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LAWS THAT COVER S PECIAL FEATURES OF ROADSIDE BEAUTIFICATION.................................... IV. PLANTING DISTANCES TO BE USED AT CURVES AND INTERSECTIONS..................................... V. ROADSIDE BEAUTIFICATION IN MICHIGAN............... VI. PLANTING LIST FOR MICHIGAN WITH REFERENCE TO CLIMATIO AND SOIL CONDITIONED.OOOOI‘COOOOOOOOOOOOOO 10 ESTA? PAGE F -- L.) {if} (i S} 91- LIST OF TABLES TABLE NUMBER PAGE I. What has been accomplished by some of the leading states...... ................. ......... 3 II. Trees that are hardy and may be used for roadside planting in all parts of Michigan.... 5}, III. Trees that are hardy in the southern one- half of Michigan............... .......... 933 IV. Trees that are hardy in the northern one- half of Michigan..................... ..... .... 3.7« V. Trees that are hardy in the south east one— fourth of Michigan..... ....... ................ .iiil VI. Trees that are hardy in the southern one- fourth of Michigan................ ..... ....... ii? VII. Trees that are hardy in the northern three- fourths of Michigan................. ........ .. I};T‘ VIII. Trees that are hardy in all but the south west one-fourth of Michigan................... :ISa Ix. Soil preferences of Michigan trees...... ..... . a» X. Shrubs that may be used advantageously for roadside planting in Michigan................. ;_3.j LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Number 1. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 23. Formal and informal types of planting. ..... ....... The old Oregon Trail.............. ...... .... ..... . An early horse and buggy road....... ........... ... A canyon highway in Colorado. .............. . ..... . A bit of Idaho beauty.......... ................. .. Lewis and Clark highway in Idaho..... ...... ....... Roadside trees in California...... ........... ..... U. S. Highway 201, near Kennebec, Maine........... Bird Book, as seen from the Roosevelt Highway, Oregon..................................... ..... .. A woodland road in Indiana........................ Trees along route 11 in Oswego County, New York... A construction scar near White Springs, West Virginian...’......OIOOOOCIOOO0.0.0.0.... ..... .0... A natural bit of road near Delphi, Indiana......... Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico............... Mt.'Bonnell Pass, near Austin, Texas.............. Echo Lake, New Hampshire.. ......... . ..... ......... Spraying roadside trees.......... ....... .......... Spraying roadside trees...... ........ ..... ....... . Spraying roadside trees................ .......... . Erosion on an un-sodded fill...... ......... ....... No erosion due to sod on shoulder...... ....... .... A barren road.... ..... . ..... . ..................... vi LL. s-La I??? - :13 RI... H—d H... R.- «I Figure Number 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 30. 31. 33. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. A naturalistic setting for a road. ......... ....... A well designed bridge ..... ... ..... .... .......... . A well designed bridge in Illinois. ............... A cartoon on roadside advertising by J.N.Iarling.. American advertising in England.. ............... .. A dangerous roadside stand due to lack of parking area.................... ............. ..... An attempt to make the most of a small hillside tract............................................. A billboard in a dangerous as well as an unsightly looation.... ........... . ..... ........... A good method used to divide the right of way into its component parts.. ........ . ..... . .............. Planting distances to use in a four-way intersection................. ............ ......... Planting distances to use at a railroad crossing.. Planting distances to use on a curve...... ....... . Planting distances to use on a "Y" intersection... Planting distances to use on a "T" intersection... Types of intersections that may be given a park development... ...... .................. ..... ....... Type of roadside fountain used in Michigan ....... . Road before it was trimmed and cleaned up......... Road after trimming and clean up program.......... A cut section as it is often left after construction. .......... . .......................... ‘\} ..., I {C A. *1 Q ,».~ H I .) Figure Number 43. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 53. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 63. 63. 64. A.cut section as it should be left after con- struction.......................................... Conserving roadside trees and shrubs............... Transplanted trees and shrubs...................... Roadside trees and shrubs.......................... Native trees and shrubs............................ Native e1ms........................................ Willows............................................ Roadside before cleanup............................ Condition of roadside on M-SS...................... Roadside clean up.................................. Park bench and table............................... Flowing well....................................... Roadside spring.................................... Landscaping a roadside spring...................... Roadside spring.................................... Roadside planting.................................. Roadside planting.................................. Bonnie Elk park.................................... Roadside park...................................... Grand Haysn park................................... Park on N-21....................................... Roadside park at Somerset Center................... Okemoa cornGICOOOOOOO0.0....OOOOODOIOOOOOOIOOOOOOOO Page Figure Number Page. 65. Rainfall in inches for the lower peninsula........ ‘33 66. Average length of plant growing season............ 6?. Lowest known temperatures for Michigan............ 58- Location of sandy and clay soils in Michigan...... 69. Planting plan for a "Y" intersection .............. gal} 70. Planting plan for a grade separation ....... L ...... 'Ljff 71. Original topOgraphy for a grade separation ........ i 1:; 72. Proposed topography for a grade separation........ iigfi PREFACE The author wishes to acknowledge the many helpful sug- gestions given him by members of the faculty of Michigan State College. For the assistance just mentioned the author is greatly indebted. The author is particularly indebted to Professor Charles P. Halligan, and C. W. Barr of the Landscape Department of Michigan State College for their incisive criti- cism, and kind suggestions which were of great assistance in the preparation of this thesis. He is also indebted to Phelps Vogelsang of the State Highway Department for pictures and data dealing with roadside beautification in Michigan. 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This thesis is written to bring before the public the importance of this phase of highway develOpment, and to point out the reasons for its becoming a more vital issue as the years go by. Roadside beautification deals with more than the plant- ing of trees and shrubs along the roadside. The following conditions are considered in this thesis as pertaining to roadside beautification work: The selecting of scenic lo- cations for new roads; the protecting of existing material during construction work; the planting of trees and shrubs where there are none; and the replacing of material injured or removed during construction; the seeding or sodding of all bars spaces such as cuts, fills, and shoulders; the grading of roads so that the 810pes of cuts and fills are natural, not artificial as they have been in the past; the trimming and cutting of existing material for pleasing vistas. It pertains to the enactment of laws pertaining to the placement of public utility lines, to the practice of dumping rubbish along roadsides, to the placement of advertising signs, to the prohibition of the destruction of trees or shrubs on the right of way, and to the ap- propriation of money for the planting of trees, shrubs, vines and flowers along the right of way. The value of roadside trees was appreciated many hun- dreds of years ago. During the expansion of the Roman Empire about the year of 27 8.0., the Romans built many hundreds of miles of roads throughout Europe for the transportation of their Legions. It was found that the soldiers were not as fit for battle after marching along roads that were not shaded as they were when the line of march was through the forest or in partial shade. Due to this fact the Romans planted trees along their military roads where they were not otherwise shaded by natural growing trees. It is for these same reasons that we find the French roads lined with their soldierly rows of trees. Luring the reign of Napoleon, France built military roads in all di- rections from Paris to facilitate the movement of troops. In order to have these armies reach the fields of battle in the best possible condition, Napoleon had the roadsides planted to rows of trees. The trees along these roads kept the hot sun from shining directly upon the soldiers, and made the line of march more pleasing and inspiring due to the esthetic beauty of the trees. These plantings of the Romans and of the French, were made primarily for this utilitarian purpose with little thought given to their esthetic value. When one drives along a road that is thus lined on either side with a strict alignment of trees, they beCOme very displeasing after a short time (hie to their monotonous repetition. Such a condition never occurs in nature. That is why one never tires of nature. Seldom is there a monotonous repetition in place- ment of character. Below is an illustration of the two types of planting, the formal or row type and the informal or naturalistic type. @ a) (a @W‘FX‘E ' ___@__-._@__@ ____»:5@;@__ Forma' Informal Fog. 1. When Columbus discovered America the natural landscape beauty of the country was its most inspiring quality. Much of the native flora that constituted this effect has been since destroyed. The early roads that were made by the pioneers as illustrated on tne following page, were cut through these native forests, carried over small hills, or around larger ones and sometimes necessarily splashed through the swamps. Due to the preponderance of naturalistic beauty at this time there,was no thought of conserving it. Later as new roads were built over these early trails the native material was cleared away from the roadsides. Farmers own- ing the adjacent properties also cleared away the trees and shrubs from their lands to accommodate the cultivation 0f crops. As these denuded roadsides became more barren Corduroy rosds were smong the first ”all westher" rosds in the .United Ststes. The one shown here was used for redwood logging opersuons m northern Csliforms. Fug. 3. 8! 3st. Judging by the width of this esrly horse and buggy tosd. it must have been s “main highway." and depressing, the public began to think of the desira- bility of replanting trees and shrubs along these right of ways. The first planting of this kind was initiated by private enterprize or by civic organizations because public funds were not available for this purpose. The next era in the history of road building, co- incident with the use of the automobile, was the unprece— dented demand for better surfaced roads. This demand drew upon the resources of the states to such an extent as to monopolize all the available road-building funds. Later as the road-building program approached completion money began to become available for landscape improve- ment work. Now all states have commenced to think seri- ously of roadside beautification. The next chapter will present the status of roadside beautification work in each state. {3 CHAPTER II WHAT THE LIFFERENT STATES ARE DOING This chapter is devoted to quotations and a chart which 13 develOped from the data upon the present status of road- side beautification as obtained from letters received from the state highway departments of these various states. ALABAMA “Due to lack of funds very little roadside beautification work has been done by the highway department. However in scattered communities a small local effort has been made. " ARIZONA "Due to the fact that we have no department covering roadside beautification, we can not give you the information You desire.