A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION FROM FORMSNG DROPS IN A STAGNANT CONTINUOUS PHASE Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHEGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Pumshottom N. Patel 1962 Ii"; £978 LIBRARY , Michigan State University ' _ H -0. 1... ~ 4-,-a-01-u A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION FROM FORMING DROPS IN A STAGNANT CONTINUOUS PHASE By Purushottom N. Patel A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Chemical Engineering 1962 ABSTRACT Data were obtained for liquid-liquid extraction from single form— ing drops in a surrounding stagnant phase using a purified system. Three different size capillaries were used and drops were formed at different formation rates. The amount of extracted acid was quanti- tatively determined by employing a technique of photographic absorption photometry. A drop of toluene containing picric acid was formed in a stagnant water phase. Motion pictures were taken of the forming drop, and the optical density of the emulsion produced on the photographic film by the transmitted light was related to the amount of extracted solute. The results were compared with theoretical equations based on solute transport by molecular diffusion. In formulating the model, diffusion from a plane surface into an infinite medium was considered and the dispersed phase resistance was neglected. The model was applied to a forming drop. Previous data on an impure system were further analyzed and compared with the present data. The low amounts of extracted acid in the impure system were explained by the presence of an interfacial resistance caused by impurities in the system. The resistance within the drop was negligible in comparison to the resistance in the sur- rounding phase, and ionization of picric acid in water didn't offer any resistance to solute transfer. To Ba and Kaka ii PREFACE The author wishes to acknowledge his deep appreciation to Dr. Richard A. Zeleny for his valuable guidance in the experimental work and the development of theoretical models. The author is indebted to the Chemical Engineering Depart— ment and the Dow Chemical Company for providing partial financial support Appreciation is also extended to colleague Mr. George Rusin for his assistance during experimentation and to Mr. William Clippinger for his help in constructing equipment parts. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................ PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF EXTRACTION FROM FORMING DROPS ...................................... Mass Transfer Through Surface Elements ............ Drop Expanding with One Fixed Boundary ............. Spherically Symmetric Phase Growth ................. APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .......... Description of Apparatus ........................... Experimental Technique ........................... Film Processing and Optical Density Measurements System Investigated ................................ ANALYSIS OF DATA ............................ _ ........ Method of Calculation of the Amount of Solute Extracted. Determination of Solute Distribution Over the Drop Surface .......................................... Calculation of the Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient . . . ANALYSIS OF JACOB'S DATA ........................... Solute Distribution Over Drop Surface ............... Effect of Ionization of Picric Acid on Mass Transfer . . . Effect of Dispersed Phase Resistance ................ Effect of Interfacial Resistance ..................... SUMMARY OF RESULTS ................................. iv l3 13 16 17 l8 19 23 24 26 26 28 32 34 37 47 51 52. 53 55 Page APPENDICES ...................................... 57 Derivation of Equations ......................... 58 Standardization of Solutions ..................... 59 Physical Data ................................. 60 Sample Calculations ........................... 64 Calibration Curves ............................. 72 Data ......................................... 74 INTRODUCTION Liquid-liquid extraction consists of contacting two immiscible liquid phases so that a solute in one phase is transferred to the other phase. Efficient contacting of two phases is accomplished by dispersing one phase in the other phase in the form of drops. There are three distinct stages during the life of a drop: the drop formation period, the rise or fall of the drop through the continuous phase, and the coales— cence period. The present study is concerned with extraction during the drop formation period, and is a continuation of the research by Tambo23 and Jacob”. These investigators developed a photographic technique to quantitatively determine the amount of extracted solute from a forming drop at any instant. The colored solute picric acid was transferred from toluene to water. A toluene drop was formed at the tip of a capillary positioned in a column of square cross-section. Motion pictures of the drop were obtained through glass windows in the sides of the column. The images of the drops were enlarged and transferred to photographic plates. The amount of extracted acid was determined from optical density measurements on the photographic plates. Jacob13 found that less acid was extracted than predicted theo— retically by a mechanism of molecular diffusion in the continuous phase. Since the distribution coefficient of approximately 10 favored the dispersed phase, the added dispersed phase resistance could not account for the small amounts of extracted acid. However, the results could be explained by the existence of an interfacial resistance due to impurities in the system. It was also observed that the extracted acid was not uniformly distributed over the drop surfaceand that this effect depended upon the formation rate. In the present work data on a purified system were obtained. In addition, the diameter of forming capillary was varied in order to study the effect of circulation in the drop on the amount of extracted acid and the distribution over the drop surface. An effort was made to predict mathematically the solute distribution over the drop surface when an interfacial resistance was present. The mathematical model could then be compared with Jacob's data which were further analyzed to determine the amount of extracted acid per unit area versus the drop height. PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF MASS TRANSFER FROM FORMING DROPS Mass Transfer Through Surface Elements of an Expanding Drop The present investigation involves a study of the mechanism of mass transfer from forming drops into a stagnant continuous phase. As the distribution coefficient strongly favors the dispersed phase most of the resistance to mass transfer is in the continuous phase. It was expected that the motion of the forming drop would not induce convection currents in the surrounding phase. Hence, it was assumed that the mass transfer took place primarily by molecular diffusion across sur- face elements of the forming drops. The amount of solute transferred across the surface elements has been approximated by considering the unsteady state diffusion from a plane surface to a semi-infinite medium. The unsteady state diffusion equation and the appropriate boundary con- ditions are: 8c_ ETE—D (1) finite (“P v .0 x I .8. 