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, THESIS FORTHI DEG-BEE on, s; ‘

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V",-

FIRE RESISTANT HOMES-

' A SYMPOSIUM‘OF 7

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A Symposium
of

Fire Resistant Homes

A Thesis Submitted to
The Faculty of

MICHIGAN STaTE COLLEGE
of
AGdICULEURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE

by

t} m“
. ‘1
v‘ 3

“of.
Clarence M. fioedeman
~:-—~

Candidate for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science

June 1933

‘fHEsis

0/0 \p.\

 

 

ACKHONLEDGMEET

The writer at this time wishes to eXprese hie ap-
preciation and deep gratitude to Professor C. L. Allen,
of the Civil Engineering Department of Michigan State Col-
lege, for aid and guidance in his work; to the companies
who have so loyally contributed information and cute with
duplicates namely the Milcor Steel Company, the Armco Steel

Company and the Portland Cement Association.

Clarence M. Hoedeman

CON Iii Io‘

Introduction...........................................1
Foundations............................................3
E'loore System3.........................................5
Exterior Wall byatema.................................15
Interior Hall Systems.................................25
Interior Trim....;....................................31
Roof Conetruction.....................................34
EKamplea of Fire Resisting Homes with their

Respective Coste.....................................37
Worlds Fair Hemes and Construction Pointe.............43
Conclusion............................................47

BibliographyOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...00.0.0000000048

INTRODUCTION

There is a type of home which is coming into demand more
and more with the passing of time due to lower building costs
and the revolutionization of house architecture. This new type
is the Fire Resisting Home.

The fire resisting home is one which is built from mat-
erials which in themselves are fire resisting so that each in-
tegral part of the structure is fire proof. It is a home
which will withstand exPosure to either an internal or extern-
al fire and the hazards of neighboring fires. There are many
materials which are fire resisting but when used with other
materials which are fire hazards amy give a construction which
1: fire resisting externally only. Tnis paper is intended to
offer suggestions to the prospective builder on details of
construction which will make a house fire resisting.

The reasons for building a fire resisting home are multi—
fold. The main reason is for the preservation of the structure
and its occupants in case of fire. In the suburbs and the
rural districts where fire protection is small or non at all
the insurance rates are exceedingly high in fact much too high
for the average person at times. With the introduction of
the fire resisting home the rates on such structures have come
down. The factor of household and personal safety is great-
er with additional features added to the building simultan-
eously without additional cost.

A question as to the high initial cost of a fire proof

structure has always arisen heretofore. filth the changing

of construction methods and architecture the initial cost of
a fire resisting home has been reduced to a reasonable limit
of the average laymans budget. A comparison of prices of the
fire resisting and the non fire resisting homes appears in
the latter part of this paper.

Some pictures of the home planning division at the Cen-
tury of Progress Worlds Fair are used to show what is being
done in the line of fire resisting homes and new architecture.

The subject is discussed by taking the main parts of the
structure individually such as the foundation, floor systems
wall systems and the other parts of the structure. Lech part
divided into its type , the types being steel, concrete and
otAer construction materials. Isis method was closen t0 fac-

ilitate the explanation of the subject.

FOUNDATIOKS

The foundations are usually constructed from fire re-
sisting materials but a discussion of the foundation will
be made giving the various types of materials used in the
construction of good foundations. Ihe types of materials
used are concrete products, brick, tile and composition
building blocks.

Concrete foundations when constructed in the correct
manner and after the specifications of a good engineer are
permanent structures. Since it is fire proof and can be
waterproofed it has proven to be an economical material to
use in the construction of foundations.

Brick is another good material for use in footings and
walls when the local conditions allow the use of brick.
Brick for the footings is allowable only when the soil char-
acteristics are such that hearing power of the soil is fav-
orable. The footings, exterior and interior walls can be
constructed of brick. The Openings in the walls consisting
of brick arches or steel lintels offering either a rectang-
ular or a curved Opening.

The use of tile for the foundation is made permissable
by the use of the regular tile building block. The footings
-are usually constructed of concrete. The walls made from the
building block tile can be either plastered or left unfinished
giving an attractive wall in either case. The Katco concern
offer a basement floor system made essentially of tile. The

ground is packed down hard and Cinders applied to a depth of

four or six inches according to the soil Characteristics.

The tile is layed on tOp of the cinders and a coating of con—

crete applied over the tile for bond and a wearing surface.
The other materials used in the construction of foundat;

ions are used in the same manner as either the tile, brick

or building block. These materials nay consist of the Vari-

ous patented compostion blocks or brick as the haydite mat-

erials, Dunbrik products and other products of composite mat-

erials.

FLOOR SYSTEMS
The divisions that may be made to the flour systems to
facilitate their explanation are as follows: The steel 30133,
Concrete construction, Brick construction, Tile construction,

and Frameless steel construction.

The steel joist floor system has its types according to
the type of joist used and the kind of floor put on the joist.
There are essentially two kinds of steel joists namely the
Open truss joist and the closed joist. The Open truss JOiStS
are the various joists made in the form of a truss. The
closed joist may be either a channel section or an'i'beam
section.

The subfloor with either type of joist may consist of a
metal rib lath layed on t0p of the joist and concrete pour-
ed over that. The picture below illustrates the use of the
. metal lath and the
Open truss joist
using the steel(I‘
beam for a girder.
This is the Milcor
method of steel
joist floor system.
Note the wire bar
extending from the

O

girder to the bot-

 

tom of the joist, it is an accessory used in connection with

the ceiling construction. A light reinforced concrete sub-
floor with a linoleum finish floor makes a good fire resist-
ant floor system. This picture illustrates the use of the
whole floor system and a I
portion of the wall.

Note the use of lin-

   

 
 
   
   
    
     

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oleum in the one room

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and a wood floor on

 
    

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sleepers in the other
room. The picture also
illustrates the method of hanging the plumbing and electric-
al units in conjunction with the use of the open truss joist.

Precast concrete slabs may be used as the subfloor with
either type of joist. The floors may be finished with lin-
oleum, tile, rubberoid products, or a monolithic concrete.

A plaster ceiling is used to protect the bottom portion
of the steel joists from the heat hazard. This is illustrat-

ed in this view of the Ksl-

man steel joist floor system.

This system embodies the use

of beveled sleepers with a

 

concrete subfloor between
the joists. A metal rib lath with plaster coating compris-
es the ceiling.

Steel I beams are generally used for the girder in any
of the steel joist floor systems. The girder is usually sup-

ported by a cylindricallsteel column or a small H section.

