I THE RELATION or OBSERVATIONAL TO
f . INFERENTIAL ACCURACY IN JUDGING PEOPLE
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MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
. Ward Alan Harris
.j 1962
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THE RELATION OF OBSEPVETIONAL TO

INFERENTIAL ACCUFka IN JUDGING PEOPLE

Ward Alan Harrie

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Submitted t3 the Callege ‘ Science and Art:

Michigwniiitate Universitg*:H”I%§rleulture and

Applied Sciehce in partial fulfillment of
the requirements fer the degree A?

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Department of Page?

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WARD A. HARRIS ABSTRACT

The ability to judge people accurately is an important
factor in interpersonal relations. Past research has shown
this ability to consist of at least two components: infer—
ence accuracy (about individuals), and stereotype accuracy
(inference accuracy about groups). A third possible compon-
ent, on which little research has been done, is observation
accuracy. This study attempts to explore the observation
component, its relation to inference and stereotype accuracy,
and its relation to other possible correlates.

A test to measure observation accuracy, using the Cline
film, was constructed. Cline's inference accuracy test was
modified and used with the film also. The tests were admin—

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istered to 70 subjects (

C...

i gee) in an introductory Industrial
Psvchology class. Both tests were then item-analyzed, the
judge's papers were rescored on the best items, and these
scores were used in further analys's. A readministration of
the tests to a new group of judges showed the reliability of
the observation test to be +.67 and the reliability of the
inference test to be +.€6. Measures of stereotype accuracy,
leadership attitudes, and empathic drive were also administered
to the 70 judges. Data on the age, and course grade of the
judges was collected. All the scores and demographic

variables were intercorrelated and factor analyzed.

The

H3
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tor analysis showed that there is a s parate

dimension of observation accuracy. The correlational
analysis showed that observation accuracy about an individual

iii

 

WARD A. HARRIS ABSTRACT
is related to inference accuracy about that s:ime individual
to inference accuracy about members of the opposite sex, and
to inference accuracy about groups (stereotype accuracy).

:es as inference accuracy is general—

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The relationship decrea

ized further fiwom the individual, but is still statistically

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<ignificant in some ins tixlco. Even where the care indir dual
is concerned, however, the small size of :o:t of the correl -
tions suggest that observation accuracy is only a partial
determinant of irn eren: e accumtacy. Of the other possible
correlates of observation accuracy tested, only course grade

of the judge has a significant correlation.

Méflé 2.

iv

I would like to express i;

for the constructive guidance and advi(e
given me by Dr. Henry C. Smith during the
execution of this thesis.

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AcCUIUITJ Test .
Accuracy Test.

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Table

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VI.

Page
Age and Sex of Judges . . . . . . . lO

Correlation Eetween Observation Ac cui cy
and Tnfe ence Accuracy about Tnzivlduals 2?

Correlation Between Observation Accuracy
and Irfeience AcC curacy on Male Cases an
Felnd 1e C1080. o o o a o o o I o 2LY

L).

Correlation Between Obse1vation ACCuIaC
and Stereotype Accu:"acy . . . . .

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Re Oil of Observaijjni Accuracy to

ible Correlates . . . . . . .

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Intercorlel tion Matrix 0' Variables
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Fotated Factxnnsanwj Factor'TCJXiings. . ,. l

Vii

INTRODUTTTON

PsychOlogy instructors have always accepted the devel—
opment of the ability to understand people as at least one
goal of their teaching. Now, with half the more than 20,000
members of the American Psychological Association employed
as diagnosticians and psychotherapists, the achievement of
this goal in graduate training has become of critical pro-
fessional concern. The development of this ability is also

' ‘_‘c‘! V -‘r~ \o ‘ ‘_'o _o .I T, '“o 0“]!
the goal of the rapidly eCpanoing ”sensitivity training‘

courses itn1lm1siness exectnjfinas (Tunnebaunn ‘t al., l‘El;

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v”
firjee;:v, 19(0). Yet few of the evaluations thus far con-

ducted provide any evidence that such teaching and training
/

ft, 1955; Trumbo, l955).

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programs are effective (T

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Both the degign of effective training programs and of
sound experiments to evaluate them have been hindered by
ignorance of the nature of the ability itself. The past

A.

e has seen a great increase in the nimber o1 studies

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deca
planned to increase knowledge of the ability. These s'udies
have presented tne person to be judged in a wide variety of
ways; in taped interviews. in still photographs, in silent
and sound movies, in written records, as well as in inter—
action with judges. Judges have been asked to record first

0 1 31': ‘ ‘ ' ' T' Y T
person judgments ('wnat does he think 3: me?'), second

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person judgments (‘What does he think 31 himseli? ), third

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leToQfl Jbfighehta ( what do other p ople thian oi him? ), and

\ ‘ ,‘ ‘\ -.:" ~ .- u '3‘ F“ ‘ ' u '1‘ — f‘ r 'I ‘ V :- Iw "' ‘\\ 4 . - . ‘ V’
nonpersohal jldgments ( whrt grades old he éTet in high
r"I"

_he indges have recorded their flirments by

school?”). b
rating, matching. add ranking methods as well as by filling
out objective questionnaires as they think the person being
judged filled them out.

in general, these studies have presented the person to
be judged to the judge. and the iudge is asked to make infer-
ences-about the person from the cues he has picked up during
the pcesentatlon. The accuracy of these inferences has been

determined irom information that is KNOWN to the experimenter

erential accuracv

D

‘but withheld :men the jldge. tfihfi: in
scores have been used to explore a variety of problems: The
generality of the scores, the components of the scores, their

determinants, and tne influence o? training upon them. Little
attention, however, has thus far been given to differences in
the extent and accuracy o? the observations that the judges
make when exposed to the same person, and tne relation of
these to inferential accuracy. The present study, therefore,
was designed to clari?y the relationship between inferential
accuracy and observational accuracy.

Fkn' thiis stud

v the meanings 0i observation and infer—
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ence Must be sha Cl; oil erehtlated. when a judge iOOn at

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a person he sees and hears certain things. He sees what the

person looks like, what actions and movements they mane, and

he hears what they say. Observing, for purposes of tni

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study, is defined as the perception of these three Kinds of

cues .

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We can measure the judge’s accuracy c observa ion by
asking him questions about what the person looked like, did,
and said. However. there are qualities of the person that
the judge does not observe directly, but which he can still
reach some conclusion about. Such qualities of the person
as humbleness and religiousness are not perceived directly,
but are ”inferred” by the judge from what he has perceived
through his senses. These judgments about a person, based

'1

on what is perceived, out not directly perceived themselves,
are what is meant by inferences. Though many stu f
interpersonal perception have concerned themselves with

inferences and some have dealt with observations, none have

attempted to investigate the relationship between the two.

THE PPOBLEM

The principle hypothesis tested in the present study
was the following: the more accurately a judge observes
people, the more accurate are his inferences about them.
Testing time'iypcthesiis'requiitxiza meaSLUfE of obserwnrtional

$4}

ccuracy, and the major work of the present study involved
the d velopment of sound—€iim tests of the ability. The
development inv;_vsj ie;ecting wcp~opriate observational
items for six cases, administering the initial form of the
test to determine the discrimination value of items, read—
ministering the revised test to a new group to determine

its reliability, and factor analyzing scores on the nflb-ECJEJ
to determine whether observational accuracy was a homogeneous
factor.

Three independent tests of the general hypothesis were

undertaken. It was most confidently hypothesized that,

(l) TITWH may in obseiwfiig: a parifilurrar person is Trahated to

 

 

accuracy in making in?erencer about that person. It was

 

less confidently hypothesized that, (3) accuracy in obserVing

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men is related to accuracv in making interences abowt women

———_——_—_————_———————

 

 

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and aiian:i:v in tbsetvlrgfivxnen is relaixrz to a (diary lri

making inference: about men. These two checws o? the general

 

hypothesis involved the development of inference tests for

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ons used in the observational

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each of the same six per‘

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tests. The development of these tests followed the same

i tests. It was

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steps as the development of the observation:

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least confidently hypothesised that. ( observation accarsny

 

related to stereotype accuracy. i.e.. trat accuracy 1

 

 

 

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olic‘xlr. individllls is 1elateu to ac,w:llj in Eafllny
: — _ _ _ __— .- ___#
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lr eren es l'o_t if.w}v. Pieviousij developed tests o:

 

in testing

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stereotyp
the hypothesis.

In addition to making the three above tests of the
hypotheses, it was an objective o? the study to discover
other correlates of observa ion accdracy. In this explor—
ation, observation accuracy scores Jere related to age,

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course Irade, leadership attitudes, and a measure of empathic

(T7)

drive (Rollin, lgcz).

A review of the literature rev

suitable lot measu*lng observation a
not always the primarv purpose of th

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example of a pure measure observa

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closest to the instrument lanneu to

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efter viewing a filmed situation. T

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ac and the questi

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to its content. However.

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with the instrument an

It is clear though that observation

ured with this instrument.

A study by witryol and Kaess

investigate sex differences in soc a

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ealed several techniques

though this was

ccuracy,

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tion ccuracy, and the

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this study

uestionnaire filled out

he film was the

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ity was not checked.

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l memory tasks. But

the technique used in part of the study could be adapted

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to measuring obseivatlon accuracj.

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pants were assigned alias names and

social situation consisting of a one

interview. each interview tn

name Lateiy ;nfiojects

were aswed to match the aliases with

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between sexes in itv to th

Male and female partici-

engaged in a miniatune

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e interviewee gave his

in experimental groups

the interviewees who

signi.icant differences

e names with the people.

But aside from this, it is evident that if subiects were
asked to report on the interviewees physical characteristics.
actions, and statements we would have a good test of obser-
vetion accuracy.

One big (3 flflfigflt is that the interviewees would iot
be able to act and answer questions exactly the same way if
the experiment was repeated. Secondly, it would be difficult
to establish, each time. what the interviewees actually did
look like, say, and do. To investigate the relation between

obserfiuitiorlznro inierfni e accin“r?y, a.:hlitabl63 test :U‘ infer~

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ences about the interviewees woul?