“ W "At this time the Arkansas State Highway Commission has not decided to spend any money other than for road and bridge construction. Civic clubs in various towns throughout the 81: ate have done work of this nature in a small way.” CALIFORNIA "All trees are planted by private initiative or civic bmiies. They pay for the plants, planting, and the first Years maintenance which usually amounts to $2.25 per tree aoccording to the locality in which the trees are to be planted and the amount of maintenance required. The state 1‘hen does the actual planting and cares for them We have not found it satisfactory for private individuals or civic bodies to do their own planting. le have planted approximately seven hundred miles of trees at the present time. These are spaced usually one hundred feet apart and staggered so that actually there is a tree every fifty feet. All grade separations are planted to beautify and re- duce erosion of the slapes, and also along the coast the slapes are planted with Mesembryanthemum which requires no maintenance and reduces fire hazard as well as erosion. Native shrubbery is being set out principally along the Redwood Highway this year in an effort to obscure old and new construction scars. We have a State Nursery that furnishes the shrubbery and trees for State use, which in- eludes shrubs for Maintenance Yards as well as for road— sides. Drinking fountains are being installed wherever there are running springs and sufficient parking area. These require considerable thought as there are several features each fountain must embody to be useful to the public, and they must be simple in design and apprOpriate to the sur- roundings. There is no special organization that cares for the trees and shrubs. A tree foreman or superintendent in each District has charge of the planting, and he either has a crew under him or does the work himself according 9 to the extent of the beautification in his particular Dis- trict. Throughout the dry interior valleys of California we concentrate our beautification to tree planting mostly as the maintenance on slope covers and shrubs is prohibitive except on a small scale. Along the coast where the atmospheric conditions are more favorable, native shrubs and slaps covers maintain themselves if planted in the fall of the year so they have the benefit of the winter rains. Great strides are being taken this year along these lines with the use of the re- lief help the State is employing this winter. There have been several small parks planted through the State by civic bodies and maintained by the State that are doing very well, but in California the maintenance on lawns and shrubs is very expensive which holds develOpments of this nature to a minimum.I OLO “Our mileage is so large and the funds for construc- tion and maintenance are so meager that we have been spend- ing every available dollar for roadway improvement. Of course our engineers give careful consideration to retaining as much of the natural beauty as possible, and leave the construction work in a presentable condition." ONNECT T ”The Connecticut Highway Department has a unit in its H U organization formerly known as our Landscape Division but now The Bureau of Roadside Development, which carries on a systematic program of roadside beautification and im- provement. The unit was organized in July 1, 1927 under special legislation which was passed by previous General Assembly." "The General Assembly of 1937 passed legislation giving the State Highway Commissioner jurisdiction over all trees, shrubs, and other vegetation within State Highway rights of way and authorized planting and maintenance. Connecticut believes that any effort that adds to the beauty of our roadsides, makes our highways safer and gives the public a better use and enjoyment of them may well be considered roadside develOpment. Before building a new road, trained men remove all good young trees and shrubs, transplanting them to temporary nur- serys. Upon completion of the road, the roadside development begins. Existing trees are pruned and slash growth removed, allowing the better type of shrubs and vines to develOp. Pruning trees and cutting brush by cooperation with the prOperty owners is carried on to Open up landscape and water vistas. . Parking areas are provided with tables and waste bar- rels. *Four years along Connecticut highways. 11 Wherever there are historical trees, boulders, monuments, milestones or other landmarks within the right of way, the State protects and maintains them. Three types of planting have been found to be most prac- tical for average conditions met on Connecticut highways. Informal groups of one to five trees are adapted to roll- ing, hilly country, or in flat regions where the road winds in and out. An effort should be made to imitate natural groves and the trees may be placed at any interval the planter de- cides is necessary to blend the group into the local scenery. The spacing between clumps should be irregular to avoid a mechanical aspect. lhere the right of way is narrow, but still providing room for trees, the formal row type of planting may be used to advantage. This consists of maintaining all the trees equidistant from each other. lhere both sides of the high— way are planted in rows, it is not practical to attempt keeping trees on both sides directly apposite each other. Entrances, guypoles, drains and the like cause a shift in spacing on one side, while across the road such conditions may be absent. The third style is called “random“ or 'staggered' plant- ing. Along wide rights of way, trees may effectively be placed at random, so that the distances of consecutive trees from the center line are unequal. This breaks up the mo- notony of driving along roads that are hemmed in by very 12 soldierly appearing rows. It further gives the appearance that the trees are native to the roadside, having survived the thinning out process of years gone by. Opinions vary on the proper spacing of shade trees. The question has carefully been considered by this depart- ment and a few rules formulates as follows: In row plant— ing, varieties similar in crown spread to the Sugar Maple are to be planted at intervals of sixty feet. Those simi- lar to Norway Maples are placed on fifty foot centers, shile Weeping Willows are set forty feet apart. The result of this planting is that when the trees reach maturity ad- jacent crowns will just touch. In group planting, any distance is suitable, for nature never used a yardstick in her work.. In random planting, the intervals may vary slight- ly, to achieve the best effect.- For safety sake, if for no other, it does not seem feasible to plant trees closer to the edge of the traveled surface than twelve feet. Twenty to twenty-five feet from the edge of the highway is an ideal distance, for the trees will shade the road, and at the same time will not be a menace to traffic. 0n sharp turns, it is inadvisable to place trees on the inside of the curve, as they obstruct the sight line. On flat curves, if the vision is at least two hundred fifty feet ahead, trees on the inside of the curve are permitted. Planting on the outside of a curve is in good form at all times. Intersections, approaches to railroad crossings, 11-3 and similar hazards must not be planted in any way with trees. One of the first decisions to be made on a tree planting pragram is the definite choice of trees to be used. It has been our experience that it is preferable to use only those varieties which occur natively in the section to be planted. For example, in level, sandy plains, sixty percent of the wood lots were found to be mixed oak. It is desirable to plant oaks on the highway in that vicinity rather than to choose Red Maples which might die from lack of moisture. The limiting factor in such decisions must be necessarily the a- vailability of the varieties desired. To illustrate-Some New England areas have dense stands of White Oak. Yet, eastern nurserymen do not have quanti- ties of this variety in the sizes desired on hand. Conse- quently, we substitute something else available which is adapted to conditions favorable to White Oaks, such as Oriental Plane. Along seashores and other barren areas, introduced varieties must be tried. With a survival of the fittest, the planter may tell by observation what grows best on that particular site. . Where funds are sufficient, it is the best policy to purchase nursery-grown trees because they will have far better fibrous root systems, better shaped holes and be less subject to mechanical injury than collected stock. If it is imperative that collected trees be used, they should be lifted from their native surroundings and set in a .—i 1 Fig. 15. Fig. 1",. 1.3 nursery for two years, during which time they should be heavily mulched to encourage strong root growth." [LOHIDA 'Beacuse of lack of funds Florida has no organized branch for this side of road building.“— GEORGIA 'Georgia has made a pretty good start in this work, all of which is being done in cOOperation with the differ- ent civic organizations of the State. They furnish the plants and the State puts them out and maintains them.” 124.129 “We are doing nothing of this sort in Idaho aside from.prohibiting signs and advertisements from the right of way as much as possible, but we have so little money for highway use that the one vital problem is construc- tion and we will have to leave beautification in this State for future generations.“ mam l"The Department of Public Works and Buildings, Division of Highways, Bureau of Maintainence, has for the past five years given attention to the following roadside beautification problems: Preventing mutilation of worthy existing trees and shrubbery; creating formal drainage through the smaller towns; cleaning up automobile dumps, trash and weeds; mowing and seeding s10pes and shoulders, and carrying on an educational campaign relative to billboards, careless kept filling stations, and commercial stands. Under the supervision of this Bureau, the organization consists of one landscape architect, one landscape engineer, and one expert in tree trimming, who furnish planting plans without cost for those who desire to plant trees and shrub- bery upon the Highways. Thquepartment of Public Works and Buildings, Division of Highways, provides a policy and issues a permit. Briefly the policy provides that they (the Department of Public Works) will do the necessary grading, prepare the seed beds, and maintain the trees and shrubbery after planting, but do not furnish them. ' INDIANA .""As an aid in maintaining the roadside against erosion, the Highway Commission has continued the practice of seeding the shoulders and ditch slopes on all newly graded roads. The Highway Commission also continued the planting of willows and other trees at special places to protect the roadbed from erosion. Some miscellaneous planting was done along the roadside which will aid in the protection against erosion and also serve as.ornamentation in future years. The Commission c00perated in a limited way with local clubs and organizations desiring to plant trees and ornamental *Annual report 1930, page 74. ‘ J shrubbery. The Commission's part, however, in the purely ornamental work consists largely in supervising and fur- nishing instructions. The greatest handicap to planting trees and shrubs on the roadside is the narrowness of the highway right of way. Where local organizations desire planting largely for orna- mental purposes they should aid in securing sufficient width of right of way to provide for same. Many flowers and shrubs have been planted by these local clubs and individuals at various places along the State High- way. The planting at the end of culverts, near bridges, at intersections, on curves and other places add much to the attractiveness of the highway. With sufficient right of way and prOper local cooperation it would not be difficult to make many stretches of roadside into beautiful and ornamen- tal parks. This planting should not be done promiscuously but should be done on such stretches of road and at such locations where it is appropriate. It is very necessary to guard against planting high shrubs and trees near road intersections because of the obstructed view which may be caused in later years. Also it is important to guard against planting shrubbery where same will be the cause of snow drifting on the highway. Where the wind has a clean sweep across the level plain and drifting snow is common, shrubbery should not be plant— ed closer than seventy five feet to the edge of the traveled '19 way. At this distance, or preferably one hundred feet the planting will also serve as a snow fence. If this fact is recognized, and trees and shrubbery planted at the pr0per locations, they may aid in keeping roads cpen during the snow season.” KANSAS "Kansas has not gone into roadside beautification, but we hope to within the next year or two." KENTUCKY "This department has no information available regarding roadside beautification work.“ LOUISIANA "This is to advise that the Louisiana Highway Commission has just commenced to beautify the roads, and we are in no position at this time to give you the information requested." M "We have no Department nor authorization of the expen- diture of funds for roadside beautification.” MARZLgflD "The State Roads Commission of Maryland have gone into roadside beautification only insofar as to plant trees along the roads and vines along the banks." MICHIGAN A chapter on the work accomplished in Michigan will be found on page 69 . MINNESOTA "This State has no systematic plan of roadside beauti- fication, other than carrying out the construction grading “H Kl? in such a manner that the roadsides can be readily seeded to grass and thereafter kept in a presentable condition by mowing, etc. Nothing has been done in the way of planting shrubs and trees or doing any other type of special work.