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' QA-‘LV‘, xxx/‘4‘. ,1‘-7---< ’—"( do? - ’~ ' ‘ x . r \ , «4 “ :- (flirted. ’ 9:2 ‘r/ -' vi} :61 dd,» } . x", . SUPPLEMENTAW » _ MATERIAL " _. m BACK‘OF BOOK w ‘ Il’§|.u. ‘ . : . .. .II :1 . furl!!!» . ‘Ifh ' ‘ .'}t.llo.lsl|s. . .‘ ‘. . . .on‘I-II'IIP 7. .... ... all... .ln'fnli CH?” 0| :3. o. o . f .. .. .. 4: . v, » . . . . . . .. . . . v. butbl... . . .. ‘ Prl4d1‘sll i 114 r . . .to .-.!!Szrl ..., .... . . V]. ..q . .1.. . u! Kr. u. w .. mm .\ 3."..- éwm‘a...lnpv.1.fi“‘d .stl; wcr. r. us Viva». r“, «a in?!” wflufii t‘t-‘Igthmé cvasfi ..va . L&. :21 .3; 111 1111!! ll . 1. 1‘1 6‘1 ..1 : I . . d U .121. « ..Irsll ..r . . . . . o' B ... A Proposed Railroad System of China. A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Michigan State College 33 Wing To £21} Candidate for the Degree of Bachelor of Science In Civil Engineering Jme ‘9270 r,_ .F ‘ THESIS toy.) Content. Chapter I e IMPORTANCE or RAILROAD SYSTEM _ Economic Importance. Social Importance. Chapter II e THE PROPER MILIAGE OF RAILROAD'IN CHINA Chapter III. THE PROPOSED RAILROAB SYSTEM The Southeastern System. The Northeastern System. The Southwestern System. The Northwestern System. The Central System. Estimate Cost. Chapter IV. CONCLUSION Chapter I IMPORTANCE OF RAILROAD SYSTEM Railroad system to the national life is Just like the circulation system to the human body. It is the main system of communication and transportation through which the major part of national life is done. Its importance was not so felt in the old days when every community could live by itself in a self-sufficing way. As society grows into a larger and more complex organism there are more di- visions of labor and hence more inter-relationship and in- terdependence between the member of this large and complex organism. 'A man can no longer live by himself. He has to depend upon society for his daily necessities, comfort, encouragement, and etc. Railway system being the chief a main channels through which there various commidities and services are exchanged is receiving ever increasing atten- tion of the nation and the pecple. From the economic view point it is of great importan- ce, because it is the chief means for the transportation of all the commodities produced on the farms or in the fact- Iories. Without this system the farmer will not be able to market his farm products and the manufacturer will be un- abe to send the finished goods. It is also the medium for the process of trade or exchange. In fact the whole process of trade of commerce involved the transportation and dis- 2 tribution Of commodities from places that have plenty of them to places that lack them, is wholly depending of the efficiency of communication. It is necessary prerequisite for the deveIOpment or colonisation of unsettled land. Without adequate railway system_it is very hard for the colonisers ¢ settlers to get access to their destinations and for the settlers to get their products disposed of. Increase of the utility of the land, and the amount of products can be best accomplished by the presence of rail- way system. From the social viewpoint it is important, because it is the chief means to transmit social intelligence,. The distribution of social news is done through the dis- tribution of newspapers and magazines. The pOpularisa- tion of intelligence and scientific knowledge is done through the distribution of books and technical magazines and Journals. The railway system in c00peration with other systems of communication and transportation is needed for all these processed of distribution. The mobility of the pcpulation depends to a large degree up- on the raolway system too. Without it, it is very hard for one person to go from one part of the country to other parts not to say to foreign countries. High mobility of pcpulation means more social contacts between people and quicker adjustment between the different interests and groups of society. 