iMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE GRGWTH OF MARKET SWBNE 111095: for fin Emma 6? M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Eéward Arshak Kantian i956 {I {KLEHS IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE GROWTH OF MARKET SWINE BY Edward Arshak Kazarian A THESIS Submitted to the College of Agriculture of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Engineering 1956 $40-54 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author extends his appreciation to Dr. J. S. Boyd for his counsel, guidance and supervision of the project. Appreciation is also expreSsed to Dr. A. W. Farrell for the appointment of the assistantship under which this project was carried out. Acknowledgement is due to Dr. J. A. Hoefer for his cooperation in the use of the facilities of the University Swine Farm. The author extends his gratitude to Dr. W. M. Carle- ton, Dr. M. In Esmay and others of the Department of Agri- cultural Engineering, Michigan State University for their helpful advice. Appreciation is due to the Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company and Mr. W. E. Eakin for the financial support of the project. IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE GROWTH OF MARKET SWINE By Edward Arshak Kazarian AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Agriculture of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Engineering 1956 Approved by nggg7zuupééfg2527;?éz Edward Arshak Kazarian Abstract 1 This project was conducted to determine the effect of improved environmental conditions on the production of market swine. Double pane windows, air conditioning and artificial heat were used in three experimental hog houses to provide different environmental conditions. A fourth house containing single pane windows was used for evaluation of the double-pane house. All houses were of identical construction and were insulated and ventilated. Control for the study was a con- ventional house with access to a concrete slab. Two summer and two winter hog feeding trials were con- ducted in the houses during the period from.195h to 1956. Six weaned pigs were placed in each house and the trial was conducted until the pigs had reached an average market weight of 200 pounds. The pigs were confined in the test houses while the pigs in the conventional house were free to go out. Weight and feed consumption were recorded every two weeks. An automatic potentiometer was used to record hourly wet and dry bulb temperatures in the houses. Ventilation records were obtained by the use of operational recorders. Data obtained from the study indicated that improved environmental conditions in the test houses were conducive to higher rates of gain and better feed efficiencies. How- ever the varying degrees of improvement in the test houses ‘were not measurable in the perfonmance of the swine. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 0 O O O O O O O O O O O 0 History of the Project Description of the Project Objectives of the Project Reasons for the Study REVI Ew OF LI TEIATURE O O O O O O O O O O O O APPARATUS AND METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . Equipment Instrumentation Procedure PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA . . . o . Part I - Analysis of the Summer Study of Temperature Relative Humidity Ventilation Feeding Trial Conclusions 195k Part II - Analysis of the Winter Study of 19Sh-19SS Temperature Relative Humidity Ventilation Feeding Trial Conclusions Part III — Analysis of the Summer Study of 1955 Temperature Relative Humidity Ventilation Feeding Trial Conclusions Part IV - Analysis of the Winter Study of 1955-1956 Temperature Relative Humidity .11 Page F‘ £;P‘ 0~ bro <3 -4 OWRPJFI +4 TABLE OF comw'rs (Cont.) Page Ventilation 61 Feeding Trial 61 Conclusions 62 EVALUATION OF METHODS USED TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN THE HOUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY . . . . . . . . . e . o e 78 J REFETNJ‘ NCES O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 79 £1 iv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 10 The dark house used for the StUdy e e e e e e e 2. The conventional house used as a control for the StUdy eeeeeeeeeeeoeeeee 3. The four test houses used for the summer study 01.1955 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee h. The cabinet used for the bacteriological study . 5. Ambient temperature and its effect on feed con- sumption, average daily gain and feed utilization 6. Installation of the air conditioner in the rear "allOfthehouaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 7. Interior view of the air conditioner installation 8. The conventional house supplemented with a port- able shade for the summer study of 1955 . . . . 9. The maximum, minimum and mean daily outside tem» peratures from June 3, 195A to September 23, l95h 10. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the conventional house from June 3, 195A to September23,l95h eeeeeeeeeeeeee 11. The maximum, minimum.and mean daily temperatures in the double pane house from June 3, l95u to September23,l95h 0000000000.... 12. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the single pane house from June 3, l95h to September 23, 195h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the dark house from.June 3, 1954 to September 23,195“. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 1h. The mean daily relative humidity in the four houses from.June 3, 195A to September 23, l95h . Page 11 ll 12 21 22 23 25 26 LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.) FIGURE 15. The average daily gain per hog for each two week period of the summer study of l95h . . . . . .. 16. The average daily feed consumption per hog for each two week period of the summer study of 195A o.- 17. The amount of feed consumed per pound of gain for each two week period of the summer study of 195h 18. The maximum,'minimum.and mean daily outside tem- peratures from December 17, 195h to April 8, 1955 19. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the conventional house from December 17, l95h tOApr118,1955 000.000.000.000 20. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the double pane house from December 17, 195A to Apr118.1955eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 21. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the single pane house from.December l7, l95h toApr118,1955 000000000000... 22. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the dark house from December 17, 195h to Aprilaglgsseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 23. The mean daily relative humidity in the four houses from December 17, 195A to April 8, 1955 . 2h. The average daily gain per hog for each two week period of the winter study of 195h - 1955 . . . 25. The average daily feed consumption per hog for each two week period of the winter study of l95h - 1955 26. The amount of feed consumed per pound of gain for each two week period of the winter study of 19511-1955 000.000.0000....- 27. The maximum, minimum and mean daily outside temp peratures from.May 27, 1955 to September 2, 1955 28. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the conventional house from.May 27, 1955 to September2,1955....o.......o.. vi PAGE 28 29 30 3h 35 36 37 38 39 El h2 h3 AB #9 LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.) FIGURE 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 3h- 36- 37- 38. 39. no. LL10 The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the dmuble pane house from May 27, 1955 to September2,1955............... The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the single pane house from May 27, 1955 to September2,l9s5.......o....... The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in thgsdark house from May 27, 1955 to September 2, 19 oooeeoeeeeooeeeee The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the air conditioned house from May 27, 1955 tOSeptembeP2,l9§5.............. The mean daily relative humidity in Houses A, B and C from May 27, 1955 to September 2, 1955 . . The mean daily relative humidity in Houses D and E from May 27, 1955 to September 2, 1955 . . . . The average daily gain per hog for each two week period of the summer study of 1955 . . . . . . . The average daily feed consumption per hog for each two week period of the summer study of 1955 . . The amount of feed consumed per pound of gain for each two week period of the summer study or 1955 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O The maximum, minimum and mean daily outside tem- pegztures from.December 21, 1955 to February 28, 19 00000000000000... The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the conventional house from December 21, 1955 toFebruary28,1956.............. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the south facing double pane house from December 21, 1955 to February 28, 1956 . . . . . The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the single pane house from.December 21, 1955 toFebruary28,1956.............. vii PAGE 50 51 52 53 5h 55 57 S9 63 65 66 LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.) FIGURE PAGR k2. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the dark house from December 21, 1955 to February 28, 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 #3. The maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures in the east facing double pane house from.December 21, 1955 to February 28, 1956 . . . . . . . . . . 68 an. The mean daily relative humidity in Houses A, B and C from December 21, 1955 to February 28, 1956 . . 69 k5. The mean daily relative humidity in Houses D and E from December 21, 1955 to February 28, 1956 . . . 70 h6. The average daily gain per hog for each two week period of the winter study of 1955 - 1956 . . . . 72 M7. The average daily feed consumption per hog for each two week period of the winter study of 1955 - 1956 73 A8. The amount of feed consumed per pound of gain for each two week period of the winter study of 1955'1956 00000000000000.0007“. viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Summary of the results for the hog feeding trial OftheflumnlerOflgSheeeeeeeeeeeee27 II. Summary of the results for the hog feeding trial of the winter or 195,4'19550000000 one 110 III. Summary of the results for the hog feeding trial OfthOSWGFOflgSSeeeeeoeeeoeeoo56 IV. Summary of the results for the hog feeding trial of the winter of 1955 - 1956 . . . . . . . . . . 71 ix INTRODUCTION History of the Project The initial study to determine the effect of environ- mental conditions on the production of swine was made in two wings of a central swine barn. One wing, of solar design, had large double pane windows while the other wing of conventional design had smaller single pane win- dows. It was determined that certain variables could not be controlled or evaluated in the large building and that smaller buildings would be necessary to continue the study. In 1953 three experimental houses were built and a study was made to determine the effects of using insulating glass windows in swine housing. The houses were identical except for the type and amount of glass. Results of the study were favorable for double pane windows and continua- tion of the project was necessary to verify the results. Description of the Project This project was sponsored Jointly by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and the Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company. In previous studies, two of the three test houses had double pane windows, one house containing one-half the area of glass as the other. The third house had single pane win- dows. Results showed that the two houses with double pane windows did not differ significantly in their respective environmental conditions. Therefore, for future studies the house with the smaller area of glass was converted to a dark house by boarding up the windows, Figure 1. The dark house was used to evaluate the absence of sunlight on the performance of swine. The conventional house on a concrete slab used as a control for the study was replaced with one of newer design, Figure 2. The study was duplicated for one year after which a fourth test house was added. The house was built similar to the three existing houses and had double pane windows. This house was equipped with a one horsepower window-type air conditioner to improve the environmental conditions in the house during the summer. The air conditioner was re- moved for winter studies. The study consisted of four hog feeding trials. Data for the first trialvmme obtained by the previous investiga- tor during the summer of 195k. The datavmue analyzed and presented in this thesis. The second trial was conducted during the winter of 195h-1955. Temperature, relative humidity and ventilation rates were recorded as well as Fig. 1. The dark house used for the study. u , " . . . ..' 9‘ , ‘ ‘ “'3 . .'.. A. ' "3" a ‘ 0 ’ h . u- _' .. .. . q‘-"-’~‘ ‘ ' "‘ ., _ ._ -_ _ . - - ‘ _, ..- .-_i.‘_ -.:-. -,. —.o‘_.. . —.-.-_. Fig. 2. The conventional house used as a control for the study. the weight and feed consumption of the hogs. The air condi- tioned house was put into operation and the third trial was conducted during the summer of 1955. Figure 3. Fig. 3. The four test houses used for the summer study of 1955. For the final trial during the winter of 1955 - 1956, the air conditioner was removed and the house was oriented to the east. The other houses were oriented to the south. Artificial heat was used in the dark house for the final trial. A preliminary study to determine the difference in germicidal effect of sunlight passing through double pane and single pane glass was made. The study was conducted by Dr. Mallmann of the Microbiology Department of Michigan State University. A three comparment constant temperature cabinet was used, Figure h. One compartment admitted sun- light through double pane glass, the second through single pane glass while the third did not admit sunlight. Bacteria were placed in each compartment and exposed for varying lengths of time. Results of the preliminary tests were all negative and the study was discontinued. k \V . ; ' I u I ~ Fig. k. The cabinet used for the bacterio- logical study. Objectives of the Project The objectives of the project were to determine the effect of improved environmental conditions on the produc- tion of market hogs and to determine the practicability of attaining such conditions. Reasons for the Study Breeding and nutrition of swine has progressed such that environmental conditions are a big factor in swine management. The effect of temperature on swine has been studied in psychrometric chambers by Heitman, Bond and Kelly (11) and the data obtained indicate that a controlled environment would increase the growth and feed efficiency of swine. Insulation and ventilation are essential in the at- tainment of a controlled environment in swine housing. Further improvement may be obtained by using double pane windows in a solar house to utilize solar energyumore effi- ciently. Still further improvement may be obtained by the use of air conditioning during the summer and artificial heat during the winter. Data from this study will be useful in determining the practicality of attaining a controlled environment for swine. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The effect of temperature on swine was studied by Heitman, Bond and Kelly (11). The results of their study are shown in Figure 5. The study revealed that fattening hogs weighing 200 pounds reach a peak in their average daily growth rate at 60°F. Pigs that weighed 100 pounds reached a peak at 70°F. Both above and below these tempera- tures efficient utilization of feed declined. High ambient temperatures cause the average daily gain to drop more readily than feed consumption, therefore, the amount of feed required to produce a certain gain increases rapidly. For hogs weighing over 200 pounds, Heitman and Hughes (33 found that only their reSpiration rate increases when the relative humidity is increased except at high tempera- tures when their body temperatures also increase slightly. Fletcher and Tidwell (5) reported that direct exposure to sunlight caused an increase in body temperature of swine. Body temperature increases were accompanied by significant increases in respiration rate. Brandt (3) reported that double pane windows used in a solar oriented hog house provided a more favorable temper- ature environment during the winter. The better environment was conducive to higher rates of gain in weight. l0.0+—— 9° 0 6.0 4.0 2.0 Avs. DAILY FEED consumes, Lss. AVERAGE DAILY GAIN, Les. 1 _L l — AVE.WT. 200 L85. - - AVE.WT. '00 LBS. l Ll_Jl1lIl \ -Juoo L § __900 “700 _1 we we GAIN, LBS. .— 600. FEED PER '- 300 200 7'9"“ 5. Temperature and coneumph on, Agriculture, 1 4o 60 so AMBIENT TEMPERATURE °F IOO 4O 60 80 IOO its effect on feed average daily gain and feed utIlIzatlon (H.Hel1man, T.E.Bond and C.F.Kelly, California I954) APPARATUS AND METHODOLOGY Equipment Wall construction details of the test houses included 2" x u" studs insulated with one-inch blankets of balsam wool and covered with one-quarter inch exterior plywood on both surfaces. Roof and floor construction contained two and one-half inches of rock wool insulation between the joists and a three-eighths inch exterior plywood covering on both surfaces. The house was divided into two pens approximately 8' x 8' and each pen was equipped with a self feeder and an automatic waterer. Thermostatically controlled heat lamps protected the waterers from freezing during the winter. Initial ventilation for each house was provided by a centrifugal fan of 300 cubic feet per minute free air capa- city, and later supplemented with a 10-inch propeller fan of hkO cubic feet per minute free air capacity. To provide constant ventilation rates for each house the large fans were controlled by a single thermostat located in the single pane house, while the small fans were controlled by a time ClOCke 10 Winter, 195k - 1955 The only change made in the test houses for the winter study of 195k - 1955 was the installation of aluminum coated roll roofing over the exterior plywood roof deck. The con- ventional house used as the control was replaced with a house of newer construction. Summer, 1955 For the summer study of 1955 the air conditioned house was put into operation. The window type air conditioner was installed in the center of the rear wall of the house as shown in Figure 6. The unit was protected from the hogs in- side of the house bya wood cabinet. The top and bottom of the cabinet was open since the air outlet and inlet were respectively located at the top and bottom of the unit. An auxiliary air filter was placed immediately below the air inlet of the unit to trap the dust entering the unit. The interior view of the air conditioner is shown in Figure 7. The air conditioner was a one horsepower ‘unit with a cooling capacity of 10,600 Btu/hr and a moisture removal capacity of 3.25 pints per hour. The unit was also equipped with a four-way reversing valve enabling it to heat as well as cool. Baffles in the unit directed either the room air or the outside air through the cooling coils. The maximum cooling capacity could be obtained by recirculating the room air through the unit. 11 V W HHWWHHHHHH IUNI'HI'HHH Fig. 6. Installation of the air conditioner in the rear wall of the house. Fig. 7. Interior view of the air conditioner installation. 12 A 10 inch propeller fan was installed in the air condi- tioned house for future use, since it was assumed that venti- lation would not be needed with air conditioning. The thermostat controlling the propeller fans in the other test houses was moved from the single pane house to the double pane house. The conventional house on the concrete slab was supple- mented with a metal livestock shade. (Figure 8) The conventional house supplemented with a portable shade for the summer study of 1955. Winter, 1955 - 1956 Changes in equipment for the winter study of 1955 - 1956 included removal of the air conditioner and orientation of 13 the house to the east. The other test houses remained in their southern orientation. Six 375 watt heat lamps were installed in the dark house and controlled by a thermostat. The lamps were placed at the top front wall in adjustable holders so they could be directed as desired. The large ventilating fans in each house were equipped with individual time switches and thermostat arrangements. For the winter study of 1955 - 1956, the ventilation rates in the test houses were not constant but dependent upon the environment in each house. The small ventilating fans were not in operation. Instrumentation A sixteen point Brown recording potentiometer was used to record wet and dry bulb temperatures. A time clock was used to limit the operation of the potentiometer to one complete cycle of readings every hour. The potentiometer was housed in a heated shelter near the test houses. Two copper-constantan thermocouples were located in each of the test houses, one used for the measurement of dry bulb temperature and the other for wet bulb tempera- ture,. One thermocouple was used for measuring the dry bulb temperature in the conventional house on the slab and one thermocouple for outside dry bulb. The thermocouples were centrally located about five feet above the floor. The thermocouple for measuring outside temperature was located under the instrument shelter to minimize radiation effects. Wet bulb temperatures were obtained by using a con- stant feed wet bulb apparatus as described by Brandt (3)*. Operation of the ventilating fans were recorded by "Tempscribe" Operational recorders located in the instrument Shelter. Procedure For each study healthy pigs were lotted into uniform lots according to standard procedure. Weight, sex, litter and breed were taken into account. Six pigs were placed in each house. The pigs were weighed at two-week intervals and feed consumption figures were recorded. The rations were self-fed and adequately balanced for all known nutrients and included antibiotics. The houses were cleaned and bedded every morning. Operation of the recording instruments was checked and maintained periodically. I Hourly records of temperature and relative humidity were summarized as maximum, minimum and mean daily temper- atures, and mean daily relative humidity. The criteria for analysis of climatic data to deter- mine the extent of improved environment were based on the *Numbers in parenthesis refer to the appended bibliography. 