“ MISSISSIPPI ”Roadside beautification has never been undertaken in this State due to lack of funds." MISSOURI _'This work is in charge of our Maintenance Bureau and is handled as a part of our regular maintenance program. We are, however, limited in our expenditures to the landscaping of properties belonging to the State and under supervision of the State Highway Commission. We have no appropriation from the State Legislature enabling usto undertake an ex- tensive beautification program. We are dependent, to a large degree, upon various organizations throughout the state in building up a sentiment in favor of highway beauti- fication, and thereby securing the c00peration of the ' property owners along the State roads. Much credit is due these organizations for the results so far accomplished. It may be possible after our road system is completed that funds will be available for beautifying the roadside.” NEBRASKA I'We do not at the present time have an organization to handle this work. We do however believe that it is a matter which should and no doubt will be given more careful consid- eration in the future.” :31- m was: ”We have a special organization to take care of this work, which was started only last year, but it is not very fully developed at this time.” §§E_MEXICO "We do have a law in this State regulating the placing of signs. No sign is permitted within one hundred feet of the right of way except by special permit. The State Highway Department endeavors to keep the right of ways cleaned and in attractive condition and pre- serves native trees wherever possible during construction. Trash is not allowed upon the right of way of any State highway.“ m. 19.51:. “This Department conducts no operations which could be very well classed as roadside beautification." NEVADA "Due to the extreme dry weather conditions existing in this state, it is doubtful if any attempt to develop roadside beautification will be made for some time to come.” NQ§1§_QAROLINA “We do not have a special organization or plan cover- ing this work in North Carolina.“ NQ§I§_DAKOTA “Very little progress has been made in the line of roadside beautification in this state. A)!) ‘d *v This fact is due to the lack of funds for this purpose and also to difficulties encountered for the reason of the severe winters and the semi-arid climate." g§;Q_ 'The Ohio Highway Department is doing very little work along this line. Local organizations in various places are carrying on this work.I W “The Oklahoma Highway Department has never undertaken roadside beautification as a part of the State Highway work.“ OREGON 'The plans of the Commission at this time is one of acquisition. The Highways of the State traverse many miles of virgin timber. The securing of strips thru these areas are being stressed. There has been some planting of trees bordering the Highways by Civic Clubs. This is not fostered to any extent due to line changes, future paving, and widen- ing of the Highways.I ' PENNSYLVANIA “Due to a growing demand it was necessary to create some branch of Highway activity specially fitted and trained to do this work and so to—day we have the Forestry and Land- scape units in many of the Highway Departments. When one examines the situation carefully, there can be no doubt that the same principles apply to the essential treatment of 3:3 Highway sIOpes and roadsides. The well known principles of forestry that a forest cover is essential and necessary to regulate and control the runoff water and so regulate the stream flow and to reduce erosion apply with equal force to the treatment of Highway s10pes and roadsides. Assuming that proper construction methods have been used in the road- way itself, there is nothing more essential to the permanency of the Highway itself than prOper water control and drainage. The planting of trees, shrubs, vines and grasses on the High- way lepes and roadsides not only serves to control the run- off watsr and erosion, but it also covers the unsightly gashes and cuts which are the result of modern Highway construction, and so adds a touch of beauty and attractiveness to the road- sides. Primarily as in any other business undertaking, this work must stand on its own merits. It must show a final reduction in maintenance cost of the Highways; beautification and attractiveness naturally follow. Through the removal of dangerous trees along the Highways; through the removal of trees and other growth on curves and at other dangerous points to promote traffic safety; through the establishment of ever- green snow fences and through the planting, seeding and sod- ding of slapes, culvert entrances and roadsides generally, such units can and will more than justify their existence from a purely business standpoint. If beauty and attractive- ness, the natural result of these measures, could be judged from a material standpoint, the scales would be overbalanced, and if the weight of favorable comment from organizations, individuals, etc., could be put on the scales, they would be broken down entirely. The forestry unit of the Pennsylvania Department of Highways was organized in the fall of 1928. To-day eleven of the States have a special unit to care for roadsides or have set aside a definite sum for this work, and perhaps more than half of the States are expecting some of their road maintenance funds for this work. The Pennsylvania unit now consists of a Highway Forester, with headquarters at Harrisburg, who plans and directs the work, and a forester in each of the eight original highway divisions. Under the proposed plan of reorganization of the department, made necessary to cars for the additional twenty thousand miles or rural highways planned by Governor Pinchot, the State has been divided into twelve highway districts and each of these will eventually have a district forester to cars for the work of the.forestry unit. The essential work of this unit may be divided into a number of activities which can be briefly classed as follows: I. Planting of slopes and roadsides. 2. Seeding and sodding of slopes, culvert entrances and roadsides. 3. Cooperative plantings with various clubs, organizations and individuals. VF ’ i'v LJI 4. Removal and pruning of trees to insure traffic safety. 5. Establishment of evergreen snow fences at points where drifts are constant during the winter. During the two and one—half years of its existence, the forestry unit has planted more than three-quarters of a million trees, shrubs, vines and willows on the highway slopes to prevent erosion and to control the water runoff; more than twenty-five thousand shade trees, evergreens and shrubs around the various storage sheds; more than three million square feet of shoulders and gentle slopes seeded, and more than three thousand five hundred trees removed to protect the highways and to safeguard traffic. In order to secure coverage of the slopes as rapidly as possible, it is necessary to use such species as de- velop a vigorous root system or which produce roots from the nodes when in contact with the soil. Honeysuckle, virginia creeper, barberry, iris, and various vigorous grasses are used extensively for slope work and these are supplemented by the flowering shrubs such as the spireas, dogwoods, snowberry, coralberry, laurel, rhododendron and others which are commonly found throughout the eastern United States. At the same time, every effort is made to preserve existing natural growth wherever possible. Desirable species of all kinds are taken care of during road revem cosily and dangerous A good stead of gtsss which will p d highway investment. erosion of shoulders and slepes is s goo Fag. 2|. . w i construction and Operations; the theory of preserving the growth already on the ground being very wise and economical. In some cases, whole avenues of stately old trees have been preserved, and many a venerable oak or other unusual speci- men has been saved by a slight relocation of the road or a little change in the road line. Likewise, naturalistic effects in planting are being aimed at so that the road- sides do not have a standardized look but unfold a changing panorama of what appears to be the natural roadside growth of Pennsylvania. An unusual problem is presented in the treatment of steep slopes where, because of the very nature of the soil itself, washing and erosion tend to wash out the planting stock before it has had a chance to establish itself. Since most phases of this highway work represents pioneer efforts and because there are at present few past experiences in any of the states to furnish any reliable guide, considerable experimental work yet remains to be done. It is well known ‘how profusely and rapidly most varieties of willow sprout and produce vigorous root systems. This is particularly true of the common white and the crack willow. By setting heavy live willow posts, from six to eight feet in length along the lepes in the ground so that not over a foot of post is exposed, it is hoped to produce a profuse root system and growing willow sprouts to prevent washing and erosion of the steeper lepes. The results so far seem to inducate that this work will be successful. To make the roads more safe for the motorist, the forestry unit sees that dangerous trees and tree limbs are removed so that these do not fall upon the highways and per- haps cause serious accidents and even death. Trees and other growth are also removed on the inside of curves so as to af- ford the motorist a clear view of approaching traffic and so promote safety. Besides, many undiscovered and hidden views along rivers and streams have been opened up by the removal of trees and underbrush so that the public has a vista of unusual beauty unfolded before its eyes. This has been done especially along the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers. Another unusual feature of safety work is trimming along the highway to secure circulation of air so that the roadway dries out quickly, thus aidingin the elimination of ice and slippery roads. To secure this, the lower branch- es of the trees at such locations are removed to a height of from ten to twelve feet and covering a width of about fifty feet from the edge of the roadway. This permits a free circulation of air over the highway and aids materially in the evaporation of the rain and snow as it falls. In order to assist in memorial and similar plantings of shade trees and other suitable planting stock the depart- ment cooperates with clubs, organizations and individuals in this work. Usually the cooperating agency furnishes the planting stock, while the Department makes the planting plan, plants the material, maintains it and otherwise assists in ”if, a}. the work. Entrance plantings to towns, boroughs and cities have been made in this way, as well as avenues of shade trees, plantings around springs, and other suitable and de- sirable locations throughout the State. Who has not seen the white roses of York County or the red roses of Lancaster County, or the memorial roses ap- proaching the National Cemetery at Gettysburg in Adams County? Who has not traveled along a highway bordered with young thrifty oriental planes, cake, or maples? These and similar beauty spots are brought about through the c00per- ation of the civic-minded peOple throughout the state. On July 1, 1929, the forest tree nursery of the Depart- ment of Forests and Waters, located along the Susquehanna Trail between Northumberland and Milton, was transferred to the Highway Department. This nursery consists of one hun- dred two acres and has been placed in excellent condition. Here is raised much of the planting stock used along the highways. The nursery furnishes this stock at about half the cost of the average commercial nursery and it also in- sures that freshly dug plants can be taken by truck to the planting sites over the state and planted in the shortest possible time. It is possible that the majority of the planting stock used can be raised eventually at the depart- ment nursery. To take proper care of the eastern half of the state, while a similar outfit is kept at Franklin for the use of the western half of the state. «H; In order to present to the public exact pictures of its forestry and roadside activities, three sets of colored lan- tern slides have been prepared and are available for the use of the forestry unit. Each of these sets consists of about fifty slides made from actual photographs of the work in Pennsylvania. These slides are in use almost continuously and tell better than words what is being done throughout the state. The work of the forestry unit has received most favor- able comment all over the state as well as from many of the other states in the Union. It has been heartily approved and endorsed by many clubs, organizations and associations of all kinds over the state, particularly the women's organ— izations, the park and forestry associations and others of similar nature whose activities have to do with the outdoors. The Pennsylvania Motor Federation at its recent annual meet- ing endorsed the program of the unit and ask that a definite sum be set aside each year for this work. Excellent cooper- ation has been given by the Pennsylvania Outdoor Advertising Association in the removal and elimination of signs at points which the department considers dangerous to traffic or interferes with a scenic view. While many states are spending considerable more money than Pennsylvania on roadside work, some as much as ten times more per mile of state road, yet the work here has been established on a firm basis of economy, ultimate re- duction in maintenance costs of highway operation, and :33 1 utility. The resulting beautification of the highways is the cumulative effect of these operations and is the result so much desired and now demanded by the people. Roadside work in Pennsylvania is well under way but much remains to be done before all the highways will have been covered. Pennsylvania will have within the next four years almost forty thousand miles of improved State Highways, and many years of work will be in store for the forestry unit before all that vast mileage of roadsides will have been properly cared for and treated.'