The concrete CDflStIiCtl n D15 Vn*353 ,-': f ,43f§U:
a good fire resisting and econonicel flour ejetew. 6336;63;
E

ilosr systsuz may be classified as so lid reinforced slab,

tile joist flosr, ribwci flour con3trlction, an arch con-
struction and the _recast concrete joist construction. In
each of these types steel reinforcing rods are used.

The solid reinforced slab construction, as shown in the
illustration, consists simply of a solid slab reinforced with
~ steel, the t0p of the slab
as the floor and the bottom
as a ceiling. This design

is one of the floor designs

 

 

set forth by the Portland

  

C A
wflhmhmmfiflnmbufi ement ssociation in their

___n. ,_ - . UP . book Concrete Floors for

Residences. This may be either the subfloor or the finished
floor too.

The tile and joist form of construction consists of tile
filling in the space between a beam and slab construction.
Another of the Portland Cement
Association designs illustrates

the tile and joist method of

 

 

floor construction. iifi‘. :-j~'};:f gpfiég
Temp. bar's no simighi (2: Concrete
V4"¢'|’2"o.c. and one bent bar his

in eachjoisf as
'tructing a fire resistant 0011- showmn‘l'ablo

The ribbed method of con-

crete floor system is done by pouring concrete over the rib—

bed forms layed on wood form work. After the concrete has

'-

set the forms are removed giving the under side of the system

the appearance of a
series of rib! or
tees. Here are tw
illustrations of the
ribbed concrete floor
construction. One

is the Milcor method

 

while the other is
a design of the Portland Cement Association. With both methods
the metal lath ceiling is illustrated.

Among the latest in the designs of concrete floor systems

is the method using the pre- '

      

.304 305,.

  

, I ..
cast concrete joist. These ,k' .:u H3e3,gg 3,
4 593;; 5;_ ..fififl€".I*fi’:}Z”fifl- *féy

joists are made of concrete §E*e;npi,_ a;
2‘. ', ". if;

in standard lengths easily . “g“ dish: ts;
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gab ; ’. 'x'fiflfizé’ "' 90;; A : 9'4
handled by one or two men 'mmpMm. efigfip” msm+ms
. ‘ '4” I'Z"o.c. One sireighf and , for 191'“
on the 30b. The 3019159 are one ben'l' bar ineach 3&Cemenf plas‘l'eI
l joisi as shown in febie on me+al Ia’rh or-
wire lei‘h

designed for house construct-f___g‘w_ QEDqunjju£_flu_______
ion since the allowable load is sixty pounds per square foot
of flour surface.

The method of construction is to set the joists on the
foundation walls spaced with thirty inch centers and wood spread-
'ers set between them. A form work of inch sheathing is put
between the joists enerhalf to three quarters of an inch be-
low the tOp of the joists. A two and one half inch concrete
slab constitutes the floor with the joists protruding into

V‘

the bottom of the sadb.

The Milcor concrete arch floor design is presented in

the picture below. The design embodies the use of a heavy

1 Arched Slab Floor ‘ a}; -
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Portland Cement Plaster
Mmoo

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Netmesh Lclh 3A'Stcg-Rib No.3

   
 

 

metal lath and steel I beams for reinforcement. The lath
celled Stay-Rib comes in sheets ready for use. $he design
as presented in the illustration is a very good fire resist-
ing floor system.

The floor systems can be finished off in 3 number of
ways such as terrazzo, colored concrete cement, tile, lin-
oleum or wood which ever is desired. Here is a skecth
showing how linoleum should be layed
on a concrete floor to give the best
results. Other products similar in “‘4°m""‘"\x
nature to linoleum would be layed a- "

fter the same manner to produce the QanETEjIOOR
~0F- NG-LIN UM- D-FEL-

 

best results unless specified dif-
ferent by the makers.

The concrete floor systems are highly fire resistant and
permanent in nature. The monolithic concrete finish adds to
the fire resistance of the floor in preference to other forms

of finished flooring that may be used in the system.

10

Brick flOor construction consist mainly of the arch
type of construction with either a concrete floor or a pre-
loast brick slab floor. The precast brick floor is used in
connection with the I beam construction. It is a little
heavy for the average house construction.

lhe load of the floor in the arch method is carried by
a segmental brick arch. The apandrels are filled with a light
concrete with the finished floor resting on the fill. The
skew back of the arch is made of a Special tile or brick
which is made to fit around the steel I beam. 1‘0 protect the
steel beam from the hazard of intense heat that it might be
exposed to the beam may be insulated by means of a special

flange that fits around the bottom of the beam.

The tile floor construction constitutes mainly a series
of flat or curved tile Segmental arches. lhe szt arch is
made up of tile with their sides shaped on an angle in such
a way as to make up a complete arch with a flat intrados and
extrados. ‘he tile units have either a cross section made
up of anbox or rib construction. The arches are suspended
between steel I beams that carry the main load. The steel
beams are covered by tile flange units that fit over the
bottom of the beams in the same manner as in the brick arch
construction. The main tile units in the arch are the key-
stone tile, the skewbacks and the intermediate tile. The
floor may be finished off in a concrete subfloor and other

composition or wood finished flooring or the concrete alone.

11

The framless steel floor is one of the more modern de-
‘signs in fire resisting floor systems. This floor system
is one of the results that came from research and eXperihent-
ion on the Armco steel prefabricated house. The floor system
with the rest of the house W3.a invented, or designed, by
the architect iObert Smith Jr. in conjunction with the Amer-
ican Rolling Mill Company.

The illustration snows clearly the elements 3f the de—
sign and the method of
£5 prefabrication. 3036
I the "Z" shaped sections

and the box like con-

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struction. The design
resembles a series of
"I" beans broujht to-
gether side by side in
a rigid construction.

relied Arnco steel sueets

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6 inches hi?fi- Lac; tactic; i3
"’7”

laopel 1 inch longitudinelly eve: tha adjoining a and

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welded, forming a series of ooxes 6"! 10" Which while struct-
urally flexible and light in W813flt, posses great strength.
An "L" snaped piece is inserted on eituer side of the floor

area to complete the cox like construction.

Ihis floor system can be put together on tso few 3: done

(i

in the Shep.

The finisned flosr may he lineielh, CJmhvfilhiJL floor-
in; or a liminated hard 333 floss lgi,j sge engqflVU rich
as the product called eticzim. In: :lhs;ive i, ,p.. s\--
the steel flosr and the finished flosrin; 1 )el 3; ‘is cast.

ing.
Another floor of an all steel nature or const;i;ti-n
i3 nude up of corrugated steel sheets fielded toretger and

a steel plate a: sane ether subfloor placed over the to; of

these sheets. snis floor system is callei the pressed steel

(‘1‘

red into reversed

O
S 1.01“

3

"lad floor. The pressed steel ghee

O
(1"
H.

g 253 sheet constru on interlocking Witfl
the adjoining sheet are 24 inches wide 1nd male into stander
lersths. The finished floor consists of a mastic and lamin-

ated hood flooring.

