.75 13.39 1203.00 510 960.00 25.00 520.82 1h81.h8 1.81 13.33 16.00 1392.00 505 920.00 25.00 510.20 1712.30 1.75 16.29 18.18 18h2.00 510 8u0.00 26.08 87h.12 1h28.56 1.62 18.28 18.07 2170.00 N70 250.00 35.29 961.52 175h,3g Slaughtered 7/18/38 1.81 18.28 18.18 2170.00 5h0 960.00 35.29 961.52 175u.38 1,09 9.75 13.39 1203.00 N70 250.00 25.00 510.20 1h28.56 1.66 19.91 16.u1 1651.75 506 7h2.5o 27.86 716.66 159h.18 B - Blood * ' Mgkfi U — Urine Total N'- Total Nitrogen NPN - Non-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Table 13 The Blood and Urine Values of Case #5 Age - h yrs., 1 mo. 2§ 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 Alb. Acct . SE.Gr. Urine Insuff. Urine 1.026 1.022 1.023 1.026 1.022 1.023 Alb. Sp.Gr. - Specific Gravity - Albumin - Acetone Acct. Sediment Mod. pus cells Occ. gran. cast Epith. cells Numerous pus cells Occ. epith. cells Gran. casts Occ. pus cells Gran. casts .Occ. pus cells ~18- ggse hfi This animal was slaughtered July 18. 1938. and an autopsy was performed. The animal was in a very weakened condition and had lost its power of coordination. The animal has pneumonia very similar to that found in Case Al. but there is no evidence of a foreign body. The trachea shows considerable hyporemia and a few hemorrhages. The nasal passages are cyanotic as is the glottie. There is considerable exudate and congestion in the bronchi. Throughout the length of the small intestines. there is considerable congestion and numerous white crater- like areas. The kidneys show some degenerative changes. The liver and gall bladder are negative. On the diaphragmatic side of the reticulum. there is a pus pocket 2 cm. in diameter. lo injury is evident on the other side. Table 19 The Blood and Urine Values of Case 0295 Age .- 9 yrs.. 14 mos. 22.9.2 9.1112229 9.829.922.1122“ W” E222." 9.242212? 139* W 2E £2.92. 5.12. 19.29.. M lg? [U B U B U B U B U B U ‘Egigg " "' "' " " " " — " " Occ. epith. cells “/19/38 57.97 .28 1.17 250.00 1.66 11.03 12.00 1812.00 510 620.00 25.10 657.87 1999.26 6.6 1.090 Amorphous Occ. epith. cells 5/10/38 59.39 .28 1.12 200.00 1.81 19.27 8.95 1969.00 505 910.00 29.29 856.15 1290.28 6.6 1.039 Numerous pus cells 0 . ith. 11 6/21/38 55.55 .18 1.92. 133.33 1.75 9.09 19.98 1080.00 995 690.00 30.00 539.07 1081.08 8.0 1.030 1153. 33. eefi: 8 7/19/38 53.33 .18 1.33 186.91 1.81 18.60 15.38 1920.00 990 120.00 35.29 711.35 1111.10 7.9 1.032 Pus cells 8/2/38 59.05 .18 1.31 169.98 1.69 20.69 12.19 2915.00 965 590.00 33.33 1923.07 1600.00 7.2 1.090 - 9/13/38 59.05 .18 1.39 103.09 1.72 19.59 16.21 1971.80 950 590.00 30.00 625.00 1091.66 7.2 1.030 - Maximum 57.97 .28 1.92 250.00 1.81 20.69 19.98 2915.00 510 910.00 35.29 1923.07 1600.00 8.0 1.090 Minimum 53.33 .18 1.12 103.09 1.66 9.09 8.95 1080.00 950 120.00 29.29 539.07 1091.66 6.6 1.030 Average 59.79 .138 1.29 173.80 1.79 15.53 19.02 1693.80 986 561.66 29.67 889.58 1262.23 7.1 1.035 B - Blood * - Mg.