. RHODE ISLAND ”Roadside beautification in this state is in its infan- cy. During the past year and a half we have employed tree experts to trim out and doctor up trees along our state highways, have cut back, reshaped and trimmed side slopes, removed a large amount of rock and debris, and on areas wholly controled by the state at intersections, we have pre- pared planting spaces in which we intend to plant shrubs in the near future. The work thus far carried out has.been in the direct charge of the maintenance engineer and his assistants.! §Q§T§_DAKOTA "The South Dakota State Highway Department has not done very much toward roadside beautification up to the present time, the only thing being the sowing of lepes and ditches with grass.“ '2“) 0).... 33 TENNESSEE "The State Highway Department does not maintain a land- scape division for this phase of work, but works through the Maintenance Division in 000peration with Civic Clubs, etc." isms I'No work of this type has been undertaken by this De- partment. Several Civic Organizations have been encouraged in this work, but to date, tree planting is the only form of beautification adopted. This has been done under super- vision but with no definite central policy, except to insist that such trees be planted back of the ditch line.“ UTAH, IPractically nothing has been done in the way or road- side beautification in this state to date. We realize the importance of this movement and no doubt ere long will be in a position to give the matter the attention it deserves." VERMONT IThe State of Vermont at present has no Highway Depart- ment funds which may be used for roadside beautification. We feel that we are not justified in spending Department money for any other purpose outside of road building and maintenance. We have, however, spent a limited amount in grassing slopes which is primarily a question of mainte- nance. In as much as such grassing prevents erosion and eliminates the cost of repairing the damage caused by this erosion. 1*!“ Aside from this our activities have been confined to the promotion of beautification work at the approaches of our communities. Our part in this work consists of fur- nishing technical advice and assistance to public minded and civic organizations in these communities. We lay out a program of develOpment for them to follow and they fur- nish the funds and labor in doing this work." VIRGINIA 'At the present time we are making an intensive study of the roadside problem in Virginia in preparation of a report to the General Assembly. Only such work as can be handled under regular maintenance operations is being undertaken.'I WASHINGTON ”All expenditures of this Department are made in ac- cordance with legislative appropriations. As yet there has been no fund available for roadside beautification work. Consequently as yet we have not made any progress along this line. Our maintenance crews, however, seek whenever possible to improve the appearance of the road- side by removal of unsightly brush and debris and keep the State right of way free from all advertising.” WEST VIRGINIA ”This state does not have a special organization for roadside beautification. The work that we have done in this state consists of ') «3U J! \- erecting a few roadside drinking fountains. These have been erected_by our regular maintenance force.” WISCONSIN ''We have not done much along the line of roadside beauti- fication as yet and do not have any special organization to take care of this work.“ WYOMING . “This state has not taken up the matter of roadside beautification. All available funds have been needed in construction and maintenance due to our sparse p0pulation and difficulty in raising funds for highway improvement. I doubt whether it will be possible to undertake any improve- ments of this kind for some little time to come.“ MASSACHUSETTS A “The work in this state is carried out by the mainte- nance department. They have a nursery at Palmer, Massachusetts where the trees and shrubs for roadside beautification are propagated. The work done by this department in the way of beauti- fication consists of the following: removal of all dead material; first aid to injured trees; care of trees; safety work such as maintenance of prOper clearance; landscape cutting for vistas; and the planting of trees and shrubs. /VA ME 0 F MM [0 WEEKS [A WS CO VER/NG W/DTH 0F W/pm AT ”UNfBER firm/c @7055 IL/ELFFROI‘J O i - - - Ctr/c THEQT/Wf EANTKD FAA/WM COST RW‘ W. CUB-Hus fOUNTA/m AREAS 725155 [ANS [ 0/0415 UT/L/T/EB 00/7/95 4; L053 # CALIFDREIA 550 64,L00 72,000 YES YES YES 60-100 YES 23 YES N0 NO YES LL"ISlANA r00 140,000 U.E.E. N0 N0 N0 50-200 N0 NO NO NO NO NO ILLiNLIS 10,550 YES YES YES 50-200 YES NO NO NO NO YES pk YAEYLAND 20 0,038 17,000 YES NO NO 30'66 NO NO YES NO YES YES NEW JERSEY 75 4,478 198,000 YES YES . YES 80-120 NO NO NO NO YES YES TEEAS YES YES YES 80-100 YES NO ‘ YES YES NO YES , YES 50-100 NO NO YES YES YES NO FEENNECTICUT YES YES MICHIGAN 1500 089,000 548,000 YES YES ' YES 80-200 YES 60 YES YES YES NO ; MASSACHUSETTS YES CONCLUSION From the data given previously in this thesis, many conclusions may be drawn, the most important of which is the rapidity with which this movement is spreading over the United States. Previous to 1921 there was very little if any concentrated effort to beautify the roadside. In some instances a few states passed laws for the protection of roadside trees from destruction and one or two states had passed laws apprOpriating money for the planting of trees along the highway. As the auto industry improved their cars, making for more speed on the highway, there was a demand for more and better surfaced roads. As these roads were being built, the native plant material was obliterated from the right of way in order to make room for the new construction of the road. The widening of the roads, easing of curves and better grading of cuts and fills were all needed de- ve10pments that improved their serviceability but did not entirely meet the satisfactions of the people. They want- ed to enjoy the native plant material that expressed the beauty of nature along the rural highways, and that re- quired the replacement of these native trees and shrubs. As a measure to appease this demand, states began to pass laws for the removal of bill boards from the right of ways, for the governing of the placement of public utility lines, for the cleaning up of the roadside, for ‘)£V p; 5 for the protection of trees and shrubs along the right of way, and for the appropriation of funds for the planting there of trees and shrubs. Of the leading states in this program, eight have laws for the governing of bill boards, eight have laws for the control of the placement of public utility lines, and six have laws for the prevention of dumping rubbish along the roadside. In the year of 1921 Massachusetts passed a law for the beautification of its roads, as well as for the protection of the already existing plant materials. In the year of 1927, Connecticut passed a law for the creation of a land- scape division in connection with its Highway Lepartment. During this short period from 1921 to the present time, 1933, at least eight states have a definite department for the fulfillment of a definite planting and maintenance program. In addition to these states there are many more that hope to take this step of conserving and making land- scape plantings along their highways as soon as financial conditions permit. Of the forty-eight states about sixty percent have accomplished some roadside planting, either through the state or by the aid of civic clubs. In the other forty percent of the states small plantings have been made by civic clubs or civic minded citizens. There seems to be three distinct methods of doing this work. The first and best method is that whereby the state 35,! is to set aside a certain amount of money each year for the planting of trees and shrubs along the roadside. These plantings can be made by a separate department or by the regular maintenance crews under the direction of an experi- enced landscape architect. Money may also be received through the maintenance department for the care of already existing material, and through the construction department for the planting, transplanting, and trimming of trees along the right of way of new conStruction jobs. This plan is very good because the state may formulate a uni- fied plan which will result in eventually beautifying all of the roads in the state. The second method is that whereby the money used in the planting and in the first years maintenance is sup- plied by civic clubs and public spirited individuals. The planting is done by the state and a unified plan is carried out in the same manner as the first mehtod, the only difference being in the source of the money. The third method in use is that whereby the civic associations or clubs do the planting after their own plan, without any control from the state. This results in a very haphazard develOpment of disconnected roadways with extended undeveloped roadways between them. Often the material used is not indigenous and no unified plan is carried out. The first two methods are very good, but the author does not recommend the third method, because of its lack -'. f 3 .A i J of plan and unity. It would seem feasible for all states, whether they had a department for the care of this work or not, to publish a list of such native plant material which is to be conserved during construction and along the already existing roads. This would instil in the minds of the peOple as well as of the employees of the Highway Depart- ment the kinds of shrubs and trees worth protecting, and would further tend to save many shrubs from destruction by peOple who would not otherwise have thought of the beauty and value of such things. All natural features along the roadsides such as springs, creeks, and wooded areas should be develOped so that they will serve the public to their fullest extent. Wherever there is a good spring along the roadside that flows continuously throughout the year, the water should be tested as to purity, and if fit for drinking purposes, it should be developed as a roadside fountain. The best way to accomplish this is to purchase sufficient land where the spring is located to provide for the parking of at least five cars. The spring should be deve10ped as naturalisticly as possible to harmonize with the sur- roundings. Provisions should be made to maintain the purity of the water. Often such places as well as others where there is a stream in close approximity to the road, can be deve10ped into delightful picnic areas. Such 1 1 areas should consist of a parking space of at least two cars for each picnic table that is provided, and a refuse can for each table. Tourists often carry their lunch with them so that they may eat along the roadside. Where there are convenient picnic tables and parking facilities, it tends to reduce the danger of cars parked on the shoulder of the road, as well as to reduce the cost of picking up waste papers along the roadside. This reduction in cost will often pay for more than the building of the tables, and of supplying them with refuse cans which are generally made of old oil drums properly painted and covered. Some states that do not spend money for the planting of trees and shrubs along their roads, seed the shoulders to grass. This tends to beautify