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THE EFFECT OF Low TEMPERATURE

ON OPEN BLOSSOMS OF
MONTMORENCY CHERRY VARXANTS

Thesis for the Degree of M. S.
MiCHICAN STATE COLLEGE
Wilham R Kay's
1940

 

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THE EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE
0N

OPEN BLOSSOMS OF MONTMORENCY CHERRY VARIANTS

Thesis

Submitted to the faculty of the Michigan State
College of Agriculture and Applied Sci-
ence in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree

of Master of Science

by
William Raymond EEXB
1940

W flay/C/if’o
//%

THESIS

 

II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.

IX.

TABLE OF CONTENIS

Introduction

Review of Literature
Materials and Methods
Procedure

Results

Discussion

Summary

Bibliography

Acknowledgments

pa
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p.

Page

10
12
17
19
20

23

-1-

Introduction

 

The location of an orchard, in the temperate regions,
is definitely influenced by the factor of spring frost. The
yield and successful culture of such orchards are to a rather
large extent governed by frost injury at the blossom stage.

It is commonly rec0gnized that certain species of fruit
are less susceptible to frost than certain other species.
Peach blossoms are generally considered to be somewhat
resistant to frost, whereas it is known that the blossoms of
the grape are very susceptible; apples and pears probably fall
somewhere in between these two.

Varieties of the same fruit have been compared and found
to reSpond differently to the effects of frost. For example,
such varieties of apples as Winesap, Delicious, and Stayman
are injured more seriously at the same temperature than are
either Home Beauty or Grimes Golden (1)1.

In recent years there has been introduced to the growers
a number of strains of the same variety of fruit. No check
of these individual strains from the standpoint of frost
susceptibility has been made. Of the group included here

peach, apple, pear, and cherry are examples.

g...-

 

1References to literature cited are given at the end of this

paper.

-2-

During recent years there has been collected from various
parts of Michigan a large number of selections of the
Montmorency variety of cherry. From this group certain forms
were observed either to be more hardy or less hardy to frost
than the standard commercial strains available.

It is the purpose of this investigation to compare the
resistance to frost of a number of variants while they are in
the blossom stage, and if possible find for each variant the

lowest temperature at which survival is possible.

Review of Literature

 

The hardiness of fruit blossoms has been observed and
studied by many investigators.

Auchter and Knapp (1) state that the blossoms of home,
York Imperial, Jonathan, Oldenburg, Grimes Golden, Summer
Rambo, and Wealthy have in most years been more resistant to
cold than Yellow Transparent, Ben Davis, Delicious, and
Stayman hinesap apples. '

Paddock and Whipple (12) observed that apple and pear
buds, far enough advanced to show color at the tips, were
usually only slightly injured by temperatures as low as ZSOF.
whereas they could seldom withstand temperatures lower than
ZBOF. when in the full bloom stage. Native plums, either in
bloom or with the fruit set, will often endure a temperature
of 2bOF. (12).

From observations in Iowa, Budd (2) maintains that when

-3-

trees of Russian varities of apples, pears, cherries, and
plums were subjected to a temperature of 27OF., there was no
influence on the following crOp even when the trees were in
full bloom.

Garcia and higney (b) placed the danger point for
blossoms of the peach, native plum, apple, and pear at 200F.,
while a temperature of 25.50F., although lasting only a few
minutes, killed a large percentage of the Opening buds,
newly set blossoms and young fruits of the peach. In some
cases, however, a temperature of 24°F., lasting only a short
time, left about 25 percent of the blooms and nine percent of
the newly set fruit uninjured (8).

