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SEWAGE DISPOSAL PLANT MODEL

THESIS FOR DEGREE OF B. S.

I IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

I I.S.LANE

I926

rrv

 

 

 

TH E1513

bopd

‘.

SII'L’LGE DISPOSAL PLAY? IJODIZL.

A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty
of the

HICHIGAN STATE COL L63

BY

J. S. Lane

 

Candidate for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science

in Civil Engineering

June, 1926.

.l‘
‘5

up”.

,‘ 0‘1._A V- ' u-v'

1 I“? A!”

Thesis

t, o .2 ~

\

 

 

 

 

 

- Prefsce -

Since the subject of Sewage Disposal is discussed

in several of the courses offertd by the Engineering
\
srtnent of the College. and in view of the interest

U
I
g.)

shown in elective courses which also consider this subject,
trips huve been made to inspect models and actual plants
in Operution off tLe Campus.

It is admitted thut experience is the best teacher,
and thut a better conception of u plant ce‘ be obtuined
best by actually seeing, or from the stud; of u neuel.

To this end the present model has been constructed
with the hope thut it will prove useful to instructors es
en Lid in discussing the subject of Seunge Disgosul. and
also to students in helping them to get more cleurly in
mind the essentials of such a plant without tee necessit;

of fishing H trip use; from tnc College.

103.1333

"-.‘ vu'p

"' J€..’.JJL "

Tu"e: Subject:

l-s Prelisinury survey.

L;

0-13. Recurrenuttiun of Disgesul, b¢ Stuter.
ll. Selection of a T;pe of Plunt.
ls-l4. Ojcrntion of tLe Inheff Tun: CJUtGJ.

15. Tetgod of Constructiwn of tne Todcl.

Before actually starting to c nstruct c model of
any particular tgpe of sewage disgosel plant, it use
considered most logical to mute es eonylete n curve; us
possible of the various types recommended in the several
States. A letter of inouiry was therefore sent to the
Beard of Health of such state, asking for gunphlets or
other printed nutter issued in such state relative to the
subject of sewage disposal, and also for n stntcnent of
the metnods nne devices es secepted or recommended in
that state.

The rejlies were us Varied us the localities and, to
the author, were es interesting as the; mere Varied One
state admitted (it does not seen proger to es; eccegts,
since "necej‘ts" i::1;‘>lies the-.t there 11;,s been thought given
to the mutter), tnut it allows the raw senersge to be
dumped directly into open streams and rivers From this
extreme of linitg, tne replies stutec acceptance of the
privies, scgtic tnnns, and to the other extrcue of treat-

ment by Inhoff tanks and filtration of the effluent.

A.mujority of the states sent unsners such, und
the general trend seemed to be for the continued better-
nent of the methads of disposul, end s much more uctive
interest in the srhgect. Although the degurtnents in
e, or overseeing this 1.::;.,“ter ere under the supervision
of liffe'ent bourds in the different stutes, the; ere, for
the Lost purt, plucin; uuthorit; in the hands of the Heulti
Bourd or Suniturr RHJiRCCT Where replies were not receiv-
ed from the inquiry, it seems quite reusonuble to usswue
that the subject has not crystullized as yet in fliose stutes
enough to huve en; legislative notion tugen or power given
to, or assumed by the preper authorities who should be
not onl; interested, but also active.

In some instunces, no definite re 1; could be Nude
since the nutter at that time, nus being gotten into shupe

so tnut some sort of s ecifiCutions could be formulated.

l '1

Reconmendut on of Eisgosul, o; Stut:

")
(I)
O 0

-\_.° -. _-. 1‘-..,‘.‘ l . ‘- __f._ . . . . a , ’ .,-.
-11vv. - for houses not infill“? i....,tel connections.

"J --.
P.
(+0.

V

m, .\1- . . ., c« . 4 L‘\ ‘ r‘.-. — -, q . ‘ n . x. .-.-. .
nudes - for use ..1 bu. Stub]. CL);.ILUCtl.)IlS, and

C?
(D

'41
6+
1-“
O

are d s'gned vith cuoncit; u; to a pogulution

.33 .. .‘_. .1
(Di 0110 tilOIlSLUz .