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.structed. 'Diis s toc.invol\%%izl proce;gg to go ilito For
interviewees who will only participate once.

A technique used by Buzbg (l9?b) might also be used to
test observation accuracy. The study consisted of having
the subjects (judges) decide which 0? several emotional
states were being registered on a picture of a Tace pre—
sented to firm, This procediu13<moiud be used to tesi;
observation accuracy. But it would be limited to testing
observation accuracy about physical characteristics and
Facial expressions. It has the virtue. however. that the
people to be observed are standardized. if a number or
correct inferences about the people in the pictures were
compiled, the judges could be tested on them and the rel;-

tion between observation and inference accurcc* would be

explored.

Another method
(1

at least 5

eanLDyea tuitznuwei

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tigether or

cennerning TXEHJIITflneée if they

tra who

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anewered written questiont
haj been an KP in the last

week, L3 the) naj been an slvk cali In the Lugt week, if
they had a pant in the Last ween. tneir rifle qualifizetlon

. :“et, leve; ti CiviJIUn 3‘/%t::r, et cete ~. been
trdirmxa tnen arnnwered :nxeet13r1x3lr ; 1&1 the wav/fxe thangtfl:

3f the other trainees had

questions wer about tning

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the other trainees aoxng or SPJL
(REJEIWElCinlELJPLUTMBJ. rDllcnang

iateu by his feliew trainees une

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o:nqrerwming i>tne1' tra

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Seeilngs, in He way they then;
answered them, tnit w“wla be a t

Queervatisn an; ;nference :t'qj.
(V‘QI‘Y‘e La 13633 . Mil :3 pr em 8'.) we Lap:

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length of time.

Tnere are also method: ex

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far'nmxieurlng cm“ testing

p1€mmxh1re5 fin=<ioing tflxls were 0

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the

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1nd that observgtion securae;
tej legierenlp potential.

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Cue Jr wwt 1. u U: twat the

e together for a

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The study by Cline (1960), which the present study ieans

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upon heavily, is a good example o: the type of inference
accuracy tests currently employed. The study is covered

in the method section which follows and need not be desnribed
' . . . . .

here. The most evident point is that though a number of
studies have been conducted which empioy means of testing
observation and inference seed acy,‘no study has been done to
investigate the relationship between the two. The present

study will attempt to do this.

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The ilTéB

ment of an effective

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to

comparable instrument was

accuracy of the some subje ts.

opment oi these instruments.

instruments used to collect data

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TEldten are brieily Ceatfibea.

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the

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step in the present study was

instrument for measuring the

T people.
to
After di

prevlfimlslv

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sibients
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The subjects, or judges,
in an Industrial Psychology 013

”versity. spillg; term, lQEl. '31

course which
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the 70 judges ranged from 18

7C judges included in the

 

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at least one other nourse in psychology.

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presented

Following

on the hypothesized

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aoility

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measure inference
scusuing the devel-

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10

ll
-te Cosetyotior Accuhscy Test
is was illistnsted in the pxecedlflq section, presenting
the person to be observed to the images is a reviews problem
in a test of observation accuracy. If students act out
parts, the cues can not be kept constant from one group of
judges to the next. if photographs are used the cues an
constant. but very limited in scope. Doing a study with

people who have lived in close contact is good but subiects

“43

o thizsrniblre one difVquLLt to i
to have pTQfefitflAMTFl actors act out roles, knit this could be
rather expensive. The ten nigge used in the pnesent study
provided repeatable. yet lifelike cues €on the judges,
they did not have to be together for a very long time. The

individuals to be observed and judged were pvesented in

colored sound moyies.

O

ne cu" the prlunnfij investdfwitors ii; the inxacof sound

..
F:

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:ilms for this punpose is V. Cline. He has gone to some
lengths to penfect o motion picture film which can be used
as a standard stimulus in judging avcuvacy experiments.
These are films of people in an interviewing situation. The
six interviewing cases filmed by Cline (1960)

, weve the basis

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lot the oboe.vatlmb sicu,sry test tDflsElflctea .9: this study.

The filmed cases consist of five minute interviews with j
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[laieb 1’HU :, Leilm‘lleo J; '3'10 (3 die: il’lCA bti -55'3‘1116 3. lL‘e)

personality strengths ond wedwnesses. reaction to inte —
viewing. hobbies. actiVities, sel9-concept, and temper were

. These filmed cases provid d the ultimate criterion

LL

sake
scCJrote observation. The test items need only be limited

to the interviewing situation the judges observed.

F '1‘

lo construct items or the observational test the
followinr pyocedure was followed. Sevenal people viewed the

Cline :iim of six information gathering intertiews. is they

V

‘

viewed them the; neconded the physical cha~scteristics of

the interviewees that were most prominent. Viewing the cases
egsin they recorded the actions of the interviewees, and a
thiIti tinws timwoogr: their ven:nxjed \Nhsi; the iJiteroJievmnss éfiild.
lhintv tine statements about each interviewee were constructed
fitmi these fwaaordej (dfllfiafitefduftiCs. abjbiOflS, LMKj remarkia
Thinty false, but plausible statements, were also cons nucted
about each of tne six interviewees. This theve were sixty
items about each of the six interviewees. Each item is a

true Ol'iELlse stoixammnt refeifiiin; to a pin sicsi crmuun?teristic,
action. on remank of one of the interviewees. observations

of this type aye at least a partial basis for info envoy

stout the interviewees, bdt the particdian inference items

in this study are not directly related to any particular
observation iteus in the study.

rv-w

lhe obserfiirtion test Mt:sauhninistered iriai classroom

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setting; .At earl1cof the six.txasting sesxfixmms the judge

were given mimeogyapned test boowlets containing sixty tnue

and false items about one of the 7nterviewees. Following the

sixty observation items
same interv More

items and

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simpliiied scoring.
Aftel'auhuinieterl

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items for the revie

employed. After ran?“

score received, tne

were SBParateo irom

to find what per cent

the lower

index of that iten'\ ii
whic: appeayed to q? mo

and equal ngmbev a? two

three types

4

revised tee

~rect answers to the

mes. lhe an:

were tnen

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were sixty inference items about the

will be said about the inrerence

F. .

:tion in the nex” section.

lined interview Jas shown to the

they answered the sizty

,-

infeieflvms itenms. Eteg'r'

else on IBM answer sheets

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searing the observation teat

iJijjJNirfltirQ§

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choose tne most

t. The following tecnnique was

answer sheets according to

and tne tottom 3% of tne papers

count was obtained

and wnat pee cent

item correcth.

s taaen as

these percentages w

-viminatility. The thirty i

st discriminating were inelnded in

are taken to still include

was

e :ami ldiif? items 111 the Ixast; arm} to

of :tservation items throughout the

isincluded in Appendix A aljng witn

items and tneit discz'nination index-

were rescoreJ with

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Lised ill tne L:

lb?
Two separate tests of the observation tests reliability
were performed. Both involved split—half correlation and
both employed the use of the Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula
(1953). The first 'reliability test involved correlation of
the judges' scores on the three female cases combined with
their scores on the three male cases combined. Each case

A.

now contains thirty items o the scores on three :emale cases

('2

Q;

combined could range from O to 90 and so coul scores on
three male cases combined. Each judge now had two obser-
vation scores, one for females and one for males. Rank
correlating these two sets of scores produces a reliability
coefficient for a test 90 items long. Since the complete
test was really lBO items long, and the length of a test
increases its reliability, the prophecy formula was used to
increase the reliability coefficient to that of a
13 item test. The coeiFicient thus computec was
+. T. It must be remembered, however, that the scores used
in this correlation were on items previously chosen by item
analysis for their discriminability. They are bound to be
similar in some respect then, so this coefficient is biased
upward and does not give a true reading of the test's reli-
ability. It does, however, indicate that the test has some
reliability though it may be lower than +.€7.

It was felt that a further check of the test‘s reli-
ability should be made, and this time to use a new group of
judges so the above mentioned bias would not be present.

The first three cases of the observation test, Mrs. P.,

i“.

Mr. w., and Mrs. N., we~e administered to a group C:

h)
(2

'undergraduate students in an advanced psychology class at
Michigan State University. This was done in much the same
manner as for the first group. These three cases made a
combined test 90 items long, thirty for each case. Each
judge's total score was split into two subscores; one sub-
score for all the odd items and one for all the even items.
Since the three types of observation items were scattered
throughout the test, it was felt this could be done without
fear of bias. Rank correlating these two sets of scores
produces a reliability coefficient for a #5 item test.'Again'
it was desired to know the reliability coefficient for a test
of l80 items, the length of the complete test of all six
cases. The prophecy formula was employed to forecast the
increase in reliability from a A; item test to ldO item test.
lhe reliability coefficient found was again +.67.

Since the prophecy formula is a forecasting technique
using it to increase a coefficient by this much may also
introduce bias in an upward direction. Therefore, this is
also a rough estimate of the true reliability coefficient of
the complete observation test. It is safe to say, however,

that the test does have enough reliability to be useful.

The Inference Accuracy Test

 

A problem often encountered in the investigation of
the ability of people to make accurate inferences is that

of devising a suitable measure of inference accuracy. It is

x)
[—40
H.

”ficult to establish which inferences about a person are

correct and which are incorrect. The first step in solving
the problem is to collect enough information about a person
to establish some truths about him. Then the inferences the
judges make mist be limited to the areas we have information
on. These so—called truths are hard to come by. We cannot
ask a person directly about his personality because it is

L

well-known that people do lOt alway“ answer objectively.

