twgsmwom EN mg. U35 0F svsrswc msacmms ma THE. comm. 0:: THE EUROPEAN PENIS. 5:490? mam-I, Efigficmmg BUGLSANA_ {SCHIFFIL INFESTING m PINE Thesis for IIwe Degree OI M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Dean L. Hayaes 1957 LIB R ,4. R Y Michigan State University ’ INVESTIGATIONS IN THE USE OF SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (iSCHIFFJ, INFESTING RED PINE By Dean L. Haynes AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Science and Arts of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Entomology 1957 ABSTRACT Tests were conducted in the late summer of 1956 and spring of 1957 to evaluate systemic insecticides for the control of European pine shoot moth. The study was conducted in two heavily infested red pine plantations about 100 miles apart in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The systemic insecticides evaluated during this study were Thimet, Phosdrin, Chemagro 221, Am. Cyanamid 12008, Bayer 19639, and demeton. Applications were made as foliar sprays, soil treatments, and as bands applied to the trunks. The insecticides were applied in the fall (August) and the following spring (May). The fall tests were evaluated on three different occasions, while data from the spring tests were recorded only once. A sample was taken in September, 1956, to ascertain the condition of the treated population prior to the winter. The second sample was taken early the following spring to determine the influence of the systemic insecti— cides on the overwintering population. The last evaluation was taken during the week of June, simultaneously from the fall and spring treat- ments. An evaluation of the total effects of the insecticides on one generation of the treated population was computed from this sample. Foliar sprays applied in August gave the highest initial control of the summer treatments. Phosdrin was the most effective foliar spray treatment. There was little indication in fall of control from August banding and soil applications. Hewever, evidence of systemic activity was present the following spring in these same treatments and this 1.1 tendency increased during the spring. All of the August Thimet treat- ments showed systemic activity the following spring. The results obtained from the spring treatments resembled closely those from the fall evaluation of the August applications. The spring foliar sprays were the most successful treatments in reducing the larval population. Much of their effect probably should be ate tributed to initial contact and fumigant action rather than true sys— temic activity. There were indications of slight control in some of the spring soil and band treatments. To fully evaluate the systemic action of these spring tests, another sample should be taken in the fall of 1957. Considerable differences were present from similar treatments in the two test areas. Physiological differences in the host trees may have accounted for this variation. iii INVESTIGATIONS IN THE USE OF SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (SCHIFF.), INFESTING RED PINE By DEAN L. HAYNES A THESIS Submitted to the College of Science and Arts of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Entomology 1957 /-Z/¢2¢é';> 329/7 \ INTRODUCTION . . . LITERATURE REVIEW Systemic Insecticides European Pine Shoot Moth PROCEDURE . . . . . Description of the Test Foliar Sprays . Fall Sprays Spring Sprays Soil Treatments . Granular Application . Soil Drench Application Banding Treatments Sampling Procedure PRESENTATION OF RESULTS Fall Treatments . Ottawa . . . . Wexford . . . Spring Treatments Ottawa . . . . Wexford . . . . OF CONTENTS Page 15 19 19 21 23 24 25 25 26 27 29 31 31 31 32 33 33 33 Page DISCUSSION OF RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 SMARY O O O I I O O O O l C I O I O O O O I I O O D I o O I O 55 LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to Professor Ray Hutson and Dr. Gordon Guyer for their guidance and constant aid through- out this study. Their enthusiasm and interest continually encouraged the writer toward the completion of this investigation. Acknowledgment is extended to the Lower Peninsula Forest Research Center of the Lake States Forest Experiment Station and to the Forestry Division of the Michigan Department of Conservation who financed this study and made the use of their facilities available for its completion. Without their interest and support this investigation could not have been undertaken. The author is also indebted to Mr. John Arend, Re- search Center Leader, who made the necessary financial arrangements for the project. The author's sincere appreciation is also made to Dr. Herman King, Dr. William Miller, and Dr. James Butcher for their critical re- view of the manuscript. Thanks are extended to Dr. George Steinbauer, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and to Ir. R. Keith Hudson, De- partment of Forestry, for serving on the graduate committee. He also wishes to thank Dr. Roland Fischer for his assistance in the preparation of the literature citations,and the author's graduate student associates whose opinions and ideas were continually sought dur- ing this investigation. vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. Summary of Insecticides and Application Data . . . . . . 22 2. Fall Results of August (1956) Treatments in Ottawa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3. Early Spring (1957) Results of August (1956) Treatments in Ottawa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4. Late Spring (1957) Results of August (1956) Treatments in Ottawa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5. Fall Results of August (1956) Treatments in Wexford County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 6. Early Spring (1957) Results of August (1956) Treatments in Wexford County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7. Late Spring (1957) Results of August (1956) Treatments in Wexford County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4O 8. Late Spring (1957) Results of Spring (1957) Treatments in Ottawa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 9. Late Spring (1957) Results of Spring (1957) Treatments in Wexford County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 2. Plot location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Larval populations present in the Ottawa plots following August spray applications . . . . . Larval populations present in the Ottawa plots following August soil and banding treatments Larval populations present in the Wexford plots following August spray applications . . . . . Larval populations present in the Wexford plots following August soil and handing treatments Percent reduction of larval