A steel panel floor svstem is another fire resis

U

C?
H.
5

5
prefabricated floor system. ibis floor consists of side
pressed steel channels with an ”I” been in the center of the
channel to strengthen the floor each channel bolted or weld-

ed to the adjoining channel sectisn. Lhe finished floor

r

may be

,—
I

.he sane as those described in the other floor systems.

15
nhTanIOB HALL srsrsns

The wall svstens are of two kinds that of the interior
and exterior walls. :he two classifications may vary in re-
.sgect to the load bearing characteristicg
ials used and the relative thicknesses of each. The exterior
walls may be classified as concrete, brick, tile, building
block, steel stud, and frameless steel wells. The interior

walls may be classified in a similar manner with sons addits

0

ions and subtractions which will be dealt with liter.

t

The many ways that concrete can be used to make a fire
resisting wall as offered by the Portland Cement Association
are: solid concrete with reinforcing rods, precast slabs,
and precast units or concrete tile.

Reinforced solid concrete walls are constructed in the
same manner as any other concrete work that is by pouring
the concrete into a form work and alloying to set. The wall
may be finished off with a coating of stucco or a colored
cenent facing.

flhe precast walls are made in the Shep in standard or
Special lenghts and sections to be assembled on the job.

All the necessary parts are cast in the concrete at the
same time such as the franes and heating recesses or other
?

recesses for plumbing or electrical work. ne maximum size

wall ganel that is efficient to use is io'x so' Since that
is most conveniently handled on flat cars in shipment.
This exterior wall may be left to give a paneled appear-
ance or may be covered with a stucco or some other cement

facing. fhe interior of the wall may be plastered directly

14

on to the precast unit or on some insulation board or metal

lath.

F!)

there is another type of precast walls that is slightly

'1‘

different from the one just mentioned. Lnis precast wall is
molded flat of reinforced cinder concrete, raised and put on
the foundation. This system also has the frames and necessary
units set in with the first pouring of the concrete. Tfle
walls are made up from reinforcing rods layed in cenent grout
and stone slabs embedded in soft mortor. fine construction
of this nature is a natural insulation against weather, ver-
min and fire. Samuel P. Carrol designed or invented the method
and hence it is called the Carrol method.

The precast units that may be used in the design of a
fire resisting horse are commonly called building blocks but
can be explained here from the concrete View point. 1i'rlese
units are cast in forms so as to have a hollow shape giving
an added insulation value. The blocks may be use in the
exterior and interior walls according to the individual de-
sires. The blocks have good load bearing qualities and are
made lighter and easier to handle than concrete. The walls
may be plastered directly on both sides thus offering a full

concrete wall of a high finereeietance.

The next wall system is the brick wall offered by the
Common Brick Manufacturers Association of America. This wall
is highly fire resistant and lasting when constructed correct-
ly. The classification of these walls are hollow and solid

brick walls.

15

The solid walls are made-entirely of the brick bonded
toghether by a good mortor under the specifications of the
association. The walls vary in thickness according to the
size of the load put upon them. The sizes vary from the 4"
to the 12%" wall, that is from a one course of brick to a
three course brick well. 1'he exterior portion of the wall
is usually left in the form of the brick wall using a regu-
lar face brick but may be finished off in a stucco or other
methods if structural brick is used. The interior facing of
the wall may be finished off with a steel lath on furring and
a plaster coating or an insulation paneling for an alternat-
ive.

1‘he hollow walls called rolok are divided into three
classes the ideal rolok-bak wall, the ideal all—rolok wall
and the ideal all-rolok wall in Elemish bond. This class-
ification is according to the method of construction. The
brick walls may also be reinforced with steel reinforcing
rods for an added strength and factor of safety. The h01-
low construction of the wall adds to the insulation and fire
resistance of the system. These wells are finished in the

same manner as the solid brick walls.

A very efficient wall that adds to the fire resistant
prOperty a proof against vermin, weather and heat is the
steel frame or steel stud wall system. inere are many dif-
ferent designs and combinations of materials that make up
the summary. ‘he steel companies offer one design, the in-
sulation material companies offer another design, and vari-

ous architects and designers offer their respective designs,

so one has a wide choice in the variety of the designs.

The United States Gypsum company designed a steel stud
wall that is fire resistant and soundproof called their
free floating design. The steel studding are light steel
channels set in a base channel also a light structural steel
member. The exterior of the wall consists of a wall board
which is fire resistant and weather proof. The insulation
board is attached to the studding by means of steel clips
which actually allow the wall to hang from the studding.
The interior of the wall is constructed in the same way
except for the use of a thinner material for the insulation

f“

board. The walls are finished with a plaster or stucco
coating according to the kind of wall.

The house that enploys the use of steel studding is
essentially one with an all steel franc, the usual case.
The steel studs may be light Channels, "I” beams or angles
according to the load bearing qualities of the wall. the
frame work may be covered by the use of lath and plaster,
inulation board, precast units of concrete or gypsum or

some metal panel board. One method of covering the exter-

ior of the house is by the use of ferro enameled Shingles

[0

pplied to an insulation board with mastic felt in between
the shingle and the insulation.

One of the latest designs in wall systems is on the
next page. it consists of a channel and tea snped stud
with a metal clad insulation board wedged in betxeen the

studding. The channels and tees are bolted together in

17

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18

 

 

 

 

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19

L

on the interior for a b‘

1

se on which t glaster. 383N665 CH3
two walls a metal foil is used to grevent dumoness fron pen-

L

etrating through the Illl system. The 3311 3133 insures
excellent heat insulation. ri‘he steel uprights are spaced
four feet agart with four inch cinder olucks making a wall
Panel in between. The concrete wall on the inner side of
the wall system is made us of two inch light we'5ht concrete
slabs. This 3"stem has the chasscteristics of a good fire

resisting wall system..
A tile wall with a grassed steel frame is a design offered
by Gesellschaft fur neue Bauweisen, Berlin Germany. enld
well also has panels of a four foot width. ‘38 frame work
is set ug from 2"x4" pressed steel channels put back to
back to make a "1" section. 1"he uprights are Space four feet
on centers wavered with an insulation board and a stucco
finish. In between the unrights are two thicknesses of
three inch tile blocks of gygsum separated by a sheet of
building paper. 3 plaster coating is used to cover the in-
terior portion of the hollow tile wall. 51X materials are
used in the construction of this wall and much nand labor
is required. Ihe insulation value of the wall is fair while
the salvage value of the system is moderate. ‘111-3 13 a
hatented wall systen.