It is doubtful whether a temperature of 300E. will in-
jure fruit or buds in any stage. A temperature of 280F., if
of a long enough duration to freeze the tissues solid, will
kill peaches either in bloom or after the fruit is set (12).
These ideas do not correspond to those expressed by Cross
(5), and Dorsey (6). Cross (5) observed that a 260F. tem-
perature lasting for several hours did not materially reduce
a crOp of newly set Elberta peaches even though the fruits
had a water-soaked appearance. It seemed likely that there
was a recovery of at least some of these small fruits. In
the observations made by Dorsey (6), which were a study of

the recovery of the apple from freezing injury, he states

that a set of fruit may come as a result of recovery from,

-4-

rather than the fact that there was no injury. After a care—
ful examination of the bloom after freezes as low as 26 or
27OF., it was found that the epidermis was broken away from
all of the pistils on the tree. In five or six days the
cells began to bridge across the broken areas and within
three weeks or so the mending was complete (6).

Following is a table of critical temperatures as given

by different authors.

 

 

 

Blossoms
Fruit Closed but In Fruit Later Authority
Showing Blossom Setting
Color
1
Apple 27 29 so so (16)
25 28 29 -- (17)
27 29 58 25 (11)
Peach 20 25 28 so (16)
25 26 as -- (17)
29 so so 28 (11)
Cherry 22 28 29 29 (16)
25 28 so -- (17)
29 so so 28 (11)
Pear 27 29 29 50 (lo)
25% 28 so -- (17)
28 29 as 28 (11)
Plum so s1 s1 29 (16)
25 as so -- (17)
so s1 s1 29 (11)
Grape so s1 s1 -- (17)

 

* Bosc 27°F.

1. Reference to BibliOgraphy

-5-

The rather extensive work of West and Edlefsen (13)
may be summarized as follows: (a) Ben Davis apple blooms
have experienced temperatures of 25, 26, and 270F. with-
out injury, but usually 280F. kills about one-fifth, 29oF.
or above is a safe temperature, 250F. kills about one-half
and 220F. about nine-tenths. On several occasions, however,
apples were matured on branches that had experienced 2OOF.
when the buds were in full bloom. (b) With Elberta peach
blossoms 29oF. and above are safe temperatures, 280F. will
usually kill from one-fourth to one-half, 260F. will kill
about one-half, and 220F. will kill about nine-tenths.

Cases in which the temperature was as low as 180F. have
failed to kill all of the blossoms. (c) Twenty-six degrees
F. will kill one-fifth of the blossoms of sour cherries,
whereas twenty-two degrees F. will kill only two-fifths.

(d) Usually 3OOF. is a safe temperature for sweet cherry
blossoms, with 29oF. killing about one-fifth but temperatures
as low as 250F. have occasionally caused no damage (15).

blake (4) observed that temperatures ranging from 25
to 2aOF., during April 16-18, 1928, killed approximately so
percent of the blossoms of the apple varieties Maiden Blush,
Gravenstein, McIntosh, Grimes Golden, and Rhode Island
Greening; when the varieties Stark, Wealthy, Duchess, Henry
Clay, Jonathan, and Stayman were hardly affected.

Ellison and Close (7), also working with apples, found

a close correlation between temperature and dew point, and

the probability of frost. The dew point, taken the previous
afternoon, was used to aid in frost forcasting. They found
that when the dew point was 520F. or higher the severity of

0.
any temperature below 52 r. was lessened. A 27 de ree

g
temperature, with a one hour duration, effected only limited
damage when the dew point was s2OF. or higher, but when the
dew point was 10 to 15 degrees, damage was severe if the
eXposure was only for five minutes.

fiilcox (15) noted that the resistance, of strawberry
blossoms and newly set fruits, to frost was definitely
influenced by the depth of the individual akenes in the
receptacle. Wilcox concluded that it seemed possible that
a variety may be resistant at one stage of develOpment and
yet be tender at another stage. This idea prevails with a
large number of the other investigators.

As has been pointed out by Gardner, Bradford, and
hooker (9) the damage from a given frost is a varying quan-
tity, since some peach trees on which 1,000 peaches would be
a good crOp may bear 20,000 or more fruit buds. It is ob-
vious that under these conditions an 80 percent loss of the
blossoms would not be a limiting factor in production. This
would not be the case, however, if the trees in question had
been cherries.