% Sp.Gr. - Specific Gravity U - Urine Total N - Total Nitrogen Alb. - Albumin NPN - Non-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration ' Acet. - Acetone Table 15 The Blood. and Urine Values of Case G33 Age - 7 yrs.. 9 mos. Date Glucose Creatinine" Uric Acid“ Urea* Chloride* 339* Total N” pg Sp.Gr. Sediment 32* H 3.3. E E 1’. .3: E E P. E P. Urine u/19/38 52.77 .29 1.12 181.81 1.02 9.69 12.76 2189.00 985 950.00 26.78 799.02 1333.33 5.6 1.039 - Amorphous 5/10/38 79.07 .29 1.19 169.99 1.66 10.38 13.95 1889.00 970 1390.00 25.52 879.30 1398.60 5.6 1-030 Occ. pus cells 6/21/38 51.28 .19 1.90 200.00 1.19 8.69 16.99 2399.00 500 370.00 30-00 1136-35 2561910 5.6 1.026 Occ. pus cells 7/19/38 50.00 .172 1.37 156.25 1.53 10.29 15.00 2022.00 510 60-00 31968 722-52 1307-18 5.11 1.020 Occ- pus cells Les 8/2/38 53.76 .1 1.99 32.96 1.53 1.80 7.55 351.00 ’470 280.00 3333 209-22 270-26 6-6 1-00‘5 - 9/13/38 55.55 .193 1.97 186.91 1.53 19.28 18.29 1801.20 1‘'55 630.00 36.51 781.25 1503.79 5.11 1.029 - 8/27/38 52.91 .19 1.19 125.00 1.60 10.99 18.29 1032.00 950 500.00 29.70 598.32 921.69 5.9 1.029 .- Maximum 79.07 .28 1.97 200.00. 1.66 19.28 18.29 2399.00 510 13110.00 3651 1136.35 2569.10 6.6 1-0311 L Minimum 50.00 61; 1.12 32.96 1.02 1.80 7.55 351.00 1“50 50.00 25.52 209.22 270.26 5.11 1.005 Average 55.76 .1393 1.31 150.27 1.93 9.35 19.68 1666.89 1177 590.00 30.93 716.57 1328.90 5.6 1.029 * - . Sp.Gr. - Specific Gravity B .. Blood Total N - Total Nitrogen Alb. - Albumin U .. Urine pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acct. - Acetone NPN .- Non-I’rotein Nitrogen Table 16 The Blood and Urine Values of Case C118 Age ~ 7 yrs.. 2 mos. Date Gluco se Great 1 ni ne“ Uri c Aci (1* Urea* ”“0111 ”1 (19* fl .__.____._T°t31 N“ 21.1. ..B.___3 - Gr ° Al? ______Acet - .__.._.__..S 9 ‘11 ment 3* U B U B U B U 2. H .2 ;9 725322 -. -’ t. -. -' 965 700.00 31.08 670.90 1000.00 5.6 1.029 - - Mod. pus cells ”/19/38 57.97 .18 1.19 135.13 1.33 7.19 16.21 1521.00 Few pug cells 5/10/38 50.76 .19 1.19 139.86 1.03 7.92 15.00 1950.00 ”50 117°°°° 27'53 833°32 1369°86 5'6 1'028 ’ ” Amorphous 6/21/38 57 97 .18 1.27 181.81 1.69 9.03 15.00 1952.00 995 290.00 27.27 539.07 921.69 5.6 1.015 - - Few pus cells . ~ - 1 7/19/38 57.97 .18 1.30 115.60 1.58 11.26 19.99 1872.00 ”80 230'00 36'15 711'35 1111°1° 5'6 1 021 Pus 961 8 8/2/38 59 05 L°§ 1 37 59.05 1.50 3.11 18.90 695.00 930 300.00 31.91- 312.50 906.50 5.9 1.007 - - Numerous pus cells Slaughtered 8/30/38 Maximum 57.97 .19 1.37 181.81 1.69 11.26 18.90 1950.00 "95 1170'00 35°15 833°32 1369-35 5'5 1~°25 - ~ L , - - Minimum 50.76 ?ii 1.19 59.05 1.03 3.11 19.99 695.00 ”30 230'00 27°27 312.50 h055° 5-” 1°°°7 Average 55.59 .19 1.25 125.29 1.92 7.69 15.82 1988.00 ”6” 538'00 30°73 512-32 951.32 5-55 1-019 - - B s * - “sofi Sp.Gr. - Specific Gravity ’ 1°°d Total N'- Total Nitrogen 11b. -lglbumin U - Urine H - . .. ppm ._ Non-Protein Nitrogen P Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acet Acetone -19.. Case 0118 This bovine had lost its power of coordination and was slaughter“ August 30. 