0 II where c = concentration of the diffusing component in the continuous phase c = concentration in dispersed phase concentration in continuous phase H = . . . concentration in dispersed phase x = distance measured from interface Hc = interfacial concentration in the continuous phase The solution to the above equation is 2 x 4Dct dx (2) oo Hc, - c = ——1— e j/‘ITD t f c x The rate of mass transfer across the interfacial area A is given by 8N 8c __ 2 —D __ 3t cfdA(3x x=0 (3) Where the integral is over all surface elements, substituting (2) into I (3). dN==Hc{WEL/EJ[dAu{l/Zdt (4) In order to apply Equation (4) to a forming drop, it is necessary to postulate the manner by which the surface elements form so that the integral of dA can be calculated. Three different methods have been used to evaluate the integral. In each case volumetric flow rate of drop formation was assumed to be constant. Coulson and Skinner1 assumed that fdA was equal to the average drop area present during the time of drop formation. Therefore, 12 ff A dt 3 Z 21 3 dAZO————=—(361TQt )/ ' (5) t 5 f f where tf = final formation time Q = volumetric formation rate Substituting (5) into (4) and integrating, 1/2 1/6 3. 2 D N/V 7 H c tf c 2 1/3 (6) i Q biz/V = fraction of original material extracted. 1 ' . . 16 ' Licht and Pansmg assumed that the rate of mass transfer across each new surface element was equal to the rate of mass transfer across the first element formed. In this casefdA becomes equal to the surface area of the drop at any time t. jdA = (367T C22)1/3t2/3 Substituting (7) into (4), and integrating, (7) 1/2 1/6 N/V _2.34HDC tf T.— _ Q1/3 (8) 1 l ‘ . Haritatos and Libermann assumed that each new element acted independently of the surface elements previously present. In this case t in Equation (4) becomes equal to the exposure time, te, of each sur- face element. tf tf-t D -1/2 N 21404—3] ] t dt dA 1 11’ e e O O t . . D f N : ZHc, —C— j (t ~t) dA (9) 1 TI 0 f 2 Substituting dA = 3 (361T taz)1/3 dt into (9), t f 1/2 D 2 (t - t) dt c 32110 1/3] f = 1 N ZHci Tr( 3) O t1/3 (0) In this thesis the integral in Equation (10) was evaluated (Appendix, page 58). Hence, 1/2 1/6 4.09 HD t N/V : c f (11) c, 1/3 1 Q Michels studied the mechanism of mass transfer from a forming gas bubble in a liquid medium. The models for absorption from an expanding gas bubble can be applied to extraction from a forming drop. A description of his theoretical calculations follows. I a 4/1.” ’ ////7/// i/x // / ’1 8 l — angular position in spherical coordinates radius in spherical coordinates H H Figure 1 Drop ExpandinLat the Tip of a Capillary with Its One Boundary Fixed (Refer to Figure l) A material balance for a single diffusing component in a fluid is given by 2 Dc D = — 12 CV c Dt ( l where Z . . . . V c = Laplac1an operator in spherical coordinates Dc . . . D-t- = sum of local and convective differentials Equation (12) can be written in spherical coordinates as F 1 3 3C 1 a zac' ac ac ac D'——-———-———" +—-———— ———l:—-—-+U ——+U——— 13 C 2. 3co(8.w Slnw) 281' (r 8r)j 8t rar watt) ( ) -I‘ Slnw I‘ ’ Since diffusion in the direction tangent to the surface is negligible, the first term within the brackets drops out. The radial velocity component, Ur’ and the tangential velocity component, Um, were determined from momentum and continuity equations for an inviscid liquid. Substituting these terms into Equation (13), 2 D{ac+§ac}_ac 0 E1 “cow 1]8c 2 -—-_——_2 '— " 2 — c 8r rar 3t 41TR(t) X3 X 8r l ___.. I“ 3...} (14) 41TR(t) X 2X where Ur =———g—-—2{1- 13) cos w - $2.} 4TI'R(t) X X l Um =——9-—-Zfil+ ——-3-) sine} 41rR(t) 2X r = radius in spherical coordinates R(t) = drop radius _ r X _ R(t) volumetric flow rate and Q The boundary conditions were c = c(r, w, t) c(r,w,0) =0 Lim c(r, w, t) = finite r —*00 c[R(t),w,t] = H ' Ci' t > 0 By considering diffusion close to the interface, and neglecting tangential transport by convection, Equation (14) was solved for c = c(e, to, U). 7 3 _+__ c _ech[4 2cosm] PI-c, r 1/2 1 9 where _ r-Rlfl _ U — R‘t) :x 1 4ND e = ‘3 R(fi O From Equation (3) 8N 8c 57-43.. A 5:? TTt R(t) (16) . 'A Z [7 +6 cos w]1/2 Dc HCi r =R(t) Integrating, l/Z.t1/6 Ii-D Iv/v __ 16a _§_7/6 1/2 c f Ci " [" '7'“ (4“ J [(7 + 6 C08 (10) ] C2173 (17a) 10 The quantity in the second bracket varies from 3. 605 to 2. 645 as w varies from O to g. When Equation (16) was applied to each area element of the drop surface, the following equation resulted, d(-q1—\—I) : [7 +6 coswjl/Z 393:3 dt TTt J R(t) (17b) Integrating over the drop surface, Equation (17a) was obtained with . 1/2 the second bracket equal to O. 707 x 3. 605 1nstead of (7 + 6 cos c») . This gives the average amount of material extracted over the entire drop surface. The Case of Spherically Symmetric Phase Growth Assuming that the drop grows from a point source at uniform volumetric flow rate, the equation governing the problem can be written as 2 6c 28c BC BC D —_ :__ .— c[ 2+r8r] 8t+Ur Br (18) Sr U = 02 r 4Trr U =0 0.) c(r,0)=0 Lim c(r,t) = finite I‘ '—"" (I) c[R(t),t] =H-ci, t>0 An approximate solution to Equation (18) is 11 H: = erf[%1/-g-] (l9) 1 41rD 1' C - l d e : R(t) ' a“ o where U = R(t). Substituting (19) in (3), and inte grating H . DC1/2 tf1/6 173 (20) 7/6 1/2 ) (7) ci 7 4n Q N/V _ 161T (i It should be noted that Michels first solved the above partial differen- tial equations by a numerical method and then used his experimental results as a guide in making necessary assumptions throughout the development of his models. All the models discussed so far apply to mass transfer from forming drops by diffusion only and are of the general form HODl/Ztl/é c f (21) ci Q1/3 where K' has different values for each proposed mechanism. Hence, data at hand can only serve as an appropriate guide in selecting a right model. The values of K' for various models are summarized below: Investigator Value of K' I Coulson 3. 27 16 Licht 2. 34 10 Haritatos 4. 09 Michels18 2. 34, K 3. 31, o.) 2.43, to K = overall mass transfer coefficient based phase. 12 = 0.7 K ave. 07 ((0:0) 0 in (17a) Tr/Z in (17a) on resistance in continuous I3 APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE De scription of Apparatus The apparatus consisted of a vertical extraction column, a water tank and pump, a drop feeder device, a light source, absorption cells, light filters, and a camera mounted on an adjustable platform (Figure 2). The extractor was fabricated from four brass plates 30 inches long and 3/8 inch thick, soldered together to form a column with a square inside cross section one inch on a side. Grooved openings were cut into the front and back sides of the extractor to accommodate two 1/4 inch thick plate glass windows one inch wide by 18 inches long. The windows were held in place by epoxy resin with the inner surfaces of the windows 1. 25 inches apart. A thin metal strip with marks and numbers engraved one centimeter apart was clamped against the side walls of the extractor, so that the marks were visible by the side of a capillary tip and could be photographed along with the forming drop. Piping was arranged so that distilled water saturated with toluene could be pumped from the storage tank to the bottom of the column. The column outlets at the top and the bottom led to a drain. Toluene-picric acid drops were formed at the end of a glass capillary which was joined to a ZO-gage hypodermic needle with epoxy resin (insoluble in water or toluene). A rubber stopper around the needle enabled the capillary to be inserted into the extractor from a 14 TO DRAIN GLASS WINDOW WAT EXTRACTO R BODY DROP SPINDLE SYRINGE m CAPILLARY MOTOR\\ FILTER <— \ PUMP M - MANUAL ADVANCER A- SPINDLE ARM 5 - spams @- GRADUATED BAR (M13 MICROMETER TYPE SCREW Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the apparatus 15 side-hole. The needle was bent so that the glass capillary was vertical when inserted in the extractor. A one milliliter syringe held in place by a platform was used to form the drop. A spindle placed behind the syringe plunger controlled the rate of drop formation. An arm, A, soldered to the spindle at a 90-degree angle was placed in the grooves of a micrometer-type screw (M). When the screw was turned, the arm, the spindle, and the plunger all moved parallel to the screw axis. The screw was turned by a combination of pulleys, sash cord belts, and a gear reducer that was connected to a 1/50 horsepower variable speed electric motor. This arrangement provided drop formation times ranging from 0. 