3 The system of all the railroads, main trunks and branches, must be planned in advance. Trial and error method would not do in the modern complex society. Con- scious and intelligent foresight must be used to guide us for the complete layout of the railway system in a part- icular country. This conscious planning makes it possible for us to avoid the unnecessary mistakes incurred in the past. It will eliminate the conflict and unnecessary com- petition between the different railways. The main trunks pass from cities of importance one to each other. To sup- plement these, certain branch lines must be built to serve smaller cities and to concentrate the current and direction of goods and service to the big cities. In short, the whole system must be made a systematic organization basing on the territorial division of labor for the serving of the people. ChApter II E THE PROPER MILAGE OF RAILROAD IN CHINA In building the railroad system the total length or the total miftge in any place is baSe upon several condit— ions: 1. The pcpulation and area. 2. The economic possibility. 3. The industries ane their products. 4. The condition of natural sources. According to these reasons the ratio of mifhge between nationsmay be different. The following tables showing the ratio of railroad in several nations: Ratio to the area Hi.of R.R. Total Country per sq.mi. miles Area Russia .00514 42504 8273130 U. S. A. .0667 250156 3743529 French .00576 33568 5817797 Japan .0395 8475 259738 Germany .!9 35209 185889 Italy .5218 12885 590865 Brazil .00548 17907 3275358 Australia .00881 26202 2974531 Canada .0105 39771 3797123 Arabia .00344 4125 1230330 Ratio to the pcpulation w... Country Pepulation 32:2: ¥éégsp§§§1. Russia 133442065 42504 .3185 U. 8. A. ‘25624278 250156 1.99 France 99525089 33068 .3365 Japan 807048.0 3475 .151 Germany 59358284 35209 .586 Italy 40883884 12835 .315 Brazil 30635505 17937 .535 Arabia 700000 4125 .539 Argentina 10087118 21935 2.13 Australia 6017210 26202 4.35 Canada 8788e88 39771 4.52 At present the railroad which has been already constructed in China is only 7554.5 miles. She has an area of 4278352 square miles and a population over 390,000,000. The ratio is only .991765 miles per sq. mile and .0199 mile per thousand people. From the view of there tables, China will need more road for her futher'deveIOpment. Although China has much dif- ficulty in finance to day, she possesses plenty of agicutural products and good natural resources. The utility of the products and the value of the dormant materials will be found after~the adequate railroad 6 system has been developed. At the same time the difficult question of financial handicap will be solved. For the future development of China, the increasing of railroad mifhge is of urgent importance to day. In my openion is that the total milage shoulé be increased at least four time the present total milage. It certainly will achieve the aim of making China a rich nation and do her good. Chapter III THE PROPOSED RAILROAD SYSTEM The railroad system will be divided into five main systems which include the eighteen provinces, Manchunia, Mongolia, Singkiang and Tibet; namely, 1. Thesoutheastern system. 2. The northeastern system. 3. The southwestern system. 4. The northwestern system. 5. The central system. The center of this whole system will be in Hankow ‘where is the commercial center of China. The Southeastern Railroad System:- This system is built along the coast line from Shanghai to Canton. It comprises the provinces of Chekiang, Fukien, Kiangsi, Hu- nan, Kwangtung, and also a part of Anhwei, Kiangsu and Hupeh. In this region there are very rich in agricultural products and mineral resources; in the former the silk is the chief agricultare prodect, while in the latter the coal and iron deposits can be found everywhere. The whole area of this part is about 368,400 gQuare miles, and the population is about 112,300,000. '. The Hangchow-Chungking line. From Hangchow in Chekian passes through Kinkiang, Yochow, Changteh to Chungking in Ssechwan. The whole miles is about 800ml. 2. The Rangchow-Canton line. From Hangchow passes through Kienchang, Inngnan to Canton. 