populations in the Ottawa plots following August spray applications Percent reduction of larval populations in the Ottawa plots following August soil and banding treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent reduction of larval populations in the Wexford plots following August spray applications . Percent reduction of larval populations in the Wexford plots following August soil and banding treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Page 20 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 INTRODUCTION Hichigan leads the nation in pine plantation acreage. Almost half of these trees are young red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.)l/ The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (SchifL), is a threat to every young red pine plantation in the Lower Peninsula and to some in the Upper Peninsula. Infested trees are seldom killed by heavy infes- tation but terminal growth stops and the trees are deformed. Many plantations in Michigan have suffered serious commercial loss by this insect. The insecticidal control of the shoot moth is complicated by the protected stages of its life cycle, the unusually favorable envi- ronment and the economics of the problem. The only known natural fac- tor causing significant mortality to the shoot moth population is low winter temperature, although the insulating quality of heavy snow cover undoubtedly minimizes the effects of low temperatures. lost of the larval development is spent within the plant, the insect being ex— posed for short periods mainly in the lst and 4th instars. Control of the lst and 4th instar larvae can be achieved with a precisely timed high volume DDT spray. The control of the lst instar is further com- plicated by the presence of eggs, newly hatched larvae, last instar .i/ The USDA Forest Service report of annual plantings (1954) listed lichigan as having planted 1,053,396 acres. ~This was over 100,000 more than New York, the next leading state. larvae, pupae and adult moths at the same time. This overlapping of the various stages necessitates complete coverage by a spray which has long residual properties. Shoot moth can be adequately controlled where intensive tree farming is practiced as in nursery beds and Christmas tree plantations. The cost and method of application however greatly limits the use of chemicals in forest plantings. The large volume of diluent and rough terrain of some plantings require new consideration of conventional control practices. The comparatively recent reports on insect control by applica- tions of systemic insecticides raises the question of their possible use against shoot moth. Some systemic insecticides persist in the plant for long periods. They have long residual action and in many plants complete coverage is assured by translocation of the toxicant. Since coverage would not be a problem, low volume treatments might be satisfactory. The purpose of this study was to evaluate several systemic in- secticides for control of the European pine shoot moth. These insec- ticides were applied to red pine as sprays, bands, and as soil applications. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Systemic Insecticides The term "systemic insecticide" is of recent origin, but the concept of such a method of pest control dates back many years. The first systemic insecticides were found in plants. In 1903 S. A. Ickrzecki published an article in the Journal Pflanzenkrankheiten on "The Internal Therapy of Plants". Between 1910 and 1920 a number of articles reported attempts to use potassium cyanide as a systemic. In 1914, Sanford published an article entitled "An Experiment on Killing Tree Scales by Poisoning the Sap of the Tree". The first systemic insecticide to be studied in detail by ento- mologists was selenium. In 1936 Hurd-Karrer and P005 reported that wheat grown on seleniferous soil was not attacked by aphids. Fulton and Mason (1937) gave the first evidence of an insecticide molecule foreign to the plant being absorbed and translocated. They found that derris applied to the first two leaves of a bean plant protected leaves which were produced subsequently. Neiswander st 21. (1940) found that sodium selenite applied to the soil protected carnations from red spider mites. In 1947 Martin (1947) described insecticidal chemicals that are absorbed and translocated in the plant as "systemics". Though the concept of systemic insecticides is old, this was the first applica— tion of the term to insect control. It was in the same year that Schrader and KUkenthaal discovered systemic insecticidal properties in certain organic phosphorus compounds (Hetcalf, 1955). This discovery of systemic action started the large volume of work that has been done in the last ten years. Within a relatively few years this field has become one of great importance in insect control. Bennett (1949) defined a systemic insecticide as "a substance which is absorbed and translocated to other parts of the plant, and renders the untreated area insecticidal". He further stated that there are many borderline cases where some systemics show only limited translocation under certain conditions while other non-systemics are translocated more than might be expected. There are many compounds now known to have systemic properties. Hetcalf (1955) stated in his discussion of systemic insecticides that probably any insecticide which is sufficiently water soluble and sta- ble may possess some degree of systemic action. Almost all organic insecticides are capable of penetrating plant tissue. From this it might be concluded that effective systemic action is therefore a mat- ter of degree rather than a specific property (Metcalf, 1955). The specifications for a systemic insecticide are vague. Hartley (1951) presented some prerequisites for systemic activity to the 25th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry. These requirements were that the substance be water soluble, relatively sta- ble, and have the capacity to be converted to a more active chemical within the plant. Spencer and O'Brien (1957) demonstrated that Hartley's prerequisites for systemic action must be modified because of new discoveries. Demeton has a low water solubility while Phosdrin is unstable and is not converted to a more active intermediate form. They further stated that, with our present knowledge, the requirements for systemic activity cannot be predicted with certainty. Ripper (1952) classified systemic insecticides into three dif— ferent groups: 1. Stable insecticides — such as selenium. 2. Endolytic insecticides - which remain unchanged in the plant or act as an insecticide until decomposed. 