Deutsche Stahlhausbau Gesellscnaft, m. B. N. Hinden-
burg Germany designed a concaete steel wall consisting of
steel uorights, a light concrete slab, insulation fibre

board, stucco and plaster. :he uorights are steel channels

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Destq n ‘23

 
 

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Alummawc H case Design

 

of the standard 2x2; inch size, bolted back to back to form
an "H" or an "1' section. The uprights are spaced four feet
center to center with a three inch light weight concrete slab
inserted between the columns from the t0p of the wall. The
exterior portion of the wall is formed by a stucco coating
over the concrete slab with asphalt plates over the uprights
between the stucco and the columns. Blastered fibre board
on the interior of the wall adds to the heat, weather and
fire protection. ins light weight concrete slab is design-
ed for a three inch thickness while the fibre board with a
three quarter inch thickness.

G. Kunze Jr., another German designer presents the wall
of sheet steel. Steel pressed to form the outer wall sur-
face and columns as a single unit in a long channel section
form the main load bearing part of the wall system. The
units are designed to be 3'-4" wide and running ceiling
height. These members are bolted together as channels are
bolted together back to bach. fine interior portion of the
wall consists of an insulation board glued to the inside
of the channel sections, a two inch air space, and a wall
of one quarter inch plywood screwed or nailed on to wood
strips attached to the uprights or Joints of the exterior
panels. The total thickness of the wall is three and one
half inches. With a fire resisting interior wall consisting
of the plywood the wall system is a highly fire resistant

wall.

21

Still another steel stud wall system employs the use
of light concrete precast slabs fer the exterior portion
of the wall. These slabs being finished off with a metal
enameled suface on the outside of the slab. The units are
attached to the studding by the use of bolts with the nuts
countersunk in the concrete. 1"he same idea is used in con-
nection with limestone or some other precast or cut units.
This design may oe inspected on one of the houses at the
gontury of Progress fierlds fair at chicago.

The Aluminaire House design has wnat is called a dry
assembly wall. Steel angles with attached wood strips form
frame work of the wall. Insulation board on the inside and
the outside serves as a base for surfacing. POliSfled 81-
uminum slightly corrugated, reflect the suns rays and is a
water proof skin requiring minimum maintenance. 011 010th
in plain colors is desirable for a sanitary wall finish for
most rooms. This construction is fire resisting and slim-
inates the use of water in the erection or construction of
the wall.

Brick veneer in conjunction with the use of steel stud-
ciing makes a very good fire resisting wall from the exter-

icxr portion of the wall. The brick veneer can be used very
effectively when a wire mesh fabric is wired to the frame
811d a cement grout filling the Space between_the brick and
the; fabric. Another method is to use a wall board for a

shssathing acting independently of the veneer.

22

Tile for a fire resisting wall has its selling point
in the fact that it is one of the lightest of the building
materials yet having good load bearing qualities and high
fire resistance. Tile can be made from various materials
such as clay vitrified or plain tile, concrete, gypsum and
other composition materials although it is generally thought
as clay when tile is spoken of.

The Katco vitrolite structural tile, manufactured by
the Rational Eireproofing Corporation, is one of the good
examples of tile for a fire resisting well. 4he tile units
come either glssed or unfinished so that a wall may be fin-
ished in most any desired manner.

The thickness of a tile wall varies with the size of
theload put upon the wall, The walls are constructed from
the tile units,with a good mortor for a hond at the joints,
faced with a tile glazed, brick or stucco for the exterior.
Ihe interior portion of the wall may be left with a glazed
tile finish or a plaster coating over the unglazed tile.

Some of the types of tile used in the construction of
houses and homes are called as by their trade names:tne
unibacker tile, the interlocking tile, Duntile. A double
shell tile used as a building unit gives a maximum nimber
of air spaces vertical in the wall yet having high strength
and greater insulation than the regular tile units. The
other forms or kinds of tile are used in the same manner

in construction of a fire resisting wall system.

23

The all steel wall is the latest change in the modes
of architecture. The walls of the all steel house are frnme-
less consisting of panels of pressed steel units. fine two
illustrations below show how the wells are conctructed and
the method used for
their erection. lhe
illustrations are that
of the construction of
the Armco all steel pre-
fabricated house built
at Solon Ohio.

There are two

 

types of units used in

1

the construction of the wall of the all steel wall system.

The types of the units are the "Z" Shaped and the "U" shaoed.

.L

In either type of unit they are welded together to form the

1.

 

entire wall seétion. Ina
sections of the malls :re
constructed in the factory.'

L

Eli drought 33 :33 place

of erection on tr;c;3 lino

V
4 .o ' . - -V 4
‘c - ‘A ~ g < ' - L'a E‘ ‘- ' z. "’ .. ' l' “-."'-> .
scene; 5" _O-y" & tIlS’ ale. bile” a, :‘f .;‘..V;-f,‘b,-..".»' .
'- n. e'. ‘ 'f' ~- .~' . .
35' . - ;' 1 ,.
.‘a’l.’-n.t'~-~:‘¢.>fi . .
‘ ‘ 'u L : ' -‘ - ‘ ’ ‘ F L -’- v ' ‘ 1- . V " 7’ .\ ‘ j ‘ . .- ‘ f, , 3 : . o , ‘ v
sections are set up temporarily x; iol,_i: ion -inrsiel o;

welding 3h; :hol; vall wish a p0"t'i!s electric wellid; set.
The wrll itself is nade from 18 gage skeet steel crimp-
ed to form the su:pe of the unit. +here are several widths

in the variots (hit; all of nich ire tto inches thick with

34

six incn Cughhcls Yzfijl;’ tron seven ineues, One foot one
inch, two test one inch to three ree: one inch in width

to give flexaoility in the construction of the rooms. The
extra incn on the sectiohs is used for the purpose of a
lap in the welding process. fne exterior of the wall con-
sists of porcelain enameled tiles nailed to an insulation
board. fhe interior of the wall is made up of plaster on
a wall board with a micarta base. The micarta base is a
composition base made of non-inflanable material manufact-
ured by the Westinghouse electric Company. The cutaway
section show below illusrtates a good fire resistant con-
struction. This is an illustration of the Armco Steel

)

|
the co

Poutum umuu- “Lucy -,-L‘oaua AHIHILY houa o 0 W d

msuunou soup é.‘ ' , -- .

