5,.-. ' 9 >9 it .THE BOVINE KIDNEYS IN I HEALTH AND DISEASE ‘ basis for the Degreegof M. S. . Robert F. Langham , A O n . . , o . ‘ I 1 . o . n . Q o ‘ u a , . a V .I I . . v 4 I . 4 ' . v . - u . 1937. . . O » 1 . . v . ,. .0 . o .. ' C I‘. .n - I , C “l4 _... . d I ~ ' . a. i ‘ I ‘ . ’v .. o o ..c' _ o _a ‘-1.. 1' u 't~I-' . - ... .. | I -V o I ' Z ‘ 1. . |. .‘ .~' . S» . 1 ‘3 C .- O . -- a v o n o O - v. u 1... I "t I ‘I ’ '30 . .‘z ‘ 5 ‘ n o A . t In . . A I ‘ o .o' ? .r ' Q ‘ a 1 ° -2 ..1 O . O C ’ '.. ’0 O -' I. ‘ s ' ‘ . . .. - 1 - o o . o . o -0 o~' ’ ‘ O. 11.. 1 .. vv;‘ 0 ‘ u ' 4 .g- {I t '9 u. ’L. u - ‘._-o- ca'ool: ,. . II ' . o.‘ - _¢ .- ‘ I I - n C o . . . . . .w C . p Q! .fdu, L.. sh“. r .:.. i‘l.) --.........h....Vaw.. .1. «Wfii (v... p! THE BOVINE KIDNEYS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE THE BOVINE KEIEYS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of the Michigan State College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Pathology b y 3}. Robert Fygéngham JUne, 1937 THESIS Contents Introduction Review of Literature Materials and Methods Part I-The Gross and Microscopic Study of Normal Kidneys A. Gross Characteristics B. Macerated Preparations C. Stained Preparations Part II-The Gross and Microscopic Study of Diseased Kidneys A. Case Reports B. Discussion Tables Photomicrographs Bibliography Acknowledgements “most? Page 4 18 29 33 57 87 88 Introduction In the past little has been published on the Bovine kidneys in health or disease. To observe and properly in- terpret structural alterations requires a clear conception of the normal. Therefore one of the purposes of this in- vestigation is to study and record the findings of the normal Bovine kidneys. In addition to the above, considerable time has been devoted to the study of the kidneys of animals on variously altered diets and of animals suffering from other diseases. The latter observations are too limited at this time to warrant any discussion. However, some reference is made to the changes observed in calves on a low magnesium diet. Review of Literature ALreview of literature reveals that a great deal has been published on the kidneys of man, and some of the ex- perimental animals, but little has been published on the Bovine kidneys. No available literature could be found on the histological structure of the Bovine kidneys. The Same was true for any literature concerning the effects of a low magnesium diet on the kidneys. In as much as some of the kidneys seen in the low magnesium rations are white spotted; the work of Theobald Smith will be reviewed here (1) He found that a white spotted kidney in calves may be produced.with a special strain of Bacillus Coli when the diet has been deficient in colostrum for 36 to 48 hours or longer. The process is in all cases focal and interstitial and limited to the cor- tex. In the earliest cases (13 to 15 days), the lesion is represented largely by cellular exudates, lymphocytes, and polymorphs. With the increasing age of the calf, the exu- dative cellular elements tend to give way to plasma-like cells and fibroblasts, and in the oldest animal (2% months) the polymorphs and plasma cells have disappeared. The tubules in the main are compressed and without visible lumina. Casts of a homogenous substance are occasionally seen. The capsules of the glomeruli are thickened by several layers of fibroblasts and in the older cases the size of the capsular space may be doubled,zand form dis- torted. Pfenninger (2) also reached the conclusion that Bacillus C011 is the dominating bacteriological factor. Materials and Methods The organs for this study were selected from two types of cases. Those selected for histological study were from apparently normal beef animals of different age groups. Those for pathological study were from animals on variously altered diets from the dairy experimental herd and some animals affected with various diseases. As soon as possible after the removal of the kidneys, blocks of tissue from the right and left were taken and fixed in Zinkers solution. The kidneys were then preserved in formalin for further use. The Zinkers fixed material was embedded in paraffin. The sections were cut 8 microns in thickness and stained with eosin and hematoxylin. (Unless otherwise stated re- ferences will be made to this method of staining.) In all of the normal cases, serial sections were made. A small piece of tissue about 5 millimeters square was selelected .from.previous paraffin.blocks and reembedded. From 60 to 80 consecutive sections were cut 8 microns in thickness and stained with eosin and hematoxylin. In some of the cases duplicate sections were stained by Verhoeff's technique to bring out the elastic membranes of the vessel walls. In all of the low magnesium cases formalin fixed tissues were frozen, sectioned 15 microns in thickness, and stained with sudan.IV for fat. Some of the formalin fixed material was embedded in paraffin, sectioned 8 microns in thickness, and stained with a 1% solution of silver nitrate and counter-stained with eosin and hematoxylin to show calcium deposites. The normal kidneys were also studied by means of the maceration technique. (3) Small blocks of formalin fixed .material were placed in concentrated hydrochloric acid for a period of 24 to 48 hours depending on the time it took the connective tissue elements to be digested. The acid was then pipetted off, and the material washed sev- eral times with distilled water. The nephrons and their collecting tubules were easily teased apart and ready for study. 8 The Gross and Microscopic Study of Nermal Kidneys Gross Characteristics The Bovine kidneys are covered by a fibrous capsule which strips off easily from normal specimens. The left kidney is the more irregular of the two in contour and has a slight twist on its long axis (fig. 1). The right kidney is more uniform and bean shaped (fig. 2). Each kidney is definitely lobated, the number of lobes varying from 16 to 32 (table VIII). The color in.most nonmal specimens is a deep reddish'brown. The surface is smooth. In a Sagittal section of a fresh kidney cut through the hilus we see several structures. The outer portion con- sists of the cortical substance measuring from 3 to 12 mil- limeters in depth depending on the size of the kidney (table IX). The glomeruli are seen as small spherical dots scattered abundantly in the cortical substance. The stria- tions seen extending up into the cortex from the medulla are due to the straight portions of the tubules and.bundles of capillaries (medullary rays). The medulla consists of from 16 to 32 pyramidal shaped structuresg one for each lobule, each measuring from 11 to 23 millimeters in depth (table IX). It is divided into two portions; the outer dark and the inner light portion. The medullary rays show very distinctly be- cause of the large vascular bundles. The apex of the medulla is surrounded by the cup-like calyces of the renal pelvis. It is into the latter structures that the collecting tubules or ducts of Bellini discharge their urinary contents. The cortical substance on either side of the pyramids forms the columns of Bertini. The Microscopic Study of Normal Macerated Kidneys In the study of the kidney by the use of the macer- ation method, the nephrons and their collecting -tubules were isolated. A few of the principal arteries were also recognized. In order to recognize the various segments of the nephrons and their collecting tubules several things had to be taken into consideration. First, the relative size of each segment measured through their diameters. Secondly, the region in which the different elements were found, whether cortex or medulla. Thirdly, the granulari- ty,because it appeared to vary in different segments of the nephron as well as the collecting tubules. The average diameters of the renal corpuscles show a variation from 149 to 226 microns for the different age groups. (For variations and averages in the different age groups consult tables I to Vii inclusive). The renal cor- puscles are round or oval in shape. Each one has two poles; the urinary pole and the vascular pole. At the vascular pole the afferent arteriole enters the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole leaves it (Fig. 3). It is near the vascular pole that the ascending limb of Henle's loop attaches itself to the renal corpuscle. It is at the urinary pole that the neck of the proximal convoluted tubule widens and surrounds the glomerulus as the capsule of Bowman (fig. 4 & 7). 