3. Endometatoxic insecticides which are metabolized partly or wholly into other toxicants. The efficiency of any of these types of systemic insecticides depends on the active participation of the plant in three activities: (1) absorption, (2) translocation, and (3) detoxification (Bennett, 1955). Detoxification is not as important with forest pests on woody plants as it is with food crops. Regardless of the type of crop treated, the physiology of the plant is intimately involved. After a systemic insecticide is applied, it must be absorbed by the plant be- fore true systemic action can take place. lany of the new organic phosphate systemic chemicals show marked toxicity to insects as con— tact and fumigant insecticides. This is, of course, figured in the overall control of a field test, but it is not true systemic action. The different organs of a plant may absorb a systemic insecticide at varying rates with correspondingly different results. David (1951 and 1952) demonstrated that absorption of a systemic by the roots is rela— tively ineffective because of selective rejection of the insecticide by the roots and the binding of the material to soil particles. He asserted, however, that high concentrations can be administered to a plant in this way. Tietz (1954) confirmed David's work and added that a greater amount of chemical is absorbed from a free solution than from sandy soil. The smallest amount was taken up from humus soil. The most important factor in root absorption is root contact with the in- secticide (Bennett, 1955). Bennett thought this phenomenon could be explained on a strictly physical basis. Either the increased root ex- posure to the insecticide would account for the greater absorption, or else the insecticide had a greater affinity for some soil particles. In a number of cases reported by David (1952), plant roots displayed a selective rejection of the chemical in a free solution. After the material is absorbed by the roots, it is transported through the transpiration stream to the aerial portion of the plant (Tietz, 1954). This translocation from the root is often rapid. Bennett (1949) found dimefox in willow moved about 11 cm. per hour after absorption and Tietz (1954) found that demeton moved at a rate of 3.2 meters per hour in broad bean. Under similar conditions in wil- low, Tietz reported that the material moved at a rate of 80 to 90 cm. per hour in still air and 120 cm. per hour in turbulent air. Wedding and Hetcalf (1952) found that movement of schradan in the stem of kid- ney bean varied from 17 to 58 cm. per hour with most of it moving at 20 cm. per hour; also that the material tended to accumulate more rap- idly in younger tissue of both the stem and leaf. The leaves of broad bean were able to store the active ingredi- ents only temporarily (Tietz, 1954). The insecticide accumulates more in the periphery of the leaf than in the center. Tietz asserted that this was due to the blind termination of the transpiration stream in the parenchyma cells in the periphery of the leaf. The path the insecticide takes or the mechanism of its movement is not clearly un- derstood. Most of the information on translocation derives from bio- logical effectiveness with only limited amounts of information coming from experiments with radioactive isotopes. The problem here, however, is complicated because of the breakdown or conversion that takes place with many insecticides (Bennett, 1955). Tietz (1954) assessed the translocation of demeton in broad bean and willow by analyzing various parts of the plants at different time intervals. He concluded that the chemical moved primarily in the xylem of the shoot axis and in the leaves. Bennett (1949) suggested that translocation of dimefox in willow takes place in the xylem in the transpiration stream since any restriction of the transpiration of the leaf prevented the insecticide from reaching or being given off by the leaf. The method of applying a systemic insecticide to the bark has been successfully demonstrated by several workers. Bond (1953) found that a bark application of dimefox on coffee trees was more efficient than root absorption. This work was confirmed to some extent by letcalf and March (1952) when they found that the leaves of some orange seedlings accumulated schradan at the same rate following bark application as following root application, even though less material was applied to the bark. Bond (1953) found that with coffee trees, dimefox was absorbed more readily when it was applied to the exposed cambium layer than when it was applied to the outer bark. He concluded that this might indicate that some of the insecticide was absorbed and held by the outer epidermal cells. Bond used a banding method for ad— ministering the chemical to the trunk. His hands were composed of surgical lint and silk oilcloth. Trunk implantation was successfully used on cacao trees by Hanna 3:31. (1955). This was done by mechani- cal ly introducing the insecticide into the trunks in the same manner salts are introduced to counteract mineral deficiencies. Wedding (1953) reported that after bark absorption of demeton by lemon plants, the initial translocation took place in the phloem although transporta- tion later took place in the xylem. The rate of downward movement was 2.5 cm. per hour and upward movement was 10 cm. per hour. After the implantation of dimefox into the trunk of cacao trees, only a little lateral movement occurred, but upward movement occurred freely in the xylem (Hanna fl. , 1955). The amount of material lost into the air from foliar applica- tions depends mainly on the vapor pressure of the insecticide (Bennett, 1955). Up to 50 percent loss of applied schradan to brussel sprouts have been reported under field conditions (Heath, 3131., 1952). The same authors stated that evaporation of schradan from a plane surface was ten times as great in highly agitated air as in a still atmosphere. Evaporation can be of extreme importance in the behavior of a systemic insecticide applied to the aerial portion of a plant. In his review, Bennett (1955) stated that if the vapor of a systemic is toxic a high initial kill might result, but the loss of the insecticide would re- duce the amount available for subsequent true systemic action. Tietz (1954) reported that 35 to 40 percent of the demeton sprayed or brushed on leaves of broad bean was absorbed within an hour after application. He aSserted that the actual quantity absorbed depended on the solu- tion's wettability, the speed at which the spray dries, and most impcumant, the anatomical structure of the leaf. Such factors as time of the year, leaf age, leaf surface, leaf type, temperature and radia- tion.are all closely interdependent on each other in their influence on leaf absorption. Bennett (1955) summarized the main modes of entry of systemic materials into the foliage as follows: 1. Cuticular (Weaves and DeRose, 1946). 