' b
i "Juamrul‘flfll

fl \

   

A]

floor is laid in a
mastic as explained

in the section on

 

 

 

 

 

 

wood floors. Note

 

the method of ad-

/
' ‘uuuu um;
zucuiul. canon

.mwwmmm justment ‘3 shown

 

jin the upper left

corner of the pict-

 

ure. The method of caring for the electrical conduits
is by using the channel section behind the micarta base.
The alternative for the interior finish of the wall is
an asbestos wall board with an asbestos base and cap.
This is the first of its kind in the line of all steel
wall systems and is in the stage of development but

shows a good possibility is a great change in architecture.

 

25
INTERIHH WALL SYSTEMS

The interior wall systems have a similar construction
in many respects to the interior portion of the outside
walls but are in some cases of a different nature due to
the fact that all the interior walls are not load bearing.
rI‘he interior walls may be classified as solid and hollow.
Under the classification of the solid walls falls the
brick, concrete, plaster and insulation board walls. Jhe
hollow walls or partitions are subdivided into the tile,

concrete units, steel studding, and frameless steel units.

The brick walls are simple in their construction and
similar to the exterior brick walls. Ihe wall is made of
a base of brick on which to plaster or nail lath for plast-

ering on both sides.

l‘he sOlid plaster wall may be constructed as shown

in the accompaning picture.

.. / Wuullll
1/] 'i'l'l'lIlll'.||'l"'| "I" .
mu") nu",','.muII,','.'.m u .. Light steel Channels 1301‘!
III" . mmmnlfl' "u "ml _
I'lll|lll'|||'l'.'.'.'|‘|'|‘l'l'|IIIIIFIF'" i I'
!

' IIuIIl i.ul,',','.'.'ull'|"""II t h e upr 1 gh t S W i t h a m 6 t a l

,
‘ I
.l‘ 1.” “fl

rib lath for which the plas-
ter clings to. fihe whole
frame of steel is covered

by the plaster coating.

This is one of the Milcor
methods of solid plaster

partitioning. Two fire-

 

proof materials make this

a highly fire resistant wall or partition system.

 

*fivfi—v

"w‘ v———_ V

‘7 v—i‘ V w

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l Metal |a+h or

or Wire la’rh

‘ Portland (NO‘l’ used on

Cemen-l- walls +ha+ do
Plaster “0+ require,

(3 coats) f'UPr‘ing.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tile and Joisi‘
Floor cons+ruc+ion

  
  

3 Coal-s Poriland
Cement Plasi-er applied
directly on ceiling

    

 

 

 

 

°fi

 

INTERIOR, VIEW OF CONCRETE MASONRY oUlLDINQ
The tile walls are made from tile units which are thin-
ner than the units used in the exterior wall system. I"he

method of construction is practically the same in both types.

The illustration shows the method of construction for a

27

concrete masonry house. ihe illustration below shows in
comparison another
type of concrete well

used mainly for an ex-

  
  
  
 
 
   
 

doin+s raked
‘ or sfruckf‘lusln

terior wall system but
may be used in an in-

. terior wall for one

 

 

that has a heavy load

I . Finish coa‘l' approx.'/$'ihick. to l) 681‘

. +hickness depen soni‘ex’rure.

. brown 'coa'l' approx. %"ihick.. ' i
finished wi+h a wood floa‘l'. *3 i 3 1‘ VP 9

 

Scratch ooo+ approx.93"+hick. c 0 ns t r uc t ion
deeply cross screi'ched.

Wall dampened evenly us+ before may be used in
stuccoing +0 provide uni orm auction

4 ,. , _ _ — - ”go—*9 the foundation walls.

 

 

Steel studding partitions can be constructed in several
ways due to the varied types of materials that can be used
in the covering of the frame. some of the types that were
explained in the exterior wall systems can be used for an
interior wall by simply using the interior portion of the
design for both sides of the wall. ;he types that can be used
in this manner are the: Ferroclad design, Richter and ochadel
design, Aluminaire wall design, the other German designs
except that of G. Kunze Jr. In some of these the well would
prove to be quite expensive for the moderate or average

home.

Some of the more economical designs for interior part-
itions are those presented by the Milcor company. These

are constructed with light weight steel channels, a metal

28

bath of which there is a'variety in kind, and a plaster

coating. Some of the Milcor partitions are shown in the

 

 

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pictures above.

These show the different types of mesh

and rib lath in connection with angle and channel con-

struction.

Insulation.board may be use in the place of lath

either as a base for plastering or as'a panel unit with

a finished face.

Some of the insulation boards used for

a base on which to plaster are: Gyprock, Insulite, and

Gelotex, in each case the fire resistant board of its

kind is one that is meant.

These may be nailed, screwed,

or wired to the steel studding or to wood furring attach-

ed to the studding.

Some of the insulation panel boards use for a finished

wall are: Formica, Micarta, and Ferro enameled sheets.

for-

mica is a fire resisting coating applied to wood fibre or

metal sheets used in paneling and many other parts of build-

ing construction.

micarta is a paneling used in the same man;

ner as formica and is made by the Westinghouse Electric

a.

29

Company. Ferro enameled sheets are panels made from a
steel sheet with an enameled fa ing. Inese sheets may be

screwed or bolted to the studding.

‘he frameless steel partitions are made in the same
way that the exterior wall systems of the sane type. 15838
may be finished with a plaster coating, panel board or

with an oil cloth. lhe Arnco house has a regular wall pa er

to

finish over the steel panels with a mastic to cover the panel

joints flush.

1

the illustration below shows an example of a good wall
system and good exanples of trin which is to be discussed
in the next part of the paper. fnis is the Lilcor method
of finishing a good fire resisting home. hotice the wall,

floor and ceiling construction shown by the cutawa sect-

as

is s. The illustration will be found on the next page,

5

50

wells

‘0

1e wilcor method of construction of the floor,

i
L

.L

ceiling and trim in the fire resisting home.

          

       

        

 

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NETMESH

 

 

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ininulon ill;

Ihe trim and the finishing parts of the noise may be
constructed from wood or some othe combustahle material
provided the rest of the construction is a fire resistant
construction. It is best to have the ertire house con-

(‘0

structed from fire re: tent haterials to make it a full

(J.l

1

U1

fire proof home. out in case of fire with some of the
parts of the house made from combusteble material they
could easily be replaced without much work according to
the degree of fire it was exposed to.