West and Edlefsen (14) found that approximately 50 per-
cent of the Elberta peach blossoms survived a temperature

of 24oF. when they were showing pink, 25oF. when in full

-7-

bloom, and 280F. when the fruit was setting. Blake (5), in

a study of varietal hardiness in the peach, observed that

the petals of such varieties as Chili, Greensboro, and
‘Triumph were normal in appearance after experiencing a low
temperature at the full pink bud stage, while those of

other varieties including Chinese Cling were crinkled by

the effect of the cold. It was further stated that no actual
killing of pistils or stamens was observed, but differences
in the fruit set occured.

Observations following severe frosts, during full bloom,
showed marked variation in the resistance of blueberry
varieties to frost (10). Johnston (13) lists Rancocas,
Hubel, Adams, and Jersey as resistant; while Harding, Cabot,
and Pioneer were susceptible to frost. Johnston observed
that moderately injured blossoms failed to set any fruit in
Jersey and Cabot while a small percentage set in Pioneer and

Rubel varieties.

-8-

Materials and Methods

 

This study deals with laboratory tests on the cold
resistance of blossoms of Montmorency cherry variants.

There were 15 selections chosen for study; they were
numbered: 154, 262, 265, 264, 265, 420, 421, 474, 614, 670,
671, 679, 686, 689, and 785. Of the group just listed,
selection number 154 corresponds, in cold resistance as in
other features, to the regular commercial strains of cherries
now being sold in Michigan. The other selections were con-
sidered variants.

Preliminary work was begun in the Spring of 1958 and
followed by additional work in the spring of 1959. Only the
1959 materials and methods will be discussed here.

The material used in the 1959 tests was obtained from
the uraham Experiment Station, located near Grand Rapids,
Michigan. The trees were from four to seven years old. The
blocks of trees which were four years of age were set in an
Isabella fine sandy loam soil at a distance of ten feet
each way; this placement had as yet caused no crowding of
the trees. The young trees produced a crOp during the 1957
season but were practically devoid of fruit during the 1958
season due to the late spring frosts. The trees suffered

partial defoliation during the 1958 season because of the

Spray materials but were free from insect and disease injury.

-9-

The previous winter was not extremely cold and the soil

moisture was not low at any time, thus we may assume the

trees were in a normal vigorous condition.

A number of flowering branches of each Variant were

collected, either at the stage just prior to full bloom or

at an earlier stage, if the variant was a late blossoming

type. The samples were tagged, wrapped in moist paper
and thus kept for about four hours until they could be
placed in containers with water in a 52-56OF. storage.

storage room was used either to hold the samples until

The

they

might be needed or to permit the Opening of late blossoming

sorts at room temperature.

-10-

Procedure

 

Branches with blossoms were taken from the cold storage
room, and all blossoms which were either unOpened, injured,
or otherwise unfit were removed from each sample. An
attempt wrs made to select blossoms of the same stage of
deve10pment, discarding all of the younger and older blossoms.
The blossom branches were suSpended by wire hooks from
horizontal wooden strips, placed in the low temperature
chamber in a manner so that the blossoms were all at about
the same level within the chamber. The chamber was closed
and allowed to establish an even temperature; gentle
circulation of the air by an electric fan accomplished this.
Since the electric fan used could not be adjusted to Operate
as slowly as was desired, it was found necessary to connect
the 110 volt fan in series, on a 110 volt power line, with
a forty watt electric light bulb; thus the air within the
chamber was very gently circulated. The electric light bulb,
in the series with the electric fan, was located outside of
the cooling chamber. The chamber in which the materials
were placed was a regular eight-cubic-foot upright commercial
storage type of unit.

The unit was equipped with an automatic thermostatic
control mechanism which was accurate to within a 1.180F.

The principle of the thermostat involved mercury eXpansion

as the temperature increased. The mercury column moved up-

-11-

ward through a small capillary tube to a point where it came
in contact with a COpper wire, thereby closing an electric
circuit which in turn caused a relay switch to be closed,
thus starting the refrigerator unit.