2. Liquid penetration of the stomata by some petroleum oil, the rate depending on surface tension (Knight and Cleveland, 1934). 3. Vapor entering the stomata (Zattler, 1951). It was shown by Bennett and Thomas (1954) that younger leaves of beans and Chrysanthemums absorbed more schradan than did older ones. Radiation had a profound effect on the rate of uptake of schradan. The higher the intensity, the faster the uptake (Heath and Llewellyn, 1953). Light and heat have an effect on systemic absorption even when shielded from radiation. Bennett and Thomas demonstrated this by show- ing that raising the temperature increased the rate of absorption. They also reported that at low temperatures light increased the rate of absorption, whereas at high temperatures it did not. Increased light, however, did increase the total absorption capacity at both tempera- tures. Bennett (1955) stated that these factors derive their impor- tance from their effect on membrane permeability. Tietz (1954) felt that the most important single factor affect- ing absorption was the anatomical characteristics of the leaf itself. He tested the absorption power of various leaf types. The primrose was able to absorb three times the amount the cyclemen did. The primrose 10 leaf is very hairy and the cyclemen has a smooth, leather-like cuticle. The total amount of material that adhered to the leaf differed greatly. Tietz (1954) used the leaf structure to explain the difference in the absorption ability of the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf. He sprayed hops to runoff and found that the lower surface absorbed four times as much as the upper surface even though there was 10 percent more insecticide on the upper surface. A physical explanation of this might be that the leaf hairs and uneven surface on the lower side of the host would increase the absorption area and also provide a place for the insecticide to stick. He felt that the lower surface also pro- vided some protection from rapid evaporation which the upper surface did not do. Tietz reviewed three German papers on plant physiology (Strugger, 1939; Arens, 1934; Frey-Wyssling, 1937) dealing with the ab- sorption of organic compounds by a leaf. It was shown that the sites mainly involved in cuticular transpiration, exudation of salts, and the excretion of organic compounds were the stomata ridges, basal cells of hairs, and the anticlines of the epidermal cells. Tietz felt that be- cause these sites are found predominately on the lower side, and the lower side having the more uneven surface was sufficient to explain the difference in absorption ability of the two areas. Bennett and Thomas (1954) supported this finding and asserted that with the majority of systemic insecticides, absorption takes place at these same leaf struc- tures. They also pointed out what they thought was an error in most of the work being done with radioactive isotopes; it cannot be assumed that all the radioactive material recovered from washing a leaf had been effectively absorbed. They demonstrated that large quantities of 11 schradan and the thiol isomer of demeton were absorbed in the cuticle by recovering it with chloroform. The material in the cuticle would not be available for true systemic activity according to Bennett and Thomas, 1954. Zattler (1951) stated that the absorption of the sys- temic insecticide by the upper and lower surfaces varied, but in no case was the upper surface more absorbent than the lower. Tietz (1954) made several observations on translocation in the leaf after a foliar application. With a leaf treatment, the material does not spread over great distances. When single bare leaves are treated, however, the chemical does move to untreated portions. But he showed that it had no insecticidal action unless most of the plant is covered. Tietz found that the phloem was chiefly responsible for translocation after a foliar treatment. Hetcalf and March (1952) reported that between 0.1 and 1.0 per- cent of the total dosage of schradan applied to a single lemon leaf ap- peared in other leaves of the same plant after 17 days. Thomas and Bennett (1954) found that 1 percent per day of schradan was translo- cated out of beans, coleus and Chrysanthemums and up to 4 percent out of apples. Host of the movement was from the older to the younger leaves. To determine the path of this translocation, they conducted an experiment on apple root stock. From observations made by ringing the plant above and below the treated leaves, they concluded that only limited amounts of schradan (or its decomposition products) move upward in the xylem. Host upward movement was in the phloem while downward movement was confined exclusively to the tissue. They also observed that if photosynthesis was inhibited, so was translocation. Bennett 12 (1955) states: "Generally the actual amount of insecticide translocated after leaf absorption is not great but the amount and direction seem to be more variable than after root absorption." Detoxification or loss of the active insecticide can take place in two ways. The toxic agent is either lost from the plant surface or broken down by the plant to a less toxic or nontoxic material (Bennett, 1955). Reports have shown considerable amount of variation from one species of plant to another and from one chemical to another. In 1949 Bennett demonstrated vapor loss of dimefox from leaves following root absorption and concluded that it was lost with transpired water vapor. Hetcalf.g£_gl. (1954) could find no evidence of transpired demeton from either lemon or bean plants following stem application. However, they found large quantities of the chemical in the leaves. Tietz (1954) supported Bennett's work by finding that insecticidal amounts of demeton were transpired from the leaves of coleus following root ab- sorption. Loss took place very rapidly to a certain_level after which the rate lessened. Tietz (1954) found that this loss was independent of the number and conditions of the stomata. He concluded that the ac- tive ingredients are exuded with transpired water through the outer cell walls, with the most being exuded at the stomata ridges. The fol- lowing statement summarizes this point: "It seems probable that follow- ing root absorption, the volatile thiol isomer of demeton may be trans- located to and given off from the leaves; but following leaf applica- tion, these volatile materials are not translocated." (Thomas g£_al., 1955). The less volatile chemicals might be lost from the leaves under 13 natural conditions by leaching as is the case with some of the mineral elements (Bennett, 1955). Bennett (1955) stated that the most important loss of the toxic material is by metabolic breakdown in the plant. He felt that this process involved simple oxidation. Heath 31.31' (1952) found that the breakdown rate varied from plant to plant and within the same plant at different times of the year. It was more rapid in the summer than in the fall. Bennett (1955) suggested that because of these extremely different rates of detoxification, all future tests should be done with plants under standardized conditions. Since 1947 a considerable number of reports on field trials with systemic insecticides have been published. Few of these, however, have dealt with the control of insects on woody plants. The results of these reports have been promising and undoubtedly this field of forest insect control will soon expand tremendously. Vite (1955) attempted to control both larch thrips (Taeniothrips laricivorous Kratz), and larch case bearer (Coleophora laricella Hb.) on European larch with systemic insecticides. He used a banding method with considerable success. The bands were made of an absorbent mate— rial soaked in the concentrated systemic insecticide, wound around the infested stem and protected against evaporation by a covering of im- permeable material. A 5 percent emulsion of methyl demeton gave 100 percent control of case bearer and no observed damage from thrips. With a 2.5 percent band 100 percent kill of case bearer was obtained and a pronounced effect on the thrips was observed. A 1 percent band had no effect on thrips but gave 100 percent control of case bearer. 14 Demeton had little or no effect on thrips but gave 100 percent control of case bearer . Fjelddalen (1955) reported after tests with 15 to 20 thousand fruit trees that mites and aphids were the only fruit pests controlled economically by schradan and demeton. The effects of BHC (10 percent gamma isomer), alpha beta cake (mostly alpha and beta isomer of BHC),lindane, demeton, and schradan were studied as systemicsin black locust for their effect on Daphnia ‘pulex (de Geer) and Enchenopa bimotata Say (Hembracidae) (Wollerman, Reese, Kieler, 1955). Demeton and BHC seemed to be the most promising from the biological assay with Daphnia. This was verified to some ex— tent by the effect on the caged E. binotata on the leaves. BHC gave 60 percent kill while demeton gave 42 percent. This trend was reversed in the Daphnia test. Alpha beta cake, schradan, and lindane gave re- spectively 38, 37, and 32 percent control. The check showed 14 percent mortality. lichelbacker and Bacon (1953) controlled walnut aphid (Chromaphis juglandicola Kltb.) on English walnut with demeton. Demeton gave better control in a single concentrate spray at .62, 1.25, and 2.50 pounds actual insecticide per acre than did two sprays of parathion at 1 pound per acre, malathion at 2 pounds, EPN-300 at 3 pounds or dry nicotine concentrate at 7 pounds actual insecticide per acre. Some foliar injury was detected at the higher rate of demeton but no off—taste could be detected in the nut. In 1952 Jeppson and co-workers reported that demeton as a trunk application was as effective on lemon trees for citrus mites as was the 15 foliar application. Three types of trunk treatments were used. A 50 percent concentrate was painted on with a brush, a dilution of this concentrate with water was sprayed on the trunk, and a banding treat— ment was used. The bands were saturated cotton or flannel strips wrapped around the tree. A pliofilm cover 3 inches wider than the cloth was placed over the band to prevent evaporation. A string tied around the band held it in position. Foliar application was made with a high pressure, high volume hydraulic sprayer. Bond (1953) tested various methods of trunk applications with dimefox (bis dimethylamina fluorophosphine oxide) on coffee trees. He found that banding was much more effective than soil application. Bands were composed of surgical lint and silk oilcloth. Hirschmann (1953), as a result of his work on nematode infested fern and Chrysanthemum plants, reported that 4 to 6 sprays of 0.05 to 0.1 percent solution of demeton applied at intervals of 3 to 4 days would exterminate the pest and make the plants immune to reinfestation for 2 to 3 weeks. He asserted that demeton acted as a respiratory poison through the skin of the nematode. European Pine Shoot Moth The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana(s¢;h1f£,), was described by Schiffermflller in 1776 as Tortrix buoliana (Busck, 1915). Schiffermflller named it in honor of Baron Buol, the Vienna entomolo- gist from whom he obtained his specimens. The species has undergone many generic changes and the limits of its family have not been firmly established. 16 At the present time, Dr. N. Obraztsov is doing extensive work on a revision of the families Tortricidae and Olethreutidae. Obraztsov (1945) has already given the family Olethreutidae (Heinrich, 1923) sub— family position in the Tortricidae. The Olethreutid sub-family Eucosminae (Heinrich, 1923) was placed in the sub-family Olethreutinae as a tribe. The genus Rhyacionia is now found in the tribe Eucosmini (Obraztsov, 1945). The name Rhyacionia buoliana, first used by HUbner in 1818, is now in common use in this country (Heinrich, 1923). Obraztsov (1945) has also adopted this name in his publication of much wider scope. The European pine shoot moth was first detected in this country in 1914 on Long Island, New York. It had been introduced on infested nursery stock (Busck, 1914). The first infestation in Michigan was re- ported by HcDaniel (1930) from the southeast section of the State. Since that time it has spread throughout the Lower Peninsula and can be found in practically all counties. The insect has alSo been reported in coastal regions of the Upper Peninsula. Since the introduction of this destructive forest pest into this country, it has been studied by many entomologists. An outstanding paper was published by Friend and West (1932). In it they discussed the life cycle, ecology, and control of the insect. Numerous articles have appeared in journals and bulletins confirming or adding to Friend and West's work. One of the more comprehensive recent publications is by Miller and Neiswander (1955). In Hichigan the adult moth emerges in the latter part of June and oviposition begins within one to two days. The eggs are laid on 17 the needles or bark of new growth. They hatch in about two weeks de- pending on temperature. The lst instar larvae feed at the base of the needles. The 2nd instar larvae feed for a while on the needles, but ultimately find their way to the buds. Each larva burrows into a bud and feeds there the rest of the summer. However, injury