Heretofore wood has been used in the construction of
the doors and door frames, windows and window frames, the
base and moldings, cabinets and various other items that
come under the heading of trim in the average house. dood
has been replaced by many kinds of materials such as tile,

aluminum and other metals and composition boards,

steel,

the may be used in the construction of the items mentioned

under the description of trim.

U)

tool can be used through out the whole house in the
finishing parts if iegired, In the construction of the win-
dows one can get either the steel casement nindgqg or the
double hung steel windows with their franes and casings.

One method in the construction or setting of the JanJWS

is to set them in the wall weather proofed by a mastic putpy

.1

which closes the ~

51

ir s ace that may cause a draft of a rain

'73

leak. 1here are many companies that marufacture the steel
window units some of which are: the TrueCOn Steel Company,

the ialman Steel Gompahy and the dates Steel Uorporation.

C}!
{\‘I

1"he ialman steel Company offers and attractive
resisting door frene which is also patented for the idea
that no mater how hard the door is slenbed the plaster will
not crack. This franc can be had for practiCally any type
wall construction. there are other companies that make
steel door frames but will not be mentioed heree

Bodnb may be made fire resisting by the use of steel
panels or a composition fire resisting panel board. oteel
doors have been used in offices but can be had for the home
as well. One type of fire resisting door is the fire proof
plywood door. finother good door is the Eormica or micarta
fire resisting panel door. 3he formica door is made with
a hollow constructionnith the panels from the formica in-
sulation. Tue Micarta door has the same type of construct-
ion as the Formica door with the only difference in the panel
board itself.

Formica can be used in the fire resisting home for
several different things. The base and moldings with the
wainscot, cabinets, work tables, and parts of the furniture
may be made from Eormica.

Tile may be used as a trim for the base, bathroom e-
quipment, walls, floors and Window trim.

Plaster has been used for a base and molding with a
good metal lath for a backing and a bead protruding for a
protection to the sell of plaster.

The kitcnen equipment made fire proof by the use of
steel and other materials makes just an attractive room

as that constructed in the old manner. fine cabinets come

35

ready made also the breakfast nook furniture can be had

ready made from the fire restant material.

A‘ ‘- e s .' ’., 4‘ ‘P

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34
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The two types of roofs to be considered are the deck
and the gable foofs. The trend in the prefabricated homes
is the deck construction although the gable type is used
in the other kinds of fire resisting homes. eteel rafters
are used universally, in the gable roofs, with various
kinds of coverings; while the deck roof have different
types of construction as in the floor systems.

Lhe deck roofs may be classified as ribbed steel,
steel joist and concrete.

The coverings of the geole roofs vary from an asphalt
to a metal or asbestos shingle. Concrete slabs precast
and bolted to the steel rafters any comprise one method of
making a fire resitant base for the tOp covering of the roof.
Another method is the gypsum plank subroof construction
with either an sephalt,ti1e or metal shingle. flhe rafters
are usually channels or light "1" standard sections.

The deck roofs may be constructed in the same manner
as the fire resistant floor systems lighter in weight and
consisting of a weather proof covering. Among th3 ribbed
deck roofs are the ficlorifi roof, the fruecon deck roof and
the Kalman roof. She ribbed deck roofs consist of son;
steel joist with a metal plate crimped in the form of a
aeriea of ribs. the ribbed portion of the plate used to
carry the load of the roof from one joist to the other.
*he decks are covered with the various constituents of a
good weather proof and fire proof roof, consisting of
layers of felt and asphalt and gratel m: a mastic with

some material of good wearing qualities such that can be

35

used for a sun deck. Slate or tile are seed for sundeck

9

construction. In connection with the ribbed tupe or cons
struction there is a pressed steel slab roof consisting of

a coorugated steel slab made in units of two feet wide above
which is applied an insulation and roofing material.

The prefabricated steel roof consists of pressed StBnl
panels with insulation board for the ubroof and other toof—
ing materials for a covering. fhe panels consist of a chan-
nel shaped section made from 24 gage pressed Steel with an
"I" beam in the center of each Channel section to help it
support the roof.

Another deck construction is made of light weight con-
crete slabs th as incnes thick placed over beams with an
asphalt covering for the waterproofing. ihe concrete deck
roofs may be constructei in the same manner as the concrete
floor systems with the exception of the finishing part of
the system. ins methods of construction used in the deck
roofs are the same as those used in the floor systems. The
load bearing part of the deck can He made up from a series of
concrete ribbed arc.es, a flat slab on tee beams, a flat shah
reinforced with oute the use of beams tile and jzist con-
striction and precast concrete joist construction. she
a of the roof may
consist of a concrete slab Tith a mastic or asphalt layer
and layers of felt or other roofing material. she exposed
layer of the roof nay consist of concrete or tile iith

' "‘ t. ' . ' l r . . "' "‘ ;" J‘ .‘ C‘ _ " ‘,“' “ 5" ‘ “ 1 ‘ ',‘. 1 ' . '."
good .earing qlelities glen that can stand Aalild} on.

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T‘f' v,‘ 1 ' n ‘1 I .2 ‘s ‘ fi - . n ‘ "~ ‘ .v . ‘- A - ‘I- . ' ~r E ' ‘ .
-ux;¢n 1333 (of cii.e __g, , (Lu;, so..:; .VIULl LilSlI‘ u»- ‘ct»g o «a w.
h”

dnerican doises borporauion.
*his corporation offers a prefabric Lei Jire he;i:i

.3 : L r\ '. m, ,,. .3 o. s ..A-.
'i J:. .ml b.1131 au‘GI‘JCClOIl-S “Elli-1 113 p.311.) .'LIJ§ 0032;} rC'JloLi

‘ 'gated in the follofiing paragraohs.

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p
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f ‘2‘.
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\U

4h: sizes and co 45 of tar iDiSBS are with the cnoice

of four types of houses with foir rooms for 93500 to $7300.

‘he construction aflolnus to Slinjard wall panels of as-
bestos composition with a steel-frame.

The foundation is made from a cment called aero cement.
lhe foundation does not include the cellar for the modern
trend and designs do not include basements in their construct-
ion. Ihe heating plant and other things usually fOlnd in
the basements of homes are taken care of in the garage.

The walls both the exteriror and the interior may be
of an asbestos nature a very good fire resisting material.

The exterior finish is painted wals while the interior
is of an asbestos composition with a featire of being wash-
sale.

This house offers proof against fire, vermine, light-
ning, and earth-quake. the stock equipment for this house
includes lighting, heating, plumbing, humidifier, and exter-
ior wall finish. ‘he house can be dismanteled and moved as
way at a small cost. It is economical to reshape and en-
large. A six room two story type with a bath and sun deck

can be obtained for @5600.