15 level and attainment of a constant temperature. Emphasis was placed on comparison of mean daily temperatures and the daily variation in temperatures. 16 PRESENTATION AND ANALXSIS OF DATA The hourly recorded temperature, relative humidity and ventilation data are bound and kept on file in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University. The temperature data were summarized and presented as daily maximum, minimum and mean temperatures. Since the effect of relative humidity on swine is not thoroughly de- termined the humidity data were summarized only as daily mean relative humidity. A wet bulb apparatus was not main- tained in the conventional house because the humidity in the house was very similar to the outside humidity. Data for outside humidity were obtained from the Michigan Hydrologic Research Project at Michigan State Univeristy. In the following discussion the four types of housing used for the summer study of l95u and the winter study of 195h - 1955 are referred to as: House A, the conventional house on the concrete slab; House B, the house with the double pane windows; House C, the house with single pane windows; and House D, the dark house. House D was provided with artificial heat for the winter study of 1955 - 1956. The fifth house added for the summer study of 1955 and the winter study of 1955 - 1956, is referred to as House E. House E was equipped with an air conditioning unit for the 17 summer study of 1955 and for the winter study of 1955 - 1956 the air conditioning unit was removed and the house was oriented to the east. Part 1 - Analysis of the Summer Study of 195h The summer study started on June 3, 195h and ended on September 23, l95u, when several of the hogs had reached market weight. Missing temperature and humidity data were due to operational failure of the potentiometer or the wet bulb apparatus. The maximum, minimum and mean daily outside temperatures and inside temperatures of Houses A, B, C and D are shown in Figures 9, 10, ll, 12 and 13, respectively. The mean daily relative humidity in the four test houses is shown in Figure 1k. Temperature. The temperatures in House A followed closely the outside temperatures. The mean daily tempera- tures in the house were slightly higher than the outside temperatures throughout the entire study. Daily maximum temperatures in the house agreed with the outside maximum temperatures but the daily minimum.temperatures were con- siderably higher than outside minimum temperatures. For the first twelve weeks of the study the maximum, minimum and mean temperatures in both Houses B and C were shmilar to House A. This was attributed to the high ven- tilation rates used in the summer. During the last four 18 weeks of the study the minimum temperatures in Houses B and C were considerably higher than in House A due to colder weather. The mean temperatures in Houses B and C were only slightly higher than in House A. The temperatures in Houses B and C were almost identical throughout the entire study. In House D the temperatures were generally lower than in Houses B and C but the difference was not great. The lower temperatures in House D were due to the absence of windows which reduced the heat gain into the building. Hourly recorded temperatures in the four test houses did not vary appreciably. Relative humidity. Figure 1h shows that the humidity in House A varied widely during the study while the humidity in Houses B, C, and D were very similar and no definite trend was noticeable. Ventilation. Maintenance of minimum ventilation rates for moisture removal was accomplished by the centrifugal fans controlled by the time clock. At the start of the study the fans were operated seven and one-half minutes every half hour which resulted in a minimum ventilation rate of 12 cubic feet per minute per hog. When the hogs had reached an average weight of 125 pounds the fans were operated for ten minutes every half hour to give a minimum ventilation rate of 16 cubic feet per minute per hog. 19 The propeller fans were controlled by a thermostat located in the single pane house. A 75°F setting was main- tained from the start of the study until the hogs had reached an average weight of 125 pounds. The thermostatic setting was then reduced to 70°F. Ventilation records showed that the fans ran continuously during the day for most of the study. Operation at night was intermittant. Feedingtrigl. Results of the hog feeding trial are summarized in Table 1. Highest daily gain of 1.53 pounds was made by the hogs in House B, while lowest daily gain of 1.39 pounds was made by the hogs in House A. The hogs in Houses C and D made respective daily gains of 1.h7 and l.h9 pounds. The best feed efficiency was made by the hogs in House B with 3.79 pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain, fol- lowed by the hogs in House C with 3.81 pounds of feed con- sumed per pound of gain. The hogs in Houses A and D had respective efficiencies of k.O3 and 3.9h pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain. The average daily gain, average daily feed and feed consumed per pound of gain for each two-week period of the trial are shown in Figures 15, 16 and 17, respectively. The hogs in House B made consistently higher gains after the fourth week of the trial. 20 The hogs in House A consumed the greatest amount of feed per pound of gain during the first half of the study. No other significant trend was apparent in the gain or feed efficiency. Conclusions. Environmental conditions in Houses B, C and D were similar and better than the conditions in House A. The hogs in Houses B, C and D showed a 7 percent increast in their rate of gain over the hogs in House A. The feed effi- ciency of the hogs in Houses B and C were 5 percent better than the hogs in House A. Improved conditions affected the gain and feed efficiency of the hogs. The absence of sunlight in House D did not affect the performance of the hogs. 21 .32 .3 teeeaem 2 «mm. .m 2.2. Ea: 3.5.9.382 02230 23.... 586 can £36.56 .62....er 2:. .m 950.... mxme 2. m2; :l. BHOIVBBdWEI w. a. N. 