10 The proximal convoluted tubules are very long and tortuous, and consists of many convolutions (fig. 5 & 6). Collectively they undoubtiy occupy as much space as all the other elements of the cortex combined. (4) The neck of the proximal convoluted tubules are relatively short being 113 to 148 microns in length and 35 to 52 microns in diameter. They show a fine granularity at the center with a clear zone at the perphery. The average diameters of the proximal convoluted tubules show a.variation from 45 to 62 microns (tables I to VII). The granularity remains about the same for some distance from the cor- puscle but before the straight terminal portion is reached a marked change occurs (fig. 6). Here the granules are much courser and no clear zone at the perphery can be seen. The granules appear to be in pairs. After the proximal convoluted tubules have made a large number of convolutions they finally enter the medul- lary ray as the straight terminal portions which descend down through the cortex and into the outer medulla (fig. 9). The average diameters of the straight terminal por- tions show a variation from 27 to 47 microns (tables I to VII). They vary in length depending on the point at which they enter the medullary ray in the cortex. In the outer medulla they taper quickly into Henle's loop (fig. 10 & 11). The granules are dark and about the same size as in the neck region, only not so numerous. 11 The descending loop of Henle begins in the outer medulla and may reach the apex of the papilla of the inner medulla in some cases. The average diameters of the des- cending arms of the loop of Henle show a variation from 11 to 14 microns (tables I to VII). The largest diameters generally occurs near the union with the straight ter- minal portions of the proximal convoluted tubules. The descending limbs appear much lighter in color and very find granules can be seen (fig. 13). In the long loops after the crest is made the thin portions ascend until they change abruptly into the dark portions of the ascend- ing limbs (fig. 12). This abrupt change is characterized by the tubules becoming larger in diameter. The average for these tubules show a variation from 22 to 27 microns (tables I to VII). This portion looks much darker in contrast to the descending limbbecause of the increased number of granules. The ascending limbs follow the medullary rays into the cortical tissue, return to the renal corpuscles and attach themselves to the vascular pole (fig. 8). At this point of attachment the ascending limbs become much larger in diameter. From this point on they become the distal convoluted tubules. The distal convoluted tubules are more irregular in contour and only extends a short distance before joining a branch of the collecting tubule (fig. 8). The average diameters for these tubules show a variation from 36 to 49 12 microns (tables I to VII). The granules are much more abundant and darker than in the proximal, but at the margin of the tubule there appears to be a small clear zone. The small collecting tubules that connect the distal convoluted tubules to the straight collecting tubules of the.medullary rays measure from 17 to 30 microns in diameter. They have a mosaic pattern with scattered granules. The average diameters for the straight collecting tubules show a variation from 35 to 42 microns (tables I to VII). The straight collecting tubules are joined by connecting tubules all through the cortex, but in the outer medulla no fusions take place. However, in the inner medulla these tubules fuse qt acute angles with similar tubules (fig. 14). From my observations this takes place four or five times. From these central fusions large collecting ducts are formed known as the ducts of Bellini. These ducts Open at the area cribrosa on.the apex of the papilla. The general charac- teristics are the same as those of the small collecting tubules. The renal arteries enter the kidney at the hilus and quickly divide into several secondary branches. From these the interlobar branches arise and follow alongside the major and minor calices and pass upward on either side of the pyramids and finally entering the lobe at the junction of the medulla and the cortex. At this point they become the arciforms which measure around 420 microns in diameter. The arciform soon branches into several interlobular branches measuring from 70 to 131 microns in diameter. Each interlobular gives rise to many smaller 13 branches, the afferent vessels which measure from 18 to 26 microns in diameter (fig. 3). Each.afferent vessel leads to a glomerulus. The Microscopic Study of Stained Preparations from NOrmal Kidneys For convenience of study the lobes of the kidney are divided into various parts. The three main parts are the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. The cortex can be divided into the labyrinths and the medullary rays (fig. 15). In the lebyrinths the main structures are the glomeruli, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, distal portions of the ascending limbs of Henle, connecting segments of the collecting tubules, the inter- lobular blood vessels and their smaller branches and many capillaries. In the medullary rays are found the straight terminal portions of the proximal convoluted tubules, the distal parts of the ascending limbs, the collecting tubules and the capillaries. The outer medulla consists of the straight terminal portion of the proximal convoluted tubules, the descending limbs of Henle, the straight col- lecting tubules, and large bundles of capillaries (figs. 26 & 28). In my observations of the outer medulla I have found nothing to warrant a division into outer and inner . zone as found in the kidneys of humans (4). The inner medulla consists of: the descending limbs of the loop, the ascending limb of the 100p, the collecting tubules, the ducts of Bellini and the capillaries. 14 The renal corpuscles are numerous in the Bovine kidney although no estimate of the exact number have been given as yet. In human kidneys the estimations of the number of glomeruli vary from 800,000 to 1,CC0,000 (5), In the cow the average diameters of the renal corpuscles show a var- iation from.128 to 196 microns for the different age groups (tables I to VII). They consist of the capsule of Bowman and the glomerulus. The capsule of Bowman is lined by a simple squamous epithelium which continues into the neck of the proximal tubule at the urinary pole. The afferent arteriole enters at the vascular pole and breaks up into a large number of capillaries which form the glomerulus. The blood leaves the glomerulus at the vascular pole through the efferent arteriole. The efferent is distinguished from the afferent by being smaller in size and has no internal elastic membrane. The average sizeof the afferent arter- iole is 24 microns with a variation of 15 to 36 microns (table X). The efferent averages 14 microns with a vari- ation.of 12 to 18 microns (table X). The glomerulus in many cases does not completely fill Bowman's capsule. In a cross section of a single loop of the glomerulus proceeding from the outside inward.we see: the visceral epithelium, base- ment membrane, reticular fibers, basement membrane, and vascular endothial cells. The visceral cells are larger and more spherical than the endothelial cells and have a nucleolus. The endothelial cells are more elongated, contain more chromatin, and stain darker (fig. 16 & 17). From my observations the visceral cells appear to be more numerous than the endothelial cells although no actual count of the number was made. 15 In the short neck of the proximal tubule, we find the same characteristics that are found throughout its entire length. It differs from that of the description of the human (4) in.having a definite brush border and the cells being higher (fig. 18). The average diameters of the proximal convoluted tubules show a variation from 38 to 59 microns (tables I to VII). The epithelium consists of pyramidal cells with a definite brush border (fig. 19). The nuclei are spherical with fine chromatin particles. The cytOplasm is abundant and quite granular, although it does not stain as deeply with eosin as the distal. The average diameters of the lumina show a variation from 15 to 33 microns (tables I to VII). The proximal convoluted tubule finally enters the medullary ray as the straight terminal portion and des- cends into the outer medulla (figs. 24 & 25). The aver- age diameters of the straight termiLal portions of the proximal convoluted tubules show a variation from 23 to 37 microns. The lumina of these tubules show a variation from.9 to 20 microns (tables I to VII). The epithelium retains the typical brush border (figs. 26 & 27). The average diameters of the descending arms of Henle show a variation from 12 to 17 microns (tables I to VII). They have a thin squamous epithelium with a pale staining cytoplasm (fig. 29). Because of the relatively small amount of cytoplasm the spherical nucleus bulges into the lumen. The nucleus has fine chromatin particles and a l6 nucleolus can be seen in many of the cells. Because of its thinnesz, it is difficult to differentiate it from blood capillaries (fig. 29). The average diameters of the ascending arms of Henle Show a variation from 17 to 21 microns (tables I to VII). The epithelium varies somewhat in the ascending limb. In many places it is a low cuboidal, but in other places it is almost as low as the descending arm of the loop (fig.23). The cytoplasm is more abundant and stains dark with eosin. The spherical nuclei contain more chromatin which gives the cell a darker agpearance. When the ascending limb returns to its renal corpuscle and attaches itself to the vascular pole, the tubule becomes larger in diameter. The epithelium is more cuboidal. The nuclei are rounder, more numerous, and contain large masses of chromatin. From here the ascending limb gradually passes into the distal convoluted tubule. The average diameters of the distal convoluted tubules show a variation from 34 to 49 microns (tables I to VII). In comparing the distal convoluted tubules with the proximal convoluted tubules several distinctive features can be seen. They have a cuboidal epithelium with no brush border (figs. 20 & 21). The nuclei are more numerous and stain darker due to the greater abun- dance of chromatin. The cytoplasm is not so abundant and less granular. It takes a deeper stain with eosin. The average diameters of the lumina of these tubules show a variation from 18 to 31 microns (tables I to VII). 