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A MORPHOiOGICAL CHARACTER
MSTINGUISHJNG DOUBLENESS GENOTYPES
ER”: $133; “ IZWJLTTWOLA. lNCANA {L} 9.. BR.)

The“: fit» the 009m 9'} M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNWERSITY

Biamo Johan Langvad
1955

LIBRARY

9 Michigan State “
L! University r]

A hiORPHOLCfllCAL CIMRACTER mmmswm

WNESS GENOTYPES IN ST 0(13 avurmnam INCANA (L) R. BR.)

3!
IJARNE W LANSVAD

A THE-233

Submit!“ to tho Echo! d Guam. and“ a: Midla-
M University 0‘ Agriculture and Applied Scam
in path! mailman 0! ch. WI
hr an digit. 0!
NMSI‘ER 0? SCIENCE
{Wu 0! Horticulture

You 1935

ACKNOWLEIXEEMENI‘S

The author extends his sincere thanks and gratitude to
Dr. W. 1. Honey for his constant supervision. encourage-men and
guidance throughout this study.

Appreciation is due Dr. A. Nilsson for his high interest
and frequent help (hiring the course of the study.

The author is also indebted to the members of the Depart-
ments of Botany and Horticulture who have served as members of

his committee.

7:".

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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10
15
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18

INTRODUCTION

Our commercial varieties of column stocks (Matthigla incana R. Br.)
consist 01 two distinctive types. single and double flowered forms. the letter
containing no authors or pistils. and are. therefore. completely sterile and
must he chained from heterozygous singles. Only the double flowering plants
are desired by both florists and gardeners. Few problems in horticulture
have been exposed to so many speculations as the possibility of increasing
the number of Ibuhle flowering plants in a field of stocks. According to
plumage}; (1955) about 20per est ofthe cost ofneldproductieeo! stocks.
as cut flowers. is for seed because a: the techniques required to obtain seed
that willproduce a satisfactory percentage of double flowers.

it is a act that non-flersporting singles. plans which produce less
theaflpercemotdoubles. occurin eversportinglines chats crossingover
(km 1953). If seed is increased from unite containing such singles.
theperoesageoidoubleseilldrop eachyear. Theliteraturereoordsoely
one anyto maintain doubles percentage 111er strain; by single
plat progeny test and selection.

Dr. A. Nilseon at the Weihullsholm Plait Breeding Institue in Sweden

has build a morphological character useful to distinguish the three genotypes

eleingksiahia‘raiesehtech.

Them etthiseaperlmmmteatudythischracter
eaanriuyhehichtbpercmgeelweshuwtmamunsde
Missal.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

meat mkdealisgvtththsinheriteaceotbeblaessia
suck-M nglmthshlloeiegemlanatioebrthemechaaism
W WdeymmmYWMS-d
MMmmwictypesmaormelhatemyma. summ-
mmmmaempmmm 1931).

mmxmmsmmmi.wa
isdmflWdefiflemfikMemplfla.
WWWscurusmrmuvewammh
“WM Togetherleadehotieeeae‘Wsterility"
Wan Wu). Emm'usefim’e. mooted”
Whileseaesiadesiaamellzi. Manama
“Mdluemflsygcmmmmhm
auriyuuereapestively.

Wflmdmnflulsmdmhmwhm
mums. mmdthmebrmisnramw
hyMiaiSfltSauan-s. i928). lteasastaatillmtheey
MUWMWMWWMsMRMI-d
mmumomrg 1938).

Msuflbbflthlthemrmingtypeommw
yield“ as Meet.“ singles in massive geaerationa. Shetried
ammsmresultaseoomplic‘edgsrmesdnmge
teem XV. hypothesis). ‘

Md (1933). Wflflflo “Float (191st
summing-chain. ewlliulnzthemechlflsmhyudsgtvome.
Shroudueadlfiorapolleawm. ‘Polleegreiasehichreceive
lmeaflszmchmmbusdemaeme.

iiiafler093mmedumlalnthemechaiamhymxa
"WI“wchaaythbmSisth-poneam
manulariyaadiooperc‘t-a.

mummnnnmaemmmewopm
flmmdmumflaukmmmuw
mmsmmm-mu Promtlisrenltthey
Wamdsumnntbpeuummthsome
mmqum runners-monument,
laumwhumathamemmW
mmmmcaum

Western“ 0936)me (1931. 1.938)“me
male"pairA’hethsmelites.Mtbmdapmedepaae
Ma'ehypathesis.

Kuhn (i954 i935) Verified. by using aoumod poilen grains and m- sen
uringnumberoieeedeyieidod. the hypothesisthetoulywpercese‘the
pollen grains {rem an ever-min; plum sanction.

Thehstthetthepoilenlstmlltyhotoreiseaflectsthemzity
e! the plants use lira ensured by Hobbs (1888) and Sanders (1915).