CrALLIF‘);.TIA:
Pit Privy - for use in isoluted places in high ulti-

tudes, where tutor is snu off curly in tne Full
to avoid freezing.
Septic Taurus - for rurul and resort sanitation.
Duhoff S;stem.- for use in towns sud cities. There

. F. 4;. ",1st :‘r‘ --'v.?r- v'}. 3v .- ‘ v“ . '1 . i" ‘ "‘
“1&3 9.; I drill taunts ;.o1. 1.. did} 11. 1411c. stutte.

STECTICUT:
Septic Tanks - for suburbun prozerty uitnout sewer

connections.
Pit Shiv: - with ClCELllatulC pit, for so where the
septic tunh is not feusible.

Jill. AIS} :
Pit firiv; - used in rurel districts.

1 '. " ‘I ”.I 1 , I‘ ‘N ‘ ‘ cw r : - '." .11 . f; :0. 1‘ * t" ' .' -!
Cdeuitwl Closet — used in 1 due a room s noois.

' " . nf‘! ‘ ~-' I ‘ v : #2:“. ‘1 ‘fi 3 --. ' a -\_ u: 'u . ‘ - ‘Q ‘\
3e__,t3.c lulu--2, - used LilClCVUl cuter under pressuie

i s (LVui luble .

“'3.

D14.) 1.4.tICT x4!“ C : ‘L I
(‘Ci'l (v.0 |. f {. .."'.. (11.4.. 4.! .1. _. .r. _ 4".)
S_/ I u L) ' LJ “(141 O L-C(Lln‘obA$ bku b.1- ~j.‘-. -sLClllLV-LCa‘Jl\)1A.
1,'-. . ‘ .., , .. .J ._' ‘ .- .1,“
Sl-l;.L..(.'I £2 , mun ullutluii .

fiit Privy - “pee in iurel districts.

"Optic Tunic - uccc in tcwgc gnu Cities.

'-"" 3T8:

Pl:nc end SjCCifiCufiiJflS er S'ctene cu plgin;
140111 thiul LL117c1:;n1c, Luiet; ee <"1b1.uxtte(1 fui

review and e1 IOVul to the Board of real

Scytic :Unke - in eugll tonne end viliogcc.

Inhaff S;etem - in cities.

PlgLS age 5 (cificutiz 1: t1 be euonittcc tn the
Tic-t-gltll TJC‘;L.l"t .0211: for at). rov;.l.

1/‘3‘T.fl 1| 1" .

J‘vJ‘b'. 1.11 LL) .

Septic Tunic - for municigal inctullution.
Inhoff C;eteu " " "
“lithc ‘iegucul plants require egecial
permit from tl-e Board 11f Health.
VJZITTICIZY:

TIivy - Septic Teak - for use in all pun lie pieces
large homes, echoele anc Cauhunit' Settlements.

It is 121102311 as the "E’e1 tuck; SL-Lnitarb- Wiv;--n
and the Tc ultli *.eic is VOTJ proud of it.

(:1
o

LOUISIAIA:
Raw se'-.-'.'er::.;:e flows by x'.v1'.t‘~‘. or is lulled

U

directly into he large strenuu use rivers.

fit Privy - far use in rural districts
Septic Tsnk ~ to be used wherever running water
is availsble.

litiiACTTVTTTTT:
Pit Trivy and Septic Tamra in rural sections

Inhoff S;sten in almost ell large causunities.
Pl 0.11s and Specific.: tians Lust be suczzi ttet‘. to tie

hublic Health De :'t. for advice.

r "fi‘fifflamf
1 £1.44 .1J..“.L.’"L:
J . h. . r . 1 v- 'fi'fi - . I.
Septic -thfi - fur firm Ies1cences.

Inhcff F‘stem - for use i; municipalities.