from summer feeding is light. The appearance of brown needles and a resin exudate from the bud are the only indications of the insect's presence. Only in extremely heavy infestations are the buds and shoots killed by this summer injury. It is probably the 4th instar larvae which winter in the bud. In Michigan they become active again about April 20. They feed heavily and grow rapidly. It is at this time that the injury is most severe. Buds and shoots are killed or deformed. Hany shoots are weakened and break off later in the season. Pupation takes place within the bud sometime in early June. In approximately 16 days, the adults start to emerge and the cycle is completed. All stages of the life cycle over- lap considerably. As has already been stated, the overlapping of the various stages is an important reason why chemical control of the European pine shoot moth is difficult. Control measures commonly practiced are chemical spraying and hand clipping. Hand clipping is effective but expensive. It is most practical where hand pruning is already em- ployed for tree shaping as in the Christmas tree industry. Chemical control is effective but the timing and method of application is criti- cal. Applications of DDT at a concentration of l to 3 pounds of ac- tual insecticide per 100 gallons of water sprayed to runoff are 18 generally recommended for control of this insect. Published reports indicate that hydraulic equipment is the only consistently effective method of applying the material. Dusts, mist blowers, and airplanes have not been consistently effective. The optimum time for controlling the European pine shoot moth with techniques now available and in gen— eral use has been accurately determined. Two phases in the shoot moth's life cycle are most susceptible to a foliar application of in- secticide. The first is in the early spring when the larvae resume activity. There are extremely active at this time and quickly come in contact with the spray residue. The other weak spot in the life cycle is the first instar larva. At this stage, the larvae are feeding ex- ternally on the bud. Hiller and Neiswander (1955) determined the op- timum spraying time to be a week before and a week after incipient egg hatching. 19 PROCEDURE Description of Test Two plantations were used in this study.. The Ottawa plantation was located in Ottawa County on the northwest corner of Lake Shore Drive and Croswell Street. The Wexford plantation was located in Wex- ford County approximately 100 miles north of the Ottawa location. It was situated approximately 2 miles north of the village of Boon, T. 22 N., R. 11 W., Section 2. Figure 1 shows the locations of the areas. The trees in the Ottawa plantation were 7-year-old red pine,5 to 8 feet tall. Interspaced with the rows of red pine were rows of white pine but the white pines were used only as buffer rows. There had been practically no terminal growth on the red pines for the past three years and the site was representative of pine plantations in the area. The soil was sandy, but preinfestation growth rates seemed normal. The trees in the Wexford plantation were 6-year-old red pine, 4 to 6 feet tall. The insect population was greater here than at Ottawa, but the injury was not as severe. In the fall of 1956, it was observed that the Wexford plantation had 1.3 live larvae per infested bud while the Ottawa plantation had 1.1 live larvae per infested bud. From ob- servations of growth development, it was estimated that the insect had been causing damage in the plantation for the past three years. The in- festation was first reported in 1955 when the District Ranger made a 20 Ottawa test area. V. t .1 S r e V 0.1 an eU r ae t ta St 63 ta .0 r8 0.1 fh KC 81 W M 2 3. Plot Location Figure 1. 21 survival count. At the time these tests were conducted, the population was increasing and there were still many uninfested shoots. The Wexford site was also sandy and appeared favorable for red pine development. There was a closed stand of infested red pine ad- jacent to the test plots. These trees were approximately 20 feet tall and despite the shoot moth they had grown at an excellent rate. The materials used in these tests were all phosphate insecticides known to have systemic properties. They are listed in Table 1 with the formulations used and the manufacturers. All of these insecticides ex— cept Bayer 19639 and Chemagro 221 were used both in the late summer and the early spring. Bayer 19639 was not used in the fall but was substi- tuted for Chemagro 221 in the spring treatment. The production of Chemagro 221 was discontinued after the fall of 1956. Each replication consisted of 20 treatments and a check. The treatments were repeated 4 times at each area. The treatments were ran- domized within each replication. Ten adjacent trees in a row were used as a plot. In the Ottawa test area, wherever possible, a buffer row was left between treated rows, and at least one buffer tree at the end of each plot. At Wexford, where there was more room, roadways were cut at the ends of each replication and a buffer row left between each treated row. The first tree on the south end of each plot was tagged with the plot number, and a map was made showing each tree involved in the test. Foliar Sprays Spray applications were made with a small gear pump driven by a 1 1/2 horse power gasoline engine. The pump was carried in the back of 22 . H u H u can» u u u n : : “ Ho. . 0 Ho. “ " \.mnH N. " 0a0m\.mnH OH " .mdau Rm u .cmam afiom" : u u u n H “Helena " n u . enema : = “ woo. " “ once. u u o» hmamm " .Hmu ooa\.mna N " A3,RmN " mmamm “ momma .w.z .xuo> 3oz u u u u u nucleus " u u “ .asoo chansono " moo. " emoo. " boo. 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Am oA ow os co sauna oooNA 355.8 .5 we oo. oN oN oe As oo sauna :Asouosa A oA.A oA o os so oo econ eAAomosn oA om. NA o os as oo saAsqasN AAom ooooA smsam o oA.A a «A oo as oo sauna ooooA umsam o «A.A oA o Ao As oo anon AosAss o AA.A oA o mm as oo saAsqaso AAom AmsAss o oA.A oA oA Am ss oo enemas AAom AmsAss o oo.A s o oo oo oo sauna AmsAss moosu mam seasons omens omega.— omzmq ooamomsA oosAaaNH masoaamoub scam soAuosoom son 9333— coon 033 spam 300mm asoouoa mega 25A @932: E8 umA voumouAS Edi—«Kn muse-Sachs. scum :oAquAUom son 9333- coon 95A moan naoosm «cooked easing 0>AA mouse—AA 39238 0203: 2A m§§ abnNAv 02:35 30 Nassau ArnmAv 02Hgm H224 .o 0.3.98. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS It would be well to consider first how the initial effects of a toxicant on a population can be reduced as this same population de- velops. With Chemagro 221 (Figure 8), it is clear that the effect of the spray reduced the population 46 percent during the same fall the application was made, but only 18 percent by the following spring. If the spray had not been applied, 28 percent of the original 46 percent reduction would have died due to natural mortality. With Chemagro 221 it can be calculated that 61 percent of those individuals involvedin the initial reduction would have succumbed to winter mortality if they had not been killed by the chemical. With the exception of Thimet all of the foliar sprays appeared to have similar action. There was a high initial kill shortly after application, and this degree of control remained or declined through the remainder of the larval development. This is graphically shown by the relatively straight lines in Figures 6 ands . In Figures 5 and 8, the first segment of the lines indicates the initial kill and the effects of the foliar sprays on the overwintering population. The second slope of the lines presents the true residual systemic activity of the chemical after the trees resumed activity in the spring.~ In considering only the spring activity, Thimet spray was -unique in its residual quality. It reduced the population 42 percent after spring activity resumed in Ottawa Count}. At Exford the totalnaduc- tion was 19 percent above the fall. The only other spray providing this 43 44 type of activity was Am. Cyanamid 12008. The effects of Am. Cyanamid 12008 at Ottawa (Figurefi) are the reverse of results obtained at Wex- ford (Figure 8). Due to smaller sample variationatWexford, the results there might be more significant than at Ottawa. If only the Wexford test is considered, then Am. Cyanamid 12008 also had residual systemic action. Demeton, Phosdrin, and Chemagro 221 appeared to have little residual systemic action as foliar sprays. The problem of distinguishing contact and fumigant action from systemic action is not as difficult with the soil and banding treat- ments as with the sprays. In these types of treatment, the only way the chemical can affect the population is by translocation in insecti- cidal quantities. Therefore, any control obtained beyond the possible sample error can be attributed to true systemic action. The performance of the soil and banding treatments at Ottawa (Figure'?) differed greatly from that of the same treatments at Wex- ford (Figure'9). It is necessary first to consider these two areas separately for evaluation of chemicals, then later to compare the two for an explanation of the difference. The live larvae per infested bud were plotted for Ottawa in Figure 3, and Wexford in Figure 5. It can be seen from Figure 3 that at Ottawa the soil and banding treatments had no effect on the population by the time the fall sample was taken. When the early spring sample was taken, however, the results indicated considerable systemic action had taken place. It is not possible to determine from the recorded information whether this activity took place before or after the onset of winter. Either way the accumulative effects were evident in the early spring sample. The delayed action of 45 the soil and banding treatments at Ottawa might be explained more plausibly in terms of the host plant rather than the insect of chemical difference. Translocation takes place more rapidly in vigorously grow— ing tissue than in stunted, retarded areas, and the physiology of the plant is intimately involved in systemic action (Tietz, 1954). The red pines at Ottawa have been retarded in growth for at least fiVe years whereas those at Wexford have had much better growth rates. If this hypothesis of delayed systemic activity is accepted, then the results are more closely alike for the two areas. The reduction in late fall and winter population at Ottawa observed in the spring sample corre- sponds to the reduction obtained at Wexford in the fall. The trend of a lesser degree of residual control in the Wexford plots at the time of the early spring samples is accounted for by the heavier winter mor- tality in the check plots. The greatest difference is present in the result obtained from the two areas during the period between the early spring and the late spring samples. The only plausible explanation for this is again the physiological difference existing between the red pine of the two areas. In an evaluation of the fall soil and banding treatments, it can be summarized that in the Ottawa test the Thimet applications were more closely alike in their action than the Chemagro 221 treatments. At Wexford all of the soil and handing tests provided limited systemic ac- tion after the pine resumed growth and the insect resumed activity in the spring. The Thimet treatments were far more effective than the Chemagro 221. The Thimet soil drench demonstrated the greatest sys- temic effect of any treatment tested in this investigation. It reduced 46 the infestation 76 percent by the time the late spring sample was taken. An interesting observation on the action of this chemical can be made from Figures 5 and 9. At the time of initial spring activity, all of the previous effects this chemical may have had on the popula- tion were wiped out by winter mortality. All of its effective sys- temic action took place after the host and the insect resumed develop- ment in the spring. This effect was not as pronounced with the Thimet granular and handing treatments. The Chemagro 221 did not appear as promising in the late spring sample as it did in the fall. Results from the spring tests were comparable to those obtained in the fall. Phosdrin and Am. Cyanamid 12008 foliar sprays caused a marked reduction in the larval population. Thimet spray had a similar action at Wexford, but produced no control at Ottawa. There are a number of factors that may have resulted in the different action of Thimet. In the fall test Thimet had a slower toxic effect on the in— sect than the other sprays. With the spring application only 21 days elapsed between treatment and sampling at Ottawa whereas at Wexford there was a 30-day period. This, coupled with the difference in plant activity, may be sufficient to cause the variation. 'Shortly after the treatments were applied, the larvae began to pupate. At the time the spring samples were taken, 80 percent pupation had taken place. The effects of the pupal stage on the resulting control cannot be deter— mined with the recorded information. 47 n n 1 IIIIIIIII “IIIIIIIIIIWIIIIIIJBIIIIIIIIIII.rII|tIIIIInwlIm.IIIIII ........ m..-..I-..-.m-::-o.-----:--.m1--.m:-www.msmse. C e h h Aum AA 800 d P T / / ....................... u - u- I -mwAsA samba Atom - asqu AoAAAeA I. JV . l \i\ 1 lllllllllllll nmemmm.me&Awmkwu_n F r . b s A . s L. L s L A 4. as o. 1. n. as a. A: .o .5. .4 as 9. 