121 412 WTHSF ‘Hf. USES AM: MMH n;- WNW .1 MN THE . wwsAN STATE. mum (AMW Thesis for the Degree of B. S. A. H. Patterson J. P..M0rmw ‘ 1928 I % ' . a. “’9‘." ' . 5 I. ’~ “:1.- 3‘71 4 ”I. _"::3‘:‘;_ “_’~.'V._ - . ‘ I. ‘ ¢ ‘ 21,.1' ”7”? I . . ' '; 0' ~ ;'-.;; ..; j-T' fl ‘ '1}; ‘4r'-"~1'"§'g7" a.‘ v I“ l..- f“l_r ’.. ‘1' ,/.}.v‘ .. I t - § -. ‘1'" ‘ {Nukxb .. 'Qs‘g-f i: {‘"I'GV; ’7‘". 3"" . ‘ .1 4, «5.». ”rs: r: w: ,- . ‘ flair-$4. ’-.'~'u"’ '1 ‘ $15}? .4; '- \ Kr ,-“‘ 4:95? é‘"? lifts} 3 ., '_ I I . (3“ I x ~'I '.‘)_ Q e g 44' .. THE USES AND WASTES OF'WATER ON THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLESE CAMPUS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE A. H. PATTERSON J. P. MORRON CANDIDATES FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR.OF‘SCIENCE JUNE 16, 1928 The authors wish to take this Opportunity to heartily thank the department of Buildings and Grounds for their co-Operation and untiring efforts in helping whenever the opportunity was presented. 103.3230 When the Michigan Agricultural College was founded in 1857 there was only one building. four miles distant from Lansing and surrounded by woods and fields. Naturally the water supply system was in accordance with the demand and the times which meant that the old fashioned shallow well hand pump was used. This - or perhaps these . took care of the demand until. as the college grew. in 1884 a boiler house and a pump house 'were built and water mains laid to the various parts of the campus. This water supply system was put in operation at a cost of 34.267.00 and consisted of a‘Worthington high pressure pump of one million gallons per day capacity. a storage tank of 16.000 gallons capacity placed in the tower of Villiam's Hallat an elevation of eighty feet. and four. six and eight inch wooden mains. The tank was connected to the mains through valves so that the system could receive its pressure either in- directly frcm it or directly from the pump. The tank also provided some storage for use in case of fire. The fire protection at that time consisted of"a small hose cart and three hundred feet of two and one half inch hose. operated by two student fire companies“ ( Mich. Agr. Col. Report. 1884 ) A connection was made form the pump to the river so that river water could be used in case of a very severe fire exhausting the well. In the school year of 1886 and '87 a great number of students became ill resulting in two deaths and it was found that the sickness was of a typhoidal nature carried by the water supply. As the college had been steadily growing during it's existance. and as a modern sewage systen.had not then been a plied to the campus it is not to be wonderd at that the shallow wells had become polluted. Therefore in 1887 a new deep cell was drilled near the boiler house to a depth of 343 feet. Fbr this work an appropiation of $1000.00 'was made in addition to which $2000.00 was apprppiated for extending the system of mains. As stated before the well was drilled to a depth of 343 feet altho nest of the water came from.a strata above that. The quantity of water wa s such that a constant supply of 130 gallons per minute could be punped.by the large pump and this was enough to provide for fire protection without storage. In the report of this work it says. “We feel ---- no apprehensions for the future supply of good water for the largest demands. and that the future health of'the instit- ution is assured“. Another hose cart and 250 feet of hose were purchased at this time. The cngineer*whc made the report of 1890 was very optimistic for he ‘said. “Our pumping capacity is sufficient for all the needs the college is likely to experience. but the use of water and perhaps the waste is constantly grewig! From that time until 1921 various changes were made in the system. one of which was the change. in 1905. from the old wooden mains to iron ones which was made due to the fact that the wooden ones were becoming unreliable and were hard to mend. In 1921 a new boiler house and a power house were oreetcd.and in 1924 a generator room and pump house. as part of an extensive building program. The new pumping equipment consisted of a 200,000 gallon reservoir. a centrifugal pump of 2.100 gallon per minute capacity.a gas deep well. and two air lift wells. Compressed air is supplied to the air lift wells by one steam air compressor of 731 cu. ft. of free air per minute capacity and one electric compressor of 44-0 cu. ft. of free air per minute capacity. The system of mains at present consists of 4", 6". and 8" cast iron pipe and the pressure in them is kept at 80 lb.by the stand pipe. pressure in the various buildings being lowered to 40 or 50 1b. by reducing valves. some of which do not work. During the period between 1921 and 1927.1nclusivc. the following buildings were erected on the campus: horse barn. horticulture building. chemistary bldg.. library. home economics. union. weather bureau. Demonstration Hall. and the stadium. Of course the water supply system was extended to each of these in addition to which it was extended to some of the barns and farm