11 The length of the distal convoluted is relatively short in comparison with that of the proximal convoluted tubules. The distal convoluted tubhle continues by a short connec- ting tubule into the initial branches of the collecting tubules. The straight collecting tubules are joined by con- necting tubules all through the cortex.but in the outer medulla no fusions take place. However, in the inner me- dulla they join at acute angles with similar tubules at least four or five times (fig. 30). By making several fu- sions these tubules form.the ducts of Bellini which open at the area cribrosa at the apex of the papilla (fig. 31). The epithelium of these tubules is cuboidal (figs. 21 d 32). The nuclei are round and take a central position in the cell. The chromatin is quite abundant. The cell has a cytoplasm that stains lightly with eosin. The average diameters of the straight collecting tubules show a var- iation from 27 to 37 microns. The average diameters of the lumina of these tubules show a variation from 13 to 16 microns (tables I.to VII). In the ducts of Bellini the epithelium acquires a tall columnar form. The cells re- tain the other characteristics of the collecting tubules. The surface of the papilla is lined by a transitional epithelium (fig. 84). 18 The Gross and Microscopic Study of Diseased Kidneys Case No. 1 (Ant. 3143) History: Holstein male age 15 months. The animal has been on a low magnesium diet. The ration consists of whole milk, starch, iron, c0pper, magnesium, and in addition 16 grams of magnesium oxide daily. The animal died in the after- noon and the kidneys were placed in the refrigerator over night. The kidneys were placed in fixing solution the following day at 9:00 A.M. Gross appearance: The kidneys weigh 472 and 515 grams respectively. The heavier kidney shows considerable but not uniform injection of the superficial vessels. Some of the lobes are quite uniformly congested; others show a distinct stippling of the injected foci, with the remaining areas of a pale gray color. A few of the lobes near the hilus show very little injection. The lighter kidney shows considerably less injection of the lobes from the surface, the majority being of a fairly uniform gray color. On section of one of the most deeply congested lobes the medulla is of a uniform dark red color, the striations of the cortex are fairly distinct but the medullary rays appear more distinct than normal. The outer zone of the medulla shows considerable congestion; the inner zone pale. On section of one of the least congested lobes the stria- 19 tions are very indistinct, the cortex being almost a uniform gray color with a little evidence here and there of striations. The outer zone of medulla is slightly injected. Macroscopic appearance: Microscopic examination shows the most extensive alterations in the cortex. They have a patchy distri- bution. The renal corpuscles show a thichening of Boxman's capsule with connective tissue and alyaline- like substance. A small number of glomeruli show an increase in cells and a thichening of their basement membranes by a hyaline-like substance. The proximal convoluted tubules, the distal convoluted tubules, the ascending limbs of Henle, and the collecting tubules show varying degrees of atrophy. They are gradually being replaced by proliferating fibroblasts, lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. In some areas, the prolifer- ation of the connective tissue elements have resulted in the formation of concentric rings of collagenous tissue around the atrophic tubules. A hyaline-like substance has surrounded them and increased to such an extent that some of the tubules are nearly obliterated. Some of the nuclei of several proximal, and distal convoluted tubules contain small masses of a homogeneous light brownish red material somewhat resembling bile. The capillaries throughout the cortex are very much congested. The outer medulla shows little pathology other than a.marked capillary congestion. The inner medulla shows congestion and edema. A few of the collecting tubules 20 are distented and contain casts. The larger ones at the apex of the pyramid show a metaplaszfla.of the epithelium. Frozen sections of the tissues reveal no fat. Tissues stained with silver nitrate show a deposition of calcium in a few atrophic tubules. Case No. 2 (Aut. 3146) History: Holstein make age 450 days. The animal has been on a low magnesium diet. The animal was found dead the morning of Oct. 12, 1935. The material was fixed about 11:30 A.M. Gross Appearance: The right kidney weights 212 grams and the left 207 grams. The capsule strips with considerable difficulty. On the surface are numerous grayish white foci varying from 1 to 10 millimeters in diameter. In four instances they measure 30 millimeters in diameter. Each lobe shows at least four or five of these lesions. On section they are limited to the cortex. None are seen in the medullary portion. The lesions appear to be productive but not fibrotic as no evidence of cicatrization can be observed either from the surface or from the depths of the organ. Some of the larger lesions actually pro- ject slightly above the surface of the kidney. There is considerable accumulation of fat in the capsule and in the peripelvic tissue. MicrOSCOpic appearance: The small white areas seen in the gross in some 21 instances extend through the entire depth of the cortex and into the outer part of the medulla. In the interstitial connective tissue of these areas two conditions are in ev- 1dence, one an active productive tissue process in which large numbers of proliferating fibroblasts and a few fibers can be seen; the other an inactive stage that is dominated by a marked increase in collagenous fibers. Numerous lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes are found. Several of the renal corpuscles show connective tissue thickening of Bowman's capsule. The glomeruli show no appreciable change in the cellular elements; however, in some in- stances the basement membranes appear to be thickened with a hyaline-like substance. The tubular epithelium shows Varying degrees of atrophy. The fibroblasts have formed concentric rings of collagenous fibers around the tubules as described in the previous case. A.few of the collecting tubules are distented and contain casts. In the cortiCal substance other than the foci des- cribed above the tubules show some cloudy swelling and desquamation of the epithelium. The proximal convoluted tubules show this condition more than the other segments. . The medulla does not show the changes seen in the cortical substance. A few of the foci seen in the cortex extends down into the outer medulla and have the same fundamental characteristics as previously described. There is marked capillary congestion. The blood vessels show several structural alterations. 22 The interlobular arteries show a proliferation of the subendothelial connective tissue resulting in a thicken- ing and narrowing of the lumen. (Endarteritis obliterans). The media has a vacuolated appearance, but special staining reveals no fat. The intima has thickened and hyalinized in several Cases. In the walls of the media of sevexal interlobular arteries there are several small hemorrhages. Case No. 3 (Ant. 3160) History Holstein mane age 15 months. The animal has been on a low magnesium diet and was slaughtered. The tissues were fixed in fixing solution one hour after slaughter. Gross Appearance The right kidney weighs 324 grams and the left 287 grams. The capsule strips easily from both kidneys. The color of the surface is not normal, but presents somewhat of a stipled gray appearance. The kidneys cut with increased resistance. Striations in the cortex are not distinct, although there appears to be no cicatri- zation. The condition of indistinct striations is quite uniform throughout both kidneys. The cortex measures from 7 to 10 millimeters in depth. The medulla shows no gross alterations. macroscopic Appearance: Microscopic examination shows an extensive nephritis throughout the cortex and the medulla. Nearly all of 23 the nephrons and their collecting tubules show structural alterations. The renal corpuscles show a mcrkea thicken- ing of Bowman's capsule with connective tissue and a hyaline-like substance. The capsular epithelium has become very irregular in contour. A small number of glomeruli show an increase in cells and a thickening of their basement membranes by a hyaline-like substance. The proximal convoluted tubules, the distal convoluted tubules, the ascending limbs of Henle, and the collecting tubules show varying amounts of atrophy. They are gradually being replaced by proliferating fibroblasts and numerous lympho- cytes and mononuclear phagocytes cells. In some areas the proliferation of the connective tissue element has resulted in the formation of concentric rings of collagenous tissue around the atrophic tubules. A hyaline-like substance has surrounded and increased to such an extent that some of the tubules are nearly obliterated by it. The ascending limbs of Henle show the lattercnndition very extensively. 