38

Hazelton House.

This house is another of the prefabricated houses which
can be had in many variations due to its flexibile construct-
ion. fhe house is manufactured in the shop in such a way as
shown by permutations that there can be 628,992 variations
made from the same penile. These variations as stated are
made in consideration of the wall decorations and furnishings
with the same floor plan used throughout. An itemized list
of the cost of construction of a house of this type is as
sated below.

Excavation, footings, first floor slab, mastic
and masonite flooring...........................$.544.00
Frame, bolts and erection.........................451.80
h00f,ceiling insulation, roofing, and
enameled cOping...................................426.5O
Walls, windows and exterior doors.................865.30
Partitions, interior doors and trim, painting
anddecorating.....................................387.21
Jeddo dighland heating equipment, chimney and coal
pocket............................................280.00
Porch..............................................98.60
Bithroom fixtures, sink and laundry tray,
00pper piping and hot water supply................325.00
Kitchen cabinets...................................40.00
electrical work and fixtures,,......... ...........81.59
Total.... $3500.00
In general a house with four rooms and bath sells at the

above price while a five room house with bath sells at $4000.

39

The Armco House.

The Armco house that is described here is the one
that was built at Solon Ohio.. The picture of the house
with is solarium appears below. The picture of the house
was taken from the

model whereas the
‘ other illsustation
is an actual photo—
graph from the roof
of the all steel

 

home.

The size of the house is stated as a seven specious
room house with two baths, a garage and sun deck, It is
estimated that in the future then production of the house
gets on the large scale basis it will sell at $5000.00

The house is constructed with frameless steel walls
and chassis. ‘he walls are made of two ply electric weld-
ed steel sections. The
interior of the walls is
finished with plaster on

rock lath. 1here is no

cellar to the foundation

   

1'

Which consists of a con-ifi‘m ift"
crete wall. ‘he heating"'
plant is in the garage and consists of an automatic furnace

with oil as the fuel. ihe exterior finish of the house is
made of ferro enameled shingles and celotex with an asphalt

saturated felt backing.

40

The added features of the house besides being fire
resistant and prefabricated are proof against weather, ver-
mine, lightning and earth quake. i"here is no repainting
necessary for the exterior of the house since it is enam-
eled. the house is eguiped with an air conditioning ap-

paratus. It took 155 man hours to build the house at so-

lon Ohio.

Pierce Eoundation.

This prefabricated fire resisting house is called the
Pierce foundation since it is just in the experimental stage.
Besides being in the eXperimental stage it is kept secrete
to the public. *he house is located on the roof of the
American Radiator Company in New iork City. 1here is no
commercial model as yet so the size and cost of the house
can not be determined by an outsider and nothing has been
said about that part of the design by the experimenter.
fhe construction consists of a heavy steel frame with steel
lath trusss and standard wall panels of which three kinds
are used these being the Transits, Kits, and nomanite.
the panels are glued to the lath truss. lhe roof consists
of sheet steel base with thermax and asbestos covering.

Ihe partitions are of the same construction as the walls.

The house is entirely fire resistant and proof against
weather, vermin and lightning. Due to the fact that it was
built by the American Radiator Company it has a remarkable
bath unit which is being eXperihented with embodying new

ideas in that line. xha house might be sold for tsooo on

41
the basis of 10,030 homes.

National Steel douse.

1"he Fational Steel Homes Corporation is offering a
small house which is fire resistant, vermin,.earth quake,
lightning and weather proof. The price of this house is
4495 for a one roon with bits and al~350 fOI a one room,
kitchenette and bath.

Ihe construction points on this house are interlocking

ms.
4.

steel wallpanels and tubular steel frame. he foundation
is made of concrete and as with the other houses there is
no basement. *he walls are steel panels with a rock wool
filling and insulation board. *he exterior finish consists
of painted insulation board. 2he roof is made up of steel
panels with a weather proof covering. the partitions con-
sist of insulation board vith tacks shrunken muslin.

The added feature of the house under the heading of
complete equipnent is heating, lighting, plumbing, and
air conditioning. Besides being fire resistant it is :eath-

er proof, lightning, vermin, and earthquake proof.

The Dyhaxion.

1"here is a house being constructed at the fair grounds
in Chicago that embodies a new thought on fire resisting
frame work in fact an intirely new idea on framing a house.
lhe new creation is known as the Dymaxion. ihe frame con-
sists of a central tubular col‘hn from which cantilever
beams radiate, cross connected by other steel beuns, in

the manner of a large wheel and excl. The snap shot on

affixeg, , L‘ 1-
frdffie Oi. slid fluvije fl but) £4.13:

b)
(—r
(L

this page illustrate.
grounds. she walls of the house and sons of the flrniture
incorporate) with the walls are made from o transpunent

casein composition. The rooms are triangular or pzrallele-

piped to form a strong construction.

Portland Cement Association douse.

vertised much today is the house of the fortland cement AS-

sociation. ¥he association hhs a series of houses JLiCh they

I’I;

of er to the puolic as a good fire resisting structure.

Among the designs that are offered by the Eortland

Cement Association is the design to. 5-3-43 which is a fair
design to describe in comparison with the prefabricated

homes. Ihe design is that of a Spanish hission with soft

tones of the old ages rather than the hard lines of the n

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“ire resisting points that the house is noted

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among th'
for are: walls of concrete masonry, exterior finish of fort-
land cerent stucco, a roof of concrete tile and the floor
of reinforced concrete.

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portland cement paint. 1'he shingles may be of caent djje‘_

tos or tile to guard the hone from adjoining

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45

Werlds Fair Bones and Constrdction Eoints.

The Century of Progress Jorlds fair will act as an in-
trdductory median for many new products and designs that are
the result of recent research and exgerimentation. Due t0
the slwng in the building of homes a great deal of research

has been going on in the steel hills, CAB cement conganies

and other buildinr material consanies.