lots. thus increasing the“use and perhaps the waste of water“ as was found in 1890. It is to be expected of course that the waste of ~ water will increase with the use but the proportion between the waste and the use should be constant. The average waste throught the United States is 25% and if the waste on the campus does not exceed this the system.may be considcrd to be in fair condition. If. on the other hand. the waste exceeds 25% steps should be taken to reduce it. Bldg. Library (New) Wells Hall Harrison Ave. Bridge Gym. Data 5/15 16 17 18 2.1 22 23 5/17 18 21 22 23 5/17 18 21 22 5/17 21 22 23 Present Reading 25430 27900 32933 36320 44820 47230 49778 4920 7530 14020 16440 18970 277800 273240 279700 280480 836900 903460 941030 971800 Previous Reading 25430 27900 32933 36320 44820 47230 4920 7530 14020 16440 277800 278240 279700 836900 903460 941030 Gal. 2470 5080 3340 8500 2410 2548 2610 6490 2420 2530 1460 780 66560 37550 30770 Bldg. Date Hosp. 5/14 Neath. Bur. Dem. Hall 15 16 17 18 21 00- 23 5/14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 5/14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 Present Reading 0026535, 0027921 0029530 0034864 0040719 0045297 0046500 0049140 0236?? 023880 024230 024735 025270 026934 027367 027920 28240 30420 32950 35400 37710 45060 89350 91020 Previous Reading 0026535 0027921 0029530 0034864 0040719 0045297 0046500 023677 023880 024230 024735 025270 026934 027367 28240 30420 32950 35100 37710 45060 39350 0al. 1386 5334 5855 4578 1203 2640 203 350 505 535 1654 443 553 2180 2530 2450 2310 7359 44290 1670 Bldg. pate Dairy 4/24 Barn 25 26 27 Forestry 4/30 5/1 Botany 2 (Back) 3 4 Botany 7 (Front) 8 9 10 Old 10 Libr. ll 14 16 Abbot 21 Hall 22 23 Present Reading 5978 12320 18655 21765 22755 23650 25465 29505 32117 32220 32960 33715 33715 35730 45475 52626 66436 68158 69550 Previous Reading 5978 12320 18655 21765 22755 23650 25465 29505 32107 32220 32960 33715 35730 45475 59956 66436 68158 Cu.Ft. (Three days) Gal. 5978 6342 6335 3110 0990 0895 1815 4040 3612 0103 0740 0755 2015 9745 7151 6480 1722 1392 3102. Chem. (New) Womads Ag. Hall Date. 5/15 l6 17 18 21 22 23 14 15 16 17 18 21 23 21 22 23 21 22 23 Present Reading 20010 38490 59470 84700 119530 1 31220 143370 Previous Reading 20010 33490 59470 84700 119530 131220 210670 228625 251760 276410 297600 362280 382405 406710 106970 120550 126940. 19750 23600 27960 210670 228625 251760 276410 297600 362280 382405 106970 120550 19750 23600 Gal. 18480 20980 25230 34830 11690 12150 17955 23135 24650 21190 64680 20125 24305 13580 6390 3350 4360 Bldg. Date Dairy 5714 Present Reading 2714530 2718282 2722660 2726664 2721365 27e3042 2747552 2751238 1600 3150 5160 0000 23700 51510 Previous Reading 2714530 2718282 2722660 2726664 2721265 2743042 2747552 1600 3150 0000 23700 Cu. 3752 4378 4004 4601 11777 4510 3686 Gal. 28100 32800 30000 34500 87800 33800 27600 1550 2010 23700 27810 1.0 With the increased number of large buildings on the campus the demand for water has increased until the wells and pumps are taxed to the limit of their capacity. It does not seem possible that the 284,000 gallons of water which are pumped daily can be going to a good use and it is the purpose of this thesis to try to find wastes or at least to show where the ‘waterio going. The flow meter readings on the pumps show that very little more water in the early summer - up until June - than is pumped during the winter althe there are irrigation lines to the forrestry. on the south side of the river. and to the farm lots at the east edge of the campus. showing that if any appreciable ammount is used on these lines it is during the summer when the total ammount used is small. To check up on the system accurately motors should be installed on all of the buildings and irrigation lines and the the summation of the readings of those checked against the flow meter readings on the pumps. taking into consideration the water supplied to the college by East Lansing and vice-versa. This procedure would require the expenditure of a considerable sum of moneyand a longer period of time than three months. allowing for delays. As it was impossible to purchase enough meters for all of the buildings. enough were crdcrd to motor the following. the figures indicating the size used on each building: 11 Building Size A3. Hall 1%” Chem. (Res) 2" Engineering 2' Gymnasium 2' Hospital 1" New Library 1' Well's Hall 1%“ Womans Blbg. 2' union 1%” Home Es. 1%” In addition to these there were already installed the follow- ing meters: Demonstrati on Hal 1 14.} " Dairy 2” Harrison Ave. Bridge 1' Weather Bureau ‘ a" One i' meter was borrowed from the city of East Lansing and was hooked up with two pieces of hose and various sized meducers and with it the Forrestry. Botany, and Old Library buildings. the dairy barn. and Abbot Hall were motcrd for a short period of time. TOTAL MOHTQBY WATER PUMPED From flow meters. Sept. 1927 (Last 3 weeks) 7478600 7478600 Oct. 9227300 16705858 Hov. 8626700 25332558 Dec. 9399600 34732158 Jan. 1928 ~ 7618400 42350558 Feb. 8485000 50835558 March 9399000 6023455 April 9044000 69278558 AVERAGE DAIBY CONSUMPTION. Bldg. Gal. new. 15 00 Eoman's 21300 As. 3011 10000 H. 12.. 