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AllOlWflH BALLV'IBH ’Ie 27 TABLE I SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FOR THE. HOG FEEDING TRIAL OF THE SUMMER STUDY OF 19SLI Treatment House A House B House C House D Number of pigs 6 6 6 6 Average initial weight in pounds 39.7 39.5 39.9 39.9 Average final ' weight in pounds 19h.8 210.h 20h.5 206.5 Average daily gain in pounds 1.39 1.53 ' l.h7 1.u9 Average daily feed consumption per pig in pounds 5e57 5e77 5059 5.86 Pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain h.03 3.79 3.81 3.9a 28 .wmm. .0 33m BEES 2: .0 noted .0»; 03. good no. 00.. .ea Eco 2.3 009.36 of. .m. 830E mxwmi z. NEE. w. a. N. o. m w v N O . . . fl _ e . . ,0. - I .n. II _ . am 0 owner. I .I 0 09.301 llll.1 IIIII . _ _. M m dune... lIlIlrlll h a. .r . e .32. SONnOd Old 83d noted .33 03. Q. m. w. zoom .5. no: N. o. 0 8d coszamcoo use. mxww? z. .me. .0 .33? 3:25... o... .o 3.0.. 2.6.26 2.... .m. 052.... N o . . . l—.—.._¥...#é ,_.._ I . e e . 0 owner 0 ego... m case: 4 3:0... IIIllll llI Illllllll ""A wlIIII II 9ld 83d SONnOd .3 U .vnm. .0 .623 .3663 of we noted goes as. gueo .3 Eco .0 peace .2. 38:23... too. .6 2506.. 2: N. 95...... $.me 2. us; m. a, N. o. m w .v N no _ . . _ . _ . _ . i . . w . . _ . ($00 ease: .6301 «use: ousox. |J ll Io ONflOd 83d SONflOd Q’ Part II - Analysis of the Winter Study of 195A - 1955 The winter study was started on December 17, 195A and ended on April 8, 1955. The maximum, minimum and mean daily outside temperatures and inside temperatures of Houses A, B, C and D are shown in Figures 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22, respectively. The mean daily relative humidity in the four test houses is shown in Figure 23. Temperature. The temperatures in House A again were higher than outside temperatures and the difference was greater as the study progressed. During the first six weeks of the study the minimwm temperatures in Houses B and C were similar while the maxi- mum temperatures were higher in House C. The higher maxi- mum temperatures in House 0 were due to the greater amount of solar heat gain through the single pane windows. Since higher maximum temperatures were reached in House 0 the mean temperatures were also higher, and daily variations in temp perature were greater. For the last six weeks of the study the minimum temper- atures in House C were lower than in House B while the mean temperatures in House B were higher than that of House C. No definite trend was noticeable for the maximum.temperatures during the last eight weeks of the study. The maximum temperatures in House D were considerably lower than in Houses B and C due to the lower heat gain of the building. The minimum temperatures in House D were sinfllar to Houses B and C for the first six weeks of the study, but consistently lower during the last six weeks. The rate of increase and decrease of temperature in the test houses was greatest in House C, and least in House D. Houses B and D had the best temperature conditions for the trial based on the level and attainment of a constant temperature. Relative humidity. As in the previous study the rela- tive humidity in House A varied widely while the humidities in the other three houses had a much narrower range. The mean relative humidity in House D was consistently higher than in Houses B and C. No trend was noticed between Houses B and C although higher humidities occasionally appeared in House B. This may have been due to large amounts of water splashed from the waterers by the hogs. Ventilation. Ventilation rates were maintained in the same manner as described for the summer study of 195h. Ventilation records showed that the propeller fans seldom went on during the first half of the study, while intermittent operation during the day occurred for the last half of the study. 33 Feeding trial. Results of the feeding trial are sum- mari zed in Table II. An epidemic of dermatosis at the swine farm necessitated the removal of three pigs from the trial. Taro pigs were removed from House A and one from House C. All Pigs in the trial were afflicted with the disease but the mildest cases occurred in House B. One ruptured pig was re- moved from House D. Results of the trial show that the hogs with the highest daily gains of 1.50 pounds were made in House A and the hogs with the lowest daily gain of 1.28 pounds in House D. The hogs in Houses B and C had gains of 1.115 and 1.1m pounds I'espcectively. No significant difference in feed efficiency W8 8 Shown e Figure 2h shows the average daily gain per hog for each two-week period of the study. The daily feed consumption and the feed consumption per pound of gain are shown in Figures 25 and 26, respectively. The only trend noted in the daily gains of the hogs was in House A where the gains were lowest for the entire first half of the study and consistently high for the last half of the study. The same trend was noted for the daily feed consumption of the hogs in House A. Conclusions, Since the presence of disease in the feeding trial affected the performance of the hogs, sound corfuelusions could not be drawn. 31+ how. ,m :34 2 chm. K. 52.83 Eon. 3.3.0..an2 3.23 3.3 :36 use EsEEE. .83..on 2.... .m. 9.3.... mxmw3 z. w}... w. v. N. V N O $32.25 BUOIVH 3dW31 Om do Om cc. o .mnm. m :34 e. ems. N. .3588 a... 33.. 33:32.3 2.. c. 3.29.363 £3 :35 33 £36.26 .52...on ozkd. 0.3.... 9.33 2. 9...: o. e. N. o. m e v N o fl 3.32.2.2 BUDIVUBdWBI :lo 00 oo. 37 2.2. 205m of w. v. E m 0.5.2362 .39 £2. .w :34 2 3m. .2 89505 so: 252. :02: can £36.56 .62...on 2:. ..~ 952... mxwm3 2. NZ; m m c N O ___.H ___._______‘ m. o. _ w i _ CO. BBOLVHBdWBJ. Jo .39 .m :54 2 com. .2 .3583 52. omao; few of E 3.39.2.ES 2.3 :02: use EEEEE .556.on of. .NN‘oSoE 9.me 2. ma: m. c. m. o. m m . M e ‘ a _ H V W a ¢ N O M w a n . P W _ _ , _ . W .r fi F P _ r 00. BBHLVHBdW 31 do 39 m BnEuoao So: ¢_ 330... $2 53 of c. mxww? 2. m2: m m N. O. .mmm. 2.252. 2:28 a m :34 2 wow. 5 azou :36 of. .nN 050E v N , O m cm Oh A .LlOlanH BALLV'IBH °/o 00. TABLE II no SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FOR THE HOG FEEDING TRIAL OF THE WINTER STUDY OF 195u-1955 Treatment House A House 8 House C House D Number of pigs Average initial weight in pounds Average final weight in pounds Average daily gain in pounds Average daily feed consumption per pig in pounds Pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain u” 6 .3605 .3605 206.5 202.5 1.50 1415 5.18 5.7u n.07 3.97 5“ s # 36.5 36.5 201.2 181.5 1.uh 1.28 5.31 5.07 3.97 n.01 «Two pigs removed (dermatosis) **One pig removed (dermatosis). #One pig removed (rupture) 111 .mm@. 1 v00. 20 :55 .253 9: so notea x33 9.: zoom .2 con 3a Eco £3 00236 2:. .¢N 050E . mxmw? 2. ME... w. v. N. O. m w v N O , _ m A _ O Tlilljmd 0.. II 1:10. . 1 :13 o mmno... a I 1 1 o mmDOI Ills..- IIIII M A m mmnox 1 i _ _ a i < mmzo: 9ld 83c! SONHOd ' I‘ 1,. 68. I gm. .0 32. .35; 2: 3 votes 13; 92 zoom .2 oo; .3 cozaegcoo coo. 2.3 39.26 2:. .mNeSE... mxmmz, 2. m2; m. S N. o. m o e N o A n 1 _ 1 m u 1 _ o #50: o mmno: , m umaox, 14 $29: . 'lll4 1111 llll + co <1- 9ld 83d SONnOd H O. 1+3 .mmm. .. com. .o as.» .25: a... .o 8:3 x33 03. zoom .8 Sea .6 252. .2. veeamcou use. so .5060 of. .mm 2.6.“. mxmmz, z. NEE. w. 3 N. o. m w c N o TIET'EE I l T 1 \ I \\.\\\In... H... .. \ \ \xxx \\ _ \Vvlflyv\.w|\\\\\\ I \\ \ l\ / \\ . 111 XAVAFmv \\ T. - rill \\ \\ . _ \ \ . \ \ x _ ill \ \\ M / \v\ \ _ , I , ‘ f \ I u . + - -1! - I ,. I If: \ x // \\ m _ __ ‘ \ x4 . o wmnox IJI \ 1 e Mano: Inuit}: .i _ m m ”@301 l11l . _ . 4 umDOI SO NflOd ONnOd 83d uh Part III - Analysis of the Summer Study of 1955 This study started on May 27. 