'A small number of the distal convoluted tubules and col- lecting tubules are distended and show numerous casts. The nuclei of several proximal convoluted tubules show the same condition described in cas No. 1. A few of the more normal looking nephrons show some cloudy swelling. The condition of the medulla is very much like that of the cortex. In the outer medulla, the terminal por- tions of the proximal convoluted tutules, the ascending limbs of Henle, and the straight collecting tubules show atrophic conditions. Proliferating tissue and small 24 round cells are gradually replacing the tubules place. As in the cortex, a hyaline-like substance has surrounded the tubules and increased to such an extent that they have almost lost their identity. Several of the collecting tubules are very much distended and filled with a gran- ular debris. The capillaries are congested. In the inner medulla, the conditions are similar to the outer medulla with one exception, the epithelium of the large collecting tubules and that of the papilla show a marked metaplasia. Examination of the blood vessels show several dis- tinctive features. A few of the interlobular arteries show proliferation of the subendothelial tissues and narrowing of their lumina. The media of the arteries show a vacuo- lated condition. Frozen sections reveal no fat. The sub- endothelial tissues in most of the vessels show an in- filtration with a hyaline-like substance. Staining with silver nitrate shows deposition of calcium in scattered atrophic tubules but not in the blood vessels. Case No. 4 (Ant. 3429) History: Holstein male age 10% months. The animal has been on a low magnesium diet. The tissues were fixed in fixing solution while still warm. Gross Appearance: The right kidney weighs 435 grams and the left kidney 391 grams. The capsules strip very easily. The kidneys are very pale and the surface is very irregular. NUmerous 25 small white foci can be seen on each lobe. On section the material was very resistant to the knife. This con- dition is probably due to a productive tissue change throughout the cortex. The tubules of the medulla appear to be stuffed with a grayish yellow substance. MicrosCOpic Appearance: Microscopic examination shows the most extensive alterations in the cortex. The renal corpuscles show a thickening of Bowman's capsule with connective tissue and a hyaline-like substance. The capsule is very ir- regular in contour. A small number of glomeruli show proliferation of cells and thicxening of their basement membranes with hyaline-like substance. In one or two instances the glomeruli have been practically obliterat- ed with this substance. The proximal convoluted tubules, the distal convoluted tubules, the ascending limbs of Henle, and.the collecting tubules show varying degrees of atrophy.. They are gradually being replaced by prolifera- ting tissue and numerous lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. Throughout the cortex large patches of lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes are present with little proliferation of fibroblasts. Nearly all of the tubules in these areas have disappeared; the few that remain are almost obliterated by this hyaline-like sub- stance. In some areas the proliferation of the connec- tive tissue elements have resulted in the formation of concentric rings of collagenous tissue around the atrophic tubules. This hyaline-like substance can.be found around most of them. 26 In scattered parts of the cortex small groups of functioning tubules still remain. hany of them.show a condition resembling hypertrOphy, but even these tubules show some degenerative conditions. The condition of the medulla is similar to that of the cortex. Many of the terminal portions of the prox- imal convoluted tubules, the ascending limbs of Henle, and the straight collecting tubules show atrophy. They are gradually being replaced by small round cells and pro- liferating tissue. many of them are surrounded by hyaline-like substance. A few of the tubules show a condition resembling hypertrophy. The capillaries show much congestion. A few of the collecting tubules are distended and contain a granular debris. The arciform arteries show a vacuolated appearance of the media. Sections stained with silver nitrate show a de- position of calcium in a few atrophic tubules through- out the kidneys. Case No. 5 (Ant. 3439) History: Jersey male age ll months. The animal was on a low magnesium diet. The animal was slaughtered and the tissues fixed in fixing solution within a few minutes. Gross Appearance: The capsules strip easily. The kidneys are pale in 27 color. The left is much smaller than the right and appears shrunken. The weights are not recorded. On section the striations in the cortex are very indistinct. The tubules of the medulla appear to be stuffed with some kind of debris. The intima of the renal artery shows a granular condition that feels like sand paper to the touch. Macroscopic Appearance: This case shows a very extensive nephritis. The lesions are not confined to any one portion of the nephrons or collecting tubules. In the cortex scattered areas of normal tissue can be found, but most of the organ shows structural altera- tions. The renal corpuscles show varying degrees of al- terations. In some, Bowman's capsule is greatly thick- ened by connective tissue and a hyaline-like substance. The capsule has become very irregular in contour. A small number of glomeruli show proliferation of cells and thick- ening of their basement membranes by a hyaline-like sub- stance. A few of the renal corpuscles have been replaced by connective tissue and a hyaline-like substance. The ascending limbs of Henle, the proximal convoluted tubules, the distal convoluted tubules, and some of the collecting tubules show Varying degrees of atrophy. Their places are gradually being taken by proliferating tissue and large numbers of round cells. In some areas the round cells are very numerous with scattered fibroblasts. 28 The tubular epithelium has undergone atrophy and the re- maining tubules are almost replaced by a hyaline-like sub- stance. In other areas the fibroblasts have proliferated more extensively and a few round cells are found. The tubules are surrounded by concentric rings of connective tissues similar to the condition described in caaaNo. 1. Some of the nuclei of the tubular epithelium shows the inclusions described in case No. 1. In scattered areas small groups of functioning nephrons are visible. The glomeruli show some congestion and their tubules show some degeneration. In the medulla, the alterations are not quite so extensive as in the cortex. In the outer medulla some of the terminal portions of the proximal convoluted tubules, the ascending limbs of Henle, and the collecting tubules show varying degrees of atrophy. They are being replaced by proliferating tissue and round cells. In a few in- stances the more normal terminal portions of the prox- imal convoluted tubules and ascending limbs of Henle appear to be hypertrophic. In the inner medulla the collecting tubules in some instances show desquamation of the epithelium. A few of them are distended and filled with a granular debris. The descending limbs of Henle show some atrOphy and re- placement by proliferating tissue and a hyaline-like sub- stance. The epithelium of the larger collecting tubules 29 The epithelium of the larger collecting tubules and that of the papilla shows a metaplastic condition. Staining the tissues with silver nitrate for calcium show a deposition of calcium in the intima of several arciform arteries. In thecortex a few atrOphic tubules show a deposition of calcium. Discussion In all of the low.magnesium oases a chronic nephritis is present. The amount and distribution of the lesions vary somewhat in the different cases but the pathological conditions are very similar. The kidneys in the gross ‘are usually quite pale and may show numerous white foci. On section many of the striations normally seen are in- distinct. NficroscOpically, the most extensive alterations are in the cortex and usually patchy in distribution although one case was very much diffuse. A.large number of the renal corpuscles