1938. An autopsy was per- for-ed. Pew gross changes are present. there is eon- sidereble edema. in sole of the nerves and. lylph nodes. !he intestines show s few moronic areas but otherwise there is little change. i'he trachea and “bronchi ere nor-01. here is e. pus sec on the liver three inches in diameter. An adhesion is present between the diaphrag- snd. reticulu- hnt no foreign body or tract is located. Table 17 The Blood and Urine Values of Case 0905 Age - 11 mos. 2213 gaggggg, Creatinine* Uric Acid* 2323* eh1or100* 923* gg§§1_§f 2§_ §21§£~ §ggggggg .23 El 2. El 2. Hi 2. J! E. .E 2. .2 92122 Epith. cells "/19/38 79.07 .2% 1.92 229.79 1.66 15.61 9.58 2802.00 500 770.00 37.50 961.52 1759.38 5.9 1.039 Amorphous 1*/28/38 62.11 .38 1.59 173.91 1.78 16.91 27.27 3153.00 520 675.00 97.61 1128.30 1850.00 5.6 1.038 £32: figitgflfiells 6/9/38 76.89 .18 1.07 89.28 1.81 10.12 20.00 .1982.00 990 1120.00 36.15 1137.85 1192.56 6.2 1.030 Epithelial cells 6/30/38 75.18 .18 1.19 59.70 2.00 9.06 15.38 1266.00 980 970.00 99.77 553.07 796.26 5.6 1.016 . 7/7/38 78.95 .28 1.66 98.52 1.50 6.53 22.05 2586.00 950 810.00 92.85 1000.00 1923.05 5.9 1.028 - 8M38 85.83 .18 1.99 90.09 1.70 9.65 19.23 1982.00 960 660.00 92.16 691.02 892.89 5.9 1.017 - 9/1/38 75.18 .18 1.19 20.00 1.00 $3123 30.61 273.00 960 60.00 29.55 198.80 161.23 6.2 1.006 .. Maximum 85.83 .38 1.66 229.79 2.00 16.91 30.61 3153.00 520 1120.00 97.61 1137.85 1923.05 6.2 1.039 Minimum 62.11 .18 1.07 20.00 1.00 $3°r633 9.58 273.00 990 60.00 29.55 198.80 161.28 5.9 1.006 Average 75.38 .158 1.36 108.03 1.63 9.56 20.58 1863.93 "73 652.19 90.08 795-79 1210.05 5.7 1.025 3 23:22:: 1:358:31 i8?“ : £1383" ””1” NPN .- Nonp-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acet. - Acetone Table 18 The Blood and Urine Values of Case 0299 Age ~ 3 yrs. . 2 mos. 993 W Creatinine" Uric Acid“ Urea” Chloride“ E Total 91* pg SB.Gr. £12. Acet. W 32* E E H 3.3. I! E, H E E .12 I! “Urine “/13/38 57.19 .28 1.59 192.85 1.35 8.37 90.00 1893.00 510 1995.00 36.15 791.12 1379.30 6.8 1.026 Pue 00110 9/27/38 50.25 .28 1.62 158.73 1.60 10.06 18.07 2560.00 505 190.00 30.76 1096.97 1580.00 6.6 1.090 Occ. epith. 0011 6/8/38 81.32 .18 1.57 102.56 1.76 8.83 21.73 2252.00 530 100.00 91.95 598.22 1250.00 8.0 1.026 000. epith. cell Sent to Pasture Maximum 81.32 .28 1.62 158.73 1.76 10.06 90.00 2565.00 530 1995.00 91.95 1096.97 1580.00 8.0 1.090 Minimum 50.25 .18 1.59 102.56 1.35 8.37 18.07 1893.00 505 100.00 30.76 598.22 1250.00 6.6 1.026 Average 62.90 .168 1.57 139.71 1.57 9.09 26.60 2238.33 515 561.66 36.28 811.99 1903.10 7.1 1.031 B "' Blood * " Mg.8 Sp.Gr. . Specific Gravity U - Urine Total N - Total Nitrogen Alb. - Albumin N'PN - Non-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acet. - Acetone ~84 dm 8.83 m8.“ in 8.8a 08; o.» 3.88 .mmflm mm .mflflmfl 38 2.8 8.8 3.2 you» an 33 gunmen £55 32026 .. 8.8 83.828230 non nemouchm .. an «in a o 8.8» 8.8m 8.3: 5.: 239% 8.2: 8.8 8.28 8.” 8.8 o 8 e e e 5 mum“ "Manon“ 8 RR 8 8 8 am .a. flow 3: .8238 out: .33 3.5 .0. a. 8.8.9.88 savanna-don 3mm 8 .28 m3 8.: SA gm.” on» mm.» 84 84 9% 8.3 8...... «a; 8 node 8... an 33 3.5 18.2. Innate ocean—”db ocean as Snow-In 4 has: H 0.3.08 *2. 8. Km. on 23.8 Ha.um 3.3 8.8 33.98 such->4 alga: 00334 5:3. 10.1010 21 The 131000 and Urine Values of 0000 0273 Age .. 