1955 and ended September 2, 1955. Duration of the feeding trial was fourteen weeks. The thermostat controlling the air conditioner was set at 75° for the entire trial. The unit did not have the capa- city to maintain 75° by cooling the outside air and conse- quently the air in the house had to be recirculated. The daily maximum, minimum and mean outside tempera- tures and inside temperatures of Houses A, B, C, D and E are shown in Figures 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32, respectively. The mean daily humidity in Houses A, B and C is shown in Figure 33 and the mean humidity in Houses D and E is shown in Figure 3h. Temperature. As in the previous summer study the temperatures in House A were similar to the outside tempera- tures with only the daily means being slightly higher. The temperatures in House B were lower than in House A with the greatest difference in the minimum and mean tem» peratures. Temperatures in House C were similar to House B except that the minimum.temperatures were occasionally lower. Maximum temperatures in House D were generally lower than House B and C. Hourly recorded temperatures in Houses B, C and D did not vary appreciably. hS 'fi Temperatures in House H varied approximately from 69°F to 79°F except for a few days when the air conditioning unit was not functioning properly. Attainment of a constant temperature environment was best approached by House H. Relative humidity. A comparison of the mean relative humidity in the houses showed that the greatest variation was in House A. Highest humidity existed in Houses D and h with House E containing the highest during the first half of the study and lowest for the last half. C) lyentilation. Minimum ventilation rates in Houses 5, and D for moisture removal were increased for this trial. A minimum rate of 16 cubic feet per minute per hog was maintained for the first four weeks of the study. The hogs had reached an average weight of 70 pounds. For the remain- der of the trial the minimum rate was maintained at 25 cubic feet per minute per hog. A minimum ventilation rate was not maintained in House E because it was assumed that the air conditioning unit would accomplish moisture removal. However manual operation of the ventilating fan became necessary when ammonia odors be- gan to build up in the house. The location of the thermostat controlling the propeller fans in Houses B, C and D was moved from House 0 to House B. Thermostat settings were identical to those in previous trials. Ventilation records showed that the fans operated H6 continuously during the day and intermittently during the night. Air quality in the houses was improved by the in- creased ventilation rate. Feeding trial. Results of the hog feeding trial are summarized in Table III. The hogs in House D had the highest daily gain of 1.66 pounds followed closely by the hogs in Houses 5,0 and E with respective gains of 1.63, 1.63 and 1.61 pounds. Lowest daily gain of l.u8 pounds was made by the hogs in House A. The hogs in Houses E and B had the best feed efficiencies with 3.u2 and 3.h9 pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain, respectively. The hogs in Houses C and D made respective efficiencies of 3.55 and 3.53 pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain. The hogs in House A had the poorest efficiency with 3.79 pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain. Figure 35 shows the average daily gain per hog for each two-week period of the study. The hogs in House A consis- tently had the lowest daily gains while no other marked trend was apparent. Feed consumption and feed efficiency for each two-week period are shown in Figures 36 and 37 respectively. The hogs in House E had the poorest feed efficiency for the first half of the study but improved for the last half. The most erra- tic efficiency throughout the study was shown by the hogs in House A. 147 Conclusions. The environmental conditions in Houses B, C, D and E were better than in House A. The hogs in Houses B, C, D and E had 10 percent better gains and feed efficiencies than the hogs in House A. The degree of attainment of the ideal constant temperature was not measurable in the performance of the swine. The absence of sunlight in House D did not affect the performance of the hogs. .mnm_ .N 35.3% 0. mom. MN .6: So: 3.39.362 023.3 Eon cer use 836.58 .626..on IF KN 2.6.... mxwmg 2. mi; N m do EBHLVHBdWHL e. N. O. v N O _ . .1 . _ 0 ON 11118 55.2.2.2 . Om Co 552.52,. T .e a a , s 00— .nnm. .N soaeoaom o. mom. KN an: Eo: 3:2. ocoo 0.9.5 2: c. 35.32.an 2.2V some use 558.56 .62...er 2.... .On 950E mxmw? 2. m2... 0. v. N._ o. m. w v N o .. _ fl _ . . a . . ,_ H H . 1 i . 1 L. 1_ W . 1 W n _ . _ s i . A _ w A h f 111 .4. . . , 11-111.11-113 . w > 55.2.2.2 . / \ \/ \\/ \/ \z \\|/// / \\\ \/ \\\ \l \I I! U/ \ , I / \ TI 1 .!,1\ V1? \ M ,1 (1TV1\\/\,(\p\?~) xxx/:24 (x ._, < \ /\ \ M)\//\\ xk /’ 24W: < M < n M h . w _ M W . .222.qu . . _ . a . e 0 em 1 3 0.. M 3 U V I. n a 3 om O .3 ca 09 nmm. .~ 322.25 2 mom. MN 22 so: ago: {on cf 5 3.39.362 xzou .605 one EEEEE .EaEioE 2F .3 23$ ,2 mxmmk 2. m2: , 5 o. v. N. o. m w v N o ,_ u w _. “l o 1 iii 8 n 1'1 iO¢W d 3 a v I. n m - 2:, .25. iom . O \ .d r...) \ I / _ \\// \/ ~ I \ / x, \/ \\ \ /\ . l\// \ / \ , x, /\ ,Ix! \ .‘ <\ /\ x, w\\ \ ‘ rx/ xx ,,L\/...\ /\,\\ (ex/xxk -- \ 23 22.2322 . _ _ H r r b F 00— .32 .~ .3538 2 now. 2.3 can... use E:E_c_E.E:E_qu on... .Nm 952... .5 >42 52. omao; 3:02.280 to of E «329395. mxmmi 2. m2; m: E N. o. m m a. N 0 fl _ _ w M w H M N . m. - - 1- - 1111- 1 2222.3 1111 I > N \x . \I\/I/ \\ /4\\\/II\// ‘ pl c\\./ I \0 \\/..rl _ \\// \\/\_I\II, IIIV|l\/I \/ I I I; r - < \ 1« ->,-.: - 1W - «>1. . ENE/«fl- . P . _ ” 232x42“ 0 ON 0e Om Om 00. BHHLVBBdWBL :Jo KN >22 69.. o uco m.< mouse... c. 3.28:... 3.3.8 mxmmi 2. mi... 51+ u 332.. m 330... 4 3.6: w. v. N. O. m o .32 .N .3533 2 mom. v 3.2.. cooE 2.... .mm 952... N O 00 Oh Om 00. AllOINflH BALLV'IEU °/o ) a bow. N .onEoEum o. mmnw. MN .82 So: u uco o 330... c. 3.28:... «26.9. 26.. come 2.... .vm ~59“. mem3 2. ms...- m. .1 N. o. m w v N o _ . Om . . _ _ . . M 3:01 null”: . -. a «use... I .1 . . _ _ _- 8 . m _ ‘ m A _ fl “ w . W .. x. O -_ u w p p F H _ _ . . m 2 _ 7 _ ../ . _ _ ..// / , _ . . w \\// x w \ :. \ m \ .. 111 -T’- x 11!.- H1 1 .1 Dr. .D% 124/ T ray/H. . L V 4. \. .. fl Om , . . . . .. I . .. K / /..\ . x\\... \ /.>/, m .\ . i u /. .f _\, .. 3.7:: 4.. . . < . . x . . . . . _ . . , .3. ,3 ..s -., :g- , _ _ . m . _ _ _ a F . . H 00. ALIOIWHH BALLV'IBU °/o 56 TABLE III SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FOR THE HOG FEEDING TRIAL OF THE SUMMER STUDY OF 1955 Treatment House A House B House C House D House E Number of pigs 6 6 6 6 6 Average initial weight in pounds 36.2 35.8 35.5 36.2 36.2 Average final weight in pounds 181.3 19509 19502 1980‘; 19303 Average daily gain in pounds 1.h8 1.63 1.63 1.66 1.61 Average daily feed consumption per pig in pounds 5.61 5.72 5.78 5.8u 5.50 Pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain 3.79 3oh9 3.55 3.53 3.h2 7. .L/ w. o..— 50 .v. not: .0 o! ham. .0 an...» LOEESQ or; coco .3. no: .2. 56.. 2.2. 00226 2.... .9» 3:2... mxmm? 2. m2... ¢ 0 . - _ _ 4. m w . . -,, - - -11.._-_ ,- *— P—____,_....._ - O '0. o 0. $010002! ‘0. 