They bind in We flowering plans had a Inger Vitality than single
flowering from eversportins mum Also. he: (19“) lot-dare
smmertiugplaasaotonly were Merlot-tattle buble Mausoleum
he also to the normal single Hovering.

Import (i935. i937. 1940 and i951) verified the hypahssis of
the presence o! a lethality tenor. and could localize as place oaths S
chromosome.

The last tn eu-eversporting plates can occur in mrsporting
varieties was known by Saunders (191 1). John (1954) has demonstrated
hoethe perceuageoldouhies will dropeachyear ifthssepieusare not
Manama otthe manna. cm: evtdeuce hashesaeuainsd
Moon 1953) to show that Motor 1 occasionally heeomes swaratedi’rm S
by a crossing over process. and the: is the reason for the occurrence o!
sea—manuals; plate in ever-W lines.

Except florthe average longhotthe seedpeds Clapper: 1935). w

wwmdatiammngdoublmssmaiemh
habuWiathaiiter‘ure. Emsweller (1931) says. "Since
lense‘thareiaaecenalamatbdddstinmishingthethrestypea
elslacleaeaospthyameeytast. unemsthltwitherdaerymathods
deeethhaamherolhfleaeillmmmalrom
mummies". saints-«(1955) says. “When seed area
mmmmummmmyumguwm
me-mewmwiwm
expected” increase twidlyuthewasedemsportiag Mes“.

METHODS

m

Thamyaeediatflaewmlaepedigreedlrflliam
L43!” Ruthenium. a. Mia-seaweihuushim. This
mmumamWWdMsasm
mmmewm. Magnum-mug
kadmnisquamim ms). Breach-amine
izmuwwmmmmmmmmm
“Meiosis“.

Culture

M

1m. Thaerigiaalstacheasase‘honthnemmplala.
WW» seabyDr. mumuasdasanrmiaim
mmmma-e Thushmemiaaataeafehrmy
i.aeWusssumW-umzeemsm~
MWmdmyetAs. he“. ”Oshawa-planed. 300
phatemeaehpediyee. Thphnaflmeifletuflfleemeamyfl.
almreaflhrmmmeahlye.

1938. MMflvaiuaasaiuedhyuigmachr
WmmumuthmmGMIMicflm

State University on Deoettther 13. 1954. The pedigrees were numbered
been 851 to 5515. Only number 551mm from 3682 c. the remainder
being from 3682 a. Newscast-es was taken from number 3682 h. The
seeding: were transplanted arectly into benches in a wildest-es house
bury l-‘I. One kindred plants. inserted. from each pedigree were
planned. The plates came into full bloom on March 28. and were stigma
evaluated on loss 14.

Thosecondcropflromfimesvalustion) was sownouhdyZ—ii. and
traumlaia'ed into benches on AW 8. Ten plants from Woes of
w 555. 556a. h. d. 557. 5534:. SSlOsndssli mannered. while
tray plans of the other numbers were planned. The restate omnidhe

acted on November ls.
Sign gysiustioa

it isths characteriaic etthe upperpartdths seedpods which
are used to Gluinguish m three genetypea o! buble- and singlenesa. The
evaluuiosmnsthsdonsstaosrtsissuge: sheathspedaaramature. but
before they heme dry. The lit} per com aegis flower-1339p“ have ions
and narrow "mks". and the sum are wide and claw-like. is the ever-
smrting type. the neck is mirth shorter. wider. and the same is also
«meaty narrower. The normal heterozywss. beaver. snowy as its:-

mediate position. and are more difficult to distinguish. Figures 1 to is

mummmura-cmm mmm
mmmugg Hutsmsmeneempeesdmm
mmmuamnmm

Figure l
Progeny 551

Evaluated as:

100% single

Progeny:
Single 99: ®Uble 0

Figure 2
Progeny 552

Evaluated as:
normal heterozygotes

Progeny:
single 65. double 32

Figure 3
Progeny 553

‘ Evaluated as:
100% single

Progeny:
single 100, double 0

 

Figure 4
Progeny 554

Evaluated as:
normal heterozygotes

Progeny:
single 97, double 0

Figure 5
Progeny 555

Evaluated as:
eversporting

Progeny:
single 44, double 48

Figure 6
Progeny 556

Evaluated as:
eversporting

Progeny:
single 44, double 45

 

 

 

Figure 7
Progeny 557 -

Evaluatedas:
eversporting

Progeny:
single 42, double 56

Figure 8
Pr0geny 558

Evaluated as:
100% single

Progeny:
single 100, double 0

Figure 9
Progeny 559

Evaluated as:
eversporting

Progeny:
single 43, double 52

 

 

 