show a marked thickening of bowman's capsule with connective tissue and a hyaline-like substance (fig. 35). The capsular epithelium has become irregular in contour. Some of the glomeruli show an increase in cells and a thickening of their basement membranes by a hyaline-like sub;tance. In a few instances the glomeruli have been nearly obliterated by this hyaline-like sub- stance (figs. 36 & 37). In the interstitial connective tissue, two conditions are in evidence, one an active pro- 30 ductive tissue process in wiich large numbers of pro- liferating fibroblasts and few fibers can be seen; the other an inactive stage that is dominated by a marked increase in collagenous fibers. Throughout the cortex large patches of lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes are seen (figs. 35 & 39). The proximal and distal. convoluted tubules, the ascending limbs of Henle, and the collecting tubules show varying degrees of atrophy (fig. 38). In some areas the proliferation of the connective tiSSue elements have resulted in the formation of con- centric rings of collagenous tissue around the atrophic tubules (fig. 38). A hyaline-like substance has sur- rounded and increased to such an extent that some of the tubules are nearly obliterated by it (fig. 35). Casts of a homogeneous substance are occasionally seen (fig. 40). Some of the nuclei of several proximal, and distal con- voluted tubules contain small masses of a homogeneous light brownish red material resembling bile. In scattered areas small groups of functioning tubules are visible. A few of the proximal convoluted tubules are greatly distended and the epithelium appears to be of a lower type (fig. 41). Some of them show degen- eration. In some cases the capillaries are very much congested. In the medulla, the alterations are not seen so ex- tensively as in the cortex. One or two cases show no changes at all outside of a little congestion. The others show some pathology similar to that seen in the cortex. 31 In the outer medulla, Some of the terminal portions of the proximal convoluted tubules, the ascending limbs of Henle, and the collecting tubules show varying degrees of atrophy. They are being replaced by proliferating fibroblasts, lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. In the inner medul- la a few of the collecting tubules are distended and con- tain casts. The descending limbs of Henle show some atrophy and replacement by proliferating tissue and a hy- aline-like substance. The epithelium of the larger collec- ting tubules and that of the papilla show a metaplastic con- dition (fig. 42). The most c0nspicu3us alterations observed in the arteries are the thickening of the intima with a hyaline- like substance and a vacuolated condition of the media, but special staining reveals no fat (figs. 44 & 45). In a few instances, the interlobular arteries show a proliferation of the subendothelial connective tissue resulting in a thickening and narrowing of the lumina (Endartcritis obliterans) (fig. 43). Staining with silver nitrate shows de osition of calcium in scattered atrophic tubules in all of the cases (fig. 46). However, only one case shows the deposition of calcium in the intima of the blood vessels, (fig. 47). 32 In tables I to VII inclusive, data are recorded on the comparative size of the several portions of the nephrons and collec- ting tubules in fixed and stained specimens and macerated specimens. Numerals indicate diameters in microns. The following abbreviations will be used in the tables: mac. - Macerated. St. - Stained Max. - maximun Min. - Min imun Ave . - Average Prox.- Proximal Convol.-Convoluted Renal Corpuscles Table I I 1 Month Old Calf Proximal Convoluted Tubules I HEX. Ave. Mac. 152 152 143 143 160 147 125 143. 160 143 170 152 143 143 143 143 160 170 160 152 143 160 :143 _ 138 170 125 149 St . 140 136 123 127 131 124 140 123 131 131 123 128 123 105 135 105 124 140 123 140 140 131 140 105 128 Mac. 35 7O 48 70 58 8 St . 38 51 48 46 47 47 833338 38 38 35 45 32 38 .49 4s»; 38 37 38 45 51 28 38 t v Lumen 13 12 20 co Table I (Continued) D12121833;301£ted Tangiggitggitggns of ' ‘ “ “ “"7 ”inc. DH?“ man“ 3333‘ cagg‘flmfiifis 33 32 15 b 27 13 13 . 44 33 19 25 25 14 27 32 19 I 35 so 14 35 33 17 I so 25 13 35 ' } 33 15 35 22 10 52 r 45 24 38 25 10 44 1 4o 19 ' 35 25 5 > 58 i 38 17 28 25 - 44 L 48 32 25 24 ’ so ' 38 21 15 25 ’ 35 41 19 14 22 10 35 32 19 30 24 8 35 32 19 35 24 12 44 4o 27 22 22 8 25 33 19 . 30 25 1 12 30 45 25 25 25 9 39 33 15 so 25 12 30 41 19 25 25 12 25 38 21 13 27 8 44 38 19 35 22 - 39 45 24 22 22 12 25 38 22 35 24 - 52 37 19 35 25 5 35 32 19 30 21 12 99 27 15 35 25 12 Max. 58 as 32 38 so 14 Min. 25 27 15 14 13 5 .Ave. 35 35 19 27 28 10 Table I Diameters of (Continued) Diameter of 35 Diameters of rDescending LimbiAscending Limb Collecting « of Henle's Loop of Henle's Loop Tubules 1* ‘“mac. , St. ’ Mac. st?’ 1"853. ""ét. "Lumen 8 11 30 15 39 25 8 14 i 10 27 19 18 27 - T 18 10 21 21) 25 32 15 E f 18 » 13 28 19 25 37 19 ; F 15 f 10 22 19 22 25 13 E 18 11 27 25 35 25 13 12 8 r 18 15 44 19 5 15 13 18 14 39 24 11 8 13 25 15 so 25 13 12 15 22 17 25 32 13 12 1o 18 19 39 27 11 8 16 22 l 16 35 24 10 12 14 22 E 19‘ 52 32 17 8 10 t 25 17 44 35 13 13 E 18 . 19 , 7o 25 13 13 7 18 : 14' 58 22 10 5 i 10 r 18 ' 19 39 29 13 18 13 18 r 21 35 32 19 12 f 11 22 13 44 25 13 12 11 25 14 39 35 19 8 13 so 15 35 27 13 8 13 25 15 so 30 15 12“ ‘ 13 25 17 39 . 32 15 8 19 18 r 19 25 27 14 r 15 15 25 13 44 25 11 E Max. 18 15 30 25 7o 37 19 I Min. 5 r 8 18 13 18 19 5 .Ave. 11 E 12 22 17 35 I 27 13 LL Table II Renal Corpuscles 1 Year Old Calf Proximal Convoluted Tubules ‘Mac. St. Mac. St. Lumen 175 184 52 44 25 157 175 51 . 44 , 25 149 157 51 51 19 149 7 175 52 44 22 192 , 175 51 ' 7o ; 19 192 175 44 f 54 ;. 25 175 I 175 70 51 g 32 149 g 157 I 52 51 F - 157 ~ 157 52 51 E 19. 185 157- 52 39 I 19 140 175 70 51 . 33 175 17 5 35 51 19 155 155; 53 38 - 184 175 3 44» 44 33 210 155. 52 ' 44 19 175 149 59 49 25 175 157 52 44 22 175 157 44 41 13 184 148 52 44 - 157 140 35 38 21 155 153 44 434 '21 155 140 52 '51 19 183 147 51 32 13 155 149 52 33 13 149 175 i 35 51 25 Max. 210 184 70 7o 33 Min. 140 140 35 32 13 7 AV. . 170 159 . 53 47 20 E Table II Diameters of Distal Convoluted (Continued) Diameters of Terminal Portions of 1 1“___ 1%“ . _Tubules _1__1 MPrgx. Convol. Tubules ' ”unac. St. Lumen Mac. St. Lumen 44 32 17 35 29 5 44 32 12 39 29 5 35 38 19 35 25 7 25 44 25 35 . 32 - 8 44 51 25 44 41 - 52 29 14 35 30 - 44 44 25 35 44 19 25 35 15 44 41 9 35 33 25 25 33 9 79 44 29 52 32 13 35 33 25 25 24 13 35 44 25 44 35 13 39 33 19 35 : 25 8 44 44 25 52 j 25 13 35 44 21 35 ’ 38 19 52 35 19~ ‘35 ’ 35 11 35 38 25 35 50 19 39 43 25 44 25 - 1 31 38 19 35 1 3O 6 1 44 38 19 35 f 25 7 1 35 38 25 39 1 25 7 I 35 44 22 35 i 23 15 35 33 25 44 43 13 51 32 25 48 1' 35 13 35 29 13 44 29 12 Max. 79 51 29 52 so 19 Min. 25 .29 12 25 24 5 Ave. 41 35 18 38 32 9 Table II Diameters of Diameter of (Continued) 38 Diameters of 1Descending Limb1Ascending Limb Collecting of Henle's Loop of Henle's Loop Tubules ‘“ W 11755. St. 71137:.“ “Sf.“ “M33. "St.“ ’ Lumen 17 1 15 18 , 25 35 32 14 1 17 1 15 1 25 17 144 32 - 1 17 14 E 25 1 12 35 29 1 - i 13 1 13 1 17 1 15 31 1 44 t 25 i 1 1 13 1 25 1 19 1 37 38 E 15 1 1 15 1 25 1 12 i 44 32 1 17 1 17 14 1 22 ‘ 15 1 44 32 - f 12 1 9 1 15 1 17 21 1 35 38 1 19 1 9 13 E 25 22 E 25 25 1 13 11 i 25 19 I 31 25 1 9 17 , 17 13 1 17 1 32 1 1 13 1 13 1 25 19 1 39 32 E 15 17 1 15 1 25 1 21 ' 1 25 1 33 19 9 14 ', 31 r 21 '31 1 33 19 5 14 1 22 1 22 1 25 -19 5 13 13 1 17 25 52 25 11 , 3 _ 12 1 9 18 52 35 14 9 i 17 1 17 17 17 41 25 1 17 1 14 25 21 52 30 11 13 1 14 1 22 19 35 21 13 5 21 25 17 7o 22 5 1 9 19 I 22 21 7o 25 13 13 11 1 22 22 35 23 10 4 9 1 so 13 39 22 13 8 14 22 17 35 25 13 Max. 17 1 21 31 25 7o 44 25 Min. 4 9 9 12 17 19 5 Ave, 12 ‘ 14 23 18 38 3° 13 --.--v I —rv “1 Renal Corpuscles Table III Proximal Convoluted Tubules 1 Year Old Calf Max. Min. Ave - Mac. 210 201 175 192 184 188 175 179 184 192 175 205 179 201 184 157 184 175 179 188 . 219 219 175 201 219 157 180 A“.—L‘_M St. 175 175 201 192 175 210 201 1 210 201 201 - 192 210 '_ 218 1 192 192 4 218 218 192 201 183 183 201 183 201 183 218 175 189 Mac. 26 61 52 44 52 61 52 52 35 39 44 52 79 44 52 70 52 48 39 61 70 58 52 87 7 9 87 26 54 St. 57 57 35 48 51 49 52 57 51 48 52 51 52 49 1 54 « 57 51 51 7o 45 37 57 60 57 70 37 52 51 , —4.4A __4‘ Lumen 29 29 22 30 19 33 32 35 1 25 19 ; 25 1 25 32 25 32 25 25 25 1 29 25 '25 13 25 27 22 35 13 26 39 Table III (Continued) Diameters of Diameters of Distal Convoluted Terminal Portions of 1____1111, ,gggr Inbgles .11 Prox. Convol. Tubules ggc. 3;. “Eugen EEC. 1 38. ngen 1 79 41 25 44 29 1 13 1 48 29 15 so 32 15 52 38 21 48 32 15 52 38 24 25 44 19 so 45 25 35 4o 22 44 29 19 25 32 14 1 35 25 13 35 32 14 44 29 17 39 34 13 3o 38 17 30 32 15 35 37 19 35 32 13 3o 29 14 30 27 13 52 37 14 35 25 13 51 49 24 39 24 11 44 32 14 35 24 13 39 25 10 35 22 10 1 52 59 45 44 29 13 1 7o 32 13 48 27 8 52 38 1 13 35 25 13 51 35 14 44 19 - 7o 32 13 44 so 13 44 1 37 19 43 35 14 1 44 1 57 32 1 35 33 17 52 ' 45 22 1 44 35 14 ' 3o 33 ‘ 23 44 25 5 1 Max. 79 59 45 43 44 22 1 Min. 30 25 10 25 19 5 Ave. 47 35 19 4o 32 14 Table III . Diameters of 1 (Continued) Diameter of Diameters of ‘5‘ Descending Limb Ascending Limb Collecting of Henle's LOOP of Henle's Loop Tubules i2“ '55 , 1’3“ 39' 5‘59 51 “189 13 14 ’ 25 19 25 38 1o 15 19 i 25 17 22 29 17 18 15 30 21 44 25 11 12 19 25 14 44 38 19 12 15 1 35 21 35 35 15 8 14 i 25 22 51 25 13 15 14 25 17 25 33 19 8 13 22 19 35 32 14 18 14 25 17 22 32 19 12 13 30 25 25 37 19 { 12 1 2o 1 30 19 35 38 25 8 15 25 24 52 27 19 12 1 19 1 22 25 13 38 14 12 14 I 30 24 35 - 38 20 22 13 . 