25 to 15 seconds. The initial plunger position was adjusted by a horizontal cylinder M which was screwed into the base of the feeder, and the spindle slid through the cylinder. The arm A pressed against a flat metal-spring S while moving forward under a rigid, adjustable, graduated bar G. When the arm moved a linear preset distance required to form one drop and reached the end of bar G, the spring 5 pushed the arm up and freed it from the grooves of the micrometer screw. This stopped the advancement of the plunger. Three 20-watt blue fluorescent tubes each 1. 5 inches in diameter and 23 inches long served as the light source. Blue bulbs were used because they produced a high light intensity in the desired 3800 to 16 5500 A wavelength range. 29 The tubes were placed vertically with their axes forming an isosceles triangle with sides of about 1 5/8, 1 5/8 and 3 inches. The bulb at the tip of the triangle was 7/8 inch from the column. The bulbs were operated by 1000 cycle alternating current which was produced by a three phase induction motor and generator combination with a synchronous speed of 3450 rpm. Photographs of standard solutions were taken through standard cells. The cells were positioned on a wood column which replaced the extractor. The standard cells had the same cross section as the extractor, and were three inches high. The glass windows were 1 3/4 inches high. The tops of the cells were open. Pictures of the drops and standard solutions were taken at approximately 34 frames per second at f2. 8 opening by a 16 millimeter Bolex Paillard movie camera. The film was 16 millimeter, Plus X, reversal safety film made by Eastman Kodak Company. Kodak Wratten Filter Number 34 was placed between the camera and the column. Experimental Technique Prior to taking pictures of forming drops, the wooden column used to hold a standard cell was positioned and levelled in front of the light source. A standard cell containing distilled water was placed in the column, with a pin located at the center of the cell. The camera was clamped to the adjustable platform and was focused on the pin. 17 Then pictures were taken of standard solutions of picric acid in water and toluene. Lastly, pictures of forming drops were taken. After each run the column was flushed and rinsed with distilled water. All 0 the experiments were conducted at room temperature 25 if 2 C. Film Processing and Optical Density Measurements The 16 millimeter Plus X reversal type movie film was developed as a positive. Each roll of film contained both the standard solutions and the drops, so that both were processed under the same conditions. Portions of the film to be analyzed were enlarged and developed to a negative stage on 4” by 10" Kodak No. 33 photographic plates. The film was placed between two glass plates in a rectangular area of 7/8 by 2 1/8 inches. A 4“ by 10" black cardboard with an opening at the center was placed on the top of the glass; thus leaving the area of the films open for the exposure. The films were then magnified 5 times by a Woolensak 135-millimeter enlarger. Exposure times ranged from 3 to 8 seconds and the lens opening was at f 32. The plates were pro- cessed as follows: developed in D-ll Kodak developer for 7-8 minutes, rinsed in 5% acetic acid solution for 40 seconds, fixed in Kodak acid fixer for 15 minutes, washed in running water for 20 minutes, rinsed in distilled water and dried. Care was taken to see that the dyes used in photographic emulsion were thoroughly washed off in order to prevent the formation of chemical fog on clear plate background. 18 Optical density measurements along the axis of the drop were obtained by first placing a piece of graph paper on the densitometer (recording microphotometer, Jarrell-Ash Model 203) screen along the slit length. The photographic plates were magnified 10 times on the screen. By this arrangement it was possible to move the plate holder one slit length at a time. Readings were taken at 0. 02 milli- meter intervals on the plate. Two major precautions were taken: the densitometer was left for a warm up period of 30 minutes prior to recording the readings, and the reference readings for zero and hundred per cent transmissions were checked from time to time. The diameter of the drop as a function of drop height was deter- mined from enlarged photographic print. The readings were converted to equivalent dimensions on the plate. Since the film was processed in a reverse manner, the drops appeared light on the enlarged plate. Jacob's drops were dark on the plate since his film was processed as a negative. However, this did not alter the method of analysis. System Inve stigated Data were obtained for a purified system which consisted of picric acid recrystallized three times, redistilled toluene, and dis- tilled water boiled free of carbon dioxide. The data were taken four days after preparation of standard solutions of picric acid in water and toluene. Three different capillaries with different diameters were used to obtain the data. 19 ANA LY SIS OF DATA Photographic absorption photometry, i. e. the measurement of optical density produced by light transmitted through a colored solu- tion on a photographic emulsion, has been used to study the mechanism of extraction of picric acid from a forming drop of toluene in water. The total amount of extracted acid and the solute distribution over the entire drop surface can be determined by the photographic technique at any instant during drop formation. Application of the technique to the system studied depends on the fact that at equivalent concentrations, toluene solutions of picric acid transmit one hundred times as much light as water solutions of picric acid. Method of Calculation of the Amount of Extracted Picric Acid from Density Measurements Directly Through the Image of the Drop Jacob13 experimentally showed that Beer's and Lambert's laws of light absorption are valid for a narrow wavelength range of light passing through solutions of picric acid in water and toluene. The fol- lowing equation was obtained by combining these two laws of light absorption for light passing through a series of phases. Li 2 Z] K. c, dx (22) 1 1 D =log o 1 O t'f‘IH where 20 D0 = optical density t = -I— = transmission 0 I = intensity of light passing through the solutions in series IO = intensity of light entering solutions in series Ki = a constant for phase i at a particular wavelength ci = concentration in phase 1 L1 = thickness of phase i dx = differential thickness For the case of light passing through a liquid drop of toluene in water, Equation (22) becomes: D=chdx+f o WW1 0 L1 L2 where L1 = distance in front of the drop L3 = column thickness L3-L2 = distance behind the drop LZ-Ll = drop diameter at the position of density measurement Subscripts w and t refer to the water phase and the toluene phase respectively. Since less than 1 percent of the acid initially