3 yrs., 11 mos. 2030 9130000 Creatinine" Uric Acid“ 933* Chloride” 913g“ W Pg m. 513. 5:33. Sediment E" H .12 E .1}. P. 23. E .1: P. E P. 112.122. 1‘/27/38 59.39 .28 1.59 190.97 1.69 8.27 20.59 1091.00 965 330.00 36.51 1061.92 1961.00 6.6 1.035 000. pus 0011 6/8/38 69.99 .18 1.35 196.07 1.50 7.03 19.98 2826.00 980 680.00 32.93 1166.05 2272.72 5.6 1.025 000. pus 0011 6/29/38 68.25 .18 1.51 227.27 1.70 7.61 15.78 2358.00 530 650.00 29.69 807.95 1981.98 5.6 1.026 000. pus 0011 7/6/38 55.55 .28 1.66 250.00 1.70 7.33 15.00 2988.00 510. 890.00 37.03 1538.96 1865.65 5.9 1.028 000. pus 0011 8/10/38 69.51 La: 1.55 66.00 1.51 2.93 26.31 990.00 995 270.00 96.15 376.50 628.92 5.9 1.007 .- 9/7/38 80.00 Lei; 1.66 151.51 1.21 6.27 23.07 2175.00 930 980.00 50.00 1091.65 1360.59 5.9 1.026 - 10/13/384 66.66 .38 1.82 250.00 1.72 9.91 90-59 2727.00 505 300.00 59.59 880.27 1818.18 6.9 1.025 - Maximum 80.00 .38 1.82 250.00 1.72 9.91 90.59 2988.00 530 980.00 59.59 1538.96 2272.72 6.6 1.035 Minimum 59. 39 Le: 1.35 66.00 1.21 2.93 15.00 990.00 930 270.00 29.69 376.50 628.92 5.9 1.007 Average 65.53 .198 1.58 190.19 1.57 6.98 22.96 2157.60 986 578.55 90.19 981.68 1626.92 5.7 1.029 B .. Blood * - Mg.8 Sp.Gr. .. specific Gravity U 5' Urine Total N - Total Nitrogen Alb. .- Albumin 1m: .. Non-Protein Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion concentration Acet. - Acetone Table 22 The Blood and Urine Values of Case 0387 Age .. 1 yr., 9 mos. 201g 9.122% Creetinine" Uric Acie" 1132* Chloride" 5119* W p_H_ 81.31;. 5133. £29.32- Sediment .13." I! 3.3., H .3: P. 2 E 33 E 1’- 9 933-29; “/7/38 57.30 .18 1.37 192.80 1.50 5.52 20.97 1056.00 990 960.00 39.73 1068.25 921.60 6.2 1.021 - 9/13/30 55.55 .18 1.37 107.52 1.96 11.23 91.66 2370.00 500 1600.00 37.91 1086.95 1981.98 6.9 1.023 8.333531018321151 WHY/38 53.97 .18 1.50 192.30 1.81 16.29 18.18 1683.00 1115 960.00 32.93 905.77 1200.00 6~0 1.026 g3. 5331ng 6/8/38 63.69 .18 1.37 208.32 1.66 16.89 22.72 882.00 ”80 1050-00 32.25 529.65 1290-32 6.0 1.026 353313.823. 6/29/38 60.60 .18 1.91 118.09 1.73 10.15 17.39 1608.00 h90 “10.00 23.52 583.32 1176.86 6.2 1.020 Occ- epith. cells 7/6/33 50,00 .21; 1.35 161.29 1.70 12.59 18.75 11917.00 970 890.00 91.37 590.59 1116.05 6.2 1.023 000. epith. 00110 8/10/38 61.72 .18 1.95 93.02 1.99 8.65 20.26 1790.00 W0 ”20.00 112,211 735-27 231979 5.6 1.017 83223332832313. 9/7/38 77.51 .101 1.32 742.10 1.53 3.10 21.89 867.00 385 160.00 99.18 911.17 776.52 6.0 1.012 000. pus 0011 10/13/38 65.50 .22 1.99 217.39 1.73 10.95 377.88 1713.00 970 1200.00 93.79 1179.27 2105.26 5.9 1.036 000. pus 0011 M9819991: 77.51 .28 1.50 208.32 1.81 16.89 91.66 2370.00 50° 1600.00 “9.18 1179.27 2105.26 6.9 1-035 Minimum 50.00 .18 1.32 92.10 1.96 3.10 17.39 867.00 3’35 16°°°° 2352 1‘11-17 2314-?“ 5.9 1~°12 Average 60.58 .128 1.39 192.53 1.62 10.58 29.07 1957.00 I‘63 899.99 33.05 732.21‘ 1118971 6.0 1-0?—2 :3 282:: 1:38:31 88?“ 2212112883 191217 ._ Romerotem Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acct. - Acetone Date 9/20/38 6/9/38 Maximum Minimum Average films 8* E 79.07 .28 90.90 .18 90.90 .28 79.07 .18 82.89 .158 Creatinine* 2 .9. 