25 25 30 32 17 8 13 g 30 17 58 25 9 12 7 9 * 25 2o 35 38 15 12 9 30 25 35 32 15 12 11 22 22 39 32 13 8 i 13 30 13 51 25 5 13 13 35 19 58 33 19 1 12 14 35 19 52 ‘29 8 t 5 ‘ 19 25 17 44 33 13 : 12 t 18 30 17 44 35 11 f Max‘ 22 2o 35 25 51 38 25 ' Min. 5 9 13 13 13 25 5 Ave“ 12- 115 i 28 21 4o 37 14. . Renal Corpuscle Table IV 2 Year Old Calf Proximal Convoluted Tubules Max. Min. Ave. J Mac. 175 192 218 17 5 192 188 184 175 205 175 184 166 175 149 175 192 166 201 175 ' 184 .4301 210 166 205 218 149 172 :AA... St . 140 157 175 166 157 175 . 157 157' 157 157 . 155 175 175 175 192 166 201 192 183 192 201 140 167 AA!14.-- Mac . 35 61 44 35 52 44 58 52 52 7O 35 39 52 61 . 52 65 44 52 44 52 7C- 52 7'0 39 35 7O 35 51 w54.. 57 45 7O 45 59 57 76 50 52 5O 69 60 57 57 44 57 57 82 57 57 59 60 57 63 76 76 44 59 1 Lumen 44 16 19 32 32 46 25 25 K ‘ 25 n 44 1 36 38 33 19 32 57 25 . 32 .44 25 31 50 57 16 33 42 Table IV Diameters o f Distal Convolu t ed (Continued) Diameters of 43 Terminal Portions of 1..1."m 1,_11_1119bules Prox. Convol. Tubules (M90. St. “Efimgfim’ mac. " St. LMmen 35 32 17 25 32 13 44 30 - 19 35 3o 14 35 32 19 35 38 17 35 32 19 22 33 24 30 43 22 25 32 14 25 41 25 35 3o 13 44 32 22 25 25 13 52 32 19 35 32 13 30 i 38 2o 30 28 14 35 33 25 35 25 10 35 29 13 35 . 25 5 52 30 14 30 ’ 32 13 52 4o 25 . 35 30 13 39 32 19 25 F 32 14 30 24 13 30 25 13 44 38 25 ‘18 ‘ 30 14 35 32 19 35 25 8 35 33 27 3o 25 13 I 52 33 1 19 , 35 37 17 l 55 38 21 41 24 10 g 105 32 i 19 35 29 13 1 44 f 38 1 19 35 29 14 3 35 E 33 19 30 30 - 1 44 i 25 17 35 J 33 15 i 55 ' 45 30 35 1 25 13 Max. 105 45 30 41 { 33 24 Min. 26 24 13 l 8 24 6 Ave. 44 34 20 fig 30 13 1 Table IV Diameters of Diameter of (Continued) 44 Diameters of Descending Limm Ascending Limb Collecting of Henle's Loofi of Henle's Loop Tubules I "* ’ Mac. , St. 1 Mac. St. wMac. St. ‘ Lumen 18 1 12 22 13 39 . 25 13 18 f 14 30 24 35 35 17 15 13 22 22 44 25 10 12 14 22 25 3o 25 5 8 13 22 18 44 33 14 12 15 25 15 35 32 15 5 11 1 13 17 35 32 13 12 13 18 21 44 33 13 18 11 30 22 39 25 1 8 12 13 25 25 1 35 19 5 1 12 15 25 19 7o 25 13 13 8 22 17 35 32 17 8 1 13 30 3o ' 52 37 19 8 15 18 22 39 33 1 9 12 17 22 30 ‘ 55 33 19 12 3 25 2o 30 33 15 8 _ 11 25 27 35 45 25 1 12 1 13 18 52 21 5 1 15 1 17 15 20 44 25 13 1 1 8 1 9 30 17 35 41 19 ' 18 1 15 22 13 39 ‘ 35 13 12 22 3o 21 44 1 27 1o 30 15 22 15 25 1 51 32 1 25 13 22 25 44 45 25 12’ 8 25 19 44 43 25 Max. 30 22 30 30 1 7o 51 ’ 32 I , 115.} 5 8 15 15 1 25 19 5 Ave. 14 1 13 27 21 1 41 35 15. Table V 2 Year Old Calf v.— i 7+ r v v Renal Corpuscles Proximal Convoluted Tubules Mac. ‘3t. 1 Mac. St. Lumen 218 183 52 49 25 192 137 44 57 38 235 245 52 49 19 210 1 210 44 45 22 245 201 58 38 13 227 210 37 51 19 245 210 , 44 59 19 245 210 52 45 25 210 227 70 50 24 ' 280 192 7 o 51 22 245 210 44 53 32 183 133 55 57 22 245 175 39 57 25 235 183 44 38 19 201 201 35 49 25 192 201 35 38 14 201 210 44 51 25 245 155 55 45 13 219 240 52 33 19 183 201 1 44 33 .19 175 133 39 _45“’ 22 g 227 201 1 58 51 22 210 183 1 39 54 25 245 g 227 a 70 51 24 201 218 44 45 15 Max. 230 245 37 53 38 Min. 175 1 155 35 33 13 1 Ave. 212 1 190 ‘ 51 49 22 Table V (Continued) Diameters of Distal Convoluted Terminal Portions of Diameters of 46 ‘Tubules Prox. Convol. Tubules —‘¥A‘J‘u 73552 ASt. fiLumenW Mag. St. Lumen 39 51 2o 1 44 45 25 35 43 2o 1 12 32 15 44 57 32 25 45 19 52 49 25 35 25 13 7o 51 25 39 32 19 44 43 25 35 38 21 30 38 21 25 33 11 52 37 19 35 27 13 35 32 17 44 45 19 39 35 19 35 35 19 35 -38 17 35 33 19 44 4o 25 35 33 19 7o 45 21 25 45 24 52 25 17 35 30 13 44 29 13 35 4o 19 35 52 25 3o 33 17 44 45 32 39 35 17 25 38 1 15 35 32 13 55 45 l 25 , 35 27 15 55 51 . 32 44 35 1 10 35 54 ' 88 39 4o 1 25 39 55 4o 48 44 13 39 51 ' 32 1 25 25 13 52 33 1 25 44 17 5 35 38 22 35 14 5 Max. 70 55 4o 48 45 25 Min. 25 25 13 12 17 5 Ave. 45 45 29 35 34 20 4'1 Table V (Continued) Diameters of Diameters of Diameters of Descending Limb ‘Ascending Limb Collecting of Henle's LOOp of Henle's Loop Tubules ._ Mac. St. Mac. St. ‘ #11130. St. V Lumen 18 15 22 19 43 27 9 13 14 18 15 35 51 27 12 13 22 18 39 33 17 5 11 3o 19 25 25 8 1 12 5 25 19 55 45 22 18 30 13 39 32 5 12 13 1 3o 15 35 35 12 1 22 13 25 24 39 25 9 12 17 25 19 35 25 13 5 11 30 19 35 27 13 , 18 13 25 20 35 24 5 ' 3 8 25 18 52 32 13 15 11 22 22 7o 33 14 18 9 15 19 30 33 12 11 13 25 55 25 15 9 30 22 44 33 19 22 13 1 22 22 39 33 15 8 13 1 25 24 35 32 13 12 8 1 30 31 39 33 13 1 3 5 1 22 28 35 32 8 1 8 13 1 30 25 3o 25 3 1 1 18 11 18 21 39 38 19 1 1 18 8 1 25 18 35 35 14 8 13 22 29 35 29 13 12 13 25 25 52 33 14 Max.’ 22 17 30 31 55 51 27 1 Min.1 5 5 15 13 25 24 5 A55.‘ 13 11 1 25 21 41 1 33 13 Table VI 2'Year Old Calf Renal Corpuscles1 Proximal Convoluted Tubules ‘Mac. St. Mac. St. *“ Lumen . 245 175 52 51 1 25 210 192 51 51 1 25 245 218 44 44 25 227 ' 184 74 54 25 235 ' 184 44 ' 49 19 210 218 70 52 1 32 254 201 79 51 1 19 227 201 ' 44 44 1 20 245 227 70 43 19_ 239 184 . 51 52 20 271 192 52 5o 25 245 192 70 51 25 227 218 1 51 54 32 235 192 1 7o 52 32 175 219 . 51 1 48 25 227 192 79 33 22 210 292 52 57 - 175 192 51 4o 14 235 210 79 44 19 218 134 35 54 19 192 192 52 52.4- '19 245 1 192 51 51 19 "133 1 183 70 57 25 253 175 70 57 25 134 183 52 33 19 Max. 271 227 79 54 32 Min. 175 175 35 33 14 Ave. 225 1 195 52 1 5o 22 1 49 Table VI (Continued) Diameters of Diametezs of Distal Convoluted Terminal Portions of -_n.“ .1_“1.”,”Iu§91eauu 1 Pro}. Convol. Tubules lac. St. Lumen Mac. St. Lumen 61 46 32 44 32 12 52 37 19 35 39 14 61 29 13 52 33 16 52 44 | 25 3O 36 19 35 44 25 35 32 13 35 36 16 44 32 13 52 36 19 44 35 16 61 32 16 57 35 17 35 41 19 48 4O 21 79 38 22 44 38 19 44 38 19 52 29 61 35 19 52 25 52 51 32 48 35 13 44 45 25 35 30 27 44 31 19 39 32 9 35 32 13 4:4 38 14 38 51 32 35 3O 13 44 5O 35 52 33 13 7O 44 29 35 41 21 52 35 24 44 32 9 44 56 36 44 38 1 14 44 32 19 35 19 70 30 12 39 17 6 35 32 19 44 29 13 35 44 32 52 25 6 Max. 79 51 36 57 41 21 Min. 35 29 12 30 17 6 Ave. 49 39 2 3 43 32 13 l 1 . . 5O Table VI (Continued) Diameters of Diameter of Diameters of Descending Limhr Ascending Limb Collecting of Henle's Loop of Henle's Loop Tubules M ‘ 1- 1135: St. “ Mac. 'Et.‘ ' mac. St. ' lumen 13 22 44 19 51 33 19 13 12 35 22 52 44 19 ’ 14 19 25 19 52 34 13 E 9 11 39 25 51 45 25 ’ 5 14 3o 14 44 32 13 I 9 14 25 19 22 33 20 12 13 35 21 35 4o 19 [ 13 13 22 13 44 33 13 12 15 30 21 35 44 13 12 3 14 25 44 19 5 , 12 13 25 13 44 25 9 9 14 25 19 39 35 12 5 13 30 17 i 35 44 25 13 11 25 24 ' 39 32 15 9 15 30 25 ‘ 39 1 32 13 12 13 13 24 44 '25 13 13 | 3 1 30 25 44 33 5 13 13 27 35 43 25 17 * 25 19 52 33 19 12 P 14 g 30 20 35 33 19 12 10 i 30 17 35 44 4 21 5 13 j 13 25 39 33 19 12 11 1 22 15 44 35 19 13 15 22 15 44 25 5 7 12 15 25 27 30 4o 21 Max. 13 w 22 44 27 51 43 25 ' 1 Min. 5 3 14 13 22 19 5 Ave. 12 14 27 21 42 35 16 .41. -1 ' 1.11 l 11-1.1--.) Renal CoHpuscles Table VII 1 9 Year Old Cow Proximal COnvoluted Tubules 51 Max. Min. Ave. Mac . 227 219 245 192 133 192 I 210 235 213 192 210 201 219 201 175 210 227 227 210 133 219 245 236 184 210 245 175 211 St. 201 201 175 210 175 210 175 192 166 166 175 157 175 166 192 175 157 157 166 183 157 170 175 175 210 157 174 Mac. 44 79 52 61 70 61 44 87 7O 44 48 7 0 44 70 7 0 52 70 52 35 52 48 66 70 52 52 87 35 59 St. 60 51 57 57 51 51 57 57 57 63 57 49 60 vwriumen 44 25 25 32 25 19 28 19 32 32 32 24 38 19 44 41 15 19 19 44 15 28 Table VII Diameters of Distal convoluted (Continued) Terminal Portions of Diameters of 52 A .3... 14a; A €11.13}; lime}? 'figf . Cog: c3}; fiigs 35 32 19 22 35 17 44 44 32 25 25 3 52 57 25 44 33 12 51 57 35 35 4o 19 51 1 51 30 52 32 13 44 F 55 32 35 44 19 52 I 51 33 44 4o 19 52 E 50 44 44 32 13 44 ; 43 29 52 25 - 44 ' 53 44 44 43 17 52 E 45 32 39 49 25 35 51 39 39 44 17 52 55 33 - 44 44 25 35 55 44 52 54 25 44 32 19 44 43 19 35 57 35 ‘51 25 12 44 35 25 35 35 19 7o 57 J 23 52 32 1 12 51 33 i 21 , 35 24 3 44. 33 . 19‘ 43 32 13 35 55 f 32 52 33 19 44 32 13 52 32 - 44 43 1 29 44 33 22 35 45 25 44 I 35 19 52 57 41 35 44 32 Max. 70 60 44 52 54 32 Min. 35 32 19 22 ‘ 25 3 Ave. 47 49 31 47 1 37 13 Table VII (Continued) 53 Diameters of 1 Diameter of Diameters of Descending Limb Ascending Limb1 Collecting ”A of Henle's Loop of Henle's Loop} Tubules Mac. St. Mac.' 5;: “#155. '51. ' Lumen 25 19 25 17 37 44 19 13 19 22 25 35 33 19 13 22 13 19' 44 25 9 3 24 52 21 35 44 24 12 19 25 25 52 33 19 12 17 35 17 43 44 15 ‘ 22 11 r 44 19 35 32 ‘ 13 13 14 22 17 35 19 ; 5 1 3 11 25 19 44 25 13 22 19 25 17 22 27 13 3 14 25 11 30 32 14 13 1 14 22 22 7o 25 17 13 i 14 25 17 73 32 13 12 13 25 24 43 44 25 15 17 1 22 19 . 