1i 1 1 1 1 1 can poumouflA Hod om>amA o>AA mo nomads owmuo>< Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Nov Sept Oct Aug Jul Sample dates Larval populations present in the Ottawa plots following August spray applications. Figure 2. 48 ll'l'll'I'--I'l||""lll'll ole-llll'tl :oAummsm Rom muA>Auom wsAamm AassaA AaAoAcA J l n can powwoch mom oa>amA m>AA Ho nomad: oumao>< if A ............................................. esmmAado Assesses» m r . A s . u p s P s p . p s 4 3 2 l 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 l 1 1 1 1 .Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Sample dates Nov Sept Oct Aug Jul Larval populations present in the Ottawa plots following August soil and banding treatments. Figure 3. J -Momwumwaw was soAuomNm NR I. II l uA>Auom Am>hmA AzAsao AaAAAeA L 4 1 A 1 k nt 8 l n C oe 0 2 .1 e t m 0 o. r I h 6.1 2 d c Amlllllllrllllllllll ll I. In I: II I. I. d % ooAAmma usoaumoay F P b - IF m m b i-I hi L h P b no .4 no as .1 .U a. .8 7. A6 .5 .4 so on .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 use ooumomsA mom om>amA o>AA no names: ommao>< Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr lay Jun Jul Jul Sample dates Larval populations present in the Wexford plots following August spray applications. Figure 4. Average number of live larvae per infested bud 50 1.6 t I I I I I check 1.5 ’ I I I I l I I 1.4 ‘ I I II I I _ . I 221 band 1.3 I I I | I I I I 1.2 ’ I l I I I I I I 1.1 - I I l | I I 2 1 soil d eA h c 1.0 I I I I ' I .9 t I I I L I I I .8 I I I T idet P bd -7 I .I I “I... g = ual -5 L I II I I I ~5 I I I I ThLJet .4 I drIerIch I I l .3 - 8' I || -A EI -I> “Isl r- .2 mI :Ifl .SISI H H O H M I3| In a a g '3 u: 3'2 .1 ’ u| “I“ “ImI M +3.... 0 A In a! B2 aI ale. C’FN 4.; H m 03 b- 1 J A l m J l I J j l I Jul Aug Sept Oct Nev Dec Jan Feb Har Apr lay Jun Jul Sample dates Figure 5. Larval populations present in the Wexford plots following August soil and banding treatments. Percent reduction from check 51 100 - I ' I 8' I SI Alf: I 90. 9' 5"; gig SI NIH oI:I n+3 -A a) ‘EI ”'3 III?” 30.. e R 3'3 El 3kg nJo' 2: 3's :5? _ H 70 I I II I I I 60' Phpsdrin \\¥ v I I I 221 I II 50* I I I I 12008 I imet I l 40' I II I | I I 30’ | I I I I I I | 20~ I I I I I I II 10’ I I I I d meton F I II I: Jf l A l l A l l i l 1 44 Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Sample dates Figure 6. Percent reduction of larval populations in the Ottawa plots following August spray applications. Percent reduction from check 52 100 _ I | I I 3| I I I 90 ' 2' y; ' . o a ‘CI: gIgI 80” “I 313 SISIII c d a a gI '3 3|“ .3 3|: .gI 70I OI «4|: DQLQI La :3 G Co 4.» 141-1 0) I I I‘I 60 ' I I I I I I | I 5°I‘ I I_ I I I I I 40 . I II I I I I 30 - I I I _221 Band I ThImIet 20 - I I .4bandI Thimet I _gr nhal 10 ' I I _:ThI t drench I I l I‘ L 1 K 1 A 1 1 l .1 22]- grencJ Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb lar Apr lay Jun Jul Sample dates Figure 7. Percent reduction of larval populations in the Ottawa plots following August soil and banding treatments. Percent reduction from check 100 90 8O 7O 60 50 3O 20 10 53 I I “It '0 .2 I I h l '4 boa SI ij'; :I‘DI d 0 a A o a “I m U ISIm 5I IdIa SISI E m g .A'S a 5' o III: sEIaQ g c a oIo HI 'dhd aarq I I II I I II qusdrin I ' I I I I I 221 I I l ‘ I / I II 12008 I A ' II - Thimet ' ‘— a II demeton I II I II I I II I I II I I II 1 l 1 I L J 1 l 1 1 1 1 Jul Aug Figure 8. Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Sample dates Percent reduction of larval populations in the Wexford plots following August spray applications. Percent reduction from check 100 90 80 7O 60 50 30 20 10 54 pring larval activity emergence treatment applied initial s 90% pupation ”70$ —_ l _ I I TLiPet drench iihet ual Tfiimet 1 1 L 1 l 1 4 l 1 j l I Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr lay Jun Jul Sample dates Figure 9. Percent reduction of larval populations in the Wexford plots following August soil and banding treatments. 55 SUIIARY Six systemic insecticides were evaluated for control of the Euro- pean pine shoot moth infesting red pine. Thimet, Phosdrin, managrozm,deme- ton. Bayer 19639, and An. Cyanamid 12008 were tested as foliar sprays. Granular formulations of Thimet and Bayer 19639 were evaluated as soil treatments. Soil drenches and banding treatments were also used. These tests were made in two red pine plantations about 100 miles apart in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Treatments were applied at two different seasons: summer (August 1956) and spring (Hay 1957). The tests were evaluated at several intervals following the applications. The results indicate that: l. Foliar sprays applied in August gave the highest initial con- trol of the summer treatment. Phosdrin was the most effective foliar spray treatment, resulting in 60 percent reduction from the check. 2. There was little indication of control from the band or soil applications applied in August and sampled during September. 3. Evidence of systemic activity was present the following spring in several of the summer treatments. It increased during flie spring. The Thimet soil drench with a 75 percent reduction from the check was the best summer treatment. 4. All August Thimet treatments showed systemic activity the following spring. 5. The results obtained from the spring treatments resemble closely those from the soil evaluation of the August applications. 56 6. The Spring foliar sprays were the most successful treat- ments in reducing the larval population. 7. There were indications of slight control due to systemic activity in some of the spring soil and band treatments. This activity is expected to be even greater in the larvae of the following genera» tion. 8. Considerable differences were present from similar treat- ments in the two test areas. Physiological differences in the host trees may have accounted for these differences. 9. The insecticide Bayer 19639 showed no greater effect than the Chemagro 221 it replaced. The granular soil treatment at Wexford produced limited toxic systemic action in the short period between treatments and samplings. Bayer 19639 soil granules had no effect at Ottawa. 10. To fully evaluate the systemic action of these spring tests, another sample should be taken later in the summer of 1957. Arens, K. 1934. Batts, R. 1954. Bennett, 1949. LITERATURE CITED Die kutikuiare Exkretion des Laubblattes. Jahrb. wiss Bot. 80: 248-296. . F., S. H. Bennett, and W. D. E. Thomas The absorption, translocation, and breakdown of schradan ap- plied to leaves, using 32P labelled material: Part I, Experi— mental Techniques. Ann. Appl. Biol. 41: 475-483. S. H. Preliminary experiments with systemic insecticides. Ann. Appl. Biol. 36: 160-163. Bennett, S. H. 1955. The behavior of systemic insecticides applied to plants. 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