'- - «n '~ . . ' r, - ‘4,_ " . " " I ,' :I‘.‘ \1n :4
seercn horn is the ,icfaoricatei hone. —hs ti,
3m ‘ * r‘ *w'“: ‘s’~' “of"; “w- ‘4”, *q‘“ «. ‘ ' t- .b '1 n'ril.’ o1~*.' 3'. -'
nun-38 CA Lilv IVZlQU..J.-3 -JU'.»LLobLlle’ 13 J.J.t Ju‘l‘v \JJ-..LL-LI $4.3.1
.-._° ..‘-- ,,. 4 :- ‘r :,\-.. 1-‘ ‘,.,-,\‘,"-fi, ‘-..1 .,__y ..,-.,
one COuddflCElDA o.~ architects, an treeL3 stssr com -“133
r- _ .‘ . ,~ ~- . . A ‘\.r' l 7 ' ‘ - u q ' : " ‘- '\ . -r\ h .
and arises other c;ncerns .1“ ._,i J-“ ss-s ;134 in hind

’- a

that of srol;c'; t-nc.-in' he nn; yo‘issole *itnout

‘ .

much cos; 1; ins, o-“i 3;ng. ~hs orefaoiicated houses to

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e fil-U rt: L‘t tea) “ L— .lnl 3 ‘4 - -l: «2491. “I” L, .r.l,t 41-300
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113158 hJer'L‘r:'1 “3'15" 3 "e-‘C v’o- ~-‘+ —~ J .‘I t .' .. .L ' «3 _‘ . ' ‘ - - . -. 0

she cictlre below shows one side of s73 fi«+-3 ‘Jesl

vve Linn its : neled malls of orecast concrete and en_u-

 

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end pictdie or the oartialli constr- ts‘ hosts ii

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units in the background of

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ffe"ert stone produced by the uOcione

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units are rostone

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Congany. he in-
board and olaster. lhe roof is a ribbed deck construction

with a mastic and asohal: covering.

The Common Brick House has a different feature in its

construction in that the Whole house is constructed as one

unit mrde up of brick cenent and reinforcing rods; the

I

i . ' __—1I

 

walls are solid so the heating and other fixtures are ergosed

and finished in a chrome _latinr. this is a very good fire
resisting hone.

The Picture disglayed below was exglained before and

a

is “ showing of the Dymaxiun frame. rifihe house built like

L“ A ' . "WWI-turn“
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a tree as the desianer explained in his article in a recent

publication.

A house built of slass blocks with no WithWB is an-

.‘2

n arch-

Ho

7(13

rd.

other contribution of the flair to the new des
itecture. ihis house is fire resisting and has good in-
sulation faculties since the blocrs are hollov.in construct-
ion. eone of the other features of the house are artificial
ventilation, drapes and blinds that come up from the floor
the full length of the :z‘l, a garage and a manger.

Construction details for the entire fair may he sumhed
in the following sentences. she foundations mostly rest on
giles with concrete wall construction. l'he frame of nearly
every building consists of steel girders, joists and trusses.
The deck roof construction with a mastic floor covering and
wood flooring cligged to the metal is anothe" feature. In-
cluded in the flooring is that of the large oanels of gly-
Wood flooring layed in lenghts three to twelve feet lsnr
and three feet wide. fine roofs many of asgnalt con osition
over an insluation board. The exterior walls either netul rib—
bed siding or an asbestos cement board or some other insu-
lation board.

*hus the Century of frogress Jorld fair is an aid to
the introduction of new idea“ in the field of architecture

and engineering.

47
Conclusion . 1

One may conclude from a review of the foregoing mater-
ial that the future or even the Qresent day prosoectivs
builder has a very wide variety in his choice of constructi
ion for a good fire resisting house. Each type of construct-
ion is good and its backers are confident that it is perman-
ent in the basic hrinciple of the design.

Ugon looking over the material one may conclude that there
is a renaissance in house architecture with a trend toward
the fire resisting prefabricated house. lne methods of other
things have changed but the method of house construction has
not changed with he est of the transitions. NOW there is
the beginning of the transition period from wood structures
for family quarters to the comgosite material structural
fire resistant houses that are economical.

1be fire resistant home Should not be a vague thing in
the minds of the public within the next few years for with
anything that is new and economical it is a psychological
fact that peOple will buy. Even such drastic changes such
as are oresented by the Glass douse and the Dymaxium may
come about in the commercial world.

The fire resitant home is still in the process of

develooment and has a great future before it.

EIEIS

_..

Blfilluu-.-;ni
is; as ;m‘i:j i Liiexnlk.
Anerican Builder June 1328
fracas: Concrete juildings.
American Builder Larch 1935
Ienlehcies in the Use of Concrete.

1 1937

Ho

American Builder Agr
Concrete masonry Homes.
Portland Cement ssociation. s.l.a. file Ho lO—a-2.

Low Cost fireproof Homes.

Portland Cenent Association.
The Key to Firesafe Homes.

Eortland Cenent Association A.I.A. Bile E0 4-1-3.
Concrete Floors For Residences.

Portland Cement Association B-I-A- 3118 30 4-1-3.
Concrete Masonry for Uonstruction for enduring and Eiresafe
homes and Structures.

Portland Cement Association file No lO-a-Z.

Celotex Specifications A.I.A Bile 37-a-1.
A Eire Resisting Residence

American Builder April 1928
All Steel House Demonstrated.

The halter Bates All Steel house

American Builder March 1928
Steel Frame Construction Perfected For Homes.

American Builder November 1928.

Built in 100 Days.
¥ho Indianapolis Steel House.

American Builder March 1930.

Details Changed for the Eorcelain Enameled House.
American Builder March 1950.
How Steel Joists Meet Modern Requirements.
American Builder September 1929.
Steel Joists.
Kalman Steel L’ompany A.I.A. File No 13.
Eire-Safe Building Products.
Kalman Steel Company Catalogue.
Kalman Steel Door Frames.
Kalman Steel Company A.I.A. File No 16.
This Home is"As Fisesafe and Durable as a Loop Skyscraper".
Firesafe Homes Bureau of Chicago.
Truscon Residence Casements with Casement Screens. No 16s
Truscon Metal Lath Products and Accessories. E0 448
Truscon Open Truss Steel Joists for Residences.
The Truscon Steel Company Catalogues.
Precast Floor Syeterns.
‘ American Builder November 1929.
Common Brick.
Brick Structures-How to Build Them. A.I.A. No 5
The Common Brick Manufacturers' Association of America.
Featherweight Haydite Building Units A.I.A. Re lO-a-z.
Armco Architectural Bulletin No 11 A.I.A. No 13-6-3.
The Path to Permanence.
Republic Steel Company Catalogue A.I.A. No 12e31
Formica Insulation Catalogues. A.I.A. No 22-1
The Formica Insulation Company.
The Bilcor Manual.
The Milcor Steel Company.
Factory Built Steel House for Ruth Page.

General Houses Inc.

Insulite Specifications and Details en its use.
The Insulite Company.

Linoleum Layers Hand Book
The Armstrong Cork Company.

The Fortune Magazine for April 1955.

The Architectural Record for April 1933.

Sweets Engineering Catalogue 1931

Sweets Architectural Catalogue 1935.

6 me
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