35 33 15 12 19 30 19 39 35 10 4 22 . 13 1 30 14 25 54 25 13 13 25 1 19 22 33 1 1o ‘ 12 17 25 1 19 13 33 13 3 19 13 17 39 44 13 . 3 1 13 1 22 17 30 33 1o 12 22 1 3o 25 25 44 25 13 17 13 22 30 33 15 3 19 30 23 51 4o 19 ' 5 : 15 35 22 1 44 49 32 ; Max. 25 24 52 25 ‘ 37 49 32 { Min. 5 1 11 13 11 13 , 19 6 hafye' 14 ‘ 17 l 27 19 41 1 37 15 J 1. __,-~ 144 1.4, #4,; —......1 J___.__ L Table VIII Comparison of the weights and the number of lobes of the kidneys according to age. Weights (in gms.) Ibbes Right Left Right Left Age Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidney Fetus, 9 months 52 57 32 Y 31 1 month 153 157 -- . - 1 " 137 140 22 i 22 14 n 157 145 24 ‘ 19 1% n 141 152 13 13 1% " 194 132 29 30 2% " 107 105 22 23 3 " 122 122 27 24 4 " 195 202 20 20 5% u 314 27 o - - 11 " 393 412 24 24 11 " 314 332 21 24 11 " 360 340 27 31 1 year 345 357 24 27 1 " 304 324 25 32 2 " 252 236 27 28 2 " 250 276 27 26 1% n 455 444 25 21 2 " 418 385 24 24 2 " 406 385 20 20 2 " 251 268 16 16 7 " 548 640 - - 9 " 535 550 19 19 Table IX Comparative depths of the Cortex and Medulla according to Age Age Cortex and Medulla Cortex : Fetus, 9 months 14 - 19 mm. 3 - 6 mm. 11 months 20 - 25 mm. 8 - 10 mm. 11 " 25 - 29 mm. 7 - 10 mm. 11 " 30 - 35 mm. 10 - 11.mm. 12 " 24 - 29 mm. 7 - 12 mm. 12 " 22 - 30 mm. '9 - 12 mm. 12 " 19 - 23 mm. 6 - 9 mm. 2 years 25 - 33 mm. 3 - 10 mm. 2 " 21--‘-;-f‘~28.-mn. 9 - 12 Inn. 2 " 25 - 31 mm. 9 - 11 mm. 7 " 24 - 32 mm. 9 - 12 mm. 9 " 29 - 31.mm. 11 - 12 mm. 55 Table X Comparison of the afferent and efferent glomerular blood vessels. Measurements of diameters taken in microns. Afferent Efferent 24 15 15 15 21 18 18 14 23 18 21 12 19 12 19 14 21 12 24 15 24 12 24 15 19 12 25 12 18 15 16 12 18 30 30 30 36 32 24 36 30 Max. 36 18 Min. 15 12 Aye. 24 14 56 '10 1.2.1.2111 3191 has 1303on .1 .31‘6. stsdol 9.1? 9.1074 . ' Esau x113 . ‘ '1 01315509 Fig. 1. Photograph of right and left kidney of six weeks old calf. Note the lobated condition. 57. Fig. 1 1: 30 dqstgoJodI 3.3159 510 adJnom Fig. 2 Photograph of the right kidney of four months old calf. m. 2 r. . .8 .3111 3a (a. -8, o- s 111117 euimsmolg $519535 nemtosqs 5913199er .9 .311 winds: beJUIovnoo Lsmlxo'xq 831 '10 nothoq beJquvnoo Ismlxofl .8 .eulmemola .A (OSIX) «10119313 1119-1911111 .3 .9IudU: ,4 Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Nacerated specimen showing some of the blood vessels. A. Glamerulus. B. Afferent arteriole. C. Interlobular artery. (X145) Macerated specimen showing glomerulus with a portion of its proximal convoluted tUbule. A. Glomerulus. B. Proximal convoluted tubule. C. Afferent arteriole. (X130) Vauv~ .A .au1919mgléfled3 gnlwoda nemlosqa ststoosM .8 .319 be:ulcvnoa Ismixowq 9d: 10 nolJtoq s has (09X) .8 g SLUdUJ sometsiiib ed: 9353' .8 .311 as asmloaqa smsa /” o 5 .311 (591X) .8‘553 A $3 {Jitslun513.nl a.” I. M .r r“- ; . .I . . -vl:' - :‘fi- . J‘rII/ - ~ . ‘1“; l‘ ‘0 ‘ . ' .43., ~'-- N. . --~ g 1 «41’ . . t. . r .. 'fi 1 .1" 1 J ." - . ‘O H ’ . . . - . ’ . 'u ) 1 ,' I 4' '4 “0' .~ . ' ' . .' . “ ;I- ‘I ' ' V ' l“ .‘ " . "7 °' r r" 3 4 ‘. ‘5‘???“ 1,.“ 1.253 'o ' Q' 7" \n‘ ' '....~ ‘~.~.- ' “ ’ 7:4." “'1 ’1: ‘ "3‘9".” 2‘ fig, 1' ~ , u 5.;- . .- ‘ - g ' 1 . ..- . \ x. .9. , 9 s - z . 7. .. - ' . ' ('3‘ . gar: .... ii p 1. 4,9553% n, g ‘1‘ .‘b r. >1 1 1 ’ 0" ‘(§\ ”1" a; ' '1 . -. . . I 4 ‘ ‘. ‘ I} -: " . 1 3 “a, l," 1 1.1., )9) ,. A. J 9 ,. .v \ 2 -_ 2 W ,' . ‘ Q ”é- I; . V ' y“ ‘ ‘ k .( 4‘. ’9 ' '9 I- “.’. . .". ' \ . . ' .‘1 I' ~ l 1' V 3 .‘II ; ‘$: 4 " . 2’14” - '- .. ' ., ‘42 ‘. A ‘1 _ I I I. I . fr - . ‘ . ‘ .' ‘\~.L .' II Fig. 5. Macerated specimen showing the glomerulus, A. and a portion of the proximal convoluted tubUIG’ Bo (X90) Fig. 6. Same specimen as fig. 5. Nets the difference in.granu1arity at A and B. (X145) 60. "I .x\ .1. s \ . ‘ . m. . :- . . ..,. . . . . 1.5 .4 .1l to. Q.. . I'- O . .. 9- \‘\.f .‘1..q\v4’/ .. . a... f... 511'! '30 J“??? 1L»: “' A . ‘ ,' . - ., ' - .' bsjm;oxnpn lomszTL r f R ' ' ‘. q OLE‘y‘JI 8 ' BLITZELL J :1 a‘, r\.- 5 ‘K.’ -:- ‘1‘. .~ 3 P -\,4 n '. .Jp . . H ‘ nn¢afiasuh .n .a+uhui 33L399¢ico bx» Flu ' ' pr, 1' " ' r— '\ . - ' - 0 \J O (3” 1.1..)‘131'1011'1 . Z. .- (;('I G ' 3;"J‘ ‘r. ’ n 7 I 7 3‘ ' '\ f-4£:?;35‘[.r§ ,, OK; ‘31:”, H J £1911"LJ‘1_§“ A ‘3". l _. ‘ I I . \.“ f~ .a 0' A 0 L257" I. '. 9 3.. L‘: “ A .1 "r ‘I‘q r 2UJ. -..!r1~2 .~-¢. . '.— - . - ‘ILLLIif‘4C'? 4. — +1 I .. LI 4'- ’2’) \_.(_/‘¢' wrrr [r'.*. ‘ (- D‘A': Li-JA *1 uy ;.I V. b- _ P \ vi} rx . )JJ-.1fi“2., . . ‘ rv‘rr’.’ -- ~f ~, on. oLu u; 1:) r“. ‘ .' _ :“J U. a-) o‘JAu .,‘._J O r . "( ) F». ‘5 , , .T . .o...~v"f'4as\. .\J 1 r \‘o ~o-LJ. 1. 01"..) I k Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Macerated specimen showing small part of the nephron. A. Glomerulus. B. Proximal convoluted tubule. C. Ascending limb of Henle's loop. D. Distal convoluted tubule. (X125) Macerated specimen showing small part of the nephron and collecting tubule. A. Ascending limb of Henle's loop. B. Glomerulus. C. Distal convoluted tubule. D. Connecting portion of collecting tubule. (X135) 61. Fig. 8 5 0‘” 'n f r .' {J r‘ ' .. 3x--J ll.) .1 Jd-‘ ' V fl. rs o~ . ‘ m In \ (I,-‘yi (‘ r." ;~- 4 . ."..' 4-1—a35l1": ; .2 ‘i’-.l~3 41A:-'t‘-'-J 4' In. La... 97.733J---.;l vv u I‘ - r . ,- r m . - - ... .' .. . 1‘ - . .‘ ,‘ ' "‘. , — v f ,- . b30~l¢£‘.’fitn‘ xix-1.1: X... 1.1 0’... 05.114 :Jttht-‘v‘ll' 0;; 013‘. riflklyjl '1 ' d- -‘- . F" ‘ ' \ r ." "I ‘ .1 V’ ' + Y H. - ed. lo pQLJTLq ifim-mtof JLJ -o 015; .. QULUvuw (rtX) .eigigf beJulovxoo 'fim1YCTG Fig. 9. Macerated specimen showing small part of the nephron. A. Glomerulus. B. Proximal convoluted tubule. C. Part of the terminal portion of the proximal convoluted tubule. (X98) 62. Fig. 9 egnado Jquuds edJ aniwoda nemioeqa be:s¢eoem .OL .31? -noo lsmixotq sdJ 30 noiitoq Isnimqa! ed; to lo amt: gnibmeoeeb ed: oini eludu: beiuiov Ismlxomq 30 noijroq isnimweT .4 .qooi a'elneF ed: To dmii gnibneoeefl .8 .eiuduJ beJquvnoo (lOIX) .qooi aHOIJTOQ «siimie 3niwoda nemioeqa bSJSTSOSi .11 .1}? C. (iDIx) .Ol .gii as Fig. 10. Fig. ll. Macerated specimen showing the abrupt change of the terminal portion of the proximal con- voluted tubule into the descending limb of Henle's loop. A. Terminal portion of proximal convoluted tubule. B. Descending limb of the loop. (X101) Macerated specimen showing similar portions as fig. 10. (X101) 63. 10 dmii snibneoeeb gniwoda nsmloeqe Se_ (IOIX) .sinefl 30 qcol gnol s nu. .r. B o u o Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Macerated specimen showing descending limb of a long loop of Henle. (X101) Macerated specimen showing part of the descending and ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A. Descending limb. B. Ascending limb. (X101) 64. 0": ' -'. r 11.431 liDHB'TfA \,. I" '\ l' s qniwcde nemiosqe bemsmeosn ’ \ ' . ‘ r'..". ._|’ . -. I ~‘ ggsixf .SAHYJJ 5filjDSIIU3 .xstmoo Eo noiioes 51135131 0 u " _,- ' rr“ 5- ...' \ - . . ".-. 0' . .. .. l’ .-' ‘r. 7 \ '- .J‘. J oil.) .;A L y/“JJOL! e o ‘34.: \é'LuLlJDSJJ o 2”. .BL V\ V . -'. J .N g” 0 C54. ’1 F'g. 14. Macerated specimen showing a branching collecting tubule. (X146) Fig. 15. Paraffin section of cortex. A. Glomerulus. B. Medullary ray. C. Labyrinth. (X85) 65. ._ -_-.__—____. -- ‘3 f g .9.0 u is?“ a ‘5. , .5. 33’ ’e 1' ”‘1... 'l Fig. 16. Paraffin section of glomerulus. A. Visceral glomerular epithelial cell. B. Endothelial call. (X820) 66. ail) '£99 1 it“. *' r1 7 Jumfid 0C 0.1. Siififl i 'f‘n‘v ‘. , -..‘J -J '1‘; Fig. 14. Paraffin section of glomerulus. A. Visceral glomerular epithelial cell. B. Endothelial cell. (X870) 67. Fig. 17 '9,‘ v‘.l"‘ " Y 11‘ L - ' ; ( ... .~ .I l d '- ,. .— -. 4' .. h n.1, ~11. ' ”1, r \.l Lblilil. \q .. T; y a t l .31. "V Fig. 18. Paraffin section showing glomerulus and neck of proximal convoluted tubule. A. Glomerulus. B. Neck of proximal convoluted tubule. C. Brush border. (X830) 68. - .' .- ,~‘\ I" ;‘| - .- ~ '- ~ -.—. ' ° " " - .lxomq inQVqJ 3niioaa neijoce n11‘17ei .61 "ii 0". Fv‘r 5:. ~.T .— ' ,r .1- . i3~-od dam?“ oh .ealouus LvliiQUrCD "-r'1("~_- " . (Cn'ul'JA/ .1199 8i_.'C‘.f;._‘. no.“ Fig. 19. Paraffin section showing several proximal convoluted tubules. A. Brush border of parenchymatous cell. (X828) 69. Fig. 19 .- t L law/(Hr) \'~I n leJTLLCRHcha '~~'=«'. ~ 3.). -I \b'IlJ‘ Titi'fo‘ia [ILL 7" f. F.’ .5 , (J;q~flg+;3xiufcairio ii I - VU I . #n r" ,U Cd‘;’ 3?. ' ; (v .1. . a ‘ P Fig. 20. Paraffin section showing proximal convoluted tubule, A; distal convoluted tubule, B. (X875) 70. I p _'.J f‘l .. o v. ‘J. \ :F 1'- '4'Y.rr I -p I"\ 1! 0... r1. Fig. 21. Paraffin section through cortex. A. collecting tubule. B. Distal convoluted tubule. C. Ascending limb of Henle's 100p. D. Proximal convoluted tubule. E. Glomerulus. (X810) 71. r'i‘\ f I at" C - O p ”.3"? r' ‘1 u 5'7 7' 'I_( /‘ flvllklilf’s ‘ (A. .' tle—LJbLT\v‘ b 1-1.9 3 .- I J. 5.“ U; :1“? 9-.” J82! 3’1.“ :2" (OSSX) .sioduJ beiuiovsco l:- Fig. 22. Paraffin section through medullary ray. A. Capillary showing endothelial cell. B. Ascending limb of Henle's loop. C. Straight terminal portion of the proximal convoluted tubule. (X820) 72. Fig. 22 Fig. 23. Paraffin section through medullary ray. A. OD . 