(/

Therefore, an indirect method of searching out their feelings,
beliefs, and attitudes must be used. One way to do this is
to spend a great deal of time asking the person’s friends,
neighbors, and relatives about him. Combine this with a
number of extended interviewing and psychological testing
sessions with the person and a certain amount of agreement
should evcflx%3(?oncernimg; the perenni's perxxnullity maxetmn
Items can then be constructed on the areas where the sources
agree. To test a judge‘s inference accuracy about that
particular person he need only be allowed to see and hear the
person for a time and tten be tested to find if his judgments
agree or disagree with the sources. Another approach to
collecting inference test items about a person is to have
that person answer questions about his feelings, beliefs, and
attitudesx “Die judge vdmxxe inference accmntmg; is to be
tested is allowed to see and hear that person and then is
instructed to answer the same questions in the way he thinks

the person answered them. Cl [m3 (fBEC), used all these

methods to collect information and construct inference items

about the people in his filmed interviews. He has constructed

items of both hthS, those that test the judge‘s agreement
with other sources and those that test the judge's agreement
with the way the interviewees answered certain questions
about themselves.

Some of Cline‘s items are multiple choice, some are
true—false, and some give a choice of two responses. For
the present study the multiple choice items were modif'ec so
they could be answered true or false also. Thus, all items
for this study give the judge two choices, true or false in
some cases and (l) or (2) in others. tome of the multiple
choice items could not be changed to the true—false format.
These and others were omitted to limit the inference test to

sixty items for each case, 560 items in all.

The administration, scoring, a

H

id item analysis of the
inference test were the same as for the observation test.
The thirty most discriminating items in each case were chosen
for the revised test. The revised inference test can be seen
in Appendix B with the correct answers and discrimination
index-values.

To test the reliability of this revised inference test

the me procedure was followed as for the revised obser~

(,2)
{ll

vation test. The judges' scores on combined female cases
were correlated with scores on combined male cases. This
gave a reliability coefficient for a 90 item test which was

plugged in the prophecy formula to project the coefficient

J

Tit»

for a lBO item test. in resulting coefficient was +.€7,

."i

lor the observation test. This relia

O"

the same a ilitv co—

(2.

efficient is also bissed upwacd as was the one for the
observation test and for the same reason. A second reliabil-

')

ity coe?ficient was computed :or the inFerence test s:ter

administerinf it to the same group of 26 students who toow

the observation test the second time. They were tested on
just; the llj‘st Ifluree aw:ses, lflrs. E3.. ch“. W., '5nd hfi o. if.

The Judges‘ scores on all odd items were correlated with

scores on all even items of the first three cases. Since

}—4

there were 90 items in the first three cases, correlnt ng

J, It

s5 odd items with 45 even items gave a reliability coeffici-
ent for a $5 item test. The coefficient for s ldC item test
is the one of interest. however, so the prophecy formula was
used to increase the above coefficient by a Factor of A.
The resulting reliability coefiicient for a ldO item inTer-
ence test was +.t€.

With rese cations concerning the crudeness of these
two estimates. it can safely be said that the inference test
is reliable enough to gather dots with. It appears that

both the observation test and the inference test are of

r—v

lne Stereotype Accuracy Tests

 

/

This is a judging instrument pioneered by Zavala (l9cO),

and further developed by Silkner (1962). The form used in

CL

this stl y is discussed in detail in the latter's thesis but

will be outlined briefly here. in this test the judge is

instructed to cnoose tne

I

persons from a

actuall;;;naking

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of which was chosen by over
themseltmxs. The ;h&;ha:ts were asked tx>znioose whirlico? the
three statements this was.

Women Stereotype: The construction and administration
of this test was similar to the men stereotype test except
the criterion group was a group of over four thousand women.

Sex Di?ference Stereotype: This test consisted of
items containing a single occupation. amusement, activity,
or kind of person. The subjects were asked to decide if
this particular interest was liked by a higher percentage
of men or of women.

Age Difierence Stereotype: To construct this test the
experimenter had a typical group of if year old boys and a
typical group of 3? year old men check whether they liked or
disliwed each of many occupations, amusements, activities,
and Kinds of people. The items constructed each contained
one of these interests and the subjects being tested were
asked to decide which interests they thought were liked by a
higher pe~~entage of young men and which by a higher percen—
tage of old men.

Psychologist Stereotype: Items in this test each
contained one of the previously mentioned interests. They
were responded to favorably or unfavoratly by over two
hundred male Psychologists and over two thousand men in other
occupations. subjects being tested were asged to decide

which of the interests were liked by a higher percentage of

Psychologists and which were liked by a lower percentage oi

Psychologists than other men.

1
/‘

Demographic and Personality Variables

 

In quest of possible correlates of observation accuracy

,
data was gathered on a number of variables. Among them were
age and course grade of the judge. Course grade is the
grade given the judge in this introductory Industrial Psy—
chology course. The hypothesis is that judges who received
higher grades would be the same people who were more accurate
in their observations.

Employee Orientation Scale: A scale constructed by
Dore’ for a Master's thesis (1966). ‘Designed to investigate
leadership characteristics, this scale measures the extent
to which a leader takes a personal interest in his employees.
The contention is that the person who is oriented toward the
satisfa tion of his employees is a better leader than the
work oriented person.

D Pferentiated Pole Scale: Another of Dore‘s scales.
This one is designed to measure the extent to which a person

is likely to taae roles different from his sub; fiinates in a

L);

real lite situation. The gooa leader is one who breaks his

activities up, and performs a iifferent function than his
sub; dingces, Instead of doing the same thing his Pollowers
do he should be busy with planning, organising. training,
and scheduling.

The implications for this study are-—Is the person who
has the above mentioned desirable leadership characteristics

also accurate in his observations of other individuals?

r".

Emphathic Drive lest: A scale constructed by Mullin
(1962) for a Master‘s thesis. This scale is to measure the
degree of empathic drive a person has in his personality
makeup. Empathy here is the tendency of a judge to look
for experiential rather than physical aspects of the judged.
The person high in empathic drive looks deeper within the

(u

judged .or characteristics of inner feelings and experiences.
in this study it is hoped to find if a person who is high in
empathic drive tends to be more accurate in his observation
of others.

Actual Similarity Test (wales); This test measures
the similarity of the judge's interests to the typical man's.
The question involved here is--Would those male judges who
score high in similarity also be higher in their accuracy o?

observing other males?

The Forrelation Analgsis

 

There were tL-Ienty—tln'ee separate test scores and
variables on which data was gathered for each of the TO
judges. Observation, inference, and stereotype accuracy
scores were combined in various ways in order to investigate
more general relationships. Altogether there were thirty-
nine variables to be intercorrelated. Product—moment inter-
correlation was done on KTSTIC (Michigan State Integral
Computor). A list of all thirty-nine variables and a matrix

A‘q.

oi their intercorrelatiohs are presented in Appendix C.

FL‘Q‘» L .LL/

The following tables show the correlations bearing on

—4

the sub-hypotheses and hypothesized correlates.

Sub—hypothesis 1
Table II is concerned with the sob+yypothesis that
observation and inference accuracy abont the same individual
are related. Correlations are presented for each case
separately and for the total score of all six cases. A

positive correlation indicates that Judges who were accurate

tserver= tended to be more accurate in making inferences.

Rd

0

Of the six correlation coefficients, three are significant
at the 5% level. The small size of the other three suggests
that differences in observation accuracy account for only
part of the difference in inderence accuracv. On the whole
the correlations lend substantial support to the sut-

hypothesis.

TABLE II

 

 

CORREIKTTQN‘BETNEEN QEEE?V1Tf7U ACCURACY
AND I NFBEEI‘J C :3 ACC UR iii: Y lBO'J T T N C IV IDU 5'“: l S
N = 7r
[1,.F. ' If! A . gr 1.. ' ‘3. _ 1-: - U .L-

 

C)
|.._..
H
K H
k/U
O
LU
O
f\)
O
PL)
\ ,1
km
‘0

 

r of .34 significant at ;? level

 

23

<¢b-h;@xothesfi

‘
\
L/

N.
f.

 

Table Ill FTOVl the evi

2 wnich states that judges who are a.

\w'

will be accxusrme in their inferences

til 0 tie Who 8, l ‘8 1-11" Q I} "r C te 3b D‘e 1-1,; e - D‘ Q 3"

in their inferences about men. The

dence to

W

h

'wngrate (Mose veins

about

u
\

check out-ngpothesis

of men

airmi ttia t

women
omen will be accurate

EPOthesis is clearly

substantiated in the case of observation acciracy o? women.

.’
\‘i

In fact observation

I “5 Y '
L»)

iation with making inferences about

11;.
14.,

making inferences atont women.

m

sign icant. lhe hypothesis,

of observation

0.1:.
about women was

correlation of observation

correlated with inference :cr

. \ , A . i

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-' ‘ ( l I
at... ..

women

me ['1

howeretg

men with

of

about

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had a

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t in? I“;

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-4;

inference

' ‘ ‘1",“’7
dCCQIQCy

Se ern;- o: 7e)». 'lxe
men was significantly

men .

CORPETATTOV EETNEEN OBSERVQTTON QCCURACY
AN? INFLPEIFE QCCUEQCY ON NQLE CASES AND
VENEER CFSES

.117 n

 

 

 

 

= \,
”:Jerer e fi.t‘wir32 snow s
-:\y T” [75* ' i A 4“» )‘I. v.3;- ‘1 '_' S -- 7" 17‘ ." , , ,-‘ \pu H .
ObVe‘Xitlon ‘LC1‘“(¢ (o‘eo m . w.,Z.,% o. Mrs.P..N.,&D.
["11 I" . W o 0 Z I Q “Y G I o 3 2 o l 6
n A "' r— 1 "‘.
I\‘ {'8 o P o 9 1“} o 9 a: D o o v. D g 21:“)
r of .24 significant at 5% level

 

{\J

. r‘

Sub—hypothesis j

 

Table TV shows the relationsh'p between observation

I

accuracy and various stereotype accuracies. Only two of

the stereotype accuracy tests have statistically significant
correlation with observation accuracy. Those judges who
were accurate in their stereotype o? Psychologists tended to
be more accurate observers of men. Those judges who were
accusate in their stereotype of women tended to be more
accurate in their observation of both men and women. None

I I

of the other tests of stereotypes correlated significantly

V

v. R .A O" I ‘7": 2‘ 3“ A ‘~‘ ‘v'a‘ ‘ ‘. ' " '- 1' 111’ "
With the sco-es Oi obse.JaClQfl uCVwAGCJ-

TABLE IV

CORRELATION BETWEEN OBSERVATION ACCURACY
AND STERROTYPE ACCURACY

N = 70

 

 

c - —. ., _. - . :~. .- ,
‘ ef'eOtv 1 A13 UI'EiC‘.’ (LOCI/'61:“) , . ~ N .7 T a m "—1 .
“L We C ’ 1~h-.w..z..m. I~,:_'s.F.,I\J..‘é.lJ. local

 

Psychologist Stereotype .4t .l9 .33

Women Stereotype .27 .2? .3l

(3
\L
R)
{\J
l—-
OJ

Sex Difference Stereotype .

hen Stereotype .