700 miles. 3. The Foochow—Wuchang line. From Foochow the capital of Fukien passes through‘Yenping, Kienchang, Nanchang, to Wu- chang the capital of Hupeh. 4. Foochow-Kweilin line. From Foochow pass through.8hu- kin, Kanchow, Chenchow to Kweilin the capital of Kwangsi. about 600miles. ‘ 5. The Nanchang-Yungchow line. From Nanchang the capital Kiangsi passed through Lienhwa to yungchow in Hunan. 300mi. 6. The Chansha-Wenchow line. From Chan-aha capital of Human pass through Nanchang, Kwangsinfu, to Wenchow in Chekian. about 450 miles. 7. The Ningpo-Sack-loon line. From Ningpo in Chekian along the coast line passes through.Wenohow, Foochow, Changchow, Chaochow to Sack-icon in Kwangtung. 900 miles. 8. The Canton-Haihan line. From Canton passes through Fatshan, Hoiping, Fachow to Haihan. 280 miles. 9. Canton-Yunnanfu line. From Canton passes through. Samahui, Wuchow, Sunchlw, Nanning, Leping to Yunnanfu. 900 miles. 10. Wuchow-Chengtu line. From Wuchow in Kwangsi passes through.Kweilin, Pingyueh, Luchow to Chengtu sr Ssechwamm about 890 miles. 9 it. The Chengtu-Kenghung line. From Chengtu the capital of Szchwan passes through Ningyuan, Yuanmow, Kingtung to Kenghung in the south end or‘Yunnsnan. 650 miles. 12. Yunnanfu-Tengyueh line. From Yunnanfu, pass through Talifu to Tengyueh in eastern part or Yunnan. 280 miles. The Northeastern Railroad System:- This system will cover the whole Manchuria, Chihli province and a part of Mongolia. The area is about 550,000. sguare miles with a population about 30.000.000. This part is mostly a plain and has a rich prodeotive soil; The main farm products are soy beans and various kinds of grains. This region is sur- rounded by mountains on three sides, and in the mountains there are forests of good timber-type and minerals. Gold sometimes are found in a great quantity in those places. There are only a few railoads running in this part at pre- sent. For the development of this rich region in future, more lines should be built. 1. The Tunghwa-Tsitsihar line. From Tunghwe in EQngtin passes through Kirin, Sincheng to Tsitsihar the capital of Heilungkiang. #15 miles. 2. The Chihfeng-Urga line. From Chihreng in Jehll pass through Dolon-nor, Sainussu to Urga of Mongolia. 700 miles. 3. Dolin-nor-Albazikha River line. From Dolinenor the capital of Chahar intersected with Tung Chung Railroad in Hailar to Albazikha River in Heilungkiang. 750 miles. 4. The Sincheng-Kerulen line. From Sincheng in Kirin to Kerulen in eastern Mongolia. 525 miles. 10 5. The Toanan-Tussaka line. From Toanan in Fingtin pass through Sinchcng, Hulan to Tussaka in northern Kirin. Hilage about 550 mi. 6. The Kalgan-Kerulen line. From Kalgan in Chihli passes through Sainussu to Kerulen in Mongolia. 530 miles. 7. The Toanan-Khobor line. _From Toanan in Fengtin passes thrnugh Chakilsunm, Khombukure to Khobor in northeastern Megolia. 555 miles. 8. The Pulantien-Tusaka line. From Pulantien in Fengtin along the coast line pass through Antung, Tunghwa to Tusaku in northern Kirin. 780 miles. The Southwestern Railroad System:- This system will cover Szechwan and the provinces of Yunnan, Kwangsi, and Kweichow. All of these proveinces are rich in mineral re- sources. Their area is about 600,000square miles and a population of 100,000,000. Lands are very cheap, and large part of this land is not cultivated and owened by nobody. The choir reason is lacking of communication. This part has a high elevation, there are many mountains. or course, in construction of railroad, in such a region a great num- ber of tunnels will be needed. 1. The Lanchow-Yatung line. From Lanchow the capital of Kansu passes through Sining, Balekun-Gomi, Niani-cho, Kanzo g_omba, Gartin, Lhasa the capital of Tibet to Yatung in southern Tibet. 1150 miles. 