the roadside and to con- serve the shoulders and ditches from erosion. The savings often are greater than the initial cost of the seeding or sodding. The very fact that about sixty percent of the states have found that roadside beautification in some form, pays good dividends in reduced maintenance costs, in increased tourist trade, as well as in the satisfactions it gives to the peOple who live in the state, demonstrates the uni- versal need and value of roadside beautification. Road- side beautification is the desire of the people. This desire for better conditions has brought about many im- provements in the past and doubtless will result in 14-: a. x. ( marked develOpments and improvements in roadside beauti- fication of the immediate future. ‘7‘) ‘4. } CHAPTER III LAWS THAT COVER SPECIAL FEATURES OF ROAESIDE BEAUTIFICATION In this chapter the author has placed laws that should be given special attention by any state that plans to have a roadside beautification program. These laws cover such special features in roadside beautification as: billboards, wilfull destruction of roadside trees and shrubs, dumping of rubbish along the right of way, planting of trees along the roadside, amount of money spent on planting of trees, placement of telegraph lines, placement of telephone lines, planting of fruit or nut bearing trees on private land, right of property owner to plant trees, growing and distri- bution of trees, protection of roadside trees from deface- ment or destruction, protection and cutting of roadside trees, and the planting and care of roadside trees. From the above list of laws, the reader can see that the planting of trees and shrubs along the roadside does not constitute all of the features of roadside beautifi- cation, but there are many other points to be considered in a program of this kind. 0n the following pages are laws covering the points enumerated in the first paragraph. y. la 7.: NEW JERSEY GOVERNING THE PLACEMENT OF BILLBOARDS CHAPTER 41, LAWS or 1930. An Act to require and provide for the issuing of licenses and permits to persons, firms and corporations for the con- struction, maintenance and use of billboards and/or other structures for outdoor advertising, and to regulate same. BE IT ENACTED by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey: 1. No person, firm or corporation after the first day of January next shall engage or continue in the business of outdoor advertising for profit through rentals or other com- pensation received for the erection, use of maintenance of billboards or other structures upon real pr0perty for the display of advertising matter without a license for that purpose from the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles and payment of the sum of one hundred dollars ($100) hereby imposed for revenue for the use of the State. Every such license shall remain in force for the term of one year from and after said 'day of January, and may be renewed annually on the same terms. All licenses issued after said day of January shall expire on the first day of January following the date of issue. 2. Every application for license required by the first section of this act shall be made on a form to be furnished by the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, and shall state the )- .n £4! full name and post office address of the applicant, and the name or names of the municipality of municipalities in which it is prOposed to erect, maintain or use any billboard or other structure for outdoor advertising. Other relevant in- formation required by said commissioner during the consider- ation of any application for a license or in any proceeding to revoke the same shall be furnished by the applicant. Every person, firm or corporation obtaining a license in pursuance of the first section of this act must also obtain a permit for the erection, maintenance or use of each bill- board or other structure used or to be used for advertising purposes as provided in the fourth section of this act. 3. No person, firm or corporation not engaged in the business of outdoor advertising for profit shall after the first day of January next erect or maintain any billboard or other structure for the outdoor display of advertising matter, except on the premises where the business advertised is carried on, without a permit for that purpose from the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, as provided in the fourth section of this act. 4. Every person, firm or corporation desiring to erect or maintain billboards or other structures, or any billboard or other structure, for the display of advertising matter shall on or before the fifteenth day of December next, and between the first and fifteenth days of December of every every year thereafter, file with the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles a statement showing the location of each billboard or other structure used, or to be used by such person, firm or corporation for advertising purposes, except those on the premises where the business advertised is carried on, and the area in square feet of each billboard and/or part of any other structure on which any advertisement is or shall be placed, and shall pay to said commissioner the sum of three cents (3¢) for each square foot of the surface thereof used, or to be used, for such purpose. Upon receipt of such state- ment and payment required by this section, the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles shall, before the first day of January following, issue a permit to maintain and use each billboard or other structure mentioned in such statement for the next calendar year; provided, the same complies with the pro— visions of this act. Permits may be renewed from time to time for a term or terms of one year each upon similar state- ment and payment, and may be granted at any time during a calendar year to expire on the first day of January following, upon filing with said commissioner a statement of the pro- posed location and area in square feet of each billboard and/ or part of any other structure used or to be used for adver- tising purposes, and payment of such proportion of three cents (8¢) a square foot of each billboard of other structure to be used as aforesaid as the unexpired portion of the year bears to a full year. 1P1 “ii 5. The name and post office address of the person, firm or corporation owning any billboard or other structure, or controlling the same for advertising purposes, shall be plain— ly inscribed thereon. Permits shall be numbered consecutively and each billboard or other structure used for advertising purposes shall show the number and expiration date of the per- mit. No permit shall be required to erect, maintain or use any billboard or other structure on real estate exclusively to advertise the same for sale or to let; nor to erect, main- tain or use the same on the premises where the business adver- tised is carried on. 6. No license or permit required by this act shall be granted to any person not residing in this State, or to any firm or corporation having its principal place of business outside of this State, to construct, maintain or use any billboard or other structure for advertising until such person, firm, or corporation shall have furnished and filed with the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles a bond satisfactory to saic Commissioner, running to the State, in the sum of one. thousand dollars ($l,OOO), conditioned to observe, obey and fulfill all requirements of the law of this State relating thereto, and the rules and orders of said commissioner regu- lating the location, construction and maintenance of bill- boards or other structures, and the display of advertisements thereon. [re-.3 7. No billboard or other structure for advertising purposes shall be erected or maintained within a distance of five hundred feet of an intersection of a highway with another highway, or with a railroad or street railway, at a point where it would obstruct or interfere with the view of a train, street car or other vehicles on the intersect- ing highway, railroad or street railway; nor shall any such billboard or other structure be erected or maintained on any public highway, park or other public property, unless permission in writing shall have first been obtained from the board or body having control thereover and approved by the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles. 8. No permit to erect or maintain a billboard or other structure for advertising purposes shall be issued which in the judgment of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles is or would be injurious to property in the vicinity there- of, or injuriously affect any public interest; nor shall any such permit be issued to erect or maintain any such billboard or other structure in a place where the same is or shall be prohibited by any municipal ordinance. 9. Fees for permits issued in pursuance of section four of this act are hereby imposed for revenue and shall be deposited with the Treasurer of the State as collected. The expenses of administering this act shall be paid by him on orders of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, out .f“ ‘3 '1 _ This clever csrtoon. in s western magazine. "A Picturesque Bend in the Road." by the ismous cartoonist. J. N. Darling. expresses the sentiments of many motorists with respect to 53.27. A few roadside billboards. usually of American products. met the beauty along the Mediterra- neen Cosst. This one happens to hide s cross erected st the point slon: the see where s British bettleship wss sun during the World roadside advertising. Fag. £6. fl‘ii'T...."j _ Johet\0(wvt-. "9‘: Y. ”0ND V”. e “KEY ISl 5WD ° . ‘) .. O 0/ : £1.11 , I o I e/er " .Jifl’tfl ‘ i U a? 1 i i‘ An ettempt to make the most of e smell hillside tract use made here in erecting signboerds in pyramid form. .‘ “l; F.8- 29s .. -. \71‘1 V _ r ‘0‘- an" 5“ .t\ An edventegeous position for s large poster for the sdvertiser. but s bed one for the mororist. Note the highly decorative eflect of the numerous smeller signs iestooned on fences and utilit --les. 311 of the fund so created, and the balance thereof shall be divided in the month of January in each year, beginning in January, one thousand nine hundred and thirty-two , among the municipalities in which billboards or other structures used for advertising purposes are located, each municipality to receive the amount collected by the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles for permits to erect or main- tain billboards or other structures used for advertising purposes therein, less its proportion of the same percent- age of such cost as the amount received for permits in each municipality bears to the entire amount received. 10. The fees for licenses and permits prescribed by this act shall be in lieu of all other taxes, license fees or excises for advertising or carrying on the business of advertising by means of billboards and/or other structures. 11. Nothing in this act shall be construed to require a permit in any case where a contract was made prior to the first day of January, one thousand nine hundred and thirty, with any person, firm or corporation for the con— struction, maintenance or use of any billboard or other structure for outdoor advertising until the term of such contract shall have expired. 12. The Commissioner of Motor Vehicles is hereby authorized to employ and discharge clerical and other as- sistants, and to fix their compensation, and to make orders .31 and regulations for the enforcement of this act; to pre- scribe and enforce penalties for failure to comply here- with; to revoke any license or permit for such failure and to remove any billboard or other structure erected or main— tained contrary to any provision of this act. 13. Any person, firm or corporation erecting, maintain— ing or using a billboard or other structure for advertising without complying with the provisions of this act shall for- feit and pay the sum of one hundred dollars ($100) to be recovered by action at law by the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles for the use of the State, and every day that such violation continues shall be treated as a separate violation of this act. 14. If any section, clause, or provision of this act shall be held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such de- termination shall not be held to affect any other section, clause or provision hereof. 15. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed. Approved March 25, 1930. EXTRACTS FROM MICHIGAN LAWS REGARLING ROADSIEE DEVELOPMENT Prevention of Wilfull Destruction of Roadside Trees and Shrubs (131) 4463. Sec. 6. Any person who shall wilfully in- jure, deface, tear, or destroy any tree or shrub planted along the margin of the highway or purposely left there for shade or ornament, or who shall hitch any horse to any such tree, by means of which the same shall suffer injury, or who shall negligently or carelessly, by any other means, suffer any horse or other beast driven by or for him, or any beast belonging to him and lawfully in the highway, to break down, destroy, or injure any tree or shrub not his own, standing for use or ornament in any highway, shall be liable to an action for damages in a sum not less than one nor more than twenty-five dollars for each offense, to be recovered at the suit and for the benefit of the owner or tenant of the land in front of which such tree or shrub stands, or at the suit of the commissioner in whose township such tree or shrub may be situated, for the benefit of the highway im— provement fund of such township. Prevention of Dumping Rubbish Along the Roadside (134) 4466. Sec. 9. If any person or persons unless duly authorized by the highway commissioner of the township .73 2 shall put any garbage, rubbish or waste material of any kind into any highway of any township of this State, with the in- tent to permit the same to remain therein, to the injury in any way of said highway, or to the annoyance of the citizens of this ttate, or any of them, every person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit and pay a sum not less than five dollars nor more than ten dollars, together with the costs of prose- cution, and in default in the payment thereof shall be im- prisioned in the county jail of the county in which such conviction may be had not exceeding ten days, or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. Planting of Trees Along the Roadside (135) 4467. Sec. 1. Shade trees shall be planted along both sides of the public highways, at the uniform distance, as near as may be, of sixty feet apart, and not less than twenty-three nor more than twenty—five feet from the center line of the highway, but the township board of any township may direct as to the distance which trees may be set from each other or from the outer line of the highway. All trees now growing upon the sides of any highway, and all trees that may be hereafter planted thereon, standing more than sixty feet apart, shall be preserved, and shall not be in- jured or removed, unless by direction of the commissioner of highways, and with the consent of the owner of the ad— joining land, unless such trees shall interfere with or .33 obstruct the travel on the highway: Provided, That the provisions of this chapter in whole or in part shall not be deemed mandatory in townships in which the electors may by vote at a township meeting, thus determine. Amount Spent on the Planting of Trees (136) 4468. Sec.2. In townships where trees are not planted and growing along the highways as required by section one of this chapter the highway commissioner may cause to be set out each year as many trees as he may deem advisable in his township where the adjoining lands are cleared but shall not expend to exceed ten per centum of the road repair tax in any one year for such purpose. The commissioner shall particularly attend to the planting of such trees, and shall allow no unsuitable tree nor any tree lacking sufficient roots or vitality to be planted, and he shall have the charge and care of the same: Provided, however, That the cost shall not exceed twenty-five cents for each tree to set out. PLACEMENT OF TELEGRAPH LINES (137) 4469. Sec. 3. Telegraph companies are authorized to enter upon, and construct and maintain lines of telegraph through, along, and upon any of the public roads and highways, or across or under any of the waters within the limits of this state, by the erection of the necessary fixtures, including posts, piers or abutments for sustaining the cords or wires of such lines: Provided, That said telegraph companies before the construction and erection of said lines and poles, shall first obtain the consent of the duly constituted authorities of the city, village or township through or along which said telegraph lines and poles are to be constructed and erected: Provided further, That the same shall not be so constructed as to incommode the public use of said roads or highways, or injuriously interrupt the navigation of waters; nor shall this act be so construed as to authorize the construction of any bridge across any of the waters of this state; Provided further, That this act shall not be construed to authorize any such association to injure, deface, tear, cut down, or destroy any tree or shrub planted along the margin of any highway in this state, or purposely left there for shade or ornament. Said association, instead ofrunning or placing their wires on posts, may, if they choose, run or place the same under ground, with a suitable or proper covering for the protection of the same. PLACEMENT OF TELEPHONE LINES (138) 4470 Sec. 4. Telephone companies shall have jpower to construct and maintain lines of wire or other ma- ‘terial, for use in the transmission of telephonic messages along, over, across, or under any public places, streets and highways, and across or under any of the waters in this state, with all necessary erections and fixtures therefor: JProvided, That said telephone companies, before the con- struction and erection of siad telephone lines and poles, W Le! shall first obtain the consent of the duly constituted author- ities of the city, village or township through or along which said telephone lines and poles are to be constructed and erect- ed: Provided further, That the same shall not injuriously in- terefere with other public uses of the said places, streets and highways, or injure, deface, tear, cut down, or destroy any tree or shrub planted along the margin of any highway in this state, or purposely left there for shade or ornament nor shall the same interfere with the navigation of said waters, or the running of railway trains. Planting of Fruit or Nut Bearing Trees on Private Property (644) Section 1. The State highway commissioner and the state board of agriculture, acting jointly hereunder, shall have authority and it shall be their duty to select and plant by seed, scions or otherwise, ornamental, nut bearing, or other food producing trees, (to be supplied by the public domain commission, or the Michigan agricultural college, as may be recommended or approved by the division of agriculture of said college,) suitable for shade trees, along the state trunk line highways and all other highways of the state of Michigan, upon which state reward has been paid or earned: Provided, That in no case shall such trees be planted except by and with the consent of the owner of the property adjoining such highway. The State Highway "' 1 .EU Commissioner shall establish rules and regulations for uni- form planting or proper placing of all trees under the pro- visions of this act, and all such trees shall belong to the state, but the prdducts thereof shall belong to the owners of the adjacent land. Nothing herein contained shall author- ize the state highway commissioner, or the state board of agriculture to cut down or interfere with shade trees now growing along any such highway, without permission in writing from the owner of the adjoining prOperty. All expenses in- curred in carrying out the provisions of this section shall be paid out of any moneys in the state highway fund that may be available therefor. Rights of Property Owner to Plant Trees (646) Sec. 3. The owner of any real estate in the state of Michigan that borders upon a legal highway upon which state reward has not been paid, shall have the right to plant said approved ornamental, nut bearing, or other food producing trees along the line of said highway adjoin- ing said land and shall receive annually a credit of five cents upon his highway tax for each tree so planted by him and.growing in good order, not less than six feet in height ‘when.planted and not less than twenty and not more than :forty feet apart. All of said trees and their products shall belong to the owner of said land: Provided, That no bounty shall be paid or deduction allowed under the pro- *visions of this section upon any one tree or row of trees for a longer period than five years. The owner of such trees shall have the care thereof and shall have the duty and re- sponsibility for the trimming, spraying and cultivation thereof. Growing and Distribution of Trees (647) Sec. 4. The Michigan agricultural college and public domain commission are hereby authorized to grow and ac- quire suitable seeds, scions or trees for planting under the provisions of this act, and to establish proper rules and regu— lations for distributing the same at nominal cost, or other- wise, to counties, townships, cities, villages, and citizens of the state for the aforesaid purposes, and also for state parks or other public places. Protection of Roadside Trees from Eefacement or Lestruction (648) Sec. 5. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy, injure, deface or break any ornamental, nut bearing, food producing or shade tree upon any public highway or place, except where such trees shall interfere with the proper construction or maintenance of such highways. It shall be unlawful to affix to any such tree any picture, announce— ment, play-bill, notice or advertisement, or to paint or mark such tree, except for the purpose of protecting it, or to negligently permit any animal to break down, injure or destroy any such tree within the limits of any public highway. Any person violating any of the provisions of a; l ,0 this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than one dollar or more than twenty-five dollars, and in default of payment of any such fine may be imprisoned in the county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days. Such persons shall be liable to the owner of the trees for treble the amount of damages sustained. Protection and Cutting of Roadside Trees (649) Sec. 1. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy or otherwise injure any shade or ornamental tree or shrub grow- ing within the limits of any public highway within the state of Michigan without the consent of the authorities having jurisdiction over such road. In the case of a trunk line or federal aided road the state highway commissioner shall be deemed to have such jurisdiction in all cases. It shall also be unlawful to affix to any such tree or shrub any picture, announcement, notice or advertisement or to negligently per— mit any animal to break down or injure the same. Any person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars or be imprisoned in the county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment within the discretion of the court. AJA—u~ ._~ A, CH Planting and Care of Roadside Trees (650) Sec. 2. The state highway commissioner is hereby authorized and empowered as a part of the mainte- nance of trunk line and federal aided roads to protect trees and shrubs set out along and within the limits of such roads and to set out such trees and shrubs as may be furnished to him by the Michigan agricultural college, the department of conservation, or by any other state de— partment or institution, or obtained from neighboring lands without cost, for the use and benefit of the public. The care of such trees shall be deemed to be a part of the road maintenance work. Boards of county road commissioners and township highway authorities shall likewise have power to set out and maintain such trees along, and within the limits of, roads under their respective jurisdictions. —-,A_~_ - CHAPTER IV PL NTING DISTANCES TO BE USED AT CURVES ANL INTERSECTIONS The planning of a roadside planting for future develop- ment, as well as for safety, is a very important feature of this work. Figure 31 on page 61 .illustrates a very good mehtod of dividing the cross section of the road into its component parts. This method takes the future develOpment of the road, as well as the placement of utility lines, into consideration. The ten feet on either side for utili- ty lines is the same for all widths of right of way. The shoulders remain the same, and the other parts may vary under different conditions. Providing the road was in fairly level land, the ditch would not have to be so wide, and the difference would be added to the tree and shrub area. If the pavement was thirty feet wide instead of twenty, the tree and shrub area on either side would be nine feet instead of fourteen. From this illustration, the reader can see that the wider the right of way, the more area there is for road- side beautification work. It is for this reason that most of the states doing this type of work have wide rights of way. In the planting of intersections and curves for safety, 'the designer must make his plan so that there are no trees .‘M.W.L .0:.~ fit? 3 .2132: 7539;»... ficausr.LvV£D ".4 :8. .m nor—2:1,. a.” £3L<>>IO_I l J STAT E Mi - 250’ 11" F.g.35. 101 n9 ,y‘ )IlIE‘QihN 45M . C In...“ th. 3”. ,..,_.4 3737? v5! ~——*———— -- — ...