present in the drop was extracted, the concentration in the drop was approxi- mately constant so that 21 L 2 = L-L f Ktctdx Ktct0( 2 1) L1 Since the drop was centered in the column, and assuming symmetry about a vertical axis through the drop, L1 1"'3 K j c dx + K j c dx — 2K ' L w wl W wZ W w, ave. l o L 2 Thus Equation (23) becomes D = 2L K + K L - L 24 o lcw, ave. w t Ct0( 2 l) ( ) The optical density of the drop alone can be determined by applying Equation (22) to standard solutions of water and toluene. Drop optical density = Kt ct0(L2-L1) = Ktc'St L3 = Kw c'SW L3 (25) where c"st - concentration of a standard toluene cell that will block out as much light as the toluene drop L-L Ct0( 2 1) L 3 c'S — concentration of a standard water solution that will W block out as much light as the standard toluene solu- tion of concentration c' t s 22 c' was found from the value of c' t and optical density versus con- sw s centration calibration curves for water and toluene. Substituting (25) into(24), D =2L c K +K c' L (26) o l w,ave. w w sw 3 Since D =K c L (27) o w sw 3 where c = concentration corresponding to each density measure- sw ment along vertical axis of drop. Combining (26) and (27) 1"3“: - C'sw) _ sw Cw, ave. 2Ll '(28) It should be noted that the calibration curves are based on photo- graph emulsion optical densities and not solution optical densities. However, when two solutions have the same optical density, their photographic emulsion optical densities will also be equal. The total amount of extracted acid can be determined from cW ave , and the drop dimensions. Consider Figure 3 on page 23 in which Ah represents the height over which the density measurements were made. The amount of acid, AN, around the drop in height Ah is “D (c - c )L AN :fc LAh'CIX:C' LTTD°Ah= SW SW 317D’Ah(29) w,ave. l w,ave. l 2 The amount of acid over the entire drop is 23 N = 2 SW 3 dh (30) J0 h=H' * extracted material —~ h=o capillary Figure 3 Determination. of Solute Distribution over the Drop Surface Consider the figure below in which: h - height measured from the tip of capillary Ah = differential height T = tangent at the point 0 M = position of the mirror 0 = angle between the mirror and the diameter at height h AS =' length along the surface of the drop for differential height Ah 24 The surface area AA of the drop along height Ah is given by AA :nDAS (31) Since As =Ah/cos 9. AA : nDAh (32) cos 9 Dividing (29) by (32). _ . ‘2'? : (Csw chw) _ L3 cos 0 (33) Values of cos 9 were determined at different values of h, and C'sw and Csw were obtained from optical density measurements. A plot A of—A—E vs. h illustrates the distribution of solute over the drop surface. Calculation of the Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient The overall mass transfer coefficient was defined by the following equation, dN — = K A Ac (34) dt w ave where Ac = Hci, since c = 0 in surrounding phase initially K = overall transfer coefficient based on continuous phase w resistance only 3 A = —A ave. 5 f Af = area formed in time tf K was calculated for experimental data using Equation (34). w 25 Theoretical mass transfer coefficient was determined as follows: From Equation (21), .. K'(H~c,)(D )1/2(t {”6 <34a) 2/3 1 c f Q and N_ 3_ . 12—- -Kw(—5' Af) (H Cl) (34b) f . 2 4 3 . Noting Af = 41rr , Q - tf = :9: Trr , Equations (34a) and (34b) were solved for K . w 0.345 K' Dcl/Z If dispersed phase resistance is included, Equation (35) becomes 0.345 K' D 1/2 Kw: C Hfit— 1/2 (35a) Dt = diffusivity of picric acid in toluene. 26 ANALYSIS OF JACOB'S DATA Jacob13 obtained data on extraction during drop formation period using an unpurified system consisting of uncrystallized picric acid, commercial grade toluene, and distilled water. These results are summarized in Table I. The results indicate that rate of mass transfer was higher during early life of a drop and increased with formation rate. On a photo- graphic plate the image of a drop formed at a faster rate appeared darker near the capillary than the top. Hence, the data were analyzed for the solute distribution over the drop for all the formation rates. The mass transfer coefficients, KW, based on the average drop surface area and neglecting the dispersed phase resistance were cal- culated and compared with theoretical values. Since experimental coefficients were lower than those of theoretical values based on molecular diffusion, an additional mass transfer resistance must have been present. The additional resistance could have been caused by ionization of the acid in the water phase, by the dispersed phase resistance or by an interfacial resistance due to surface active im- purities in the system. These possibilities were investigated. Solute Distribution over Drop Surface The amount of extracted acid per unit area of the drop surface as a function of drop height measured from the capillary tip was 27 TABLEI Diameter of the capillary used = 0. 082 cm. Drop Formation Amount Jet Kw _ Volume _ 3 set and time 3 3 extracted veloc1ty cm. x 10 / CHL x10 6 no. sec. gnm x10 crn./sec. sec. 52-1 0.0625 3.8 1.650 15.1 10.3 2 0.1250 9.84 1.742 15.1 7.1 3 0.1875 18.48 2.163 15.1 5.8 4 0.2810 19.6 3.790 15.1 4.79 53-1 0.125 8.45 1.268 10.52 7.1 2 0.250 18.68 1.726 10.52 5.2 3 0.375 27.7 2.075 10.52 4.1 4 0.500 34.8 2.032 10.52 3.55 5 0.625 45.7 3.100 10.52 3.15 35-1 0.468 19.5 1.93 6.65 3.665 2 0.780 40.65 1.79 6.65 2.84 3 1.406 66.4 3.29 6.65 2.12 43 1.625 74.6 4.02 6.65 1.97 37-1 1.00 17.17 2.430 3.22 2.51 2 1.56 33.65 2.825 3.22 2.01 3 2.03 43.70 3.940 3.22 1.76 4 2.50 52.10 4.020 3.22 1.59 5 2.94 66.00 5.894 3.22 1.464 38-1 2.00 31.30 3.22 2.30 1.729 2 3.00 45.00 4.05 2.30 1.45 3 4.00 64.10 4.95 2.30 1.255 4 5.01 82.00 6.95 2.30 1.12 56-1 2.0 16.8 1.83 1.22 1.72 2 4.0 29.2 2.88 1.22 1.25 3 6.0 51.3 4.42 1.22 1.02 4 8.0 70.4 5.98 1.22 0.895 5* 9.1 72.6 7.27 1.22 0.829 * Detached from capillary tip 28 calculated from Equation (33), and plotted in Figure 5. More material was extracted near the bottom half of the drop for faster forming drops (Drop sets 52, 53, and 37). However, for slow forming drops (Drop sets 38, and 56), the extracted material seemed to be uniformly dis- tributed all over the drop surface. Drop set 35, though faster than Drop set 37, gave a more uniform distribution of solute over the sur- face; this could not be explained on the basis of reasoning applied for other five drops. From visual observation of drop images on the photographic plate and the plots on Figure 5, it was concluded that new area in a rapidly forming drop formed at the top of the drop, while with slower forming drops, the surface grew more uniformly over the entire drop. Effect of Ionization of Picric Acid on Mass Transfer In concentrated solutions of picric acid in water, approximately 12 90% of the acid is ionized. Thus at equilibrium between water and toluene, ~’ >:< ,< c = c = c +c toluene w - n where >1: c = concentration of ions 3:: c = concentration of nonionized molecules 11 Since only nonionized molecules exist in the toluene phase, only those molecules can diffuse into the water phase. Thus at the water-toluene JET VELOCITY '3-22.CM/SEC 5 (AMOUNT EXTRACTED PER UNIT AREA OF THE DROP SURFACE )xIO 29 * DROP SET 52 DROP SET 35 JET vuocntv -15-1o.cu/s£c. _ JET vuocnv -o-oo,cu/szc. "0- '°“"'°“ TWP-35° 2_ no. romunou TIME.$EC. 1 o-oczs _ 1 0-400 2 01250 2 o-roo 3 011175 4 1-625. 4 02010 4 N 5 1 . 1 a 1 a l . 