Figure 10
Progeny 5510

Evaluated as:
eversporting

Prom
single 46, double 53

Figure 11
Progeny 5511

Evaluated as:
eversporting

Progeny:
single 43, double 53

Figure 12
Progeny 5512

Evaluated as:
eversporting

Progeny:
single 42, double 56

 

 

Figure 13
Progeny 5513

Evaluated as:
eversporting

Progeny:
single 38, double 61

Figure 14
Progeny 5514

Evaluated as:

100% single

Progeny:
single 100, double 0

Figure 15

Progeny 5515

Evaluated as: .
100% single

Progeny:
single 98, double 0

 

 

 

10

RESULTS

The results of the 1953 evaluation are given in Table l. bummer
3531.9" “per cent doubleflomringplaas. 3682bm56per can.
and 3682 c we 55 per can. This is normal eversporting ”aromas.

laTnblcll will!» huddle results “the 1934 aunties. Thu
umber: ($55, 556. 557, 559. 5510. 5511. 5512 and 5513) «um u
:3ng have all ma! ”Wing “can” The Was
«Macadam 61.6mcem MiammSpcrcm (556). O!
the two mmxbera ($52 and 554) evaluated :1 normal haemygotas (3'1
newsman). we gave 10:) pet can singles (1354). and number 551 save
32. 6 per cm doubles.

The results of the 1955 evaluation are given in Table 111. All
mandala said to be we per out were all pure singles. Plan number
353 d evaluated as 100 per can: singles or normal heterozyms. m a
100 per cent singles lndivichnl. Three plans (557 c. 559 l. 559 h) wol-
wed u maul haerozygaea, segregated in 3-1 two. Number 557 h
was evaluated as normal heteromjgotes or 100 per can sing-fies. It was
an «crooning inflvldual. Three plants, 559 c, 559 d. and 559 a were
evaluated as normal heterozygotes or eversporting. The number 559 c

and 559 e were of eversporting :y . while 559 d is Within tho range of

being I normal hertz-magmas type. Five plains (5510. 55] l. 5512.
5512 la am! 5512 c) evaluated as eversporting or normal Mfimy§a0&
were all emWag indlvldnla.

ll

13

TABLE I

   

Results mam-u. me by Stigma Characteristic. 1953.

w, -- "o-

 

 

 

Peagrm Evaluated A. 33:“ °‘ m“ 85$?
3682 a Burma 161 136
3682 b {5an X66 128
3683 c Barman: 160 129

TABLE I!

 

 

 

Padget- Evaluad A: Double mg“ ‘“
531 100 pa: can £10310 3 99
552 3‘1 anagram 32 v 65
553 108 per cat angle 0 1W
8“ 3*! «grams 0 97
55! Emma; 48 44
5“ 5mm 43 M
537 3W 56 a
858 100 pat m nude 0 100
539 European; 51 43

8310 Emma; 33 46
5511 Storm 53 43
5312 Eva-puma; 56 41
5513 Emma; 61 38
8514 100 pet an angle 0 100

5313 109 ya: an angle 0 98

 

TABLE 111
Rasalta a! Individuals Evaluated by Stigma Characteristics 1955.

 

Nmnber 0! Plants «£1,195;

 

 

lodge“ W Evaluated AIM . We w sin l”

855 a 100 pa can single 10
b 100 pa: can: duals 10
c we pet can We 10
d 100 pet can alngls (3-1 upswing?) 10
556 a 100 pet can ataxia 10
100 pet can single 10

3-1 sogegutlngflfiepucm single?) m

d 8.1 ugrsgutMflOOmsa single?) film!
557 a 100 pet can we 10
3.1 ”mm (130 per cent single?) 5 I
c 3-1 stemming 3 8
559 a 3~1 awaiting 2 15
h 3~1 assuming 5 13
s 3‘1 saga-swag (eversporting?) 9 7
d 3-1 segregating (eversporting?) 6 10
c 3*! «steam-a WW?) 5 5
mo Burma: 13-1 segregating?) 1 a
‘ 551: mm (5-1 upswing?) no 0
5512 a Emma: (8-1 assuming?) 10 6
b Baum (3-1 asgrepting?) 13 8

a Ema-porting (3-1 sag-smug?) 16 3

 

15

1115011551024

Thansaltaattlasmdypmmuthamsmtype. giving
mommatazlaa. caahadlatlagmshadbythshalpolatiwacham-
tsrlatlca. an» ammmmuhaUWMIhaflhumu-
mamas. “acronyms. mum-mm 1a
gmygmmmaumWWmm-mm
mmmmmfiaswmmrm.mmamm
munumoammnemm. mannmmmam
Menammmvmthmmy.mthmm
-- mmnmauam-Wpdmom.
W. ummmmumwmmmaumm
mummgmammkummmmm ,~
amhMmamMmm mawwhmmhluaupa~
finthaapmgoayuuudaaloctioa. htharnpoatthrualtamd
«nuupnaieaamm

mmutusmmommnuynmmmm
smamwMamh-demenmm
flavour. amuhaqflalasdasarsmuthapumahskdm
lahalttytastas. rummammmmmc

typo gins «Mama to balls" as: another factor Q) is pram which

16

lanai-CNS. MWWnflalashuasaflala
oaths 1. carcass-ma (Figure 16.
Croaaaa mummmumuumamm
Pol-blitz.
yalla'nowara
Wuhan-1a
Wymmmmam lam. «spun: am:- has.
W Mamsmalascadydturnahgam