4000 Dairy barn 6320 Forestry 1000 Botany 3700 010 Library 3150 Well' Hall 2500 New Library 3000 Abbot Ha?l 1920 Harrison Ave Bridge 600 Gymnasium. 22000 Hospital 2500 Veather Bureau 400 Demonstration Hall 2400 Engineering 2000 Dairy 30500 Union 25000 Total 161380 13» ESTInATEu DAILY A*3RAGES Bldg. Poser plant make up water Constabulary Piaget! Horse barn Vet. clinic & poultry yards Beef. sheep. e bull barns Industrial chem lab Work shop flood shop Fiundry & forge Residences on Faculty Row & Off Farm Lane Hort. Greenhouses Hort. Gunnson's Booty. Bl dg. Ehtymelugy Total 10000 6000 700 2000 1000 2000 5000 500 1000 1000 6000 4700 3000 1000 100 48700 14 SUMMATION SHEET. Summation of water pumped for seven months: 8626700 9309600 7618400 8405000 93999C0 9044000 Tottl 01800900 Average daily water pumped: 61800900 0 7 x 31 - ...... 284800 Total water consumed s estimates plus meter readings: 161380 plus 48700 = ........... 210080 Percentage of total water accounted for: 210080 ? 284800 : ......... ....... . 75% Lessee in wastes ............................... 25% 15 16 The lines which were not meterd had to be estimated and this was very difficult as the un-metered lines inctude such buildings as the stock and sheep barns. the veterinary building. and the poultry yards.and no data was to be had on the consumption to be expected in such places. ‘ The estimates made on the beef, bull.and sheep barns ‘were arrived at by comparison with the with the ammount used by the dairy barn. which was metered. The State Constabulary ‘was at one time metered and the figure given for that was taken from old readings. The estimates on the other lines 'were made after observation of the lines and inquires made of the people who work in the buildings. Ho~ willful wastes of water were netieed.while making the observations and no ireegularaties in the system.other than the failure of some of the reducing valves to function. The Forestry. Engineering Ag.. and New Hort. buildings have pressure gauges on the building side of the reducing valves and of these the Forestry and Ag. gauges read! about 80 lbs. . showing that the valves do not work. The gauge in the gymnasium also read about 80 lbs.. showing thatthat valve also does not work. If all of the buildings were tested a great number of them would probably be found to have 80 lbs. pressure within the building which is not desirable as it puts unnecessary strain upon the plumbing fixtures and small pipes. On the following pages are given the average daily ammounts as determined from.the meter readings. the estimated daily ammeunts for buildings not metered. and the average daihy ammount pumped together with a comparison of these quantities. 17 After all services are metered there is still a large ammount of water furmdshed which is not accounted for. This discrepeney or less is due to three causes: errors in meters. errors in estimating the punpage. and actual loss thru leaks and breakagcs. In this case. however. the meters were new in practically all cases and so should read nearly correct. The greatest less will be due to leakage and waste and is apt to be a large item. Taking into consideration the allowed leahage on tests. which ranges from one to five hundred gallons per day per mile per one inch diameter of pipe. a large percent of the waste on the campus could be accounted for. as the mains are 4'. 6'. and 8' diameter and of considerable length. Aloe pipe leakage is almost certain to increase as the qystem gets older. on account of the loosening of Joints thru settling. leakage of valves. hudrants. and services and undetected breaks. and since the nest part of the college system has been installed for some twenty years. this item may easily be considerd a maximum. It can be observed from the meter readings that the amseunts of water used in the various buildings varies a great deal fron.day to day. and an attempt was made to determine the sauce of this. The chem. building was chosen towork on and the method of proceduro‘was as follows: A schedule of the building was obtained with the nusber of students enrolled in each source. Lecture courses were 18 Disregarded as the avmount_cf sated used during lecture hours is inconsequental. Then by multiplying the number of persons in a lab course by the number of hours during the period the number of “person hours“ was determined. Tf the ammount of occupation of the labs had an effect on the water used the days during which the lobe were most occupied should correspond to the days during which the most water was used. Such was not the case however. Evidently. if the variable consumption of water is in the labs the nature of the experiisnts performed must be determined before the variation can be accounted for. . . . ~ . . .. min. CHI. . l D J (o . a . . tee ‘ . . ~ 5..- the. ”I, a. e r .' a C v. a - ).l fi ‘7! u. e e . 0 v1.1 I"... . e .I In! .u Hm SBIUVHBI'I {’15: *I’fr L ’7' ‘9“yé“'..‘ D MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES l I ll u'mqu ‘ ‘ ” ”'6 '6'3% 3 O i W 31293 031