O
{\J
l
O
«1
l
O
h)

n
\ )4
I
P;
u.)
l
(-3
h.)

Age Stereotype .

Total Stereotype .‘

I'-
\
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O
0
‘w
5...;
\T

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f"
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significant at 5, level

Lr“
0
‘1

 

F‘ )
rm

(Torrelate: .i’CNoserfatior.PUWWlfafl

Q

 

__lble \7 snovh; tlma VEJLiClOTLXllp'CDf {flose1i”%tiorl:lc tr icy
with six possible correlates of this accuracy. lt wls found
that only( our e g ade correlated significantly with obser-
vation accuracy. lhe ildges who were good observers were
the same people who received high grades in this Industrial
Psychologg'lmmlcse. Accurate obseryaljjnmslmay play a large
pa rt in doing well on examine: tions and .etting go d grades.
It is also possible, however, that what motivates a student
to do well on tests in a course also motivates him to do

well on class projects in the course.

TABIEI\7

REIQTIOK OF OBSER VKlION ACCURACY
C T

PO; SL lc CORREL.QTES

N = 70

 

 

q ‘ "1"" ’ . ' r4"? ‘. '0' " ’I 'a I
0t, er sllullfl A.l HICLCL, .l_o:<3s

 

Possible Correlates Hr.w..7..r0. Hrs.P..H.v?. Total

 

1 ’3

Course Gl laoe 0i Judge .3? .3l .39
Age of Judge -.01-1 .20 .03
Employee Orientation Score .09 —.07 .Cl
Actual Similarity Score .03 -.03 .x0
Differentiated Pole Score —.02 —.Ol -.Ol

Empathic Drive -.Cz _.03 _.j9

 

level

 

The Factor Analysis

 

A factor analysis was performed in an attempt to dis-
cover the factors underlying the demographic, personality,
and accuracy variables Jeasared. Under most Circumstances
it is not meaningful to do a fartor analysis of data gathered

from only 70 judges. Nor is it advisable when the reliabili-

ties of testing instruments are as low as those in this study,

\
-\_‘J

only .5 for the observation test and .66 for the inference
test. A third limitation is that most o? the correlations in
the analysis were small, only “5 statistically significant

at the E; level. Since this was a pm ely exploratory study,
the factor analysis was still deemed feasible, though its

\

interpretation won d be somewhat limited. The primary inte

v"
.

est was to see if the observation tests would all load
highly on a common Tattor. 05 the thirty—nine variables in
the study, twenty-three were Chosen to be factor analyzed.
in remaining seventeen, being various combination“ 0? the

‘

first wenty-three would introdare serious bias if included
in tne factor analysis. Table V1 is an 'ntercorrelation

matrix of the twenty-tn ee variables factor analyzed.

‘Y O

The Vaétor analysis was done on the H STIC. biehigsn
iloate lflitegzzhl Cormnlter. 'floe pica -iar vxls as fELllows.

1 I ’b

Mool;ied highest communalities were

4

.onnd, factors were

ext a ted by the principal axis method. and the fantors were
orthogonally rotated using the Quartimax method of Wrigley
nd Manhals (lQSQ). ;he criterion for choosing the number

o; factors to rotate was that postulated by Kiel and Wrigley

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possible which will still give at le st two variables loaded
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Table VII presents the four rotated factors and the
variables that load most highly on each. Only factor

loadings of .30 and over are inciided. The most obvious

of all six obser-

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(IQ

"1

vation tests on Factor I. The iive other variables that

load highly on this iacton are women and Psychologist stereo—
type. course grade of judge, and inference tests about two of
the male interviewees. The most apparent thing these eleven

«ExiablEs could have in common is their measure of a judge's

I
v y

ability to obsenve accurately. It is quite clear that
?actor I is a factor of observation accuracy.

P}

The e are Live tests that have their highest loading

on Factor II. All load at the same end o? the dimension.

”I

Stereotype accuracy is a measure o: a jndge’s inference

accuracy about gcodps. All five of tne variables loading

4

on this (actor tnen, are tests of in?erence accuracy. And
four of them are tests o9 interen e accuracy about women.

r712" —,. ‘ or) o v? I F‘ '\ },‘r\ ' {‘1 V,‘ A” v I ‘Pn “y. :g 7 .,\ ,. l P ‘ w 4;) 0
lMDUEh lee is a .uCLE! email nnmtei oi wafiables to Celine

a factor, the agreement of sign find content of these tests
make it safe to say this is a factor involving inference

accuvacy about women.

bx]

actor lII appears to be a dimension with men stereo-
type, age stereotype, and actual similarity at one end; and

’1

P‘ 1‘. a) ’ “" /‘. "1 3'. ‘ "r f“ w ‘1 o'?' . I‘ ,— f. ‘rH' " 9 Ir “. ‘
sex dilierence steieotdpe and obseryation accu.acy o- his. P.

no . 'o ..
l/klElr-ZL VII-

?OTATEe FACTORS AND FACICR

 

 

 

Age of Jud:es

Men Stereotype Test

Women Stereotype Test

Sex Difference Stereotype Test
Age Stereotype Test
Psychologist Stereotype Test
Ac» tua‘l Similarity lee‘t
Mullin Empathy Test

Employee Orientation Test
Differentiated Role Test
vCoJrge Grade of Judg

T

Mrs. P. bservation est
Mr. W. Obs “vation Test
Mrs. N. Observation Test
Mr. Z. Observation Test
Mr. G. Observation Test
Mrs. D. Observation Test
Mrs. P. Inference Test

*. W. Inference Test

._
5—4
'1‘
Cf‘
O
*7
*4
O

Inference Test
Mr. Z. Inference Test
'Mr. G. Inference Test

I‘Vrs. D. Inference Test

\ H

x.-

\A‘

{‘V\

I;

F‘\

A)
.34

.2“-
'_/,/

‘. A)

\D

m

 

at the other end. The

and actual similarity

judge wno is similar

C‘ 0 mm (3 n

5" I' -
i a). (_,

'tor between men

to understand

m

k1)

stereotype

since

t h e

to the typical man would probably have

a more accurate stereotype of

the other three variables

that

the typical unwi.

load

’\

on this :octor

€111

.— w
/\
\.

Content of

thei I"

disagreement 0? sign point to no cfnsistent interpretation

of the dimension.

The same ixs true

hove nigh loadings.
variables to define
no apparent d'mensio
employee orientation

f)

e o: judge and

b, o w
'53-.- Av

UH

opposite end is not

mode to do so here.

(\1"
V:

::‘}i C '50 3’"

Not only is

a

n

in

3 I]

inference

readily

I" (<1 C t

,
F

Itiiwumoory. Em“ tor I

primarii37<floservatio

3,- ,- . - ,- r» -.
4;;(31331‘ Oi inierenue

with less confidence

Factors III and IV sr

I“;

1;.

)

if. C‘ U. T '61

'v'j

f‘ '.

oi ,

? C C [17"

’ l
t

can be confidently

r
\ _.
g.

,- -.
. .
,_.(\ .‘
v‘. y.

I‘.‘ where only four

ttdis a iiinited rrunter*

7

variables

f‘ 5"

J1.

but these particular Tour have

C‘ omm Oi’l .

1'2; «2'

“i.
‘2 ,4

(f3

u .L i} l e Teri C e
r' u ,1. r. Y} .- ‘A , ' “u”<"
.' 11.! 11‘. L; J. I) 3 e1 C l” I’

identified.

Factor IT can be

t

The factor that would have

accuracy of Mr.

lfl3;(?F. t gt th

the identification of

identified.

G. gt one

7 Y
c

:xt cine erni,

No attempt will be

identified as

DISCUSSION

rd

The (Noseiwmitiondl C ynoonerfl:

'-

The construction of 3 test to measure observation
aCCLH?L‘y was ccnrsbiersbly’erisier-tfizni constnxmstion (NT tests

'\

tc>rnes;nire CDthEI'CWmnpDIMNltS. The to*iteidjn1 oi EiCCtMQite
observation is readily available, and with filmed interviews
the cues remain constant for all Jodges. The test con-
structed for this study was found to nave a reasonable amount.
of reliability.

From the factor analysis it was found that all six
observation tests loaded heavily on a single dimension. The
?ive other tests that load on this some dimension may do so
because of observation accuracy involved in them. In other

0
‘

words, the most obvious element that the eleven tests could
have in common is measurement of observation sccurecv. IL
we assume this is so, observation accuracy is an important

dimension that can be measured with appropriate tests.

Tests of vaothese

L.

(I:

A.

To gain insight into the relation Oi observation
accuracy and inference accuracy several sub-hypotheses were
tested. They pertained to increasingly general relationships

between the two.

u.)
(30

1e lirst sub-hypothesis postulated that the abilit‘

v
“v.
‘4

to observe a person acourately would be related to the

}_.J

‘i ity to make accurate inferences about that same person.

$1)
(‘5

IT] eneial_, the Cal}; suppmn ts thins sub-rgxxothesi;x There

U7}

is a positive relationship between the two accuracies. But
the lln t that onlirlwrlf the corwsauations ale tuxltistically

signilicant indicates that observation accuracy accounts

3

for only paidzcyf inference aCCbUHLjH

The second sub—hypothesis stated that accuracy in
(Hose ving nwnu.is related tx>eunmsracy irlnndcing irnRsrences
“bout women, and that accuracy in observing women is related
to making accurate inferences about men. The correlations
indicate that observation accuracy about women is related to
making accurate inferences about men as well as making
accurate inferences about women. Observation accuracy about
men had a significant correlation with making accurate

inferences about men, but was not signilicantly related to

mawing accurate inferences about women. Since most of the
JUCTES were male, it might be concluded that men who are
accurate observers of women make accurate inferences about
both men and women, while men who are accurate observers 0:
men mane accurate inferences about men but not about women.
However, in neither irstance wfis the dif eren e between cor-
relations statistically significant.