The blossoms were allowed to remain in the cold chamber
one—half hour. After the allotted time the samples were
removed from the chamber, placed in containers with water,
and allowed to remain at room temperature for a period of
from six to seven hours. The blossoms were then examined
and the amount of injury tabulated. Injury to the blossoms
was classified into the three following degrees of severity:
(1) less than one half of the style killed; (2) more than

one-half of the style killed; (5) the ovary killed.

-12-
Results

Determinations were made on more than 10,000 blossoms.
The selections were ranked according to their performance
with the temperatures used, their performance in these tests
being the percentage survival. It may be noted, however,
that, except for a few reversals, approximately the same
order of ranking would be given if performance were based
upon the number of ovaries killed. Usually where reversals
occur, as in the case of selections 420, 421, and 265, the
differences between the selections were relatively small.

A comparison of the results obtained with the three
most resistant selections (numbers 265, 420, and 421) re-
veals that minor variations in the percentages of unaffected
blossoms, in the several temperatures, causes one to be
ranked above the other in no consistant manner. With
selections 265,420, and 421 there was a certain amount of
ovary killing at all temperatures but only serious killing
at temperatures below 25.880F. The term serious killing is
meant to imply a reduction in the number of blossoms to such
an extent that the crOp would be appreciably less than
normal.

Selections 262, 679, 689, and 785 were not significantly
better than average in resistance, though of the group,
selections 679 and 689 were a little better than the other

two.

~15—

When 78.4 percent of the blossoms of selection 154 were
killed by 27.00H., it required a temperature of 25.160F. to
produce similar results with selections 265, 420, and 421;
at the same time, however, more uninjured blossoms remained
at the lower temperature, with the three selections, than
was the case with number 154 at the higher temperature.

A temperature of 25.16OF. killed practically all of
the ovaries of selections 670, and 671 but at 26.6OF. almost

one-half of the ovaries remained uninjured.

-14-
1939 Results

Table I. The Effect of Low Temperature on The Condition of
Blossoms of Selections of Montmorency Cherries.
Selections Ranked According to Performance.

(Exposure to low temperatures for one-half hour).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. 2. 5. 41 5. 6. 7._
' Condition of Blossoms After
Temperature Selection Total .___Treatment€in Percent

0F. Number No. of Less than More than Ovary Not

Blossoms % of Style a of Style Killed In-
Killed Killed lured
24.7 421 276 .3 1.7 77.2 20.6
" 420 266 .6 1.9 89.8 7.7
" 265 250 .8 4.8 92.4 2.0
25.16 265 178 3.9 3.4 75.8 10.8
" 420 497 5.8 4.2 79.3 10.7
" 421 314 3.8 4.1 83.4 8.9
" 264 241 1.2 3 8 87.6 7.5
" 263 83 3 6 --- 96.4 ---
" 671 84 --- 1.2 98. ---
" 262 51 --- --- 100 -—-
" 670 23 —-- -—~ 100 ~--
25.5 . 420 106 5.7 1.9 17.9 74.5
" 671 43 9.3 2.3 34.9 53.5
" 421 299 --- 1.6 82.3 16.1
25.7 265 168 8.9 8.3 60.1 22.6
" 614 149 1.3 27.5 51.7 19.5
" 263 104 3.8 8.7 73.1 '14.4
" 686 21 --- 14.3 76.2 9.5
n 679 152 “' 5.3 94.1 1.3
25.88 421 299 6.0 16.7 20.7 56.5
" 420 211 14.2 12.8 17.1 55.9
" 689 77 5.2 9.1 76.6 9.1

 

-15-

 

 

 

 