-f1 35’ if}. l‘ (I l y (3:) to be safe for the users of the road. On a curve with a radius of over one thousand feet, trees and shrubs may be planted on both sides of a curve, but where the radius is less than one thousand feet, figure 5% on pageédf’ and figure155 on pageéfl' illustrate the best planting distances to use. Hg. 35'. I”! m 0 .32 it... u 3.3m _ "---—-_ J Fig.36. _ , _ . .n 9 pg" L .\ x,_ V .6 n" l 4.9 3 p C _ u _ H Z _ In DJ m, u H u w _ _- ...OS _ _ A _ die ............ w. ><>>IO_I IIIIII lllllllllllllll VIN/Illlll'Ill w 46 $9 (3.5).. A w mumef S) r ”We; Saar“; {mphxx arrwrfk xi. Ké/x/Mptir err/kip .CFLK )3 ngé (L I" g} '1) ._ CHAPTER V ROALSILE BEAUTIFICATION IN MICHIGAN Beginning about the year of nineteen—hundred and sixteen there was an intensive drive, or campaign for the building of more paved roads throughout the state. At this time the making of a good road called for the removal of all shrubs from the right of way. The surface of the road was the essential part of the program and the grading was done at the least possible expense to the state. The removal of all of the shrubs from the right of way, combined with the steep s10pes where the road was cut through a hill, or a filled section over a low land, made the road very barren looking. During this period between nineteen-hundred and sixteen and the spring of nineteen-hundred and twenty nine, the people of the state began to see the value of roadside trees and shrubs. At first there were only a few voices raised, calling for the state to take action along this line, but they were soon fortified by the multitude, and the state legislature took the issue to task. In the spring of nine- ' 'teen-hundred and twenty nine the legislature passed a bill ! allowing the cost of planting along new construction jobs to be figured into the estimate of the cost of the road. This was a big step toward the planting of all of the roads in the state, as after the crust had been broken it would ‘be much easier to get at the pie within, or to obtain money T f) for the planting of other than new construction projects. The planting work in Michigan is carried out by the Forestry Division of the State Highway Department. This ,Division has control of the placement of public utility lines; the trimming for the public utility lines; the re— moval of signs from the right of way; the selection of material for planting; the making of the planting plan; the planting of the material; and the develOpment of road- side springs and picnic areas. The kinds of trees selected by the forestry department for their general desirability and freedom from disease are the Elm, Sugar Maple, Norway Maple, Ash, Pin Oak, Sycamore, Linden and Hackberry. The new trees are planted in an in- formal arrangement, that is in groups of three to five trees. This type of planting aims to make the trees appear to be the original trees that have survived the thinning out process, as the trees were destroyed in order to make the land more suitable for the Growth of cr0ps. Many of the road intersections have been graded, and planted to lawn, trees and shrubs in order to give the appearance of a parklike develOpment. This work is also charged to the construction fund. On the next page will be found an illustration of a few types of intersections that may be developed in this way. Fig. 37. Most of the trees along the state roads have been trimmed and cleaned up by the state. Unsightly banks and shoulders have been seeded or sodded, and the general ap- pearance of the road has been improved. Most of the plantings to date in Michigan have been tree plantings, but in the Michigan plan there are Spaces left for the planting of shrubs and vines at a later date. The State Highway Department has found that wherever the cost of land is reasonable it pays to buy a wide right of way wherever there are snow drifts formed in the winter months. This wide right of way is used for the planting of a permanent snow fence. This does away with the cost ' of erecting the portable snow fence every Fall and the -o ‘m- cost of taking it down again in the spring. One of the most commendable features of the Michigan program is the deve10pment of roadside springs and picnic areas. Thousands of tourists, as well as other motorists have taken advantage of these features, either to eat a '7') . l-d ...mrfilmmrfi ) .. Mn [W (m I nl(((\h{ll!‘l)h i' ”I‘M . "MIMI ll) _J_ . ' Fag.39. '7‘} 9:} _. _____—_._.__. “I an -——_o.. .__ a picnic lunch or to get a cool refreshing drink of cool water. In the development of the drinking fountains along the roadside there are numerous things to take into con- sideration. The first of which is the parking problem. At a place of this kind there must be a place for the motorist to park off of the road, so the development will not be a danger spot. The next consideration is the pur- ity of the water. The water must be tested for purity; the source of the water must be made impregnable to dis- ease germs of any kind, and the spout must be of the type that will not become contaminated. The bubbler type of fountain is used exclusively in Michigan because it has been found to have this characteristic. A diagram of a fountain of this type may be seen below. ' Srovt for, erkmg water §‘\ Overflow {or {I'llnq "hc‘m‘tors. 0/ . Water {or animals th. 58. After the springs are constructed they are given a fitting background of shrubbery which is indiginous with the surroundings. Where the location is fitting, a lily pond is built in connection with the fountain. This is Fla. #2.. of the informal type so that it fits into the surroundings. The number of these fountains already developed are thirty three, with many more pending funds for their con- struction. During the summers previous to 1930, the need for pic- nic areas along the roads was noted by the Maintenance De- partment. This need was noticed during the summer months when the cost of maintaining the roads increased due to the cost of picking up papers, and other rubbish left along the roadside by picnic parties. Due to this need the State Highway Department developed a few areas of this kind for the benefit of the picnickers, and to see if the cost of maintenance in that area decreased enough to pay for the ‘construction of other picnic areas throughout the state. Due to this experiment the department has decided to de- velop more of these areas throughout the state. The cost of developing these areas is very small as the tables and benches are constructed from salvage guard rail, and the rubbish cans are made of old oil drums. The saving in maintenance more than pays for the development of these areas. Roadside Development in Wayne County under Auspices of County Road Commission ‘“Public interest in roadside development.has rapidly increased during the past year throughout the entire Country. The demands made upon State and County Highway Commissions, by public spirited organizations, by committees, and by in- dividuals are being fulfilled. Practically all such pro- grams for roadside improvement in other localities are based upon the successful pioneer work done in Wayne County. Early in the activities of this Board the future requirements for properly developed roadsides were realized and at the present time the results of many years of such effort remain unparal— leled. Along the completed roads under the jurisdiction of this Board may be found thousands of planted shade trees from four to six inches in diameter, adequately protected from over- head utility wires by proper planning and arrangement. No evidence of imprcper trimming or "tree butchery" can be found. All barren areas have been seeded and the slopes at approaches to bridges and grade separations have been sod- ded and landscaped. Native trees and shrubs have been pre- served and in addition many thousands have been set out. Native roses, dogwoods, viburnums, witchhazels, and numer- ous others have been grouped among natural surroundings and bridge structures have been covered here and there with climbing vines. Comfort Stations have been constructed which add to the convenience of those using the highways, and which completely serve the traveling public in a sani- tary manner. 7.-) Properly developed roadsides indicate to a large degree the progressive attitude of any community. The soundness of this is evidenced by the fact that public service is in- creased to a maximum through the economical use of otherwise waste land. A service of this type is demanded by a forward think- ing public and it therefore becomes the duty of this Board to carry out the work in a.practical manner to provide such service. Each year the demand for roadside development has steadily grown and each year this demand has been met with a completed program. The past year's accomplishments in this respect have not been equaled during any previous year. Trees totaling more than forty-seven thousand have been planted, covering more than two hundred fifty miles of road. These included Norway Maples, American Elms, Sugar Maples, Red Oaks, and Pin Oaks. All trees purchased are carefully selected at the nurseries. Only healthy, well formed stock produced by competent growers is accepted with full consideration given to prices. Carload shipments of selected stock from ex— perienced nurserymen arrive at the unloading yard in good condition, the process of unloading, healing-in, and prun- ing continues uninterruptedly, and the material is avail- able when needed. Small shipments arriving in bales, boxes, or trucks are not as dependable and since the planting pro— gram is entirely seasonal such deliveries are bound to hold m ,1) ! up the work. Also trees shipped in this manner fail to arrive in a satisfactory condition. Only nursery grown trees are considered. Woods grown trees are more expensive to handle, their loss is much greater, and their form is far from ideal. Each tree is carefully inspected and sprayed at the un- loading yard before being taken to the job fer planting. Trees which fail to survive are replaced during the follow- ing planting season. Existing trees along improved roads must serve their purpose without interference to traffic. In order to do this they must often be trimmed. Trimming is further necessary for the proper maintenance of trees in order to increase their vigor and preserve them for a longer period." *Wayne County 24th Annual Report 1930. r Moscow. Conserving Boadaiis Fog.“5. .r;z.s;:la:.ted shrubs on WIS-.1) 3. 7-18-32 poVo Fig. 44. ‘41 III. (1.1 . J I . IKQL. 1" If / tr l_‘1fl - Native Elm on M-Bl Ionia County 11-14-32 P.V. M-6O Willows and bridge over Bandstane Creek 7-1-32 G.E.M. Fag. ”8. Before cleanup on M—76, Kalkasxa Co. J.W.A. 2-16:3}, Fig. "’9. ondition of roadside on M-SS Prudenvill o Junction m-55 & M-66. J.W.A. 12-14—3 azside cleanup in dense cedar swv' mi. N. of Roscommon on U.S.-27, Crawi Cd. Looking West. J.W.A. 12—18-31. fig. 51. Park bench and taole to to used a 3n State T.L. highways. J.N.A. 6-23—3 fig. 52.. A ..A._ Jpgif-F "4.9;; :bfd‘ {RN fie. . #1:” *‘ ‘*‘“*F’i-T< ." ‘- “\~An§‘c 1": 4 .. 3*; Blowing Well. lO-193O North of Conwx; Emmet Co. Not planted. Fag. 53. Sprirg h-EO Jackson Co. Lo; Go 130),. 7-15-31. den lookin 'andscaping Spring North of O , ~outh. Maint. Sec. 31-2 ggmet County. ‘2‘ o '-E) Roadside Sprinr. fig. 56. isice Hl'ntin. o; to Beulah, Benzie Co. Fig . 57. 30 dside plant n V ClC-S 31 uonor-Beulah i. _ e Countv° J m A 0":- . r“ 4“- ilk Park. -eet of Vaniallt 3n y-So Cass Co. tag. 59. I o g . - ~ - ° ' 6 t ' h . 9‘ . '- . ~ I h ‘ I . é'iilpjuamaiuuwéwi I Roadside Park U,S. 112 Hillsdale Co. E. of Jonesville 7-14-32 G.E.M. th 60. f_ 44, ' ' l rand Haven_gark showing trees and shrub: 'ust planted. “US 31 P.V. 11-15-32. ark on L-fl at Genesee. .ine. Looking N.? . .. :30 9-1M-32 v.4.s. -oadside Park Somerset Ctr. Int. U.S.--3 ind U.s. 127 looking E. G.E.M. 7-30-54 Jkemos C)TLFF looking east from Ora e seperation 6.9.32 P.V. 131 '3 ‘1 CHAPTER VI PLANTING LIST FOR MICHIGAN WITH REFERENCE TO CLIMATE AND SOIL CONDITIONS In choosing trees and shrubs for roadside planting in Michigan there are four main points to take into consider- ation. The author has in this thesis presented these points in the order that will direct one in the selection of stock for roadside plants in Michigan. The main points to be considered are as follows: 1. Climate. 2. Soil. 3. Use & Type of plant. 4. Indigenous or exotic. The first two points are of great importance to the growth of the material, as all plants have certain moisture requirements; they have temperature limits, and specific soil types upon which they will thrive best. The use or purpose of a planting must also be taken into consideration. If the wrong type of material is selected, it may create a hazard to drivers, and not fill the intended purpose. The main idea in roadside planting is to harmonize the road with the natural surroundings. This may usually be ac- complished best by selecting native kinds of plants that are native of the area to be planted, and sometimes supple- ment by others that look native and harmonize with them. If a roadway passes through an area of pines, the material 9 .2 RAINFALI. IN INCHES FOR THE LOWER PENINSULA Fig. 65. age 160 d s . AVERAGE LENGTH OF PLANT GROWING SEASON IN THE LOWER PENINSULA Fig. 66. {)4 -30140' -2o¢-30' ~15320° .4014? , ¢ .