2. The Khotan-Tawang line. From Khatan in Singkiang pass through Polu and Lhasa to Tawang in southeastern Tibet.960m 11 3. The Chengtu-Lhasa line. From Chengtu the capital of Ssechwan passes through Tatsienlu, Litang, Yaragong, Giam- da, to Lhasu the capital of Tibet. 755 miles. 4. The Lhasa-Khotan line. From Lhasa the capital of Tibet passes through Shigatse, Tadum, Gratok, Rudok to Khotan in Singkiang. 1050 miles. 5. The Lob-nor-Balekun-Gomi line. From Lob-nor in Sing- kiang passes through Gansa to Balekum Gomi in Kokonor. about 660 miles. 6. The Yunnanfquansa line. From Yunnanru passes through Yarayong, Kanzo-gomba to Gansa in Singkiang. 980 miles. The Northwestern Railroad System:- This system will cover the region of Shinkiang and a part of Mongolia and Kansu province. It has a area as large as the eighteen provinces combined together. In this part it is very rich in raw materials and various kinds of food. The trouble is that the lack or transportation and communication at present, so that thiarich region is still in a undevelpped stage. If there are some railways connectiong with the interior part of China and where is overpopulated, millions of unemployed labores in those provinces will have a chance to go there and develop the rich soil for the good of them- self and for the country. 1. The Taiyuan-Kyakhta lind. From Taiyuan the capital of Bhanss passes through Kolan, Tugulik, Urga to Kyakhta nor. thern Mogolia. 900 miles. 12 .1. The Kalgan-Kobdo line. From Kalgan in Chihli passes through Sairussu, Uliassutai to Kobdo in western Mogolia. about. 1200 miles. 3. The Kerulen-Urga line. From Kerulen to Urga in Moa- golia. about 410 miles. (Kerulen is San Beisa Urgo) 4. The Ringsia-Kimchik line. From Ningsia in Kansu pass through the desert to Uliassutai and Kemchik in northwes- tern Mongolia. 1100miles. 5. The Urga-Kemchik line. From Urga the capital at Mon- golia passes through Khaikhy to Kemchik. 750 miles. 6. The Ulankom-Tihwa line. From Ulankom in northwestern Mongolia passes through Kobdo, Dalama, to Tihwa the capital of Sinking. 485 miles. 7. The Kuldja-Tihwa line. From Tihwa passes through Su- ilai to Kuldja in northwestemn Sinkiang. 340 miles. 3. The Kobdc-Tarbagatai line. From Kobdo in western Mon- golia passes through St. Bilintai, Ulukai to Tarbagatai in northern Sintiang. 480 miles. 9. The Ongin-gol-Bukem River line. From Ongin-gol passes through Tussukhalie to Bukem Rever in far northern Mongolia. about 700miles. 10. The Uliassutai-Kyakhta line. From Uliassutai passes through Sagassutei to Kyakhta in northern Mongolia. about 450 miles. (Kyakhta used Maimatchin in map). 11. The Hami-Khobor line. From Hami in eastern Sinkiang passes through Mingan, Geshunutei, Sairus-su to Khobor in 13 longclia. about 800miles. 12. The Kerulen-Staro line. From Kerulen (San Beisa Urge) in Mongolia to Stars in western Heilungkiang. about 255 miles. 13. The Saratsi-Dolon~nor line. From Saratsi in Sui- yuan passes through Ulankoshu to Dolon-nor or Chahar. about 280 miles. 14. The Ningyuan-Bobnor line. From Ningyuan passes thr- ough‘Yenke, Kuerhlei to Lobnor in Singkiang. 480 miles. The Central System:- This system will be the most import system of these five. The area will inclosed all the central provinces and a part of Singkiang and Mongolia. In the southeastern part, natural resources are in abundance while in the northwestern part there are rich in agricult- ural products. 1. Honanfu-Nanking line. From Nanking in Kiangsu passes through Fengyang, Chan'kakow, Suchow to Honanfu in Hanan. about 410 miles. 2. The Nanking-Hanchow line. From Nankhg along the Yang- tze river passes through Anking the capital or Anhsei tp Hankow in Hupeh. 350 miles,. 3. The Hankow-Sian line. From Hankow passes through Siangyang, Sichwan to Sian the capital of Shensi. 300 mi. 4. The Pinchow-Ningsia line. From Bingsia in Kansu pass through Hwanhsien, Kingyang to Pinchow in Shensi intereelt with The Lanchow-Sian Line. 276 miles. 5. Langchow-Chunking line. From Langchow in Kansu passes through Titao, Choohwa to Chungking in Szechwan. 