2.02 58.82 2.11 85.97 2.11 85.97 2.02 58.82 2.06 72.19 Uric Acid* 2. .9 1.76 5.16 1.90 9.33 Died 6/29/38 1.90 5.16 9.33 9.79 1.76 1.83 B - Blood U - Urine The Blood and Urine Values of Case C359 £238? 2. .9 20.28 917.00 38.96 1289.00 38.96 1289.00 20.28 917.00 29.62 850.20 NPN - Non-Protein Nitrogen Table 23 Age - 1 yr., 11 mos. 92l22182* 929* 2 2 2 980 260.00 38.71 990 380.00 68.18 990 380.00 68.18 980 260.00 38.71 985 320.00 53.99 * ~ 92.8 Total N'~ Total Nitrogen pH - Hydrogen Ion Concentration M: 257.20 916.65 916.65 257.20 336.92 Win 531.00 6.9 917.92 5.8 Aut0psy 3992 917.92 6.9 531.00 5.8 729.21 6.1 Sp.Gr. u Specific Gravity Alb. Acet. Sp.Gr. 1.007 1.016 1.016 1.007 1.011 & Albumin - Acetone Alb. Acet. Urine Sediment Occ. gran. cast Pus cells Occ. gran. cast Pus cells -20- Case 0 his anilal was a two year old Jersey cow which had been fed a low Iagnesiun diet. She died June 29. 1938. and an autopsy was per:- formed. The skin. subcutaneous tissues. lylph nodes. head and neck are negative. i'here are marked fibrous pleural adhesions over the right anterior lobe of the lung. i'he pleural cavity contains rather clear serous fluid. The lungs show Iarked pullonary and interstitial edema through- out. i'here is sons patchy congestion. The lower apex of the right diaphragmtic lobe shows some bronchopneunonia. Bone of the bronchi appear somewhat dilated and contain purulent laterial. The pericardiu- and heart are negative except for some sub- epicardial hemorrhage. The aorta shows no gross lesions. In the pelvic cavity there is a large encapsulated cavity which contains thick fluid pus and two rather large Iasses of fin caseous laterial. m. fills a considerable portion of the pelvic cavity. A small abscess about 1 on. in dianeter is present on the peritoneal surface of the onaeun. l'he spleen and pancreas are negative. fhe liver shows nrked post nortel change. The men shows considerable thickening and mortrophy of the villi. These villi appear somhat club shaped. The wall of the reticulun is considerably thickened but the nucosa appears nonal. i'he elasun is practically empty. The abonasun shows considerable congestion n. 21.. of the moosa and contains very little food material. The cecu- and large intestines are negative. The right kidney is of noml size and is somewhat lighter than nor-a1 in color. The change is apparently a post norten change. The left kidney appears enornously enlarged and has the appearance of a kidney involved with pyelonephritis. On section, the condition is found to be perireml. The capsule is enormously distended with fluid and sole pus. The kidney shows what appears to be considerable degenera- tive change but this is thought to be at least partly post marten. The diagnosis is pelvic abscess. perirenal infection and pulaonary edema. Table 29 Age ~ 1 yrs; 3 mega The Blood and Urine Values of Case 0901 Date Glucose Creatinine* Uric Acid" Urea” Chloride* 3111? Total N“ P}; m. 51);. _A__cg_t_. m 3* U B U B U B U B 'U B U Urine ._ ._ _. _ _ — - — — - -- - Occ. gran. cast 9 9 . . . .h . .0 u Occ. pus cell /19/38 78.12 .2% 1.90 976.19 1.39 17.02 6.63 1095.00 65 1285 00 23 93 657 87 1199 2 6 o 1 3 Doc. epith. 