9|d 83d (GOOD-l "-l' ON noted zoo! on; w. coco .3 N. no: .2. cozaEaucoo .mmm. .6 >63“... SEER... 2: .o to». 2.66 009.26 2.... .mm 950.... mxwm.3 2. m2...- 3 . “ . . . . . _ o. m . w v N o _ V 9ld 83d SONnOd CD mmm. .o .32.». .oEeam of .6 60:2. .33 9.: zoom 3. :60 .o .252. .3 uueamcoo to». .o .5880 2.» Km «52.... 9 mxmm? 2. m2... 5 2 v. N. o. m o v u o_ - N \/ u \\ .|\. .Au‘ TI! \IIII I- '.\ \\ I. -Lm \ / - x \ \l/ \\ |\.l\ \\//l \\ /ll\\f\\ .v \\\\ /\ I rutI-\ - . --1. r \\-\\\\\ \ //x V V/l-x 1 . m m 33... IIII-nI-Il o 3:01 nllllnll- 0 «use: IIIIIIIII m omaoI . < «32... . 83d SONHOd cmnoa 60 Part IV - Analysis of the Winter Study of 1955 - 1956 This winter trial started on December 21, 1955 and ended February 28, 1956. Duration of the feeding trial was ten weeks. Average initial weight of the hogs was 81 pounds. The thermostat controlling the heat lamps in House E was set at 60°. An air temperature of 60° was assumed to give an effective environmental temperature to the surround- ings of 65 to 70°. Daily maximum, minimum and mean outside temperatures and inside temperatures of Houses A, B, C, D and E are shown in Figures 38, 39, no, hl, hZ and A3 respectively. The mean daily relative humidities in Houses A, B and C are shown in Figure Mn and the mean humidities in Houses D and E are shown in Figure #5. Temperature. Temperatures in House A were higher than the outside temperatures due to the heat production of the heavier hogs used in this trial. Maximum, minimum.and mean temperatures in Houses B and C averaged 10 to 20 degrees higher than in House A. A comparison of the Houses B and C shows that maximum and mean temperatures were generally greater in House C. Daily variation in temperature was greatest in House C. Temperatures in House D, which was heated, ranged from approximately h6°to 70° averaging 58° for most of the trial. 61 Attainment of a constant temperature was best approached by House D. Except for a few days the temperatures in House B were 3 to 8 degrees higher than in House B. It was also noted that the daily maximum temperature in House E occurred at approximately the same time as in House B and not earlier as was expected. No explanation could be found for the above statement. Relative humddity. The mean relative humidity in House A was consistently higher than in the other houses. No other marked trend was noticeable. Ventilation. A minimum ventilation rate of 16 cubic feet per minute per hog was maintained in the test houses until the hogs average 100 pounds in weight. For the re- mainder of the trial a minimum rate of 25 cubic feet per minute per hog was maintained. The initial thermostatic setting of 75° was reduced to 70° when the hogs reached an average weight of 125 pounds. Ventilation records showed very little fan operation beyond the minimum.rate. Feeding trial. Results of the hog feeding trial are summarized in Table IV. The hogs in Hausa E made the highest daily gain of 1.9h pounds while the hogs in Heuse A had the lowest daily gain of 1.77 pounds. Hogs in Houses B, C and D 62 had very similar daily gains of 1.88, 1.87 and 1.85 pounds respectively. The hogs in House B also made the most efficient gains consuming 3.76 pounds of feed per pound of gain while the hogs in House A had the poorest efficiency of u.h7 pounds of feed per pound of gain. Respective efficiencies for the hogs in Houses B, C and D were 3.91, 3.90 and 3.79 pounds of feed per pound of gain. Feed consumption and efficiency for each two week period are shown in Figures h? and h8 respectively. Except for one period the hogs in House A had the highest daily feed con- sumption and accordingly the poorest feed efficiency. The only noticeable pattern was that the hogs in House D had the lowest daily feed consumption. Conclusions. Better environmental conditions as existed in Houses B, C, D and E compared to House A, im- proved the growth rate of the swine by 7 percent. The hogs in Houses D and E had 17 percent better feed efficiencies than the hogs in House A, while the hogs in Houses B and C had 15 percent better feed efficiencies than the hogs in House A. The degree of attainment of the ideal conditions was not measurable in the performance of the swine. Absence of sunlight in House D did not affect the per- formance of the swine. 63 w. So: 3 a 9.29.an 2 N. 03230. 0. one. ,8 reason. 2 mom. ,a .3288 33m some can £3556 .63.:on 2:. .mn 952.... mxmmg 7: m2; w w c . N O 5.32.2.2 . .2 4r ON Zagxdfl BHDLVHBdWBJ. 5. Om 00. 61; 3:22.35“. of E 0. v. 3.39.360. N. .wmm_ .mN 30:50... 2 0. new. ._m .3533 ES. ease; azou can... use E3558 .E:E_on 2:. .mn v.59“. mxmmB z. w NEE. w v N O 3.32.2.2 :53: x42 «r-A Om 00. 3801V83dw31 do 66 .0mm. .mN 30:50“. 2 mmm. ._N 395300 E0: 9.30: mean 295... of c. 33.23an Eon cooE oco EsEEE. .625on on... .3 8:9“. mxmw? 2. m2: 0. S N. O. m o v N o a s i i _. m _ , W , . H , _ iillll l! \ +u! ‘ -x FT ‘ ,._ p, i a a m s _ _ fill- I: 1%! t I My \ l .n..- t; i u H i m i 1.1)} 11.7-lltqlr -1 m , A m _ 2:2.x42 _ M M s 1:; I it}? - i is H m i n H w i _ , w w w _ w __ _ too— 3 EniVB 3dW31 do 67 one. .8 335.“. 2 mom. ._~ .3683 52. 33o: fee of E «222382 36v some use E:E_c.E €36.er 2:. Ne 050E mxme 2. mic. - k w. v. N. o. m w v N o 23.2.2.2 $52322 ON cm 00 00. EBHLVUBdWBJ. :Io .wnm. .mN been»... 2 mmm. ..N .35»qu Eot oases mean 03.5.. 0503 :30 2: 5 3.32363 3.3 come one E:E.c.E €36.on of. .nv 0.52... mxmw! 2. NZ; w. v. N. O. m w. v N 0 ON 22.2.2.2 i 3 . L><> > 7 7 9M 3 [<2 +’ \T .> \\/ \// \ a I \k x > \ .\|/|\><\/’. / x < N S 23“. 43>. .5}. m. . 552x42 in 0m 00. 69‘ .3683 Got 0 use 0.4 moans: .wmm. 9.me 2. m2... .mN >335»... o. 5 £262. 2:28 £8 52. 2P .3 2:2... n mm. r .N .0. G. N. O. m m V O on u 3.6... Ills. IIIII m case... 4 case: n. om : . .. . n 4.: _. w.._ Oh : .. . w . _ .2 I. 3... _ __ : .._._. .\\’.. .. ...J , , . 7.... . .....?:.\ /. .\ . . . . . b \l . . . ,./\/F. . . c . T ! . \Lw. a... {a E ..__ _. .. 8 . .I. . K. < r. //_ l... .i \ _ é : _ .i 1,. r . 00. % ALIGIHDH BALLV‘IBU 7O one. .3 been... 2 ._N .3633 so: u one a 330: c. 3.262. 350.9. 3.2. :35 of. he 83.“. mxmwz, 2. m2; m. e. N. o. m w v N o . . v H on m _ . i _ i _ m . w 332... -ulnm: L _ Q ”ma—OI” .l “I 4. , L. 8 w _. m i M W H M i . _ _ i a w l \\. x... A N31 E i i . < s n i 1.). _ \ _ \.. i __ . fl _ l\___. ./ .> .7. \ M ..S ’ . III--- If y. >..f i- + -rziom m .< \ . ~ . i w _ u . n i g u n; K _ _ 4. T , 1 a. 50 M u. .H _ _ . _ m . _ _ _ _ ,_ _ e 00. ALIOIWOH BALLV'IBB °/o 71 TABLE IV SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FOR THE HOG FEEDING TRIAL OF THE WINTER STUDY OF 1955-1956 Treatment House A House B House 0 House D House E Number of pigs 6 6 6 6 6 Average initial weight in pounds 81.2 81.u 81.h 81.3 81.3 Average final weight in pounds 203.3 210.7 209.9 208.7 215.h Average daily gain in pounds 1.77 1.88 1.87 1.85 1.9h Average daily feed consumption per pig in pounds 7.91 7.32 7.25 7.00 7.29 Pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain h.u7 3.91 3.90 3.79 3.76 .omm. Inna. mo 32» .85; 2.. we noted zoo; oz; coco .2 no; and Sec 2.3 «2:26 2.... .9... 9591.. mxuw? 2. ms... m. e. N. O. m w v N o . . i . o i _ i _ w i m i W _ e o h , n . _ U i s . II a life? xii- 1-15? ii wiles: I-II.:...W I 1.1 no N W . a ease... I IILIIII . e _ o 3:01 IIIII 4.. lllll d . m m 330.... IIITII. nnv . , M omao “ _ s , 1 IE.