Table II. The Effect of Low Temperature on The Condition of
Blossoms of Selections of Montmorency Cherries.
Selections Ranked According to Performance.
(Exposure to low temperatures for one-half hour).
_ 1. 2. 5. 4. 5. 6. 7.
E: Condition of Blossoms After Treatment
emperature Selection Total -_~- in Percent
0F. Number No. of Less than More than Ovary Not
Blossoms % of Style % of Style Killed Injured
Killed Killed
26.0 474 158 12.0 48.1 19.6 20.5
“ 785 12 8.5 16.6 75.0
26.24 420 145 2.1 12.6 58.7 25.2
" 689 59 ____ 82.1 17.9
26.6 421 171 9.4 .6 .6 89.5
" 420 147 1.4 15.6 85.0
" 265 501 2.5 5.0 22.5 70.4
“ 670 154 7.7 25.9 . 14.4 55.9
" 671 147 4.1 18.4 55.5 44.2
" 679 165 7.4 29.4 28.0 55.2
" 614 159 15.1 42.8 22.0 20.1
26.78 265 442 6.5 7.2 1.6 84.8
" 265 229 5.5 4.8 8.7 82.9
" 474 268 5.2 14.2 .7 80.2
" 686 25 15.0 50.4 15.0 45.5
“ 262 64 5.1 42.2 59.1 15.6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T

51)

b

1.4

e III.

The Effect of Low Teipcrature on the Condition

of Blossoms of Selections of Hontfiorency
Selections _an5€d According to

Cherries.

Performence.

(Exposure

to

l 0 VJ—

tenperatures

for one~half hour)

 

 

 

 

 

1. 2. 5. 4. 5- 6. 7.
Condition of Blossous After 7
Temperature Selection Total __*Trcatg§nt in Percent
OF. lfiidber Yo. of Less {1231 Imore then Ovary not
Blossoms g of tyle } of Style Killed In-
Killed Killed 'ured
27.3 262 63 1C.1 23.5 5.5 50.3
" 264 214 6.6 14.0 29.0 49.5
" 679 17. 5.2 26.2 41.9 L6.7
" 154 111 1.8 14.4 75.4 6.4
27.76 474 16‘ 14.3 8.9 ---- 76.9
" 265 42 87.7 4.7 ---- 67.6
" 671 13” 13.7 15.1 2.7 64.6
" 656 5 25.0 17.5 —--- 67.7
" 264 53 54.4 14.3 1.0 51.3
" 614 26 14.0 27.5 16.2 42.5
" 670 25' 11.7 52.7 21.5 54.5
E " 673 28 10.9 45.5 10.0 52.8
‘ " 154 174 15.5 44.5 10.5 29.0
E 28.0 421 429 3.2 5.1 5.4 76.3
" 154 Cu 14.5 9.5 2.4 75.6
" 265 281 12.5 6.4 15.5 66.6
" 673 LE 15.5 20.1 54.5 50.1

 

 

 

 

679
264
154

(j (1
4L 4"

1.27
479

(\(‘
lle

141

\1
0
011—1003

2.7
14.2
5.7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-17-

Discussion

 

The results obtained by West and Edlefsen (25), in
which a temperature of 26oF. killed 20 percent of the
blossoms of sour cherries, and 22oF. killed only 40 per-
cent, indicate a greater degree of resistance to cold than
was obtained in this study. West and Edlefsen, however,
merely stated that the blossoms were from sour cherry trees
and in full bloom, whereas this work was carried out with
Special selections, probably strains of the Montmorency
variety, and the blossoms used were of the same degree of
advancement. Furthermore there was notably a more accurate
control of temperature in this study than the one conducted
by West and Edlefsen.

Resistance to cold varied with the different selections
and, to some extent, within the same selection as was
evidenced with blossoms in the same bud.

As may be seen from Tables I, 11, and 111 (showing the
condition of the blossoms after treatment) it is evident
that to rank selections according to their survival may be
somewhat misleading when the floral parts have not been in-
jured to the extent that the fruit drOps, if these fruits

had been previously pollenated and fertilized. Therefore it

may be incorrect to assume that none of those blossoms which
were injured only slightly would set a crOp of fruit. It

has been pointed out by Johnston (10) that certain varieties

~18-

of blueberries may set a small percentage of fruits even
though the blossoms had been moderately injured by frost.
Since this condition is evident with certain blueberry
varieties, is it not probable that it may be evident with
various selections of the same variety of cherry?