8911 9/28/38 80.00 .3% 1.97 259.79 1.99 18.99 7.61 687.00 960 1120.00 26.78 903.22 790.00 6.2 1.025 " Insuff. 6/9/38 95.23 .18 1.19 263.15 1.66 9.99 10.10 2172.00 950 330-00 26.20 657.87 1938.8h 8-0 Urine " Occ. pus cell 6/30/38 80.00 .2% 1.30 161.29 1.19 7.75 7.28 690.00 500 1780.00 21.92 309.87 589.78 6.9 1.030 Occ. epith. cell 7/7/38 88.88 .2% 1.76 121.21 1.90 6.53 8.33 1020.00 990 590-00 22.98 903.22 772-15 6—6 1.019 Occ. pus cell 8/9/38 83.33 .18 1.33 126.58 2.50 8.27 13.95 1936.00 910 560.00 35.29 806.95 1092.88 7.2 1.023 06c. pus c611 9/1/38 65.57 .2% 1.31 285.70 1.33 9.52 23.93 2903.00 920 950.00 26.08 925.92 1579-80 7.2 1.030 - Maximum 95.23 .38 1.76 976.19 2.50 18.99 23.93 2903.00 500 1780.00 35.29 925.92 1579.80 8.0 1.039 Minimum 65.57 .1% 1.19 121.21 1.19 6.53 6.63 687.00 910 330.00 21.92 309.87 589.78 6.0 1.019 Average 81.59 .1&% 1.39 291.98 1.63 11.01 11.09 1936.00 956 873.57 26.02 599.20 1057.55 6.8 1.026 B - Blood * ~ Mg.% Sp.Gr. ~ Specific Gravity U ~ Urine Total N’- Total Nitrogen Alb. - Albumin NPN - Nun-Protein Nitrogen pH a Hydrogen Ion Concentration Acet. - Acetone Date 9/7/38 9/19/38 9/28/38 6/9/38 6/30/38 7/7/38 8/9/38 9/1/38 Maximum Minimum Average ggggggg Creatinine* Uric Acid* El .2 .2 .E .2 .2 83.33 ?§;8 1.37 112.30 1.99 33°.EZE 71.92 .18 1.59 571.92 1.92 11.93 76.89 .98 1.66 916.66 1.76 10.98 68.02 .16 1.31 209.08 1.81 9.70 69.99 .98 1.90 999.99 1.98 13.11 79.62 .9% 1.87 555.55 2.27 19.59 85.11 .18 1.92 75.75 2.70 2.82 59.88 .18 1.98 86.20 1.92 2.11 85.11 .98 1.87 571.92 2.70 19.59 59.88 .18 1.31 75.75 1.92 $3°r623 73.77 .228 1.50 308.30 1.78 8.52 B - Blood U - Urine Table 25 The Blood and.Urine Values of Case Ah's Calf Age ~ 1 yr.. 2 mos. ggggf Chloride* Egg* 2 .H 2. .H .2 H 8.95 00.00 500 250.00 29.00 1225.00 6.91 1503.00 970 1710.00 23.71 1091.65 13.95 9323.00 965 595.00 31.75 1920.95 9.09 1308.00 960 990.00 27.27 962.95 8.33 2670.00 500 810.00 30.92 1106.67 11.23 3709.00 970 350.00 22.22 1818.18 11,53 792.00 930 20.00 90.00 909.82 21.92 573.00 990 290.00 26.08 292.22 21.95 9323.00 500 1710.00 90.00 1818.18 6.91 00.00 930 20.00 22.22 292.22 11.23 2129.19 967 551.87 28.29 965.87 * - Mg.% NPN - Non-Protein Nitrogen Total N'- Total Nitrogen v Hydrogen Ion Concentration pH Total N* 800.00 2666.66 2270.00 1219.50 1909.76 2890.90 968.92 599.82 2890.90 968.92 1589.50 pg S .Gr. Alb. Acct. Sediment 7.9 5.9 6.9 6.2 6.0 5.8 6.8 7.6 5.9 6.9 1.006 Ineuff. Urine 1.030 1.015 1.090 Over 1.090 1.007 1.010 1.090 1.006 1.021 Urine Sp.Gr. ~ Specific Gravity Alb. Acet. ~ Albumin - Acetone Occ. pus cell Occ. epith. cell Occ. gran. cast Occ. pue cell Occ. epith. cell n u Occ. pus cell Occ. epith. cell Pus cells Pus cells Num. epith. cells Occ . gran. cast Kuhn-cl vacuums Knew-cl haeeOMe apnoea. mm.mu 00.00 ~m.mm apnea-e .umm nevus mm lfinmudel unuuanuuu.buuzfifiu upooo. 00.0.09 00 0000.3 000.00b4 100000: .010 0000 00.0 0000 00.0 0000 .004 00000 00.0 0000 e000 .0004 00.04 0.8.0.. 0002... 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 .0000 00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 W 0000000 I 005004 .. 