The third sub-hypothesis stated that observation

Accuracy is related to stereotype accuracy (that accurate

observation of indiv'juals is related to making accurate

inferences about groups). The hypothesis was tested for
stereotypes regarding various groups. Observation accuracy
about men was significantly related to stereotype accuracy
about Psychologists and to stereotype accuracy about women.
And observation accuracy about women was significantly re—
lated to stereotype accuracy about women. The correlation
coefficients 0? observation accucacy with stereotype accuracy

about the other groups tested were not statistically signifi-

Eacn succeeding sub-rypothesis tested a more general
relationship between Cfimffl nation and inference accujaciu
It is evident that as the relationship becomes more general
the strength of the relationship decreases. The relation
between observation accuracy about an individual and infer-
ence accucacy about the same individual is greater than the
relation between observation accuracy about an individual
and stereotype accuracy about most of the groups in this
study.

e related to

Obserimltion GCCLHiLSy WScSELiSO itnnxi to b
course grade of the judge. It was suggested that this may

be becau e of the importance of accurate observation in

(/1

getting good grades, or because of a common factor such as
motivation which is important in getting good grades ano
doing well on class projects.

This study has shown that observation accuracy is a

measurable dimension. it has also shown that observation

and inference accuracy are related, and that observation

accuracy and course grade are related. The study has not
provided any insight concerning the "nature" of the relation-
ship between observation and inference accuracy. This points
the way to further research.

But before this type of research can be done, several
p e~equ7sites ave necessary. The instruments used to measure
observation and inference accuracy must be refined. Their
reliability and validity must be improved. Once this is
accomplished they should be used to test large groups of
judges and tne factor analysis should be replicated to define
factors more specifically than this study has done. Experi-
ments could then be performed to find which Kinds of obser-
vations are most important to making accurate inferences,
to investigate the nature of the relationship between obser-
vation and inference accuracy, and to find if judges can be
trained to observe more accurately. When reliable and valid
instruments are available these kinds of research can be
done; whether meaningful results could be found without them

is questionable.

SUMMARY ANT CONCLUSIONS

A test to measure observation accuracy, based on a
color film of six interviews, was constructed. The film was
made by Cline to use in conjunction with his inference
accuracy test. This inference test was modified and also
used in the present study. Tests to measure stereotype
accuracy, leadership attitudes, and personality traits were
available. Data was collected with each of these tests on
eacr CM? the YCJ‘rmdmes vamagxlrticijxited irltflms study.

A faCtZH‘EUIllJSlS VIM; perifnwmad to IllKl if obsercmltion

‘\

accuracy is accounted for by an independent dimension of

‘7

orrelational analysis was perlormed to

A
\/

judgment accuracy.
explore the relationship between observation accuracy, infer-
ence accuracy, and stereotype accuracy (inference accuracy
about groups). Further correlation was performed between
observation accuracy and some other variables that might be

related to this accu ac' These variables were course grad

r
L/Q
.

of the judge in this introductory Industrial Psychology
course, age of the judge, sco e on a test of employee
orientation, score on a test of differentiated role, score
on a test of actual similarity. and score on a test of
empathic drive.

ml

-ae factor analysis indicates that the six subtests o-

observation accuracy are measuring a common factor. Several
37

other variables aljg

:paite (filea:° that; thi

zultion No

I‘ m 1 13.". 31'
.’i\. L, U- 3.x J .

'\

show a clear cut com

intermuwst them.

The

L1

correlatio

three sub—n?

V 5‘ o . v . < v
i 13 '1: L1 ea. '. l l

I.

s is a factor that can be malled obser-
ne of true other tnree IYMT:DTS rotated

position and no attempt made to

nal analysis lends some support to the

Sub-hypothesis l. that observation

accuracy about an ir‘i Jdual is related to inference accuracy
about that same indi*iui:l, was given the most suppOrt. How—

ever, the small

tation accuracy is O

“V ~ -.- - _‘o ‘ I“ I.-
Gib-UflpOtheblb 5. CL

be related to in ere

accurac; about women

about men. was suppD

observation

"r‘b a“‘r'a’1 "1‘
Q ~_ C Ll. on. U

men was significant.

accuracy about men a

significant.

related to

‘ l

\
w

stereotyp

gcoup was also sup

accuracies included

psychologist stereotype correlated

other variables incl

the judge had a
in other

0
.4

this intro

doo-nypothe

sign

the correlations siggest that obser-

nly one determinant of inference accuracy.

at observation accu ac; about men would

r

nce act about women and observation

.‘ ~v.'“ (a 17
l' 'L I
.A- s. ., J

‘ 3

re related

K.)

r‘

(i. "3

W331 to 111:ereru«3 acclu- y

,‘V
\J

rted in part. The correlation between

about women and inference about

accuhacy

but tne correlation between observation

' ‘ '. r ‘H. '1 fit“. '- '0 "A" 10" A.-. " ‘ 'v " .I-' 1 A
L3 lb eiente altila:j abdut women mas not
0 .‘ 'A '.‘ , . . .w rx ‘ ' ,’\. l _ 31- '.'.-- ". 7 9 "‘
Lia j, Lhot Oboe? \J’Jtldn c1'\.u.l.l;' ,3- lo
' ,' A I) . fi,‘ 0 r} ',v ~ ,1 ~A vy l V _ .
e a c. 1c; ( nieren e atidlqu stout

rd, :w
‘\_I ‘

ported in pa t. - tne five stereotgpe

in the only women stereotype and

\ . "fl 'fi . . y‘.o\ ‘ ’7 /~ -. 'I “
Diallllluuntlj. U: betel]

-‘ ‘ . ' ‘ ‘YV fl - . ‘.\ 1 '-
{lie-“:1 Ln tr.e {.5 1."ch '.-' 9 art]. J, k ‘ ‘ ‘ O L.

idi ant correlation with observation

words, tnose j1iges who received high

.-‘q-

k . I"

t—AJ

ductio; Inc; holOgy VOUTSG were

the same people wha were an urite ebservere.
This study nae illustrated tLat Obeervatian accuracy

is a compmnwamt that;;nmm11d be reecgymized when imnmeetigeting

accuracy of judging teegge. The findings suggest that it

is at least a partial determinant of inference accuracy End

some kinds of :tereDtEPe ““0U3a03'

k .0

l0.

kl
F-J

12.

13.

L. f
o - o _ A .- TY
Sciences, Citing opea;ran Brown, l9;3, W -l7

BIBIIOGPflPHY

Buzby, D. E. T 1e inte p etation of facial expression.
met. J. Peyc hol. , 1924, 35, 602-60’ -

 

Cline, V. B. and Picha d5, J. M. Accuracy of inter-
personal pecception--a general trait? J. abno m. soc.
Peychol., 1960, 1-7.

 

Dore', P. The Development and ”clioatitn of Forced-
Choice Scales Iweas UYing Attitude5 Toward Leadership,
Mastei' thesis, 19(0.

Stat i5tical Methods

fir ,‘

Edwards, A. oc the Beh

o\m

Guilford, J. P. An ex pe {iment in leacning to lead
facial erY-e;;ion. J atnorm. soc. Paychol., 1929, 2Q
191-202.

 

Kiel, D. and Wrigley, C. The Effect on the Factoila
~olution oi Potating Varying Nzimb eve of FaCthS,

 

I btef S til-98515, 196:2.

Maztin H. W. Effects of p :actice on judging various
traits of individuals, Po,cY L. Pnll., 1935, 35, 690,
abstract

Mchegoc, D. The Hm: an Side of Enterprise. l9EO, Mthaw~
Hill, New York.

 

Mullin, J. Empathic Drive; lta Felation to Accuracy in
Judging People, Waste '5 theaio, 1962

nd WzY lei»? C. The Quartimax method.

Neuhaus, J an ,
S . P p) wh ., l 53, 7, 51-91.

. O.
Brit. J. atat

 

H) \O‘

Pay, W. S. The fidelity o report experiment; Directions
to the student, J. P:3chol., l9L7, 2A, 297-3l2

 

Showel, M. Inte Ypeceonal knowledge mid rated leadership
potential, J. atno:m. soc. Pa;chol., 1960, 61, 57-92

 

Silkner, D. A Cross C itu Ial Qtn.y of the Meg. 5 Wienent
Determinants. and “fects of Stereotype Accucac

“ll :5,”
Master-'5 tleais,1962.

MO

'_J
I»-

,__J
(Tx

17.

13

«ft

, R
, 1-2

a
J

\ D I-—]
R) C)

The aoility to judge people,

Tannenbaum,

Trumps,

D.

the Ability

Witcyol,
social m
,.. ,‘ ’,

343-346.

Zavala,
thesis,

C:
k;
,1

e31

A

o
(a
\J-

A.

S. Leader31ip

Paychel. Pull

 

 

The Development and
to Predict Behavior.

L.

A

tasks, J. abnonm.

and Organization, l9El.

finalyaie of a Test of
Waster‘s

thesis, l9

Sex differences in
sychol., 1937,

qr
UK.

 

Test of Sterectgpe

C U 1‘

r

all

Maater':

[IF

/'/.

>14
I

‘ 9

A F F Eli-1171C ES

‘15

F ..... ‘ WH/I-ICS

43

Observation Test

DIRECTIONS :

You are about to see brief filmed interviews of people. At the end of
each interview the projector will be stopped. You will then attempt to

answer the 30 items about that person by recording your answers on the
separate answer sheet.

The correct answers are known about how that person actually looked,
what the person actually said, and the way acquaintances actually rated
the person. Be sure to answer all items even if you feel you are
9168311180

The following are statements about Mrs. P.
mark number one on your answer sheet.