24. Ascending limb of Henle's loop. B. Terminal portion of the proximal convoluted tubule. (X790) Paraffin section showing division between cortex and outer medulla. A. Glomerulus. B. Terminal portion of the proximal convoluted tubule. C. Interlobular artery. (X149) 73- 1.3“ \ . ..r ‘ ‘v ~‘. :9; ‘/".¢ ‘ .\:J~\15 ’ O \ .m- ,r ' o O 5. 5W ~"' ‘ ,- o" ': M9,; " \.— 13: . 1. ‘. P. . , ‘ fl ‘. .'~ 0. . ~. or § ‘- ,. ‘ . A .. I 3 ' ‘13; . , ~ {3.77" o W Jr J .. c I: J . ‘ a. O . .4 . Q0 I 1 u" 'u- ‘ . . I ‘ ' I beJuio v _ (58X) .esiudu: a . . O ';-' '9 . -‘:"‘- ‘ ' '3 ’5‘...‘ \j" .‘ . album-SI .A ‘ sliubsm 'r'efuo ‘16 fnoia‘ps'e' 11135:. .1231 \'.‘ 9d: '10 anoxd'req lsniuéT .8 ...esxufl,tqeb .‘20 .r'a‘r embassy. .Q ~: .esiudui beJnIovaos Wq .eiuduJ gnfmeIqu ."CI‘ cqo'oI E'SIM '10 dull .. ‘ ‘ " ‘ QB , . ( 1X) ,. . b ‘0 - 0' o . 0 DJ, - ‘ ._ r‘ ‘ .' .9.- e 1 '\ F! 1 t _ .z-- ‘1' .63 .318 Fig. 25. Paraffin section of outer medulla. A. Terminal portions of the proximal convoluted tubules. (X86) Paraffin section of outer medulla. A. Bundle of capillaries. B. Terminal portions of the proximal convoluted tubules. C. Ascending limb of Henle's 100p. D. Collecting tubule. (x169) 74. o c. v. . 5‘ "one ..rmfifihme. Rev . ..l 0.... ems. Fig-.25 a; . , .a ..o. .0\§‘.\.9u\ Q; . ..“U TE»... , . mwmflbjmw Igfihb? . . . ..‘l L . .lv M: s . kw", . map} a para..- ..Lwnotqo...u ‘x‘ . ,9. IsnimeT OH O gnla‘oeflot) .3 .qool I'mm dntI anlbaaaaA ‘ 2’ t ’ 950‘“; sumac: 3:1le 3353: $3.: Fig. 28. Higher magnification of fig. 26. A. Terminal portion of proximal convoluted tubule. B. Ascending limb of Henle's loop. C. Collecting tubule. (X870) Higher magnification of fig. 26 showing bundle of capillaries. (X870) 75. .A ..slfflbamatsani :0 noiJoea ’Y » '."._~..' " .' ‘ . ‘ 'AM ’ ' ‘ 7 J? - "I! an . . 5’ 31335353 ‘ H". .qool a'aiueH to dmii gnibneoaec (eaVX) .vusliiqsfi Fig. 29. Paraffin section of inner medulla. A. Descending limb of Henle's loop. B. Capillary. (X769) Paraffin section of inner medulla. A. Collecting tubule. B. Branching of collecting tubule. (X160) 76. 4 1 . , Ind)” abrowoa“~$1\‘. ‘a O n..- I . . s,'. .‘I” _ , . .I.. .. .. u.. . cu 9. .. ..o. t .5. .. O Q xii“- ....o €35. .. . . . ,5 _ . . ,0 a ‘0.’ ‘0 L. V ..O ’ cl. "Q‘n‘... ‘ . . a. . av It I . JO 1 Ifosb .r..t.w.«ro.61 -. o .. "noto: .. . . Haw-$310». . . 1. ‘1‘. ... a. . v \s .. .c T 1.3.2.3.» fim o 9.. 1.....9ilm... .«f Anon-.0.- . 3 JO“. 35.1 It!“ .-, 1. - av. 0‘... v \. nu .. . K '0 .0 6‘. I o W r.ll 4‘. "I .u no Na}.'!flosui ‘n 3. 0L A” O. ..o ,. t... o.” .._.. ..,s...\.. r. .r .. .o w. . o . d 0.0/ t 1.9 . n. . . .1. . ..K .. .. ,2. ..Wm. ..... . H. ..q . . 1.. . ‘ ‘0‘ . . ”'10... III! . .,. .o f... . mwflsisr crap}!!! . . 3 fi\ . n chi-too 3L . . _ . . . . can . m . «WES $53.. .. t... a‘ e. an I ~ 0 a C 3. 0" I... . ‘ Ov’..s N p-.l““ DJ " u \ol‘Ows “we. I an ‘5. A Q .. .. - .~ I .l a u , Ufivafl . I I!“ flit”. 0|.” .. c — .‘uo‘ To" .1.“ \o 0' , b I 5.”... p 0.1. fl. ukuk on} ” .J-‘IO‘ 7 . .y .a --rulébn. l a .- 1“ I”? O antioslloo .a .siiubsm’qenni‘fio noiioae niifismaq .IS .517 .8 .Iniiiea lo Joub mtol c: gniaufi eeludu: (080m) 8 1’1“" ..E " ’ ’ '- ' MMMMM Fig. 31. Paraffin section of inner medulla. A. Collecting tubules fusing to form duct of Bellini. B. Duct of Bellini. (X160) Fig. 32. Paraffin section of collecting tubule. (X1030) 77. .v .G‘ . —‘. \ . .n a . . Rafa .. .,,...._,...... x.” £13.32 ‘ a I .Q ' -3. ‘ . ‘ 4; V * ‘ _‘ 1’ 3i p, '_ g “4 1.. . 5 , ..‘s , OJ ' .‘ ‘1‘ f .- (at, V" ‘f! . ‘. .P$""-i' 1 W} ‘ - ii 1‘ 3 .9 a 2" r "‘1 % O (D H L: D, c: L, Q5 H- c, o (o F-fl *1; 0‘ O 0% . H“.- ' . g2 DZ . m . a O 5...... Hi" U U) m D 37? H’}; ‘36 a. ebb 83. Paraffin section showing collecting tubule. (XZOC) 34. Paraffin section of inner medulla. A. Collecting tubule. B. Epithelium of papilla. (X160) v—fir‘" ‘ . . a . I; ‘ . b ’7‘? ‘7 F4? A -‘ . ' .. 5.... Fig. 34 83013111109 1 58 0311 ‘5'} bsfitfil.8 .0 ‘ racism?» 3“ y! .88 .318 Fig. 35. Paraffin section showing pathological conditions of cortex. A. Renal corpuscle showing a marked thickening of Bowman's capsule with connective tissue and a hyaline-like substance. B. Group of lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. C. Tubule nearly obliterated by hyaline-like sub- stance. (X140) Fig. 36. Paraffin section showing a glomerulus nearly obliterated by hyaline-like substance. (X180) 79. C" | .1 99:: . “reg” o 7 . 0 e ; q , 3 a o ,_ ‘ i . 1. 1.») . ‘ ,. . 0 fl.‘ a .ve .311 Fig. 37. The same glomerulus shown in fig. 36, but of a greater magnification. (X866) 80. v 2‘ ‘_ c *3“ ' ‘ - ‘ §.. r' _ . “ "b ‘ . '- ‘ ' ‘-, : 'rb.- ' I . , .. ,5. !_ ., . . _ . ~ r- . V. J g ' :.:. "5 s w- ~ . I \" "3 - f ‘ . S . 3", =3 .. 3.0 3‘, m ' . J ..- ~ ;. u- - ‘ ' O i ‘3‘," ' .' I I To egniq almJnsbgpo edJ gniwoda nolJoee mittstaq (dYIX) .eeluduJ oldqosz 9dJ bnuoms euaaiJ euonegslloo -odqul lo donq sgnal a gniwona noijoea millstsq .XSJTOO ed! mi aostouaao Ipalounonom baa asza ( 091x) [0 C) .93 Fig. 38. Paraffin section showing the concentric rings of collagenous tissue around the atrophic tubules. (X175) Fig. 39. Paraffin section showing a large patch of lympho— cytes and mononuclear phagocytes in the cortex. (X140) 81. t i. .. 3&3... 5‘... . , E _ r \ 1.....‘h8 .tOflhl. t. . .. _. I... 1...... ._ J... ..u. ... on . I o . ......... ._.-........... v . .3 .. V... r... ' Cu ‘. WM» . 3%... .d.‘ . .... .. . . ..mi . ..m .. n” . 1....“ . Wm... Q“..Mfi‘ld.o{/~ .. an...” up . ..n. x . l ... .a . .. . ... _ , .1‘ . J . . 5.. ..J. o . ,n o . . .. 4 . ‘ l . , ....1 . .. . ..... u . .,I\ .... ":4. . a . ..r . I... a: | . . . _ . . . . I Q I . . . . .. y. u. . , . . ..U !n\W~%—Hl.du.yl, . n. . .u ..\ . . . . . ._. ._ . . . r C . &fl 9" . .. o. n .. 0 fi- . u... d #9 arrz. I“ . . . .. , _. ... . .. QM.» \ o 1‘ ..v A... I :5. .: .. .. H .... . ._ .. - .. . - has . r... . b . I. y \ - i .. ‘ 9 '_ u g ‘ | 1' I I I ‘l .’ . v ‘ o a t l - a "' 1 \ o J ‘ Q, l J . I . O I f ‘0- 1 1 A' - .' I. ! \ .' . q " . .Y t' “ '.‘. " \ .- , _. r H" ' v’ \ 5.. ‘ . S “\ . ur‘ * ' “H. .-' J n l - “,r' a ' "i ‘l: - I ' ‘- ‘71» ‘I .', .C " '3'!" r. (OBIX) .Jaso s gaiwcda noiJooa b asIUdUJ bsbnsJaib gniwoda noiJoaa (GBIX) .muiiedJiqo * I I 1 I I 1, _ j ‘ ‘ h c ‘ .‘. a; . ,' c I S." ' . I. ‘ .3” . v - , . v M W a; ‘ _ O T?" 0“ ~- '3 Fig. 40. Paraffin section showing a cast. (X150) Fig. 41. Paraffin section showing distended tubules with low epithelium. (X169) 82. i :fiii. Efll-‘§ - ".95- ._ ' .‘ 1%- ‘VEQU: '- "$ " a ..... ea..“' 9 v 3 ‘ asluduJ gniJoslioo 93151 sdJ lo moiIsdJiqs (O8IX) .sliiqsq sfiJ bus 9dJ To aciquaJiicvq gqiwoda HOIJSBB niifistsl merts as 20 susaiJ aviJosmnoo islisdJobnsdua sdJ to EHIWOTtfifl bus guinsfloidJ 5 at gaiJInaST 933d110m9d has .(answsJiIdo alJiqutsbafl) nsmui (OdIX) .sibsm ani wimsa ai'i‘is'xsq .99 .3“: .89 .311 Fig. 42. Paraffin section showing metaplasia of the epithelium of the large collecting tubules and the papilla. (X180) Fig. 43. Paraffin section showing proliferation of the subendothelial connective tissue of an artery resulting in a thickening and narrowing of the lumen (Endarteritis obliterans), and hemorrhage into media. (X150) 83. Fig. 42 Fig. 43 .I I' Q. Ir .\ Fig. 44. Paraffin section showing the vacuolated appearance of the media in an artery. (X140) 84. "l‘. J. 1..) ("v 0 Fig. 45. Same as fig. 44, but of a greater magnification. (980x) 85. .12.. I ‘l._ l. .fiA Fig. 45 . s .. . .1". -‘ _ _ Rays 54. . ~ ”'4'” l n .; .0. , ~.- ...“ '. ‘ W ~ .0 {I .. #9" r. . N . .‘ i5“? 3:? ”K, [3tfl‘bfifllsdaraoiJoes‘aiiisgfi .3? .311 3: “35‘?ch "9 ’9; “‘ .~ xi malo-la Io e 91.; 14".. ‘+ f... m 0 “2 <0 0 O :1. u 0 c... '-1ayb¥§ / a 'Y‘ of -¢\ ‘0‘ Fig. 46. Fig. 470 Paraffin section stained with silver nitrate to show deposits of calcium in scattered atrophic tubules. (X175) Paraffin section stained with silver nitrate to show deposits of calcium in the intima of a small artery. (X135) 86. «undrflmtw. ..,..rw.mz.w.m$. x. . . ~ . . , . s on, .n \ . ‘ 3.. s «‘1 . . Q .m..¢c. .. 00‘ N. 5. n. . . .s... Fig. 47 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 87. Bibliography Smith, Theobold; Focal Interstitial Nephritis in calves. Jouro Exp. Med. 413413, 19250 Pfenninger, w; Our Present Knowledge Regarding White Scours and Similar Diseases in Calves. American Vet. Med. Assn. 1924. va, 168. Peter. K; Untersuchungen uber Bau und Entwickelung der Niere. Jena, 1909, 1927. Maximow, Alexander, and Bloom, William: A Textbook of Histology. Cowdry, E. V; Textbook of Histology. 88. Acknowledgments It is with pleasure that I extend my appreciation to Dr Hallman of the Department of Animal Pathology for his advise and encouragement during the preparation of this thesis. I wish to thank Dr Clark, Dr Sholl, and Dr Thorp of the Animal Pathology Department for their assistance in obtaining materials used in this study; also Mr. L. A. Moore of the Department of Dairy Husbandry for furnishing data concerning the experimental animals and their various rations. if» . git «b. «.1 . ..1. w... 1! V . i313...» . CAIV.-:‘ ‘ l . C f \r ’0‘. ‘ ‘ .gg D h. WAGENVOOQD a co. i! "m '{i'k-F