(J
H

flit firiv; - preferably of the cleazable tgge, I
luisl hence.
Segtic Tasks - fer ell unsesered cennurities use

recexu.nded fer farm homes

1:.“ T33 )T'TI'
146*:th Privy - for all public bliilCil-;l s is un-

-I I J -‘ 1 _: ...
severed plsces. use DerLtefi c eliiubs.
S;stcn of dis901sl - for all communities, towns. etc.

1' ‘W mafi'n .
-Uul .LJ‘L—A 1%.

?it Friv; - fer f.rms.

- .° . w 3,. , ._.. ,-.-. ,,_ ~ 1- a .v
Septi Teens - lJl sneecercc erstiicts.

21-.ICIIIGAII:
septic Tanks - fer use in Silull cannu11tiLS.
Inhoff System - used in all large cennunitiee
Ian plants are beinr instilled new.

U

ITBRJ‘SDM
Ple‘m emd Specific 1S12ust Se Sd‘fiit ed to tJe

Mar acf Leulth bOfOlG the; mLy be installed.
31 pUblicutionS iesaed, and no for S uSeL.

7’1""“f 13".?~“r\m‘r' 7“”.
.14.“: . 11.4”“... u).l.'. 45.10

Septic Tells - for use in all conuunitiee, towns
'1'1 1 (“‘fj"""~"j .'.1 W A . tn I':;'1-r '3 31"; Hun “-3 *1‘1 bu ~.
LLJACL .,r.-J-u.-Ca. .L U- .):)l p.) o lLJILu-o CLLvab.LL) 1.an b LCII

made and TCCQHLLdiefl for unv yurpose.

U

HZ? J”RSTY:
lcic and Syecifieiticne t3 “c eubmitied to tie

Depe3.tne t 31 IZeul t2 fer aggrcvul, and include:
complete S¢Steae of chambers, Inhaff Tenke,
filter bees, Sludge beds, tile, etc.

Jl-‘J~0’ l‘Juy‘L 3‘):

Not clear in their minds uLet is done.

1.1.‘YOTJL
~lene and oecificutioye to be submitted to the

Depertgent of Health and must receive its
a3 revel before any SOUOIQQO system.of senage

J

(ledoeel me: be put inco OECTLtlJn.

7.

1* Yr?!" a . 1- “r .
“on.“ CAROUIHA.
‘ 1 o 1‘ _. I 4- «a 0 _~ ‘1 ' f u _’ a 5 -1 I .1. ‘. ‘ r, ".\-u 0
3&dlturu Pit PllVle - heel 1d 1es1eeuees uulCh

are more teen ébk feet apart Lie not in g
district of sewer cc LAPCLlJJao

Schools - mus t lwz Ie an e12roved Pri v , CLcmicel
clost, or flusl eta 1.

Ce tic Tanks and Igueff ““‘Leas with filter bees
are rCC)Loude ior all cosuunities end
Pleas csul Speciifixnitious innit he . bl...tc1 to

tge Board of Leeltg on compreheusive

q

~--.- « -~ x r 4-“. '7‘; -—. -.
L/Jni~o:) :WI \IV‘ri ‘§£\Iu ub ’ bJ¢C ‘)\)'\.-'-ld.

U

OILEO:

w. ., ,1 . a .. . '.-*‘ . .‘_',‘. . _,_,.L .. ‘ ‘ .. .1 ., ,_.- ;

53C“? {4.1.0 ULA1-'..3J . is J. L11. Veg; lUle S" L) biJliLb Oi tLJl-fsf.) LLJLU.

.S axe Settling edumoers ere used in

'Y\ - . '1 A “- ’ . .. . . -0 - '9 I 1 'a: ,1 ‘ 7- r ' ‘n » a .
lCeluUutldl LJ.8HOL11 ior lxou u to IC pCLSth.

A.

P184153 03? ‘31 .1 10.1361 1 m11i.cip=..l sewage metegs 1.511.131.
‘oe suinlitted t.) the lee. 1311 Le 1L.rt.:e11t, 1.11.1 be
&.glUVcd befure beieg installed.