1 1 1 1 s . . o _ [ DROP SET 53 I DROP SET 38 _ A _ JET vuocnvno-azpu/szc. , JET vsiocnv-z-so.cu/szc. 2 no. FORMATION 7111:.szc. 2. N0.FORHATION nu, sac. 1 o-125 1 1-00 _ 2 0-250 _ 2 2-00 _ 5 0-025 5 3-01 '1— . I 1 1 1 , 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 DROP SET 37 DROP SET 56 JET VELOCITY I l-ZE. CHISEC, 2 NO. FORMATION TIME, SEC I- NC. FORNATION TIME. SEC. 2 I-SC I Z-OO __ 3 203 5.00 9-10'I 1)- h l A 1 I l l M l l 1 J 2 4 2 4 HEIGHT FROM THE TIP 0F CAPILLARY , MM Figure 5. Distribution of extracted solute over the drop surface 30 * interface the acid concentration should be approximated by CH and not cwyk. Since cnakw 0.1 cw*, the rate of diffusion will be slower than predicted by neglecting ionization. This effect was investigated by comparing the theoretical mass transfer rates for unsteady state diffusion from a plane surface into an infinite medium with and without ionization. In order to estimate the effect of ionization, it was assumed that the ionization could be approximated by the following first order reaction, 3.“ k - . . . c = c ; K = * = equilibrium constant n - c n Therefore the rate of ionization is given by dc - n =kc -Ec orsince dt n K -’ ’ c —c +c, w n - dc n k k -—=— K+1 -— dt K( )Cn ch Case (i): Diffusion with ionization 30 The problem can be stated mathematically by: a Cn k(l+K) + k __1___ acn (3o) 2 DK Cn K-D Cw ‘D at 8x c c c azcw 1 3c _—. w 2 h D at (37) 8x C 31 t=0; C =c =0forx>0 n w x = 0; c = c I: n 11 BC BC n 2 w 8x 3x x —- 00; c and c are finite n w 8c . ___Il : F (38) The flux at the interface = - DC ( 8x )x :0 1 Case (ii): Diffusion neglecting ionization The problem becomes 2 8 cW 1 3c _ _ w 2 _ D at (39) 3x C t=0; c =0forx>0 w x = 0; c = c w w x —->oo; c is finite W 8c The flux at the interface = - D ( W) = F (40) C 8x x=0 n c .. \/D— also, F = w C (41) Cases (1), and (ii) were solved, and the Fi/F ratio was determined. n 32 at F 2 2 -aDt . _ _ K C ——1= 1- K l-ZaJteatfexsz+—£T—I+Vnt° n (K-1) 0 (K-1) 2 9‘] °8e£3 terf(13\/—t—)$‘ (42) / .J where 2 __k(K+l). aZ— k . 2_k(K-2) a DCK ’ K(K-1)’ 8 K(K-l) F c as’ ’ F >:< n c w For the ionization of strong acids, the magnitude of the rate constant 1 sec. With K =10, 8 is 10 per second. Therefore k was chosen as 10 t = 0. 0009 seconds, F. F—l-Aél.0 n Thus at t > 0. 0009 sec. , ionization does not affect the rate of diffusion. Effect of Dispersed Phase Resistance on Mass Transfer If the toluene phase resistance is neglected, cfi1/D , c_ Flux at interface = L— — F (43) W 1 Considering unsteady problem was solved: state diffusion in both directions the following 2 3 c 9C w toluene water DC 2' : atw 8x -<———~ ———-5* 2 z X 8 Ct act D : t (922 at interface I: = O; C : 09 X > 0 w : > ct CtO' z 0 3c 3Cw : , = ; D : " _- t t X 0 82 DC 3X c =HC w x—)oo; c is finite w z—eoo; Ct is finite 8c Flux at interface = F - D ( W) w 8x x=0 Solving the s e equations , Z W HP.— war. c’kD _w\/c 33 (44) (45) (46) (47) 34 Therefore, F H-/ D 2 _ t E7 _ = 0.925 (48) l ,I D + H7} D c t where Ct0 _ 120 c equi. 13. 42 W =8.94 H=( 0.912atio‘5, CULZ/sec. D c Dt 1.310){10_5,(Hn”Z/seC. Thus the dispersed phase resistance is not completely negligible as was previously assumed. However, this resistance does not account for the low mass transfer coefficients obtained from Jacob's data. Effect of Interfacial Resistance on Mass Transfer An interfacial resistance was due to impurities present in the water or toluene phase, which tend to accumulate at the interface. In case of Jacob's experiments the possible sources of impurities were: a rubber hose dipped in the distilled water saturated with toluene in storage tank, and any impurities present in the toluene and picric acid. 3 The interfacial resistance was defined by the following equation, 0 8c 1 - w . =2: _ : _ _ 4 Dc 8x)x=0 R(Cw Cw)x=0 ( 9) where R = resistance at the interface. The resistance, R, was assumed to be directly proportional to the amount of impurities 35 accumulated per unit area. Thus R could be estimated by the following: Let ci0 = initial impurity concentration in toluene Di 2 impurity diffusivity in toluene R = moles impurity per unit area at interface Assume R = K1 ci at equilibrium where ci = impurity concentration 3c 8R i __ : 50 3t 1( 3x )x=0 ( ) 2 8 c1 aci D : i 2 8t (5'1) 3x t=0, R—Oandc,—c, i 10 x = 0, R = Kc;< x-—>oo; c, =finite Solv1ng (50) and (51), D.t i K2 Di : _ l R KICiO KICiO e erfc( K 1”) (52) 1 Hence, the diffusion problem in presence of interfacial resistance becomes 36 azcw aCW Dc 2 : 8t (53) 8x t : 01 Cw = 0; x Z 0 acw 1 X z 0; -Dc 8x : R (Cy:< - Cw) x ->oo; c is finite W R is given by the Equation (52). Equation (53) must be solved numeri- cally for Cw = cw(t) in order to compare the results of this problem with the experimental data. It is suggested that these calculations be performed on a computer. 37 SUMMARY OF RESULTS Results obtained for the purified system are summarized in Tables 11, III, IV and V, and plotted in Figure 6 as versus _l‘l_ 02/3 time for each drop. Values of overall mass transfer coefficients , l3 . . for the pure system and the impure system are plotted in Figures 8, and 9, respectively. For comparison a plot of versus time i QZ/3 for the impure system has been presented in Figure 7. The values of the slope, n, and the coefficient, K', were obtained for individual drop sets from Figure 6. These have been presented in Table VI. 38 l mg: oo.m> Q: .N o t .. o“ .No mm. .H m mwmv .0 ma. .m cm .Nm om .H v we .H mo .m mm .om mu .0 m mm 4 mo .N om .: om .o N ma: .m mm .H mo .0 mo .mm mp .w mm .o Nwo .0 atom com .0 mo .: om .om vac .H 0 mo; 3 .3 00A: om; m mm .H ON .3 ow .vm 00 .H v S .N cm 4. oo .Nw mm .o m No .N 00 .w ow. .bm om .o N a: .w. omd vwm 04m mm.NH mmd mwod Htmm .oom 00H X.Em .oom\.Eo ofiwnoméwo m3 .00m 655 .88 WWW \ mod x .80 pouomh—xo 3836.? moumnmarofl x m. .50 coflmguow Awnmfifimo mo Dom 3M ”25054 new 336530.? o530> Houofimwfl Among HH Mimmaoqh. 39 wmw .0 ON .ON 0 .NNH No .v m mmo .o om .NN om .oo co .m w NON 4 MN .mH oo .oo 00 .N m vaJ de om .om 004 N @004 0No.N bud m.om ma .3 om.o Nwod HtoN t 1 mm .mo :tN .m m woo .o mum .m w .No 00 .N 2v >04 vad v.3” 004 m mo; mnmN ha: om.o N mood mm: .H odd wém mwfl mN.o Nwod atom .oom \ .0: .0“; OH x .5m .oom\.Eo OH .80 o Odom AC0 m .oom .oQHE paw \ OH x .50 ©3093me 5803.» m m. x m .85 anamflamo mo m 3 2558 ooh. oumu 303 6830 coflmccuoh Mouoama pom M < orfloggo> > .Q QOHQ H: Mdmanfl. 40 m5 Awkwaflmmo ofi 85.3 @934“.qu A. wwmd Hmfi m.¢m mm; m mMN.H mNN owév mNA m mm; mm.m mvxmm 004 w. «l .N no .v mo .mN mm. .o m vhN mvxm 2.4: Om.o N m .v mm .H vo .oH ma. .mm mm. .m mm. .o ommo .o fitmN owé omvdfi 00.2» «A: .H A. we .m owo .w ow .mm mp .o m we. .v mNm .m mo .mN cm .0 N mwN .0 0mm .v 0 .NH m .Nv mu .oH mN .o mmoo .o HtNN .oom \ .9» .06m 3 x .Ew .oom\.Eo 0H .80 0 OH X .80 m .00m .083 paw \ OH x .50 pouomfixo >fioofio> m m. x m .80 AAAMSEMU mo m 3 2305.4. “oh mama .3on oEsHo> :oflmguoh nouofima pom M 336830> .Q QOHQ >H MJQ H > .Q QOHQ > ”Ham/NH. (N/QZ/311105) 400 300 200 100 0 0 70 60 50 40 30 20 1% U1 O‘KlCXhDO I 'I'I‘I'I'ITI LA) 42 23 24 25 . 26 30 29 31 IT! I II II II OD‘oOOx 11 I Illllll]llllll I Slope =1. 67 I I [1%I111I1lllll1lll l I I I IIIIIIIIIIIIII 0.1 0.2 0.3.4.5.6 .81.0 2.0 3.04.05 6 8 10.0 Time, sec. 2 3 Figure 6. Plot of N/Q / versus time of formation for the purified system 43 (N/QZ/3) (105) 400'— 300k— 0 -52 _ 0-35 200 F‘ 41-37 I b-38 100— 0-56 90t— 80E— 0-53 70— 607—— 50— 40— 30-— 20— O b slope=1.67 O 10— to 0 95— b 8r 7— '> 0 6:- b 5:— 511 1> 4L 4’ 3; o 21—— r— O O c Q 0 g 1 1 I IILI1I1III1I1I1I 1 I 1I1I11111I11111I 0.1 0.2 0.3 .4 .5.6.7.8.9l‘0 2.0 3.0 4 5 6 7 8 10 Time, sec. 2 3 Figure 7. Plot of N/Q / versus time of formation for the impure system 3 Kw x 10 , cm. /sec. 40 3O 20 .4: U‘IO‘NNO 1 I IIIIIIF1llill' I—i O *5 U1 O‘NCDOO 'I'IFI'I'W'I'I Figure 8. l l l l 44 22 23 O I Plot of mass transfer coefficient versus time of forma- tion for the purified system 45 40 :— o - 52 30 l:— o - 35 - 56 20 —- 0 4 - 37 b - 38 10.0—— 9.0":— 8.0; 7.0:— 6.0:— 5.0— I- 4.0— 8 3.0% (D \ __ E 2.0—— 0 mo — =4.09 * 1.0;— =2.34 3 09? M .8.