FIGURE 1‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

S a

P 9

+ s
than-almanac-
mum
5 8

P 0

+ 1.

am
Imprint-halo
Lara-alpha

S a

o P

+ 1..
Cmmraafl.
100”:ch

17

SUMMARY

1. Thu mummmuuuamupumw
charactaraaa‘hym A. thdwmm 8m ”that
was! tin-«maids.» Wabash.

ant-mmumc dthaappatpastdthuadpads
Minumumammmumm
plans. mwmmmmmpmuw
Whisk“. Mmkafimmm Thwaalaglaa
pumam-smmmsmummm
Tummymmammamaflm
mmmwuclauw.

aawsunmummma
mama-sumac; amrmmsmmma-
claw-unstim Pam-amalgam. Tanya-ashram“
“deudm-MLW

18

LITERATURE CITED

Belling. 1. 1915. Onthaumadaagramalmsma

hplana. Amer. Nat. 49: 133—126.

Emavallar. 8. L. 1937. 1:11de sum-mum. 0.5.

Dwt. Agr. Yanhaaaalamwhara 890-990.

PM 11. I. 1918. mmuwummmu

Pat-11a. Amer. Nat. «2 613-633.

Goldachald. 11. 1918. Das- yum In adult” Lavinia.

rum ala tall “smacking-auto: 7m. 231:“.
1. 1nd. Aha. —a. Vans-bad. 10:74.

Johan. I. 1.. 1953. NMMWMhmMmd

taa smummrMumaL-mmim
(L) R. It. Castles 38: 229-843.

. 1954. mum-mummy”
an deterioration in women a! “as is aver-posting
umdaimiaolalwauMLk. Prac.Auas.Saa.float.
MWSUSQH.

.aadnlanhard. 1958. Mchde
GawcemmnMaquW
dds-fleapmedbymmaatm
vast-t1. mammn

1933. MWWIIOIW
wasp-inn. V1. Man. lat. can. mass.

1937. 131a Canada in human!“ Labia. Zakach.
L 1-1. that. on. Vuaabgal. 13:183-230.

1940. 1m 1m S-Chm hr humor
Manda Luau-a. Zaltscar. 1. lad. Aha. -a. Vararbgsl.
TB: 173-193.

19

man. 11. 1951. Wit-t museum «hummu-

apaltaaahal “Wis M”. 2m
31: mm.

Kb. E. 1934. Unusual-mg“ m Vern-hug is! minimum bal
Wk: Pollaakaimuag andZfioIagia. lat. mach.
In. 00.!- “: 9.10.

. 1935. {harms-ammonium mvmum
Mush-1 Manuela. Zak-ch. I. lad. hat. -I. Vacat-
”Elle 701038-501.

. 1931. Walsh-Wanam
do: Vararhug do: 318nm”; be! W Zaitacl. I.
lad. Abs. 4. Vanna-3:1. 72: 387-481.

. 1m. aren't-Wan mu
llamarspaltaudaa Sippaa m Matthieu beau. Zatach'.
1. 1nd. Aha. ~a. Vanilla-1. 74:388-408.

Elma. 1N9. quadellvhjasav
moans-luau”. warm-mash".

Noah. Egg}, 1888. {EarhaEMaaaangla firm
magma-aura... Luau. 7M at
181-143.

Pub. 1-. aadc. 1.. Hanna. 1931. Thamaambeaaa
wyumumwumms.
bar. can. 8339404.

Santa. 8. a. 1911. PIMWaataaWd
'Wulahncmanlam Juneau.
12303-376.

. 1918. AWMdfiamylfi
mammaymdm has.
0-. sum-us.

20

Santa. E. R. 1911. Manda. autumn Gaaatlca 11!: 141-170.

Weatarétd. M. 1936. Oaths mun“ in tha ammonia: mama.
no“. Campt. rand. du. Tram a: Laban-maria
Casualty. Sana phyatalamqaa 11: 198-304.

wags. 5.1931. rummumaomummm
la Mala. 2mm. 1. Zach. ~Ra1ha APlaaIaa-
slang. 11: 118-135.

hi

saw

.v'

EL

5%?
n:

1: 1‘

I‘\

m?“
i 3333'.
' Lid!

1.

 

I: 1 L‘

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