0: JJ‘ILL- L: :«fL:
Laue relating to whet ma

' and may not be done in
tue matter of sewage eisoosel are fairly com,lete
but of course do not IeCJHHJQd an; yerticgler

., J.-. p. Q ““I' 0
types or metuods.

CC

1ww~rvr V1171: :1 -
- .1J.-.a_1.4'vl.‘...:.l ."LA‘I» 4L.
thaods recommended are in accordance with stunduld
practice, but no bulletins or DLNjthtS have
been ’sszzsd "‘r-crtaizti.1::-* to tize pr1s-.ctice in this
state but will be forthcoming in he near future.

T3 1“~‘~-?‘. (NV _- 0. .
lWJLuLi-J IL‘JJJzzLD.
Certic tanxs - uscu in m st every pcgulous community

ill the: st. to.
Disgossl Plants - are quite numerous, but the tyge

is not giism in the bulletin issued.

Esw panghlsts will be issu1d snun as tnc; are LOW
being compiled.
f3"U '31: 13.1}? "1T1". :
Pit Privy - uscu in lSOlthd places, gnu is all r133

if firOpcrl: canstru~tcd and cares for.
Sewtic Tanks - are advised fsr the mus part for
disposinv of sewage from.rcsidenccs cutside of

thicklv settled conrunitic; and Cities.

71$? 37".“ [V (1" '1‘“? .
..1.1.1.- 1J0.)LJ‘-$-J o

Pit Privy - several tggcs of Construction are
accc;tcd, each having its gluce ncccrdirr to
tne neca and the sail cauditinns.

“ I .-\ ’- 1 1... I .. _ 9-1 1‘ .- .1 . g 1 ~" /‘
SCJth 731.913.; " er b..1-.1,l]. 111:4 b4..lp;t.'.01..f1 Li) ILLCM-

Plzmts, 11nd 80130111150 :7;- "55111313 are passes mgr-0:1 0;:

'1

the Eeulth Dc artmont nefare installation in

Plans nne Sgecificntians for all t;;es of cis,3snl

...‘ ° .1 .. 1... ,. H.-. .. xi.-. - . . .1 . . ..
Systeas. lHCldhlflb CtmglCQUnSlVClj ell tee date

"1- .1J-. on ‘1, ‘ -9 A .1.
isletive seen 0 s ste1.

3

Jegtic tank sisteus rite filtration are useu

V

p

Inhcff tanks seen to be greatly favored end used a
¢33d deal in cities.

VIRG.KIA:
Pit Privy - made tight and sanitary, end its u

U)
0
P-
(D

reqn'red by law in all unsenered districts such
as subu"bs of cities. tonne, and farms.

Scetic Tank - used in connection with sewe's in
all populstcd sections of suburben and country
homes.

W 1 n~~T-—am,~nr.
twin). ..1...n'U.L\J;£ .

Sanitnr; ”it 911V; - for use on farms it is advocateu,
11lt‘11ough there is no 1111-: 0011410111115 11. pit privJ.

Segtic Twnls - used vnere ester under pressure is
eveileble in rural districts ene also in tawns.

Educeti1nnl hotter is being distributed and newer

nnd.more up to date pamphlets are being prepared.

vr‘v-l um “I, H‘. ' .
”4215.) l VIIKKTIJ‘I 11X o
-'J -' '-'\"‘~‘ wr~a .“ A_' . ~‘ 5': ‘, ‘ u 1 -- -' I' u. "‘
chtic Tluus - ULUL in all Listiicts qulLU muter

u‘ ' " . ‘1" 'o'|'-1 : ' " .«r‘ V W m:‘ ‘ '.--.' 'Q o I 1‘, . '. 'I
{)Ll_vj.}l;” LQLLLCI _: 1‘0 .Juhl e I $448 be tuds4~b L41 '3 U‘JlLAL,

w .‘\ 3 - "‘ " P ,1 ‘.- J' I' "/ . ', ‘1
used 3.1; midi-sue (Luelli. we.

-'~ M..-‘ _,.,‘1 ~... ,'0- _J.’ ”.0 ,*"! .- ...... ,. _--_ ...‘.