— .7;- .6__—- O .5_— 5 .4r—- oo 0 L. A 0 .3L— _ 8 s .2— O V O 00 .1 1 l LIIIIIlIIIIIIIII 1 l IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .1 .2 .3 .4 .5.6.7.8 1.0 2.0 3.04.0 5 678910 Time, sec. Figure 9. Plot of mass transfer coefficient versus time of formation for the impure system TABLE VI 46 Formation Capillary D . rop r3ate 3 diameter Slope K' rate cm. x 10 cm n / sec. ° 22 42. 50 0. 0656 0. 66 .10 25 33. 43 0. 0656 1. 22 . 33 23 51.00 0.0820 1.16 .86 26 35. 05 O. 0820 l. 08 . 24 29 30. 3O 0. 0820 1. 21 . 48 30 31.4 0.0820 1.15 .24 24 46. 25 0.1393 0. 96 . 46 31 32.80 0.1393 0.91 .98 where the values of n, and K' were given by the equation H_/D =K'tn (H‘c)(D)l/2 t 273 f i c Q WIDC + Hj/Dt 47 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The results were compared with theoretical values predicted by considering mass transfer by only molecular diffusion in both the continuous and dispersed phases. When the dispersed phase resistance was included, the theoretical equation relating the amount of acid extracted, N, and the formation line, 1: f’ became, N H D —— =K(H-ci) 65 mo Coflmafiguoumfl .2 35?th .82 :33st a: Haywood“ mo Goflmgmcrmm TS. moan 2m no.5 .2 353m .Iaiu/ 'uxtu- 'u18 ‘EOI . 9V . q 68 Ac = Csw - cgw = 0.0063 — 0.00135 =0_.90_49_5, gm./lit. Hence, -(---) f ——x3l75x103x3.l4deh, gm. where Ac = gm. /1it. D = mm. on plate h 2 mm. on plate H. N - 8.9x10'5j D'Ac-dh , (30a) 0 , For this point D -Ac = 9. 625 x 10.3 gm. - mm. /lit. Equation (30a) was evaluated graphically by plotting values of D °Ac versus h -3 2 (Figure 12). The area under the curve was 52. 7 x 10 , gm. - mm. /lit. . - -3 - . total acid extracted = (8. 9 x 10 5) (52. 7 x 10 ) = 0. 470 x 10 5, gm. Determination of Drop Volume, Volumetric Flow Rate, and Jet Velocity The drop volume is given by the following equation, HI 2 11D M.,... 0 when D, the diameter, and h, the height are measured in millimeters on the plate, the above equation becomes, H' H' 3 1 2 -3 2 V=(——)-§;4L4j Dodh=l.87x10 / Dodh. . O O 69 The area under the curve of D versus h (Figure 13) = 8. 78 mm. . -3 -3 3 . volume of the drop = 1. 87 x 10 x 8. 78 = 16. 4 x10 , cm. Since the formation time was 0. 5 seconds, -3 3 o 4 -3 . volumetric flow rate =16 X 10 = 33. 8 X 10 1 cm 0. 5 sec. -3 32. 8 1 4 . jet velocity = X 02 X = 2.135. cm 1r (1),) sec. where, D' = diameter of the capillary tip = 0.1393, cm. Calculation of KW Calculations are given for drop 1 of set 23, which formed in . . _ N/t 0. 25 second. From Equation (34) in the text, Kw - F’s—E (34a) ave. where KW = overall mass transfer coefficient based on resistance in the continuous phase N = gms. extracted = 2. 20 x 10- , gm. t = 0. 25 sec. A = l;- 11R2 ave. 5 R = radius of a sphere having the volume of the drop Ac = 13. 42, gm./lit. (from equilibrium data at 250 C. ), = 0. 01342, 3 gm. /cm. volumetric flow rate x 0. 25 3 volume of the drop 51 x 10‘3 x 0. 25, cm. 7O 51 x 10”3 x 0. 25 §WR3 = . R = 0.145 cm. 2 A :_1_2_ ° 1TR2 =l-2-x 3.14x(0.l45)2 = 0.1585, cm. ave. 5 5 Cm. Substituting these values in (34a), K = 4.14 x 10- , W sec. CALIBRATION CURVES 71 LET‘F““ 1' .0 11> Emulsion optical density 0. l 0 Figure 14. l - Drop sets 29, 30, 31 2 - Drop sets 25, 26 3 - Drop sets 22, 23, 24 1 1 1 I l I I I J 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 Grams of picric acid per liter of water Plot of emulsion optical density on plate versus concen- tration of standard solutions of picric acid in water. 72 0.05 73 O 7 )— /1 2 0.6 — 1 - Drop sets 29, 30, 31 _ 2 - Drop sets 25, 26 3 - Drop sets 22, 23, 24 0. 5 B 4/ 3 3‘ '8 1: r8 .—1‘ o. 4 _ rd .3 ‘5. _. o c: .9 5..” 0. 3 —- :1 8 b1 J I 1 I 1 I 1 | 1 l 0 20 40 60 80 100 Grams of picric acid per liter of toluene Figure 15. Plot of emulsion optical density on plate versus concen-' tration of standardsolutions of picric acid in toluene 74 DATA In the following,the data obtained from optical density measure- ments made through the images of the drops have been tabulated. h = distance measured from the tip of the capillary along the vertical axis of the drop image on photographic plate T = percent transmission at position h, D = log ( 1 ) o 10 -2 T x 10 Do = optical density on the photographic plate D = diameter of the drop image on the photographic plate Ac = c - c' sw sw CSW: concentration in the water phase corresponding to the trans- mission T. cgw= concentration in the water phase which blocked out as much light as the toluene drop of concentration CtO DROP 23-1 D - Ac - 103 h, mm %T D, mm. . gm. - mm./11t. 0.1 34 0.615 . 1.692 O. 3 35 l. 23 3. 08 0. 5 45 l. 63 7. 9 0. 7 50 l. 905 11. 9 0. 9 51 2. 06 12. 55 1. l 52 2. 12 14. 80 l. 3 53 2. 09 14. 65 1. 5 54 2. 03 I4..7.0 l. 7 54 1. 92 14. 4 l. 9 56 l. 69 14. 35 75 2.1 55 1.17 9. 9 2. 3 54 --- -- - 2. 5 50 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 23-2 D-Ac-103 h’ mm %T D’ mm gm. -mm./1it. 0.1 33 0. 554' 1. 243 0. 3 47 1. 383 7. 96 0. 5 57 1. 795 15. 7 O. 7 58 2.12 18.15 0. 9 58 2. 36 19. 6 1.1 61 .2. 55 23. 6 1. 3 62 2. 66 25. 9 1. 5 59 2. 71 22. 3 1.7 60 2.71 23.7 1. 9 60 2. 61 22. 8 2.1 61 2. 49 23. 61 23 60 2. 30 21. 3 2. 5 59 2. 04 18. 35 2. 7 58 1. 69 15. 3 2. 9 59 1. 015 10. 4 3.1 58 - - 3. 2 52 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 23-3 h, mm. %T D, mm. D'AC .103 . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 47 O. 615 4. 0 0. 3 60 1. 33 13. 99 0. 5 62 1. 845 19. 85 O. 7 62 2. 2 23.10 0. 9 62 2. 41 24. 62 1.1 61 2.63 28.60 1. 3 62. 5 2. 79 26. 59 1.5 62 2.899 27.50 1.7 62 3.00 27.7 1.9 64 3.08 29.3 2.1 63.5 3.00 30.0 2. 3 64 2. 899 31. 6 2.5 64 2.77 30.5 2.7 64.5 2.541 26.7 2.9 64 2.21 24.21 3.1 63 1.85 20.8 3.3 63 1.13 13.85 3.5 57 0.0 0.0 DROP 23-4 D - Ac '103 11' mm % T D' mm gm.-mm. /lit. 0.1 20 0.492 - 0.3 44 1.23 6.507 0.5 63 1.787 22.21 0.7 65 2.158 25.30 0.9 64 2.46 26.40 1.1 64 2.699 28.22 1.3 64 2.898 29.6 1.5 64 3.04 30.4 1.7 64 3.15 30.7 1.9 68 3.26 39.8 2.1 67 3.299 37.0 2.3 65 3.27 33.4 2.5 66 3.25 34.89 2.7 66 3.24 34.7 2. 9 66 3. 161 34. O 3.1 66 3.019 33.2 3.3 67 2.78 33.4 3.5 67 2.46 30.8 3.7 67 2.04 25.0 3.9 68 1.425 20.7 4.1 59 - - 4.3 57 0.0 0.0 77 DROP 23-5 D'Ac '103 h,nnn %VT IL Inn) . gm. -mm. /lit. 0.1 38 0.492 - 0.3 57 1.16 11.41 0.5 60 2.02 19.50 0.7 60 2.34 21.6 0.9 61 2.466 23.5 1.1 61 2.83 25.42 1.3 62 3.06 28.2 1.5 62 3.26 29.2 1.7 62 3.40 29.49 1.9 61 3.54 28.50 2.1 63 3.54 32.10 2.3 62 3.615 30.41 2.5 63 3.70 32.7 2.7 64 3.72 33.41 2.9 64 3.69 33.58 3.1 64 3.60 33.10 3.3 64 3.47 32.6 3.5 65 3.16 32.4 3.7 66 3.08 33.72 3.9 64 2.86 29.39 4.1 64 2.56 27.0 4.3 65 2.12 25.18 4.5 65 1.415 15.9 4.7 64 - - 4.9 65 - - 5.1 65 - _ 5.3 67 - - 5.4 48 0.0 0.0 78 DROP 23-6 I)°AC°103 h,rnni %VT IL rnni , gm. ~mm. /lit. 0.1 25 0.492 - 0.3 42 1.17 5.86 0.5 52 1.784 8.54 0.7 58 2.06 17.40 0.9 58 2.365 19.50 1.1 59 2.66 22.00 1.3 60 2.975 24.80 1.5 60 3.16 25.56 1.7 61 3.40 28.10 1.9 61 3.56 28.5 2.1 62 3.72 30.9 2.3 62 3.82 31.1 2.5 - - - 2.7 62 3.90 31.6 2. 9 - - - 3.1 63 3.87 33.36 3.3 - - - 3.5 63 3.56 32.19 3.7 - - - 3.9 64 3.16 31.00 4.1 - - - 4.3 64 2.46 26.6 4.5 - - - 4.7 64 0.738 9.7 4. 9 - - - 5.1 64 - - 5.3 - - - 5.5 67 - - 5.6 - 0.0 0 0 79 DROP 29-1 D-AC' 103 h, mm %T D, mm. . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 - - - 0. 3 30 1. 535 10. 3 0. 5 40 1. 97 14. 63 0. 7 50 2.18 13. 9 0. 9 49 2. 25 13. 