Mrs. P. - Observational

If the statenent is true,
If the'statemerrt is false or if the

film didn't as enough information to answer, mark number :0_w_9_.

H L D *
93:76:17 T 1. Her hair was parted in the middle.
83’-5§:é7 F 2. She wore a gold wedding ring.
73-46::737 I' 3. The first and third buttons of her coat were undone.
0‘-80=16 F A. She ran her finger along the edge of the table.
76-53:23 T 5. She wore earrings.
66-3372: :3. T 6. She said she loses her temper when tired and nervous.
90-66=2l+ F 7. She said she can't remember faces very well.
73-55z17 T 8. She said she doesn't make frierds easily.
{76-80=16 F 9. Her hands came into view three times.
96-76=20 T 10. She had black hair.
100-8654 F 11. Her watch had a gold strap on it.
93-83210 T 12. If she were given a million dollars she would pay her bills
and then donate to crippled children.
73-33240 F 13. She had heavy eyebrows.
93-80=13 T lit. The left side of her face was to the camera most of the time.
93-76=17“F 15. Her children are two boys and a girl.
93-76z17 'I' 16. She giggled sometimes.
93-56137 F 17. Her fingernails were polished red.
96-80=16 T 18. She wore lipstick.
86-53=33 p 19. She likes to teach children.
100-73=27 T 20. She had her collar turned down.
93-73220 F 21. She had a rather low forehead.
85-7oz15 T 22. She would laugh off a lie told about her.
93-70::13 T 23. She had a straight nose.
USO-73:27 F 2A,. She enjoys watching television.
7o-46:24 F 25. She couldn't say what kind of person she is.
93-80:?3 F 26. The sleeves on her coat were tapered toward the wrist.
100-83=17 F 27. She said her husband works in a factory.
70—46:24 T 28. Her hair was turned under on the ends.
96-63:}3 T 29. She started many sentences with "oh" or "well."
100-86214 F 30. She had gloves on.
* H : percent of high group who not item correct .
L : percent of low crouo who got item correct.
D : difference between H and L.

The following are statements about Mr. W}
mark number 252 on your answer sheet.

45
Mr. w. — Observational

If the statement is true,
If the statement is not true or if

it cannot be answered on.information.from the film.mark.number Egg on
your answer sheet.
H L D“

100-76z24
9O-§0=30
90-70220
100- 3:27
93-56237
93-66z27
66-46z20
93-70z23
75-43=33
96-70=26
100-83zf7
100-66234
86-63=23
96-80216
100-70230
1 00-7-5227
83‘46327
96-73=23
70-36z34
TOO-80:20
96-66z30
93-53=4O
76-53223
95*76:2O
96-76z20
66-46:20
100-80:20
96-66230
100-76:24
100-83z17

* H
L
D

eweraevetahaewnrahaewerehawveheaveretaineraehehaewa

31.
3‘20
33.
3h.
35.
36.
37.
380
39.
#0.
Al.
42.
#3.
he.
45.
A6.
A7.
#8.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
5h.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.

He had straight hair.

He was clean shaven.

He likes music.

He says he is above average in intelligence.

He were no shirt under his sweater.

He wants to better society.

He talks rather fast.

He doesn't think religion is important to people.

He said he is actually two different peOple.

He likes to play golf.

He was quite excited about being in the movies.

There were button cuffs on his sweater.

He has few friends.

He had a tooth missing in front.

He is an art student.

He said religion.makes men able to live with each other better.
He likes to play tennis.

His sweater had horizontal stripes on it.

He put his left to his chin.

He dislikes spectator sports.

He hepes others see him.as he sees himself.

wore watch with its fave on the inside of his wrist.
He believes in God.

He said his personality handicap is that he tries too hard.
He said he is ambitious.

He had a deep dimple in his chin.

Said he lost his temper more often when he was young.
He leaned forward in his chair most of the time.

Said his wife understands him.

He kept his right hand in his lap.

percent of high group who got item correct.
percent of low group who got item correct.
difference oetween H and L.

46

Mrs. N. - Observational

The following are statements about Mrs. N. If the statement is true
mark number 9___ne on your answer sheet. If the statement is false or if it
cannot be answered on information from the film, mark humber two on
your answer sheet.

H L D*

100-80=2O T 61. She loses her tamper often.

93-70:23 F 62. She had false teeth.

83-60:23 F 63. Her husband is dead.

70—46:24 T 61... She thinks of her children in her Spare time.

76-42:33 F 65. She didn't wear any lipstick.

86-SO:36 F 66. She had a gay streak in her hair.
43-20=23 T 67. She blinked her left eye often.

96-80:16 F 68. She had on a black dress.

80-46:}4 T 69. She moved her hands often.

83-63220 F 70. She wore heavy rouge on her cheeks.
93-53=30 T 71. She loses her temper because of problems in her work.
IOU-76:24 T 72. She had on a black coat.

73-50=23 T 73. She had waves in her hair.

53-33z20 T 7t. She carried a purse in her left hand.
536-50556 F 75. She didn't smile throughout the interview.
66-43=23 T 76. The collar of her dress was unbuttoned.
96-63=33 T 77. She is interested in society work.
96-80=16 F 78. She reads quite a bit.

CPO-79:20 F 79. She stuttered at times.

93'75=17 F 80. Her cost was completely unbuttoned.
85‘43=40 T 81. She wore earrings.

56-33=23 T 82. Her work is in the field of religion.
100'831'17 F 83. She likes to play cards.

8;-50=33 T 84. Her hobbies take up most of her Spare time.
90-70=26 T 85. She held something in her left hand.
100'60340 T 86. She likes to crochet.
93:66:17 F 87. She wore a gold watch on her left wrist.
EYE-53:27 T 88. She works with about ten other people in her job.
0‘76:14 F 89. She enjoys house work.
c3345"” F 90. She had her ears pierced.

ference b th een H and L.

The following are statements about Mr. Z.
mark number 93g on your answer sheet.

47

If the statement is true
If the statanent is false or if it

cannot be answered on information from the film, mark number 219. on your

answer sheet.
H L D*

93-70z23
93-53=30
loo-76:24
90-76:14
83-66z17
100-76z24
90-70220
80-66214
75-53=93
80-50:}
100-86214
60-26z34
53-30223
83-70:13
93-80:13
56-26:}0
95-76z20
100-83z17
96*80216
100~80z20
$3-73=20
96-63233
100-80:20
100-73z27
50-30:20
80-46:}
100-86z14
56-33:?3
86-56z30
83-36z47

* H
L
D

91.
92.
93.
9h.
95.
96.
97.

H'llri’iit-B’UH'IZI’EI

T 103.
F‘th.
F 105.
T 106.
F 107.
F108.
'1‘ 109.
F110.

’IJF-BHF-J’TJFBFB
O‘U'l
0

gm:

T 118.
F 119.
T 120.

He has a 1956 Ford convertible.

He doesn't like to go to parties.

He had a rather clgar complexion.

His sister borrows his car occasionally.

His greatest personality handicap is not paying attention.
He hates fishing and hunting.

He has no difficulty making friends.

He had a scar on the left side of his chin.

He was wearing a shiny belt.

He looked down most of the time.

He is an aggressive person.

He'wouldnEt like it if his brother took his car.
He didnfit mind being in the movies.

He attends the Catholic church.

ffis hatrvme nemfly'tnUMMd.

If a lie was told about him he would get sore.
He works as a stock boy in a grocery store.

He held his cigarette in his left hand.

He is easy to get along with.

He had a gold class ring on his right hand.
Religion keeps him from doing wrong.

He was wearing black pants.

Herore argyle socks.

The first three buttons on his shirt were undone.
Ikaknfishislmew<flien.

He said peeple have a big conscience.

He had a pen in his shirt pocket.

He Spoke with an accent.

He lives with his parents.

He is disturbed about the way people gather after parties.

percent of high group who not item correct.
percent of low group who not item correct.
difference between H and L.

ThefolhndnganmzsunwmeMHsabmnsMr.(L
number‘ggg on your answer sheet.

48
Mr. G. — Observational

If the statement is true mark
If the statement is false or if it cannot

be answered on information from the film, mark number two on your answer

shedh

H L D*
loo-83:17
100-83z17

90-66z24
70-33=37

56-40:16
100-80220
100-86z14

93-66=27

96-60=36

86-73213

96-83z13
100-86z14

93-73=20
100-83=17
86-73=13
100-76=24
63-50=13
100-55=44

93-80213

96-83z13
100-76z24
100-53z47

1DO-70z30
93-40=53
100-40:6O
83-65‘17
100-56z44
86-63223
100-85:14
100-50:50

* H
L
D

II

II II

F‘121.
F 122.
T 123.
F 121..
F 125.
T 126.
T 127.
T 128.
F 129.
T 130.
F 131.
F 132.
F 133.
T 13A.
T 135.
'F 136.
T 137.
F 138.
T 139.
TIUKL

wawmamw
555.55%}?

B
.5

He came to the interview with his wife.

He is devout in his religion.

He had red hair.

He said he had been in home movies many times.

The top>button of his shirt was buttoned.

He had a rather high forehead.

His shirt collar was Open.

He looked at his hands often.

Ikrmuswanflnge1wekfingling.

He likes dancing.

He wouldn't take a bawling out from.his boss without arguing.
He said he is of above average intelligence.

He likes to run around and live it up.
Hislummyzkswommmnting.

He is getting into the stable class.

He said he would like to have a million.dollars.

His hair had a little grey in it.

Most of his family are poor.

He enjoys hunting.

He was holding a paper in his hands.

He said he was nervous.

He has a highschool education.

His hair was messed up.
He trusts his wife.

He likes to watch T.V.

His jacket was red, black,
He enjoys hillbilly music.
His lips were rather thin.
Hewflw'wmningihmrlnmkbs
His oldest child is a boy.

anivddte.

boots.

percent of high group who got item correct.
percent of low group who got item correct.
difference between H

and L.

The following are statements about Mrs. D.
mark number‘gge on your answer sheet.