-. I. ..%..-T.,. a I A... m n _ i _ i d m. 3 M 8 m r z I ., .1 2 m , 9 7,. .7 lioN . m i u _ . _ . . .wmmemm. .0 2.3... .253 2: .o 62.0.. goo; 03. soon .3 no: .2. cozaeamcoo to». 3.2. 30.26 2.... K.» 2:2... mxmm? 2. m2... w. v. N. o. m m e N I .o g i i _ m lIlllel Ill II I lT. I I .. I I I i; I : I." I ll lI I lII l . F _ llIll. l l llifiIIll I III l Illlll I llI lIr I lIIIiIIIIHIIilI I l \MI\ 8"ll Y'-|' o :1- Sid 83d SONnOd xoos 7A 0. 0;; zone 6.3.68. 3 .62... .25; o... .o as... .8 Eco .o 952. .8 36:23 use. .o .5660 2.... .0... 2.6.... N. O. mxmm? 2. m2... 2 . a . . . _ m m e m o , . annoe 83d SONDOd 75 EVALUATION OF METHODS USED TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN THE HOUSES Double Pane Windows A complete evaluation of using double pane windows was made by Brandt (3) and the following points were veri- fied by this study. The use of double pane windows as compared to single pane windows made more efficient use of available solar energy in the heat gain of the building during the winter. The temperature variations in the double pane house were smaller than in the single pane house. Air Conditioning Clogging of the filter and coating of the cooling coils with dust greatly hampered the cooling capacity of the air conditioner. In order to minimize the amount of dust reaching the unit, a washable air filter was installed next to the air intake. The washable filter was washed with water weekly and the filter inside the unit was replaced about every two weeks. The temperature sensing ability of the thermostat was also affected by dust in that the rate of heat transfer to the bulb was reduced. This resulted in a greater lag in 76 sensing a difference in temperature and consequently wider fluctuations of temperature in the house. Another difficulty encountered in the air conditioned house was the presence of strong ammonia odors. It was presumed that as the air conditioner removed moisture from the air the ammonia present in the building became more con- centrated. This condition was aggravated because room air was recirculated through the unit to obtain the desired cooling capacity. Ventilation was necessary to remove the odors. Artificial Heat The use of infrared heat lamps to provide heat to the house was successful. Occasionally high humidities during the day were present because of the vaporization of moisture from the litter. 77 CONCLUSIONS Since the performance of the hogs in the hog feeding trial for the winter of 1954 - 1955 was affected by disease, and the data reported using air conditioning and artificial heat were from one trial each, the following conclusions must be tentative and subject to revision. 1. Improved environmental conditions in swine housing were conducive to better growth and feed efficiency of market swine. 2. Practical attainment of improved environ— mental conditions were realized by the use of double pane windows. 3. Attaining a constant temperature by using air conditioning was not feasible. h. The use of artificial heat in swine housing was feasible and was conducive to better feed efficiency of swine. S. The absence of sunlight did not affect the gain and feed efficiency of swine. 78 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. Since the data reported using air conditioning and artificial heat were from one trial each, the project should be continued to verify the results. Data from one trial does not represent a sufficient sample of climatic variability. 2. Results from the east-facing double pane house indicate that research is needed to determine the best orientation for houses with large glass areas. 3. The possibility of using radiant cooling and heating should be investigated in order to eliminate the dust problem. 1. 90‘ 10. 11. 79 Baker, M. L., L. N. Hazel and C. F. Reinmiller. Relative importance of heredity and enviroment in the growth of pigs at different ages. Journal of Animal Science. 2: 3-13. 1983. Bond, T. E., C. F. Kelly, and H. Heitman, Jr. Heat and moisture loss from suine. Agricultural Engineering. 33:1h8-152, 1952. Brandt, M. W. The use of double pane windows for utilizing solar energy in swine housing. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Michigan State University, l95h. Brody, S., and H. H. Kibler. Growth and development, resting energy metabolism and pulmonary ventilation in growing swine. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 380:1-20, 19hh. Fletcher, J. L. and A. L. Tidwell. Effect of summer en- vironment on body temperature and respiration rate of swine. Journal of Animal Science. 10:523-32, 1951. Flynn, D. Six ways to heat a hog house. Successful Farming. 52:90, 195h. ' FOntaine, We E0, F. No Andrews, We Le Sibbitt, Co E. Glackman and S. J. Williams, Jr. It pays to provide comfort cooling for hogs. Refrigerating Engineering. 63:31’359 19550 i Gannon, J. Radiant heat saves many pigs. Successful Farming. h8:158, 1950. Hansen, E. L. Confinement system of producing pork. Agricultural Engineering. 2h:9-10, l9h3. Heitman, H. Jr., and E. H. Hughes. Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on physiological well-being of swine. Journal of Animal Science. 8: 171-81, 19u9. , T. E. Bond, and C. F. Kelly. Effect of temperature on swine. California Agriculture. 8, 6: 8-9, 195M. 8O 12. Hinkle, C. N. An environmental study on the use of insulating glass for the housing of swine. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Michigan State University, 1953. 13./ Kelly, C. F., H. Heitman, Jr. and J. R. Morris. Effect of environment on heat loss from swine. Agricultural Engineering. 29:525-529, 19h8. lhé/ , T. E. Bond, and N. R. Ittner. Design of livestock shades. California Agriculture. 8:3-h, 195h. 15.“ McLagan, J. R., and w. Thomson. Effective temperature as a measure of environmental conditions for pigs. .Journal of Agricultural Science. h0:367-7h, 1950. 16.? Miller, T. A. H.- Hog-housing requirements. United States Department of Agriculture Circular No. 701, 19hh. 17. Miranda, R. M., C. C. Culbertson and J. L. Lush. Factors affecting the rate of gain and their relation to allot- ment of pigs for feedi trials. Journal of Animal Science. 5:2h3-50, 19h . 18. Mitchell, H. H., and M. A. R. Kelley. Energy requirements of swine and estimates of heat production and gaseous exchange for use in planning the ventilation of hog houses. Journal of Agricultural Research. 56:811-829, 1938. 19. Newland, H. H., W. N. McMillan and E. P. Reineke. Tempera- ture adaptation in the baby pig. Journal of Animal Science. 11:118-33, 1952. 20.“ Nicholson, A. Will it pay you to air-condition hogs? Country Gentleman. 12h:38, l95h. 21. Norshog, A. H., R. E. Comstock and L. M. Winters. Heredi- tary and environmental factors affectin growth rate in swine.A Journal of Animal Science. 3:2 7-72, 19hh. 22.5”SainSbury, S. W; S. Ventilation and thermal insulation of piggeries. Journal of Ministry Agriculture. 60: 210-17 9 1953 o 23. Severson, A. Hog barn heating and ventilation. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. h:l3-1h, 19h1. . I: 3. I. ».. .1.\ 5c 55...". “IIVVUTI tn4' {will 83E ONLY Demco-293 ”'I'IIII‘II‘IIIIII‘III[IIIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIIIIIII'ES