P—LLVA.1) LLlLCL fJ‘L {113.13.0L'gblk3ll3‘.) \).L till—J. d}. b_1.1{)u.l LJlLull‘L/S cuLCL
. ~4- , .. . '- '1 ,--. .,- .x - ... 1 '7“.- ..L.,. -... .c-
sgsteus LIAL‘L we a; lav-cu bu tslc “ecu; client OJ.

Health befsle installation.

'7'? (N'."‘\“r‘-1T f
‘rd Influx)-.. “LL:

Pit 3"ri'v'y - sadlitury taro 1:.st in farm hair‘s.

Chcuic l closets - used in connection with lurul
schduls.

Septic Tamks - fur use in farm, and suburban houcs
'l.’.llCi'lCV.I the water sululj allows them, and also
111 tarnis.

Inhoff Tunis and filter beds and sludge beds used in

the disposal of cit; sewerage.

ll.

Frag the foregoing date, it is evident thut while

grivies ere used, one tLei r use is eccegted b: State Eeclt;

9

1

Boards, the old style, o,en back type is obsolete having
been superseded by tie inyrived pit or closed tdge. This
is the crudest metLod of cor irt' for weste. but hos been so

-s
improved as to :JC hi5}. ;,. sanitary.

Septic tings are also a; roved where o meter su sly
unzer praesuxe,.trr sts their us.; end tneir design is
much ix.‘..jr1:')vt:2('i over that it used to be, end hike-"sciam the
Matter of their proper use, and mointenonce is more cure-

fully sureIWti ed.

However, the t“pe resouhenoCu es the best in general

5.3:.

at the firement t 1c, is the Inhoff T-nk with Sludge bee
and filtration beds. They. efore t; is is the type of sewage
disp osal plant which has been chosen to be constructed in

model for tliis Thesis.

12.

Ogerntion of the Inhoff Tenk s stem:

Tile recess of s“; tre;.t..:ent 1,810.0}. 1.4-8 Inimi‘f
Tent system consists. first of rennin; tee inflient throo¢n
o grit chamber and s series of coerse and fine screens,
there; Iegl'.)Vi.'.;3 tne Liru'er sees-tunes thicn lave 52tten
into the mains and which would not be Cured for in the
processes which follow, one might also clog the pi; s.

Fion tne screens, the sennge flows to toe Inhoff ten;
thich is constructed in too stories. Tue senege flows
throunh the up er story and the solids settle through a
long DUIIOW slot into the lover s org, or sledge cheuoer.
Tge slot is formed by tho steeply sloping sides which
overlap end do not meet, and run the full length of the
chsnber. lhe flowing through time is regulated by adjust-
able weirs so that it is from two t) four hours. In the
the loner chudoer, the sludge humifies or digests and the
sludge-entrained gus risin to the surfsce is deflected ewoy
from the strong of settling sewage into scum or gas vents.
These vents comprise from 10 to SC percent of tuC surface
area. of the talk. The slope of tbs Walls of the sediments.-

tion choose“ iS'usuoll; soecified at not less then l;l, and

..

15.

the slope of the bottom of tne dihestion ensuber ex not
less then 1:2. These slopes cause the sludge to settle

.w. 41“ . " ..-. .L' .v “2... "l -.,
U OJ. talc (Ll-Vb 5) DJ. U13 LJLC’IJz-AUO* '

('4-

br QTWVitJ towerd t;e can
frdn WhiCh Point it is drown off b: sievita or Banged
w

shunt to the "bottom. With one

through pipes extenein;
pines so errunged, tne Lost thoraugnl; digested sludge
will be drawn off firs‘ and carried to the sludge bed for
drring. The sludge bed is netlin; Lore then s btd of send
and stone no:n union the sludge is sQreoi from.tron5ns to

--.

e thicxness of shout tnre“ inches et on n; lijtiun end so

dried. There is very little odor to tne sludge es it comes
from the Eigestion chenber, une none unetever after it is

dried. The dried sludge may be used us fertilizer. but its
velue barely offsets the costs of hauling ens is therefore
not held in ve J high steam.