Mrs. D. ~ Observational

If the statement is true
If the statement is false or if it

cannot be answered on information from the film, mark number two on your

answer sheet.
H L D*

90‘75214
100-86zl4
43-23:20
56-46z20
100-86z14
83-63=20
93-75=17
100-86z14
96-80=16
90-75z14
100-83217
90-63z27
90-75=17
30-13z17
100-83217
76-56:20
100-90:1O
65-50236
95-85z10
83-66z17
100-86214
23-10:13
100-76224
86-56z20
90-70:20
93-73z23
56-50:?6
60-30=30
100-86z14
93-46z47

* H :
L :
D :

B’IJFBBBHPJWFBHW'U’UWJ H’UHH’U’UWBWHQ’UH’UWH

151.
152.
153.
154.
1550
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
161..
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
17h.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.

percent of

She
She
She
She
She

had her purse on her lap.

never gets excited about things.
kept her hands in her lap.

has a long thin neck.

never gets to church on time.

A lie told about her wouldn't disturb her.

She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
Her
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She

has high cheek bones.

was an only child.

likes to sew.

had a double chin.

had thick lips.

were a wide leather belt.

was wearing a black shirt.

frowned often.

wore a ribbon in her hair.

moved her hands when talking.

gets angry easier now than when she was younger.
had pale cheecks.

had a gold watch on her wrist.

hair was parted in the middle.

says religion is to cling to.

looked off into space when answering questions.
likes to read romance magazines.

expects people to be inconsiderate.

feels we would be defeated if we knew there was no God.
is curious about people.

wasn't wearing a wedding ring.

had her hair cut in bangs in front.

had a brooch on the left side of her sweater.
loses her temper because of inconsiderate peeple.

percent of high group who not item correct.
low group who got item correct.
difference between H and L.

AP P END IX B

November 1961 51
Inference Test

Directions 3

You are about to see brief filmed interviews of people. At the end of
each interview the projector will be stopped. You will then be asked to say
thether you think the statements about the person were true or not. The
correct answers are lmown from longer interviews with the person, the
answers to questions, and from the connnents of his friends.

52

Mrs. P. - Inference Test

Mrs. P. answered true or false to the following inventory statanents.
You are to answer them as you think 211?. answered them.

H L D“
100-83:17. T 1. Love to me is a wonderful and beautiful thing.
90-53:}? F 2. When I'm criticized, I don't appreciate it.
66.-43:23 F 3. I worry over money and business.
8 0-33-34? F h. When I am feeling very happy and active, someone who is blue
or low will spoil it all.
90-56:?54 T 5. I like to visit places where I have never been before.
93-60:}3 ‘I' 6. I find it hard to set aside a task that I have undertaken,
even for a short time.
93-56:}? F 7. My parents were too strict with me when I was a child.
66:63:33 F 8. It took me a long time to learn things in school.
100-80z20 T 9. I'm nearly always on time for appointments.

Mark the following statements true or false.

93-53:4O T10. Mrs. P. agreed that, God will punish those'vho disobey His
commandments and reward those who obey Him, either in this
world or in a future life.

83-70::13 F11. Mrs. P. agreed that, peeple don't necessarily need to believe in
God in order to live good lives and have a high systan of
ethics and morals.

93-50=43 T12. Mrs. P. agreed that, when she is in doubt, she usually found
it best to stop and ask God for guidance.

People who Mrs. P. well, marked the following statements about her true
or false. You are to mark them as you think they marked than.

100-73=27 T13. She is an acceptionally hard-working and energetic person.

100-50=50 Flip. She is usually late or delinquent in paying bills an! debts.
93-73::20 T15. With her children she maintains quite finn ani strict discipline.
80-33.:47 T16. At a party she can unbend and have a good time.

100-80=20 F17. She is rather selfish and self-centered.
96-56z40 T 18. She is an exceptionally sound and sanctionsle stable person.

Mrs. P. was rated on each of the traits below by persons who knew her
well. If you think they considered the trait as being bescriptive of Mrs.
P., mark number on____e_ on the answer sheet, if you think they considered
the trait nondescriptive of Mrs. P., mark number two.

70-16254 1 19. Confident ** 22. Affectionate 25. Ambitious
96-73:?3 2 20. Egotistical 23. Careful 26. Unrealistic
46-16:}0 2 2.1. Shy 21.. Impractical

Mrs. P. has chosen one adjective from each pair of adjectives below
as being most descriptive of herself. Mark on your answer best the one

from each pair you think she 011086. Ten-22. 1 _ _63.__3-5
96-73:23 2 27. (1) tough (2) healthy 23. 1 96-7o=26
96-63-953 1 28. 1) frank (2) dream 24. 2 93:70:23

100-80:2O 1 29. 1) active (2) artistic . 25. 1 70-3o=b,o
93-53:“) 1 30. 1) responsible (2) emotional 26. 2 96-65-550

* H = percent of high group who got item correct.
L = percent of low group who got item correct.
D = difference between H and L.

53

Mr. W. - Inference Test

Mr. W. answered true or til-9.2 to the following inventory statements.
You are to answer them as you think he answered them.
H L D*
3o—13=17 F 31. At the party I was quite shy and reserved.
87-57:}0 T 32. When I meet people I generally feel indifferent.

93-73.:20 F 33. I enjoy sports more than great music.

93-73:?30 F 311. I don't feel guilty about lying.

57-33z24 T 35. Religion seans to me to be a problem.

97-77z20 F 36. I frequently ask people for advice.

“(o-50:20 F 37. At times I think I'm no good at all.

60-30230 T 38. I have had more unusualy aperiences than most people.
87-66:21 T 39. I enjoy reading about history.

93-43=50 F 119. My relatives often take my side in arguments.

PeOple who knew Mr. W. well, marked the following statanents about
him true or false. You mark them as you think the; marked them.

87-57:}0 F 341. He is somewhat secure, warm, and easygoing person.
43-10233 T 112. He is in a state of rebellion against all religion.
100-90=10 F 1.3... He is rather fussy about what he eats and how it is prepared.
813-117z36 T 111». He tends to stew about things, change his mind back and forth
before making major decisions.
90-66z24 T 145. He would enjoy work in creating floral displays, and
artistic work.

Mr. W. was rated on each of the traits below by persons who know
him well. If you think they chose the trait as being descriptive of Mr.
111., mark number on__e_ on the answer sheet for that trait. If you think they
considered the trait nondescriptive of Mr. 11., mark number two for that
trait.

83-66:17 1 1.6. Confident 70-47: 23 2 13 Friars-1y
77-53:24 1 1,7, Egotistical 70-37_ 33 1 49 Rebellious

Mr. W. has chosen 293 adjective from each pair of adjectives below
as hing descriptive of himself. Mark on your answer sheet the one from
each pair you think he chose.

 

87-60::27 1 50. (1) cool (2) timid

77-50=27 1 51, (1; severe (2) hardhearted
97-66:31 2 5 (1 goodnatured (2) sincere
100-73327 153. snobbish (2 hostile
97-77:?0 2 51;. l inventive U ) independent
57-27230 1 55. (l) restless (2) unemotional
100-63:37 2 ’6. (1) outgoi (2) progressive
100-77=23 2 33. El) witty $2) responsible
53-20:}3 1 98. l) arrogant (2) apathetic
sac-70:20 2 39. (1) thrifty (2) frank '
97-60:}? 1 m. (1) egotistical (2) stingy

* H : percent of high group who not item correct.
L 2 percent of low group who got item correct.
D : difference oetween H and L.

11's. R. - Inference Test 54

its. measured true or false tethefolloving inventory statuente.
Imaretoensverthemesyouthinkdzeeneweredthem.

H L D*
73-4éz2761e
100-63z3762,
100-86z1463.
8340:1361»
90-6 0:3065.
50-2oz3066.
1 00-83:17 68.
96‘ 53:43 69o
56- 23: 33 70.
46-16: ~3071
1 OO-70=30 72,

Whentheydidn'tinvitens IkrnwtheyhedereucmT

If I can't get whet I want, I usually get along without Fit» T
Whentheytoldmewhsttodo,1didjusttheoppositeoF

When I male mistakes I don't get embarrassed. F

I have nightmares every few nights. F

It takes a lot of argument to convince most people of tin truth. F

I seldom have quarrels with the numbers of 11w fanny. T

Policemen are usually honest. T

No one cares much what hqapens to you.F

When someone annoys me Idon'tmindtellinghinuhat I thinkd him?
I 01130! reading about ”Mel.
AttimssIhavosstrongurgetodosomthingshockingorhamhn.F

People who know we. 11. well, marked the following statmente about her
true or false. Iouare tomark tmesyouthinanarbd then.

1 (DO-70:30 73o
80-43-737 "to
70-50=2o 75.

1 (JO-56:44 76.
73‘30z43 "e

She is very conscientious and responsible . T

She is always couplsining about aches end pains. F

She is not very good at budgeting money. F

She is quite unselfish and interested in pleasing others. T
Emotionally, she is e very stable and well balanced mun. T

Hrs. N.wesrstsdoneschof the traitsbelovbypersonewhoknouherwn.
If you think they chose the trait as being descriptive of Mrs. N. mark master

on the answer abet for that trait.

Ifyouthinkthsyoonsideredthe trait.

nomescriptive of we. 11., turn: mutter _tgg for that trait.

53‘33320 79.
83-40210 80.

Cooperative 1 66-46z2081. Ambitious 1
Confident 1 93-63:}082. Inpractioal 2
Unrealistic 2 100-65=3483. Rebelliws 2

be. H. has chosen one adjective from each pair of adjectives below as
being descLiptive of herself. lurk on your answer sheet the as you think 92
on. '

90-56-734 ale
76-60:16 85o
96-76z20 87.
1 00-60:”40 88.
96:70:26 89.
1oo-6oz4o 90.

El; discreet (2) suggestible 1
l progressive (2) contented 2
(l; clever (2) clear-thinking 2
£1 charmng (2) appreciative 2
1 understanding (2) timid 1
(l conscientious (2) easygoing1
(1 reliable (2) feminine

'*H = percent of high group who got item correct.

L:
D:

percent of low group who got item correct.
difference between H and L.