\ 1 /\\,,.\\ \ 1 .1 LOWEST KNOWN TEMPERATURES FOR THE LOBVER PEN INSULA Fig. 6?. APPROIIIATB LOCATION OF SANDY AND. CLAY SOILS OF HICHIGAI Fig. 68. to use is of the same kind of pines supplement sparingly with.other conifers that harmonize with these pines. If 'the road is through an area of oaks, and maples, the ma- ‘terial to use is oaks, maples and shrubs that are native of that area. Other trees could be sparingly used if they Iharmonized with the native material and made a naturalis— tic setting for the road. On the following pages will be found a table showing trees and shrubs that may be used, their climatic or geo- graphical distribution, and soil preferences. 10. 11. 13. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. TABLE II TREES THAT ARE HARDY AND MAY BE USED ROADSIDE PLANTING IN ALL PARTS OF MICHIGAN COMMON NAME *Austrian pine. Tamarack. *Norway spruce. ‘Black willow. ‘Almond leaf willow. l"Crack willow. White paplar. Iron wood. *Blue beech. *White beech. *Red elm. I"American elm. *Hackberry. Burr oak. Osage orange. *Serviceberry. *Choke cherry. Black locust. *Sugar maple. SCIENTIFIC NAME Pinus austrica H. Larix lacicina. Picea abies. Salix nigra M. Salix amygdaloides A. Salix fragilis L. Populus alba L. Ostraya virginiana K. Carpinus caroliniana W. Fagus grandifolia E. Ulmus fulva. Ulmus americana. Celtis occidentalis. Quercus macrocarpo. Maclura pomifera. Amelanchier canadensis. Prunus virginiana. Robinia pseudo—acacia. Acer saccharum. *Denotes trees that make the best naturalistic plantings, and are the most suitable for roadside planting. 30. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. $39 TABLE II TREES THAT ARE HARDY AND MAY BE USED FOR ROADSIDE PLANTING IN ALL PARTS OF MICHIGAN COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ‘Red maple. Acer rubrum. *Norway maple. Acer platanoides. Bass wood. Tilia americana. ‘White ash. Fraxinus americana. *Black ash. Fraxinus nigra. *Nannyberry. Viburnum lentago. *Denotes trees that make the best naturalistic plantings, and are the most suitable for roadside planting. a ‘9 TABLE III TREES THAT ARE HARDY AND MAY BE USED FOR ROADSIDE PLANTING IN SOUTHERN ONE-HALF OF MICHIGAN IN ADDITION TO TABLE II COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAEE l. *Maidenhair tree. Ginkgo. 2. Red cedar. Juniperus virginiana. 3. ‘Weeping willow- Salix babylonica. 4. *White oak. Quercus alba. 5. Swamp oak. Quercus bicolor. 6. Chestnut oak. Quercus acuminata. 7. *Red oak. Quercus rubra. 8. Scarlet oak. Quercus coccinea. 9. Black oak. Quercus ellipsoidalis. 10. Red mulberry. Morus rubra. 11. 'Sassafras. Sassafras variifolium. 12. Sweet crab. Malus coronaria. 13. Black cherry. Prunus serotina. 14. Silver maple. Acer dasycarpum. 15. Red ash. Fraxinus pubescens. 16. Blue ash. Fraxinus quadrangulata. *Denotes trees that make the best naturalistic plantings, and are the most suitable for roadside planting. MO TABLE IV TREES THAT ARE HARDY AND MAY BE USED FOR ROADSIDE PLANTING IN NORTHERN ONE-HALF OF MICHIGAN IN AELITION TO TABLE II COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME 1. Jack pine. Pinus divericata. 2. Scotch pine. Pinus sylvestris. 3. *Norway pine. Pinus resinosis. 4. White spruce. Picea alba. 5. *Balsam fir. Abies balsamea. 6. *White cedar. Thuja occidentalis. 7. Aspen. POpulus tremuloides. 8. Large tooth aspen. ’Populus grandidentata. 9. Balsam p0p1ar. Populus balsamifera. 10. *Mountain ash. Pyrus americana. 11. *Pin cherry. Prunus pennsylvanica. 12. Striped maple. Acer pennsylvanicum. 13. Mountain maple. Acer spicatum. *Denotes trees that make the best naturalistic plantings, and are the most suitable for roadside planting. 1. 2. .1st TABLE V TREES THAT ARE HARDY AND MAY BE USED FOR ROADSIDE PLANTING IN THE SOUTH EAST ONE-FOURTH OF MICHIGAN IN ADDITION TO TABLE II COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Chestnut. A Castanea dentata. Black maple. Acer nigrum. TABLE VI TREES THAT ARE HARDY AND MAY BE USED FOR ROADSIDE PLANTING IN THE SOUTHERN ONE-FOURTH OF MICHIGAN IN ADDITION TO TABLE II COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME *Pin oak. Quercus palustris. *Tulip tree. Lidrodendron tulipifera. Honey locust. Gleditsia triacanthos. Red bud. Cercis canadensis. Cork elm. Ulmus racemosa. I"Denotes trees that make the best naturalistic plantings, and are most suitable for roadside planting. 1. 3. 3. 4. 5. 1. $420 .3... I‘d TABLE VII TREES THAT ARE HARDY AND MAY BE USED FOR ROADSIDE PLANTING IN THE NORTHERN THREE-FOURTHS OF MICHIGAN IN ADDITION TO TABLE II COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME White pine. Pinus strobus. Black birch. Betula lenta. Yellow birch. Betula lutea. *White birch. Betula papyrifera. Canada plum. ' Prunus nigra. TABLE VIII TREES THAT ARE HARDY AND MAY BE USED FOR ROADSIDE PLANTING IN ALL BUT THE SOUTH WEST ONE-FOURTH OF MICHIGAN IN ADDITION TO TABLE II COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Hemlock. . Tsuga canadensis. I"Denotes trees that make the best naturalistic plantings, and are most suitable for roadside planting. 2. 4. 6. 7. 10. ll. 12. TABLE IX SOIL PREFERENCES OF MICHIGAN TREES NAME OF TREE White pine. (Pinus strobus) Red pine. (Pinus resinosa) Tamarack. (Larix lacicina) White spruce. (Picea canadensis) Black spruce. (Picea mariana) Hemlock. (Tsuga canadensis) Balsam fir. (Abies balsamea) White cedar. (Thuja occidentalis) Red cedar. (Juniperus virginiana) Juniper. (Juniper communis) Black walnut. (Juglans nigra) Peach willow. (Salix amygdaloides) SOIL PREFERENCES Light fertile loam and granite sand. Sandy plains and dry woods. Cold deep swamps. High rocky sandy 810pes and damp woods. Cold bogs, swamps and lake shores. Well drained slopes and uplands. Cool, moist, rich well drained soil. Moist low swamps. Dry loam, on sunny, rocky slopes. Dry sandy loams, sunny locations. Rich bottomlands and fertile hills. Banks of streams and lakes. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1s. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. NAME OF TREE Shining willow. (Salix lucida) Blueleaf willow. (Salix glauCOphylla) Carolina poplar. (POplus robusta) Lombardy poplar. (Poplus fastigiata) Balsam.pop1ar. (POplus balsamifera) Trembling paplar. (Paplus tremuloides) Large tooth paplar. (Poplus grandidenta) Iron wood. (Ostraya virginiana K.) Paper birch. (Betula papyrifera) Black birch. (Betula nigra) Yellow birch. (Betula lutea) Beech. (Fagus americana) Chestnut. (Castanea dentata) Red oak. (Quercus rubra) Pin oak. (Quercus palustris) Hill's pin oak. (Quercus palustris H.) SOIL PREFERENCES Banks of streams and lakes. Any fertile moist soil. Any well drained rich soil. Any well drained rich soil. River bottomlands and swamp borders. Moist sandy soil and gravelly hills. Moist rich sandy soil. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges. Rich moist hillside river banks. Any type of soil. Rich moist uplands. Deep rich well drained loam. Glacial drift. Rich moist glacial drift. Rich borders of swamps and rivers. Clays and well drained uplands. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. NAME OF TREE Scarlet oak. (Quercus coccinea) Black Oak. (Quercus ellipsoidalis) White oak. (Quercus alba) Burr oak. (Quercus macrocarpo) Chestnut oak. (Quercus acuminata) Swamp white oak. (Quercus bicolor) American elm. (Ulmus americana) Red Elm. (Ulmus fulva) Rock elm. (Ulmus racemosa) Hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis) Red mulberry. (Morus rubra) Osage orange. (Maclura pomifera) Tulip tree. (Lidrodendron tulipifera) Sassafras. (Sassafras variifolium) S camore. IPlatanus occidentalis) Fragrant crab. (Malus coronaria) SOIL PREFERENCES Light dry sandy soil. Poor glacial drift-dry gravelly upland. All but wet soils. Rich moist bottom lands. Limestone soil-dry hillsides. Rich soil bordering swamps and streams. Deep rich moist loam. Rich bottomlands and rocky slopes. Dry gravelly uplands and heavy clay. Rich moist soil but often rocky hillside. Rich river bottoms. Almost any soil. Adaptable to any good soil. Well drained stony or sandy soil. Rich bottomlands along rivers and lakes. Rich moist well drained soil along streams. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.’ 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. NAME or TREE Mountain ash. (Sorbus) Witch hazel. (Hamamelis virginica) Shad—bush. (Amelanchier canadensis) Pin cherry. (Prunus pennsylvanica) Canada plum. (Prunus nigra) Choke cherry. (Prunus species) Wild black cherry. (Prunus serotina) Judas tree. (Cercis siliquastrum) Coffee tree. (Gymnocladus dioica) Sugar maple. (Acer saccharum) Black maple. (Acer nigrum) Mountain maple. (Acer spicatum) Striped maple. (Acer pennsylvanicum) Silver maple. (Acer dasycarpum) Red maple. (Acer rubrum) Box elder. (Acer negundo) SOIL:PREFERENCES Rich moist soil—swamps hills and mountains. Sandy soils. Rich moist soil. Sand and burned over lands. Rich alluvial soil. Deep rich 10am but is found on others. Rich moist soil, dry gravelly or sandy. Rich bottom lands in shade. Rich bottom lands. Moist rich soil in valleys and upland slopes. Low moist rich soil and does well on gravel. Damp rocky soil and found in shade. Rocky sandy soil, cool and shady. Very low rich bottom lands, not swamps. Swamp land and banks of streams. Rich moist soil in swamps and stream banks. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 1» NAME OF TREE Bass wood. (Tilia american) Black ash. (Framinus nigra) Blue ash. (Fraxinus quadrangulata) White ash. (Fraxinus americana) Green ash. (Fraxinus lanceolata) Red ash. (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) Nanny berry. (Viburnum lentago) SOIL PREFERENCES Rich well drained loamy soils. Deep cold swamps, grows in any soil. Rich limestone hills, also fertile bottom lands. Any well drained situation. Sandy well drained soil. Moist rich loams, swamps and lowlands. Rich moist soil. ms TABLE X SHRUBS THAT MAY BE USED ADVANTAGEOUSLY FOR ROADSIDE PLANTING IN MICHIGAN NAMEEOF SHRUB 1. *Tatarian dogwood. (Cornus alba) 2. I'Coral dogwood. (Cornus alba sibirica) 3. Silky dogwood. (Cornus amomum) 4. *Flowering dogwood. (Cornus florida) 5. Kousa dogwood. (Cornus kousa) 6. Cornelian do ood. (Cornus mas?w 7. Grey dogwood. (Cornus paniculata) 8. *Bloodtwig dogwood. (Cornus sanguinea) 9. *Red-Osier dogwood. (Cornus slalonifera) 10. *Common witch-hazel. (Hamamelis virginica) 11. *Common winterberry. (Ribes fascisulatum) 12. I"Common ninebark. (Physocarpus opulifolius) *Best for roadside planting. SOIL PREFERENCES Usually found on low, cool soil, but does well on moderately fertile upland soil in shady locations. Same as above. Same as above. Rich well drained soil in a shaded location. Same as above. Any fertile soil, grows well in full sunlight. River banks, lake shores, edges of swamps, etc. Any fertile moist soil. Any fertile moist soil. Moderately moist cool soils in a shady location. Moist swampy, or cool moist upland soils in shady situations. Low moist lands along the borders of streams, lakes and swamps. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. NAME OF ensues *Goldleaf ninebark. (Physocarpus opulifolius luteus) *Commom buckthorn. (Rhamnus cathartica) *Glossy buckthorn. (Rhamnus frangula) Smooth sumach. (Rhus glabra) Cutleaf sumach. (Rhus glabra laciniata) *Staghorn sumach. (Rhus typhina) Shredded sumach. (Rhus typhina laciniata) ‘Meadow rose. (Rosa blanda) *Bristly rose. (Rosa nitida) *Pasture rose. (Rosa humilis) *Sweet briar rose. (Rosa rubiginosa) *Hugonis rose. (Rosa hugonis) *Prairie rose. (Rosa setigera) ‘Rugosa rose. (Rosa rugosa) *American elder. (Sambucus canadensis) *Best for roadside planting. SOIL PREFERENCES Same as common ninebark. Almost any soil or condition. Same as common buckthorn. Grows well on dry barren soil. Same as smooth sumach. Same as smooth sumach. Same as smooth sumach. .There are many soils up- on which the rose family do fairly well, but they prefer fertile moist soil, or fertile well- drained soils. Same as above. Same as above. Same as above. Same as above. Same as above. Low moist land; does_ well on fairly in- fertile land. 110 NAME OF SHRUB SOIL PREFERENCE 28. I"Maple-deaf viburnum. Same as American elder. (Viburnum acerifolium) 29. American cranberry bush. Same as American elder. (Viburnum americanum) 30. Fragrant viburnum. Same as American elder. (Viburnum carlesi) . 31. Arrowwood. Cool moist fertile (Viburnum dentatum) soils. 32.~ Kentucky viburnum. Same as above. (Viburnum molle) 33. European cranberry bush. Same as above. (Viburnum cpulus) 34. Dwarf cranberry bush. Same as above. (Viburnum cpulus nanum) *Best for roadside planting. "-1 1 -~ --'-'-1"—r Ira-v.1": '1 "'-',§’.'~J~T?'Ci'; :T‘Liffi,"."'.""_7‘1-‘ITVT‘X- 1" _- I l,- .' ‘1. 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