There was observed an increase in the number of blossoms
affected with slight frost injury when the temperature neared
the 28oF. level over similar injuries at lower temperatures.
The increase was such as to actually reduce the total number
of unaffected blossoms over that of a lower temperature. For
example, with selection 421 there was a 15.2 percent increase
in the number of blossoms whose styles had been slightly
injured by frost when eXposed to a temperature 28.00F., as
compared with 26.6OF. at the same time there was a 15.5 per-
cent decrease in the total number of blossoms showing frost
injury. These were observed conditions for which no

explanation is offered.

II.

Ill.

IV.

-19-

Summary

More than 10,000 blossoms of 15 selections of

Montmorency cherry were tested and compared in their

_resistance to cold.

After eXposure to cold for one-half hour, counts were
made and injuries classified into three degrees of
severity:

(a). Less than one-half of the style killed.

(b). More than one-half of the style killed.

(0). The ovaries killed.
The different selections varied in their resistance
to cold as much as 2.5 at the full bloom stage and
there was some variation within some of the selections.
Selections 265, 420, and 42 were found to be more
resistant than the other selections tested; these
three selections were also considerably more resistant
than the standard commercial strains of Montmorency
now used.
Temperatures above 25.7OF. would not have greatly

limited a crOp of cherries on selections 420, 421 or

265 0

(1)

(2)

(s)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(’7)

-20-

Bibliography

 

Auchter, E. C. and Knapp, H. B. - Orchard and Small
Fruit Culture. - Pp. 474-475, 480.
New York. 1957.

Budd, J. L. - Blossoms of the orchard fruits, their
relative hardiness. - Iowa Agri. Exp.
Sta. Bul. 15: 115-118. 1891.

Blake, M. A. - Types of varietal hardiness in the
peach. - Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 1955,
55: 240-244. 1956.

------- -- - Cold injury to apples. - N. Jer. Agri.

Exp. Sta. Ann. Rept. 41: 194. 1928.

Cross, F. B. - Correspondence. — Sept. 5, 1959.
Dorsey, M. J. - The recovery of apple from freezing
injury. — Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc.

1957, 55: 115. 1958.

Ellison, E. S. and Close, W. L. - Critical spring
temperatures for apples in the Yakima
Valley, Washington. - Mo. Weather Rev.
55: 11-18. 1927.

Garcia, F. and Rigney, J. W. - Hardiness of fruit buds
and flowers to frost. - N. Mex. agri.

Exp. Sta. Bul. 89. 1914.

(9)

(10)

(ll)

(12)

(15)

(14)

(15)

(16)

Gardner,

V. h., Bradford, F. C. and Hooker, H. D. -
Fundamentals of Fruit Production. -

New York. 1959.

Johnston, S. - The resistance of certain highbush

O'Gara,

Paddock,

West, F.

Wilcox,

Wilson,

blueberry varieties to injury by frost.
- Mich. Sta. Quart. Bul. 22 (1): 10-11.
1959.

P. G. - The protection of orchards in the
Pacific Northwest from Spring frosts by
means of fires and smudges. - U.D.D.A.,
Farmers' Bul. 401.- 1910.

W. and Whipple, O. B. - Fruit Growing in Arid

Regions. - Pp. 555-554. New York.
1910.
L. and Edlefsen, N. E. - Freezing of fruit buds.

- J. Agri. Res. 20: 8. 1921.
— ----------- - - - The freezing of fruit
buds. - Utah Agri. Exp. Sta. Bul. 151.
1917.
E. V. - Resistance of strawberries to frost. -
Mont. Agri. EXp. Sta. Bul. 22. 1899.
W. M. - Frost. Standard CyclOpedia of

Horticulture. - 2: 1282-1284. 1957.

-22-

(17) Young, F. D. - Frost and the prevention of damage by
it. - U.S.D.A., Farmers' Bul. 1096.

1920.

-23-

Acknowledgments

 

The writer wishes to express his appreciation for the
guidance and helpful criticisms given by Professor V. R.
Gardner, and also Professor C. E. hussell for his criticism

of this manuscript.

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