0003.00 3002.00 .. 00.00 00.000 om . 00.... 00 .0000 00.000 00.000 00 .0000 00.000 00.000 0! 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MW 0.3.9.3 owouobd ug-«nda ouch 8am .x.mnoo«m .35 00: .84 003..” 5.4 003 clan .23.. DISCUSSIOI ‘l'he blood exhibited no extreme variations from the normal in any of the analyses performed. There were some variations in results. but these were within the range of normal values for bovines. Ehe urine analyses also exhibited some variations in results. but similar variations were obtained for bovines fed normal diets. The results of the creatinine determinations in the urine of bovines fed low Vitamin A diets and low magnesium diets were higher than those found in the urine of bovines fed normal diets. However. the values for urea. non-prot ein nitrogen and total nitrogen in the urine of bovines fed low Vitamin A diets and low magnesium diets were lower than those obtained in the urine of bovines fed normal diets. l'he results of the uric acid determinations in the urine of the above three groups were all quite similar. Ihe variations noted in all of the determinations were no greater than those found in a single group of bovines. l'he hydrogen ion concentration was lower in bovines fed nornal diets than those fed low Vitanin a or low magnesium diets. while the specific gravity was higher in the group of bovines fed normal diets. l'he results of the urine analyses on the animal fed a low potassium diet were on the whole lower than in any of the other three groups of bovines. This is not conclusive evidence. however. as there was only one aninal in the group. and the low results obtained may have been due to an individual idiosyncrasy of this animal. i'he urine samples which were collected for analyses were obtained at approximately ten o'clock Lil. After performing several ~2h— urine analyses on each animal, the thought occurred that possibly the time of collection of the samples might have some effect on the ultimate results. It was unfortunate that a twenty-four hour composite sample of urine could not be collected from each bovine. In order to determine what variation might be present. five samples were taken at four hour intervals during the day. It as found that the values showed little variation. 1'he results of the determinations were lowest in the early morning and night samples. while the noon samples gave the highest results. The ten o'clock samples gave determinations which compared very closely with the average. Therefore. collection of the samples of urine at ten o‘clock was continued. 1. 2. -25.. BI BLI 00mm Duke .. Pkwsiology of Domestic Animals. Hawk and Bargain - Practical Physiological chemistry. Ielmer and Boerner - Approved laboratory Technic. Bray - Ehe Synopsis of Clinical Laboratory Methods. ~26- grammes !he author wishes to express her appreciation to Dr. D. D. Sholl and Dr. I. !. Hellman of the Department of Animal Pathology for assistance in this work. and to Dr. L. A. Moore of the Dairy Department for assistance in obtaining blood samples. ROOM 'USE ONLY: Aug23 ,. _