45 1.1 49 2. 215 13. 5 1. 3 48 2.13 12. 24 1. 5 48 2. 00 11. 73 1. 7 47 1 75 9. 56 1. 9 44 1. 353 6. 56 2.1 42 0. 246 - 2. 3 35 0 0 0. 0 DROP 29-2 D'Ac '103 h, mm %T D, mm. , gm. -mm./11t. 0.1 - 0. 737 - 0. 3 35 1. 67 2. 82 0. 5 50 2. 21 14. 0 0. 7 50 2. 575 15. 2 0.9 51 2.71 16.94 1.1 53 2. 84 20. 93 1. 3 56 2. 925 28. 6 l. 5 58 2. 98 33. 5 1. 7 58 2.92 33.0 1. 9 58 2. 80 32. 0 2.1 61 2. 675 39. 55 2. 3 59 2. 49 32. 35 2. 5 57 2. 24 25. 3 2. 7 58 1. 935 24.1 2.9 57 1.465 17.92 3.1 46 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 29 - 3 3 h,mm %T D, mm D’AC. 10. gm. -mm. /lit. 0. 1 32 0. 86 - 0. 3 45 l. 66 8. 3 0. 5 59 2.15 28. 8 0. 7 59 2. 52 32. 7 0. 9 61 2. 83 41. 4 1. 1 63 3. 075 50. 8 l. 3 64 3. 26 57. 4 1. 5 63 3. 42 55.1 1. 7 64 3. 50 60. 5 1. 9 64 3. 56 61. 3 2.1 63 3. 625 58. 4 2. 3 64 3. 625 63.1 2. 5 64 3. 53 61.1 2. 7 63 3. 44 55. 2 2. 9 64 3. 23 56. 9 3.1 64 2. 99 53. 7 3. 3 63 2. 72 46.1 3. 5 63 3. 34 40. 75 3. 9 61 l. 66 26. 55 3. 9 58 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 29-4 D ' A c ' 103 h, mm %T D, mm _ gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 27 0. 492 .- 0. 3 42 1. 415 6. 22 0. 5 58 1. 97 24. 49 0. 7 62 2. 545 40. 6 0. 9 63 2. 89 48. 4 1.1 63 3. 2 52. 3 l. 3 64 3. 46 60. 0 1. 5 64 3. 625 62. 1 81 1.7 65 3.785 67.1 1.9 65 3.94 69.2 2.1 66 4.04 76.5 2.3 66 4.10 77.5 2.5 - - - 2.7 66 4.075 77.0 2.9 - - - 3.1 67 3.91 79.4 2.3 - - - 3.5 65 3.625 66.6 3.7 ~ - - 3.9 64 3.24 67.1 4.1 - - - 4.3 62 2.27 36.9 4.5 60 1.108 16.1 4.7 - 0.0 0. DROP 29-5 :D-4AC' 103 h,mun %flT IL rnni . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 22 0.369 - 0. 3 - 0. 982 - 0.5 47 1.536 - 0.7 - - - 0.9 55 2.52 22.55 1.1 - - - 1.3 58 3.2 35.1 1.5 - - - 1.7 59 3.78 43.3 1. 9 - - - 2.1 61 4.2 54.5 2.3 — - - 2.5 61 4.32 55.5 2.7 - - - 2.9 62 4.37 60.3 3.1 - — - 3.3 62 4.44 60.6 3.5 - - - 3.7 62 4.30 59.5 82 3. 9 - - - 4.1 62 4. 025 57. 0 4. 3 - - - 4. 5 62 3. 56 52. 5 4. 7 - - - 4. 9 59 2. 70 34. 4 5.1 - - - 5. 3 60 0. 369 - 5. 5 59 - - 5. 7 - 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 26-1 D' Ac ' 103 h, mm. %T D, mm . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 42 0. 492 1. 94 0. 3 45 1. 205 5. 00 0. 5 51 l. 48 8. 45 0. 7 52 1. 65 ,9. 85 0. 9 53 1. 71 10. 3 1.1 53 1. 70 10. 45 1. 3 55 1. 575 10. 6 1. 5 54 1. 35 9.10 1. 7 63 0. 86 8. 46 1. 9 53 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 26-2 D'Ac ' 103 h,mm %T D, mm . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 38 0.615 1.735 0. 3 48 1. 352 6. 76 0. 5 54 1. 70 10. 92 0. 7 55 1. 97 12. 6 0. 9 55 2. 09 13. 2 83 1.1 57 2.215 15.3 1.3 59 2.260 16.84 1.5 58 2.190 15.85 1.7 58 2.09 15.3 1.9 60 1.78 14.4 2.1 59 1.535 12.4 2.3 59 1.11 9.535 2.5 62 - 2.7 63 0.0 0.0 DROP 26-3 I)2Ac’ 103 h,rnni %VT JD, nun. , gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 36 0.49 1.205 0.3 47 1.29 6.14 0.5 55 1.72 11.4 0.7 56 2.09 14.05 0.9 57.5 2.32 16.5 1.1 58.0 2.46 17.23 1.3 59.5 2.52 18.8 1.5 59.5 2.58 19.1 l. 7 60. 0 2. 58 19.1 1.9 60 2.52 18.8 2.1 59 2.42 17.65 2.3 59 2.215 16.6 2.5 59 1.91 14.8 2.7 61 1.24 10.95 2.9 63 0.615 6.15 3.1 57 0.0 84 DROP 26-4 D° Ac ' 103 h, mm %T D. mm. . gm. -vmm. /11t. 0.1 27 0. 369 - 0. 3 35 l. 082 1. 79 0. 5 47 1. 54 7. 025 0. 7 47 1. 945 8. 22 0.9 48 2. 28 9.70 1.1 50 2. 58 11. 6 l. 3 50 2. 765 11. 9 1. 5 49 2. 99 - 1. 7 57 3.10 13. 5 1. 9 51 3. 20 13. 65 2.1 51 3. 23 13. 75 2. 3 52 3. 26 15. 0 2. 5 52 3. 26 15. 0 2.7 53 3. 2 15. 7 2.9 52 3. 01 14.45 3.1 52 2. 74 13. 83 3. 3 53 2. 28 12. 90 3. 5 53 1. 54 9. 65 3. 7 53 0. 799 5. 475 3. 9 53 - - 4.1 49 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 26-6 D' Ac ’ 103 h, mm %T D, mm , gm. --mm. /11t. 0.1 38 0. 369 1.18 0. 3 56 1. 03 7. 825 0. 5 66 1. 6 l7. 6 0. 7 69 2.15 27. 8 0. 9 70 2. 46 33. 2 1.1 72 2. 77 42.1 1. 3 72 3. 07 46. 0 85 1.5 74 3.31 55.5 1.7 74 3.47 57.75 1.7 74 3.61 59.6 2.1 75 3.69 64.25 2.3 75 3.78 65.5 2.5 75 3.81 66.4 2.7 76 3.80 69.6 2.9 76 3.75 69.0 3.1 76 3.59 66.5 3.3 76 3.44 64.1 3.5 75 3.26 58.0 3.7 75 3.08 55.25 3.9 74 2.89 49.5 4.1 72 2.46 37.8 4.3 78 1.845 42.4 4.5 - 0.985 - 4.7 - 0.0 0.0 11RCH330-1 I)2Ac' 103 h,rnni %VT IL rnni . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 41 0.397 - 0.3 45 1.108 6.25 0.5 50 1.538 11.0 0.7 47 1.75 11.5 0.9 47 1.83 9.88 1.1 45 1.83 8.79 1.3 43 1.699 7.21 1.5 41 1.505 5.52 1.7 37 1.26 3.49 1. 9 37 0. 0 0. 0 86 DROP 30-2 D-Ac' 103 h, mm %T D,mm. , gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 38 0. 554 - 0. 3 50 1. 353 9. 95 0. 5 53 1. 75 15.18 0. 7 54 2. 0 23. 3 0. 9 53 2.12 17. 5 1.1 50 2.18 13. 88 1. 3 49 2.18 13. 2 1.5 48 2.115 12.18 1. 7 45 1. 99 9.15 1.9 44 1.75 7. 65 2.1 41 1. 353 5. 23 2. 3 - 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 30-3 D-Ac ’ 103 h, mm %T D, mm. . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 40 0. 615 - 0. 3 44 1. 6 7. 28 0. 5 55 2. 055 19. 5 0. 7 58 2. 365 28. 3 0.9 57 2. 56 27.9 1.1 - - - 1. 3 57 2. 83 30. 0 1. 5 - - - 1. 7 56 2. 80 27. 8 1. 9 - - - 2.1 53 2. 63 20. 5 2. 3 - - - 2. 5 50 2.12 13. 7 2.7 48 1.785 10.95 2. 9 46 1. 075 6. 45 3.1 - 0. 0 0. 0 87 DROP 30-4 D-Ac' 103 h, mm 701‘ D,mm . gm. —mm. /11t. 1 37 0. 553 - 3 - - - 5 55 2 0 19.14 7 _ _ _ 9 56 2 77 27. 6 1 _ - - 3 57 3 2 32 4 5 - - - 7 57 3 42 33. 85 9 - - _ 1 56 3. 57 - 3 - - - 5 56 3 48 31 8 7 .. .. .. 9 54 3. 22 32. 6 1 - .. - 3 50 2. 705 16. 2 5 - - - 7 48. 1. 6 10.15 9 - 0. 0 . 0 DROP 30-5 DfAc ' 103 h, mm %T D, mm . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 32 0. 431 - 0. 3 - - - 0. 5 58 1. 72 21. 95 0. 7 - - - 0. 9 66 2. 77 56. 6 1.1 - - - 1. 3 69 3. 44 83. 75 1. 5 - - _ 1.7 70 3.875 100.00 1.9 - - - 2.1 70 4.125 105.2 2.3 - - - 2.5 70 4.22 107.5 2.7 - - - 2.9 70 4.25 108.0 3. l - - - 3.3 70 4.03 103.8 3. 5 - - - 3. 7 69 3. 69 89. 0 3. 9 - - - 4.1 67 3.14 77.6 4.3 - - - 4.5 64 2.34 4.37 4.7 64 1.415 28.2 4.9 - 0.0 0 0 IIRCH324-1 IJMAC'103 lnrnnn %flT ID, nun gm. -mm. /lit. wPNNNrrHHHPPPPP 1 42 0.8 4.44 3 58 1.62 15.01 5 66 2.03 25.2 7 68 2.285 31.1 9 72 2.43 41.0 1 74 2.52 48.4 3 75 2.58 52.4 5 75 2.52 50.9 7 78 2.41 56.0 9 79 2.21 55.0 1 80 1.97 51.7 3 82 1.535 45.5 5 82 0.70 21.5 7 81 — - 9 75 O 0 0 0 DROP 24-2 3 h, mm. %T D,mm. D’AC 10 , gm. -mm./11t. 0.1 40 0. 80 3. 84 0. 3 59 1. 66 17. 69 0. 5 70 2. 235 33. 6 0. 7 71 2. 60 40. 0 0. 9 73 2. 88 49. 8 1.1 75 3. 01 58. 6 1. 3 79 3.14 74. 2 1. 5 - - - 1. 7 83 3. 21 92. 0 1. 8 85 3. 21 101. 5 2.1 86 3.16 105. 0 2. 3 88 3. 04 111. 0 2. 5 88 2. 89 106. 0 2. 7 87 2. 64 93. 7 2. 9 89 2. 35 90. 4 3.1 87 1. 75 64. 4 3. 3 87 0.92 34.9 3. 5 83 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 24-3 D- Ac ' 103 h, mm %T D, mm. , gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 42 0. 676 - 0. 3 55 1.538 12.67 0. 5 76 2.15 46. 5 0. 7 79 2. 52 61. 6 0. 9 77 2. 83 60. 0 1.1 80 3. 07 69. 0 1. 3 80 3. 20 73. 3 1. 5 82 3. 41 92. 0 1. 7 82 3. 54 94. 9 1.9 85 3.625 101.01 2.1 85 3.625 101.01 2.3 85 3.625 101.01 2.5 87 3.565 122.0 2.7 87 3.50 119.9 2. 9 87 3. 38 116. 8 3.1 88 3.225 117.0 3.3 88 2.92 109.0 3.5 89 2.58 99.0 3.7 86 2.03 70.6 2.9 85 1.23 42.4 4.1 85 - 4.2 73 0.0 0.0 DROP 24-4 A c ° 10 h, mm 701‘ D' mm -mm. /lit. 0.1 36 0.645 0.3 60 1.475 15.37 0.5 70 2.0 30.83 0.7 72 2.53 42.2 0.9 73 2.77 48.2 1.1 75 3.04 59.3 1.3 76 3.26 65.8 1.5 76 3.5 73.4 1.7 77 3.71 74.2 1.9 78 3.83 81.7 2.1 78 3.94 83.9 2.3 78 4.0 84.2 2.5 78 4.06 85.1 2.7 80 4.06 94.25 2.9 80 4.06 94.25 3.1 81 4. 03 99.1 3.3 80 3.88 91.6 3.5 80 3.72 88.6 3.7 80 3.505 84.3 3.9 80 3.38 82.0 4.1 78 2. 98 67. 9 4.3 79 2.34 58.3 4.4 78 - 4.5 78 1.72 4.7 68 0 0.0 90 91 DROP 24-5 A ' 3 h, mm %T D,mm. D. C 10 . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 34 0.615 - 0.3 51 1.32 9.71 0.5 64 1.785 20.8 0.7 - - - 0.9 73 2.53 70.0 1.1 - - - 1.3 75 3.14 63.6 1.5 - - - 1.7 78 3.625 78.99 1.9 - - - 2.1 78 3.94 50.04 2.3 - - - 2.5 81 4.21 102.8 2.7 - - - 2.9 81 4.30 104.1 3.1 - - - 2.3 80 4.27 98.5 3.5 - - - 3.7 81 4.14 101.2 3.9 - - - 4.1 82 3.96 103.3 4.3 - - - 4.5 81 3.38 86.2 4.7 - - - 4.9 81 2.647 70.0 5.1 - - - 5.3 78 - - 5.5 - - - 5.7 70 0.0 0.0 DROP 24-6 D'Ac'IO3 h,mnni %flT ID,rnnL , gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 29 0.431 - 0.3 43 1.078 5.281 0.5 49 1.60 10.0 0.7 59 2.03 18.5 0.9 63 2.46 26.0 1.1 63 2.765 27.9 1.3 68 3.075 38.5 1.5 68 3.38 40.6 1.7 67 3.64 45.7 1.9 70 3.84 49.8 2.1 70 4.08 51.1 2.3 71 4.27 55.4 2.5 71 4.425 56.5 2.7 73 4.51 67.6 2.9 75 4.56 79.4 3.1 74 4.60 75.0 3.3 74 4.60 75.0 3.5 74 4.60 75.0 3.7 74 4.58 75.0 3.9 74 4.525 74.1 4.1 74 4.45 75.6 4.3 75 4.27 75.7 4.5 76 4.08 77.4 4.7 75 3.82 70.5 4.9 75 3 5 65.9 5.1 - - _ 5.3 73 2.4 42.9 5.5 - - - 5.7 71 1.045 17.1 5.9 - - - 6.1 68 0.0 0.0 DROP 31-1 3 h, mm %T D, mm D'AC 10. gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 31 0. 4925 - 0. 3 4O 1. 6 5. 2 0. 5 46 1. 945 9. 625 0. 7 58 2.18 26. 5 0. 9 62 2. 275 37. 0 1.1 61 2. 32 35. 2 1. 3 61 2. 305 37. 4 1. 5 62 2.19 35. 8 1. 7 62 2. 00 33. 2 1. 9 62 1. 60 27. 3 2.1 61 0. 86 14. 5 2. 3 - 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 31-2 D'Ac ' 103 h, mm %T D, mm. . gm. -mm. /11t. 0. 1 27 0. 4675 - 0. 3 34 1. 2 2. 46 0. 5 57 1. 845 21. 7 0. 7 59 2. 285 30. 3 0. 9 58 2. 61 30. 4 1.1 58 2. 80 32. 0 1. 3 58 2. 90 32. 8 1. 5 60 2. 92 39. 4 l. 7 61 2. 95 42. 7 1. 9 60 2. 92 39. 4 2.1 61 2. 89 42. 0 2. 3 62 2. 74 43. 2 2. 5 61 2. 47 37. 2 2. 7 61 2. 03 31. 6 2. 9 62 1. 384 24. 0 3.1 - 0. 0 0. 0 94 DROP 31-3 D-Ac' 103 h, mm %T D,mm , gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 24 0. 615 - 0. 3 35 1. 72 - 0. 5 54 2. 27 25. 6 0. 7 - - - 0. 9 57 3. 02 31. 4 1.1 - - - 1. 3 58 3 36 35. 6 1. 5 - - - 1. 7 58 3 54 37 4 1. 9 - - - 2.1 59 3. 69 42. 75 2. 3 - - - 2. 5 57 3. 56 34. 7 2. 7 - - - 2. 9 57 3 26 32. 8 3.1 - - - 3. 3 54 2. 83 30. 0 3. 5 - - - 3. 7 54 1. 723 20. 6 3. 9 53 - - 4.1 - 0 0 0. 0 DROP 31-4 D'AC° 103 h,m.m %T D, mm , gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 23 0. 492 - 0. 3 - - - 0. 5 54 1.965 22.9 0. 7 - - - 0. 9 58 2. 89 32. 7 1.1 - - _ a 1. 3 61 3. 38 47.1 1. 5 - - - 1.7 62 3.76 54.4 1.9 - - - 2.1 63 3.97 61.3 2.3 - - - 2.5 64 4.06 67.5 2.7 - - - 2.9 64 4.06 67.5 3.1 - - - 3.3 64 3.87 65.25 3.5 - - - 3.7 63 3.59 57.0 3. 9 - - - 4.1 63 2.95 49.1 4.3 63 2.46 42.5 4.5 61 1.845 29.2 4.7 - 0.0 0.0 DROP 31-5 I)MAC' 103 h,mnni %VT 13,nnn . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 9 0.369 r 0.3 32 1.045 1.83 0.5 - - - 0.7 55 2.21 20.2 0. 9 4 - - 1.1 58 3.01 33.7 1.3 - - - 1.5 60 3.625 45.8 1.7 - - - 1.9 62 4.0 56.75 2.1 - - _ 2.3 61 4.3 55.25 2.5 - - - 2.7 63 4.49 66.5 2.9 - - - 3.1 64 4.55 73.5 3.3 - - - 3.5 64 4.49 72.25 3.7 - _ - 3.9 64 4.3 70.25 95 96 4.1 - - - 4. 3 63 2. 87 60. 0 4. 5 - - - 4. 7 62 3. 08 47. 25 4. 9 - - - 5. 1 59 2. 03 22. 6 5. 3 57 0. 615 - 5. 5 - 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 31-6 D-Ac ' 103 h, mm. %T D, mm . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 ' - 0. 43 - 0. 3 - - - 0. 5 - 1. 595 - 0. 7 42 2. 065 ' 7. 225 0. 9 - 2. 465 - 1.1 47 2. 89 11. 85 1. 3 - - - 1. 5 50 3. 48 16. 8 1. 7 - - - l. 9 48 4. 0 14. 2 2.1 - - - 2. 3 50 4. 36 16. 55 2. 5 - - - 2. 7 51 4. 67 18. 0 2.9 - - - 3.1 52 4. 84 19. 35 3. 3 - - - 3. 5 53 4. 925 23. 0 3. 7 - - - 3. 9 53 4. 925 23. 0 4.1 - - - 4. 3 54 4. 67 39. 2 4. 5 - - - 4. 7 53 4. 36 24. 4 4. 9 - - .. 5.1 52 4. 87 - 97 5. 3 - - 5. 5 52 3. 01 19. 25 5. 7 - - 5.9 50 1.905 12. 8 6.1 - - 6. 3 48 - 6. 5 - 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 22-1 D'Ac ° 103 h, mm. "/oT D, mm. . gm. -mm. /lit. 0.1 42 0. 417 2. 297 0.3 65 1.095 12.05 0.5 70 1.475 23. 30 0. 7 70 l. 76 27. 6 0.9 68 1.835 25.7 1.1 68 1. 97 27.1 1. 3 69 1. 97 28. 58 1. 5 69 1. 93 28. 00 1. 7 68 1. 795 25.1 1. 9 67 1. 56 21. 21 2.1 66 1. 07 14. 45 2. 3 62 - 2. 4 50 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 22-2 D'Ac' 103 h, mm %T D,mm. . gm. - mm. /lit. 0.1 35 0. 295 1. 06 0. 3 62 1. 033 12. 18 0.5 68 1.463 21.21 0. 7 69 1. 86 27. 41 0. 9 69 2.10 30. 36 98 1.1 69 2.305 32.8 1.3 68 2.47 32.8 1.5 68 2.54 33.09 1.7 68 2.59 33.61 1.9 68 2.555 33.20 2.1 67 2.45 30.60 2.3 67 2.255 28.40 2.5 66 2.02 24.81 2.7 64 1.61 18.91 2.9 60 1.01 10.87 3.0 - 0.0 0.0 DROP 22-3 I)HAC' 103 lLInnn %flT I),nnn. . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 59 0.554 5.95 0.3 69 1.200 18.6 0.5 69 1.78 25.4 0.7 70 2.215 33.4 0.9 68 2.52 32.8 1.1 68 2.70 35.19 1.3 68 2.89 37.0 1.5 69 2.98 40.3 1.7 69 3.04 39.9 1.9 68 3.07 30.98 2.1 68 3.01 37.6 2.3 69 2.92 39.6 2.5 68 2.675 34.7 2.7 68 2.43 32.8 2.9 67 1.905 24.8 3.1 67 1.69 22.9 3.3 65 0.7375 9.75 3.5 61 - 3.7 51 0.0 0.0 99 DROP 22-4 D - Ac ‘ 103 h, mm %T D, mm . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 - 0. 3 66 1. 94 24. 7 0. 5 70 2. 46 36. 21 0. 7 72 2. 83 46. 2 0. 9 73 3. 07 50. 5 1.1 72 3. 265 38. 4 1. 3 71 3. 32 47. 6 1. 5 70 3. 34 45.1 1. 7 70 3. 32 44. 8 1. 9 68 3. 28 40. 2 2.1 70 3. 22 44. 2 2. 3 68 3.13 38. 4 2. 5 66 2. 91 32. 0 2. 7 66 2. 705 31.1 2. 9 64 2. 46 26. 5 3.1 63 2. 06 25.10 3.3 61 1.445 15.55 3. 5 50 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 25—1 D'Ac - 103 h,mm %T D,mm. . gm. ~mm. /11t. 0.1 38 0. 492 1. 45 0. 3 45 1. 23 5. 075 0.5 57 1.535 11.50 0. 7 57 1. 75 12. 8 0. 9 57 1. 82 13.1 1.1 58 1.784 13.44 1. 3 58 1. 72 13.1 1.5 58 1.535 11.95 1. 7 58. 1. 235 10. 3 1. 9 59 0. 615 5. 42 2.1 54 0. 0 0. 0 100 EHUDP’ZS-Z IDHAC' 103 h,mnn %flT ID,nnn. . gm. ~mm. /11t. 0.1 43 0.369 1.63 0.3 52 1.108 7.22 0.5 59 1.60 12.85 0.7 61 1.87 15.5 0.9 62 2.08 17.3 1.1 63 2.28 19.75 1.3 63 2.34 22.5 1.5 63 2.34 20.1 1.7 62 2.30 18.75 1.9 61.5 2.15 17.72 2.1 61.5 2.03 16.95 2.3 61.0 1.66 14.10 2.5 61.0 1.23 10.85 2.6 55 0.0 0.0 DROP 25-3 D - Ac ' 103 h,mun. %VT 13,nnn. . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 41 0.492 1.849 0.3 47 1.23 5.925 0.5 58 1.71 13.05 0.7 62 2.03 16.90 0.9 62 2.27 18.5 1.1 61 2.5 19.4 1.3 62 2.64 20.65 1.5 61 2.7 20.5 1.7 63 2.7 22.4 1.9 62 2.64 20.65 2.1 61.5 2.46 19.7 2.3 60 2.21 17.05 2.5 59.5 1.9 15.1 2.7 58 1.23 9.85 2.9 54 - - 3.0 - 0.0 0.0 DROP 25-4 D-AC° 103 h, mm %T D, mm. . gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 45 O. 493 2. 34 0. 3 56 1. 355 9. 95 0.5 60 1.905 15.15 0. 7 6O 2. 25 17. 2 0. 9 59 2. 46 17. 95 1.1 59 2. 64 18. 85 1. 3 62 2. 765 21. 4 1. 5 62 2. 90 22.1 1.7 64.5 2.96 27.7 1. 9 63 2. 96 23. 8 2. 1 64. 5 2. 89 27. 2 2. 3 65. 5 2. 77 26. 4 2. 5 64 2. 63 24. 3 2. 7 64 2. 46 23. 0 2. 9 63. 5 2. 03 19. 8 3.1 63 1. 6 14. 8 3. 3 59 - - 3. 5 57 0. 0 0. 0 DROP 25-5 h,mm %T D,mm. D'AC. 10. gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 51 0. 369 2. 38 0. 3 53 1. 415 9. 00 0. 5 57 1. 85 13. 3 0. 7 63 2.15 18. 8 0. 9 63 2. 48 21. O 1.1 64 2. 71 24. 85 1. 3 63 2. 92 23. 6 1. 5 64. 5 3. 07 28. 4 1. 7 65 3.17 29. 0 1. 9 65 3. 20 29. 3 2.1 64 3. 20 28. 0 101 2.3 65 3.16 29.0 2.5 65 3.01 28.1 2.7 65 2.83 26.7 2.9 67 2.64 29.2 3.1 66 2.275 23.8 3.3 67 1.77 20.85 3.5 66 0.737 8.65 3.7 68 - - 3.9 55 0.0 0.0 DROP 25-6 IDMAC' 103 h,mnni %flT ID,rnni , gm. -mm. /11t. 0.1 42 0.246 1.02 0.3 45 0.9225 4.04 0.5 54 1.353 9.1 0.7 55 1.745 11.75 0.9 58 2.215 15.95 1.1 58 2.52 20.00 1.3 58 2.765 18.7 1.5 58 2.98 22.5 1.7 59 3.14 21.1 1.9 59 3.26 21.5 2.1 60 3.32 22.5 2.3 60 3.38 22.65 2.5 60 3.34 22.6 2.7 60 3.32 22.5 2.9 63 3.24 25.4 3.1 64 3.075 27.2 3.3 65 2.95 27.6 3.5 64 2.76 25.2 3.7 64 2.46 23.1 3.9 61 1.905 15.7 4.1 60 - _ 4.3 57 0.0 0.0 102 USE 151-:LY