55
Mr. Z. - Inference Test

Mr. Z. answered true or false to the following inventory statanents.
H LYou):re to answer them as you think h__e_ answered them.
96- 66: 30 T91. IfIcan't getwhathant,Iwait.
90-63=27 F 92. It doesn't bother me when I say the wrong thing.
95-50=46 F 93. When I make a mistake I don't "give a damn".
90-50=40 F 92.. At times I have a strong urge to do something harmful.
100-86=14 F 95. I refuse to play some games because I'm not good at them.
50-30220 T 96. I enjoy children.
85-50=36 T 97. I seldom have quarrels with the members of my family.
(35-50-46 F 98. W parents were too strict with me as a child.
86‘40=45 T 99. I am very sensitive to what others think of me.
85-50556 T100. It makes me uncomfortable to have a lot of people around me.

Mark the following statements tge or false.

86-66:°O T101. Mr. Z. agreed that God will punish those who disobey His
commandments and reward those who obey Him, either in this
world or a future life.

80-43:}? F102. Hr. Z. agreed that if there is a "God" it is only an
impersonal creative force in the universe.

PeOple who know Mr. 2. marked the following statements about him true
or false. You are to mark them as you think they marked them.

100-90=1O F103. At a party he tends to be at ease and comfortable.
93- 70:23 T104. 0n the Job he is regarded as very reliable and hard working.
96- 50:46 T105. He is a rather quiet and humble person. '

100-70=30 T106. People who know him say he is loyal, honest, and kind.

Mr. Z. was rated on each of the traits below by persons who know him
well. If you think they chose the trait as being descriptive of Mr. Z.
mark number one on your answer sheet for that trait. If you think they
considered the “trait nondescriptive of M. Z. , mark mnnber two for that trait.

1O(3'535=14 1107. Coeperative 100-76=24 21.11. Unrealistic
100-8 6:14 1 103 Shy 83-3350 2112. Stubborn
100-75=24 2109. Egotistical 86-56=30 1113. Careful
95- 63:33 2110. Rebellious 100-43=57 211A. Impractical

Mr. Z. has chosen one adjective from each pair of adjectives below as
being descriptive of himself. Mark on your answer sheet the one you think
he chose.

tic-40:40 2115. E13 bossy (2) reasonable
100-80=2O 2 116. 1 handsome (2) honest
1oo-6éz34 1 117. (1) modest (2) resourceful
1oo—60=2+o 1 118. (l reserved (2) artistic
(BB-55:37 1 119. E1 contented (2) quick

86-46=40 2120. 1 versatile (2) mannerly

56
Mr. G. - Inference Test

1%. G. answered true or false to the following inventory statements.
U L ch‘i‘ are to answer them as you think he answered them.
86-53z33 T 121. At the party I was a little shy and reserved.
73-13:60 F 122. I could hate a person who is a hypocrite and two faced.
1 OO-90:1O T 123. When they told me what to do I did it.
90-63z27 F 1211.. When they offered me help I refused.
80-66214 T 125. I boiled up when I saw people hurting others.
73-6oz12‘5 T 127. My hardest battles are with myself.
1 (JO-76:24 F 128. I'm often the center of attention at a party.
95-73z20 F 129. My parents were too strict with me as a child.
96-75520 T 130. I seldom have quarrels with members of my family.

Lurk the following statement true or false.

43-27%20 T 131. Mr. G. agreed that pe0p1e don't necessarily need to believe in
God in order to live good lives and have a high system of
ethics and morals. .

People who know Mr. G. well, marked the following statements about him
true or false. You are to mark them as you think they marked them.

60-20:40 F 132. He is somewhat dominating.

96-70226 F 133. He tends to be very ambitious.

8:13-50:33- F 131.. He is rather strict in handling his 12 year old son.
70-16=54 T 135. At parties he enjoys himself but is not much noticed.

Mr. G. was rated on each of the traits below by persons who know him well.
If you think they chose the trait as being descriptive of Mr. G. mark
number one on the answer sheet for' that trait. If you think they considered
the trait nondescriptive of Mr. G., mark number two for that trait.

eye-80:16 1 136. Friendly 80-30::50 2 139. Impractical
190-70530 2 137. Egotistical 130-86214 1 11.0. Shy
100-73:27 1 138. Affectionate 90.56.2311 2 11.1. Ambitious

Mr. G. has chosen 91.12 adjective from each pair of adjectives below as
being descriptive of himself. Mark on-you answw sheet the one you think
he chose.

M2. (1) mannerly (2)L friendly

11.3. (1) contented (2) forceful

11.1.. (1) painstaking (2) ood natured
11.5. $1) superstitious (2 dependent
11.6. 1} foolish (2) cynical

76-50:26
90-65:24
1CO-80:20
93470-1723
86-33=53
30-16z14
93473220

147. (1 witty (2) relaxed

11.8. (1 suggestible (2) fussy

83-60=23 1119. 1) affectionate (2) quick

83-46:}? 150. (1) robust (2) stable

4* H 2 percent of high group who got item correct.
L : percent of low group who not item correct.
D : difference hetween H and L.

m-a-em-amm-aru

57
Mrs. D. - Inference Test

Mrs. D. answered true or false to the following inventory statements.
You are to answer them as you think 9112 answered.

H L D*

96-80z16 F 151. I'm not afraid of hurting others.

96-83z13 T 152. Sex is reserved for marriage.
1 00-83z17 F 153. When my conscience begins to bother me I ignore it.
60—36z24 F 151.. I don't have much of an appetite.

{Bo-50:30 F 155. I easily become impatient with peOple.

73-47;:30 F 156. I practically never blush.

70-40:30 T 157. I frequently ask people for advice.

76-50:26 F 158. No one cares much what happens to you.

50-40:1O T 159. I worry over money and business.

Mark the following statanents true or false.

80-43:}? T 160. Mrs. D. agreed that God will punish those who disobey His
connnaniments and reward those who obey Him, either in this life
or a mture life. '

66-30=35 T 161. Mrs. D. agreed that there exists an evil intelligence,
personnage or spirit in the universe often referred to as
Satan or the Devil.

50-16z34 T 162. Mrs. D. agreed that people don't necessarily need to believe
in God in order to live good lives and have a high systan 0
ethics and morals. ' '

100-86=14 F 163. Mrs. D. is unable to accept the idea of "life after death", at
least not until we have definite evidence there is such a thing.

People who Mrs. D. well, marked the following statanents about her
true or false. You are to mark them as you think they marked than.

100-86214 T 161.. She enjoys herself very much at social gatherings.
93-66227 T 165. Her hobby gives her satisfaction because she doesn't want to
be just a housewife.
93-60=33 F 166. People rarely go to her with their problems.
1 00-83z17 T 167. She is open and warm in showing affection.
53-33520 F 168. when she feels blue she has to get off by herself.

Mrs. D. has chosen 9513 adjective from each pair of adjectives below as
being descri tive of herself. Mark on your answer sheet the one you

think £113 chose.

90-66=24 2 169. (1) shaming (2) ambitious
50-33z17 1 170. 1 unconventional (2) unassmning
80-66::141 171. 1 changeable (2) submissive
EEO-36:44 2 172. (1; efficient (2) interests wide.
eo-sozao 2 173. (1 quiet (2) original.
73-53z20 1 17h. (I; tolerant (2) steady
86-33z53 2 175. (l conservative (2) individualistic
100-76:24 1 176. (l) adventurous (2) bossy
93-60-433 1 177. (1) affectionate (2) poised
90-63z27 2 178. (1) forgetful (2) impulsive
90-56z54 2 179. (1 pleasureseeking (2) curious
1oo-80=2o1 180. (1 realistic (2) meek

* H = percent of high group who got item correct.
L = percent of low group who got item correct.
D = difference between H and L.

(N

I
aim

VIA!

..

7‘
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[IST 0? THIFTY—NIN? VARIAECES TlflrthR FLATEI

Age of judge

Total stereotype accurocy te3t.

Men stereotype accuracy test.

Women stereotype accuracy teot.

Sex difference stereotype ecc;-oc” teat.

Age etereotype accuracy test.

P3ycholcgi3t stereotype accuracy test.

Actua 31mllarlty teat.

Mullln empathic drive test.

Employee orientation teat.

Differentiated role test.

Course grace of the jujge.

Mrs. P. observation accuracy teot.

Mr3. F. inference accuracy test.

Mrs. P. obeervatlon plus inference accuracy (13 k 15).
Mr. W. observation oc241.'y test.

Mr. W. lnferer Ce accuracy test.

1 W. observation plus inference accuracy (l6 2 17).
13. N. observation accuracy test.

1 N. inference accuracy test.

ob3ervation plus inference accuracy (l9 k 2o).

1
L
l'

1
M
l
' '1

La

I‘d

(I
'—.|'
"—1
0

Eur. Z. observation accuracy test.
Mr. 2. inference accuracy test.
Mr. Z, oboervetlon plus inference iCCurafiy (22 k 23)_

1

Mr. G. observation accuracy test.

Mr. G. inference accuracy teat.

Iflr. G. observation pluo inference accuracy (2,

lira. D. observation accmuéufly te3t.

Mrs. D. inference accuracy test.

Mrs. D. ObéeFVTClDH plug in 'ererfie accurec

Total of all 0. Get vatlon accuracy toot: (l
22, 25. t 25).

Total of all in erence 1Cm11 1:; tests (1e. l7, 20, 23,
26, h 9).

Total CM“; ll ob3e1wuation plxuszill lnfeicnuxe tests
(31 k 3:)

Total Ol r3 .. N.. k D. observation ac uracy tests

(13. 19. 2 Be).

v Mrs. P., N., 1 D. inference te3t3 (lb, 20,

(“1.)

Total of Mrs. P. N., k f. oboervatlon plus inference
tests (34 k 35).

Total of Mr3. W., Z., k G. cbeervetlon accuracy test"
(16, 22, k 2:\

Total of Mr. W., 2., k G. inference accuracy teets
(17, 23, h 2

Total of Mr. W., 2., k G. observation plus inl ererce
te3t3 (37 i 35).

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