L

"‘7" 5-~v r “'19 fl--.,-.\ '1‘." fl ‘7.-- 7-.J-,‘ ‘ ..~. 1‘." .~‘-‘*. _ w ‘1‘,
iii-C 1 (Lil- OJ- .L 1 J. ‘)J..L {I‘Lb {JOLLlL-eoi Duet]. .111 C‘lkri-J-Ukal Of L’bI-e

Inhoff tank floss out tnrough heirs to shot is celled u
s

(losing; (:l_;=;.;1;er'. The Coin; clr..~.1:2.‘o.:r's function is to provide
the filter bed with doses of the sewsge intermittently.
This is accomplished b3 means of automatic siphons which

I‘ I -1 .1 J- .-~ 4— : a .\ 1,~-.~ ‘ , . . ‘ .4. ‘w -‘ p. . ‘n‘1',‘ I ~. 4- "x 1r . n
act 1. retitl.n, toss Goalflu the bees to LnlCd use; Q18

in?

connected. in rotation and allowing tLe previous dose to

14.

be thoroughly gassed throxgh tle filter lied be101e tLe
next dose is an lied.

The SCWLQO is lilies. to the filter set; in (loses
as described shove through p'pes so errzm'ed thst tue
s21.e._;e is 0111;.113 ..3 read over tile bed The filters are
knetn us triellin; filters, sprinkling filters etc ,
deemeisg noun the method sf c.m:~:tructi.>n of the L3._.}.'L.Ig.-,tlli}.
The bed prayer e01: ;ists of layers of send, smell stones,
rind larger stones, i1 Glee-sing in size Luz-Witt the button.
TLC effluent is collected by u .ysten of tile usecrdrsins
and guy or may not be carried to d fin l settling cnsdber
to thich the effluent from tLe sludge bed is else brought.

The findl settling chamber is merely s tank thieh
allows any mutter still in suspension, to settle out before

the effluent is ultimately disoqsed of. It also ello*s

p.
U.)

en Opportunit; for the mixing of s disinfeetdnt if such
to be desired before turning the effluent into a stream,
river, or ocean, when the composition is such as to be

possibly hr...r;.;f12.l to en owldisz; conditions of habitation.

The addition of s disinfeetsnt is 3e1dozi neces:er, hetever.

H
C:
I

r

Lethod of Construction of the Iodel;

All oi cng'here cut futnzgfi" c.st ilinllpijc.

‘

‘e MULC of u lzbf

P!

Tue end tulle of tLe Laloff tun; to
mix of Lumnite ccaent and sand, the side sills tere nude
of Class cenentee into tne ene tolls, .nd tie tells of LLC

floxing through chuneer Leis mode of gulvdnized sheet cut

.— . ,‘--, , ...-o—...' '-
.Lu “Lu enupe use CCHEHLMQ into

«J-

and bent to the pin or s

til-3 end ‘UJCtllS and hmded 1.: -' "selling--4 tne ends into the ce-..e1.t.

‘1

Tie bottom M53 LHQC of the same Li; of send and cenent es

tne one tells.

~ I

The dosing endmoer mus constructed of solderce sheet
metal, h vi“; “n unt:nmtic si hon inCiLC.

Tee filtrgtion bed u s nwce of a sheet Letdl Container
filled Lith nith send end sgsll stones. The sprinklers were
node by drilling s; ll holes along the length of the Line

so as to be at en ungle of about 4o degrees ugwsrd frme tLe

no finsl settlirr chinser, one the sludge bed tele

*u
not constructed, n3 it was not deeied necessdr; to do so for
en underetunding of the working of such a fleet.

The total cost of n; erisls, including will-bosrd forms

for the concrete, VAJ31u3t over ten dollars.

 

 

 

n .. .i. . .46 .1. «C, i“: ‘ ..»1V.. I‘ I. In. Ia (It ‘5 I. Q :1- ha ; . kl 43‘.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY L

lJULL'flJJL'Ut'flW