500 miles. 14. 6. Lanchce-Tihwa line. From Lanchow the capital of Kansu passes through Suchow, Ansi, Hami, Tartan to Tihwa the capital of Sinkiang about 1040 miles. 7. Ansi-Yarkand line. From Ansi in Kansu passes through Cherchen, Khotan to Yarkand in Sinkiang. 1035 miles. 8. The Turfan-Kashgar line. From Turfan in Sinkiang pass -es through Yenki, Chilyan to Kashgar in the same province. Total milage about 750 mi. 9. The Hoangho-pert-Hankow line. From Hoangho~port passes through Changtien, Poshan, Yenchow, Kweiteh,Kwangchow to Hankow. 550 miles. 10. The Wenteng-Tungchow line. From Wenteng in Shantung aling the coast line passes through Kiaochow, Haiehow, Antung, Tungtai, Jukao to Tungchow in Kiangsu. 450 miles. 11. The Tientsin-Cheroo line. From Tientsin along the coast line to Cheroo in Shantung. 280 miles. 12. The Taiyuan-Ningsia line. From Taiyuan the capital of Shansi passes through Suiteh to Ningsia in Kansu. Total milage is about 350 miles. '5 Estimate Cost:- To determine the actual cost of this railroad is very hard, even its preliminary estim- ates. It depends on the amount and type of bridge, cul- vert, masonary, tunnel, arch, etc to be constructed, and the condition of the different locality. The only way to estimate the cost is to use the past records of the Chinese railroads. The average cost from the past records is about 45,300 dollars per mile of complete road With a 4’-3.5" gauge. In this proposed system the total miliage is about 33,“50 miles of railroad which Will cost approx- imately 1,731,250,023 dollars. 16 Chapter IV CONCLUSION The proposed Chinese railways consist cf five main systems. They are the Southeastern System, Northeastern System, Central System, Southwestern System, and North- western System. Of these systems the Central System , Southeastern System and Ncuthesstern System should be constructed at first as soon as possible,because those parts of China are rich in natural resources, thick in pcpulation and also the best places for the development of industries. All the other systems can be built up gradually as finances are available. ‘ The branches of each system with less importance and shorter distance can be replaced by the public high- way. Farm products and manufactured articles can be transporteEZthe railway stations by motor-vehicles. Funds for building those five main-lines may be obtained in the following ways: (a) The central government may issue the domestic railway loan bonds and ask the pecple to subscribe. In this case the bonds should have reliable securities in order to encourage the people for subscription. (b) The central government may cooperate with pecple to under-take the construction of these proposed railroads. That is to say,the government and the pecpbe can invest 17 their capital cooperatively in such kind of interprise. Both government and people are the capitalists of railways. (c) The government should appropriate a certain sum of money from taxes and tariff for the construction of these prOposed roads. (d) Foreign loans or investment may be utilized if they are on the basis of mutual interests with out any political purposes. The end. Books for Reference. Putusn's Economic Atlas. The New Reference Atlas of the World. Railway Estimates, Levis. The China Year Book, Commercial Press, 1925. American Railroads, Cunningham. Geography of China, Commercial Press. The world Almanac, 1927. GeOgraphy of the World, Wolcott. Business Geography, Huntington and Williams. \l IL. if ‘ .511»- Jv5fns ‘ 'L"'r*~. , .. lm/gc “ IN ”0 ‘ 1.x) GULF 0am" ~ ‘\.,_, l ”f . S C H l N ‘ /ru~au~o A”, 8 1 ' .- ‘, ' ' .1 "'““NAP- ‘ .A ”11) ' 4- X I . . g . v .. ‘ .ll 1 __, “......x. - . _L‘*“...¥_f".~ I -- “.-.—-4 - «.-w»'—--'fl-am '“a. I "H Our 1.; my [azo Iééo é . ' o Stare-Zurucnaihg'oetg' . 3w ,1. fiAlLROAD MAP or CHINA ” =-—==—==-= ' RAtuROAD COMPLETED -————-—-———-—--—“‘* ammo» UNDER cousm. 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