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CS AND CYTOLOGY OF SOLE InPORTANT mmuuoor True mam 1x§£UfIVE OF T1412 UIIITSD S'l‘ATIflS by Scott Eguley A ThES 8 Submitted to the Graduate School of Richigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of 1‘.‘;A13'l‘ER OF SC MICE Department of BO”A?Y 1942 ILTRODUCTIOH Foresters during recent years have become increasingly aware that the forest practices of 1900 are in some instan- ces no longer sound. The changing concepts are evidence of rational and normal develOpment for they have paralleled the rapid accumulation of facts collected by numerous workers in the related bioloaical and physical sciences. Of all concepts and techniques which have been altered or revised none is more important than the changing attitude with regard to the fundamental unit with which the forester works. Gradually the concept that the species is the unit of forest practice is being destroyed. The revolutionary work in genetics of the past forfiy years has demonstrated beyond any reasonable question of doubt that foresters, no more than growers of annual crOps, can any longer well af- ford to ignore the genetically superior members of a species. Although the study of the genetics and cytogenetics of forest trees is of comparatively recent origin, an extensive and valuable literature has develOped. In addition, the older as well as contemporary work in related fields con- tains much valuable information and technique which is of value to the forest tree breeder. This paper represents a preliminary effort to collect and evaluate in some degree of unity the contributions of numerous workers to the end that their inferences and con- clusions may be made more readili available to the genetic- ..4 45‘“); '.3 Jink \5 a t -11- ist and cytologist interested in the improvement of our for- est trees. The critical review, as a means of systematizing, evaluating, and preserving the rapidly accumulating data in all fields of science, is receiving reCOgnition as a highly desirable research technique.1 The genetic and cytogenetic aspects of eight of our im- portant har‘wood forest tree genera have been treated in this review. Each genus has been discussed as a unit with empha- sis upon the following principle tOpics: (l) artificial se- lection from wild stock; (2) controlled breeding and selec- tion; and (3) cytology. The "literature cited” for each genus follows the discussion of that genus. In addition a list of "literature not cited" has also been indicated. In the latter list are noted publications which were not avail- able to the author or they represent pOpular articles review- ing scienctific papers which have been consulted. This arrangement has been adopted for the purpose of broadening the scope and usefulness of the review. Sec: Bradford, F. C. (1942) Conserving our harvests. Science 95 (2471): 465-469. -iii- CONTENTS Page Introduction .................................. ii ForULUS ....................................... 1 Artificial selection from wild stock ........ 4 Controlled breeding and selection............ 8 Cytology .................................... 52 Literature cited ............................ 55 SI'XLIX 000......IOIOOOQOOOOQOOOOOOOO00......O... 6]— Artificial selection from wild stock ........ 61 Controlled breeding and selection ........... 65 CEItOJ-OsrIO...0....OOOOOOOOOOOO.00.00.0000... 69 Literature cited ............................ 75 JUGLANS ....................................... 79 Artificial selection from wild stock ........ SO Controlled breeding and selection ........... S2 Cytology .................................... 88 Literature cited ............................ 9O CARYA ......................................... 95 Artificial selection from wild stock ........ 95 Controlled breeding and selection ........... 94 Cytology .................................... 97 Literature cited ............................ 99 BETULA ........................................ 101 Artificial selection from wild stock ........ 102 Controlled breeding and selection ........... 104 Cytology .................................... 107 Literature cited ............................ 112 QUERCUS coco-ooooooooooooooococo-0.000.000.0000 115 Artificial selection from wild stock ........ 118 Controlled breeding and selection ........... 119 Cytology .................................... 125 Literature cited ............................ 125 UIAUS ......................................... 129 Artificial selection from wild stock ........ 150 Controlled breeding and selection ........... 150 Cytology .................................... 156 Literature cited ............................ 158 ACER .......................................... 141 Artificial selection from wild stock ........ 142 Controlled breeding and selection ........... 145 Cytology .................................... 148 Literature cited ............................ 151 -iv- SALICACEAE Lindley Killow or Peplar Family The Salicaceae, with more than 200 species, includes 5 1, 1 genera -, Populus L., Salix L., and 0110967118. I‘Iaka Ho . The lat- ter, a monotypic genus, is restricted to northeastern Asia (Rehder, 1940). Salix and Ponulgs have been reported in the upper Cre- taceous of North America, Greenland, western EurOpe, Japan, and Russia and the Cenozoic history of the family is rich in variety (Larrah, 1959). They are at present most abundant in the temperate regions of the northern hemiSphere. Although a timber contributing family of minor importance, a number of species are valued members of pioneer types which play significant roles in soil and water conservation. Since many species are easily reproduced vegetatively and produce a network of fast-growing roots they are used for erosion con- trol. Some of the distinctive forms are widely used as orna- mentals (Harlow a harrar, 1941). POPULUS L. (pOplar) POpulus L., represented by about 50 tree species is, for the most part, confined to the temperate regions of the north- ern hemisphere. Fifteen species are native to North America 1 According to harlow a harrar (1941), five genera are now recoanized due to the recent work of Japanese taxonomists. Toisusu, previously included under Salix, has been raised to generic rank. The genus Turanra_EEE—been added. Both are exclusively Asiatic in d-s ribution. but only about five1 of these occur in commercial size and quantity in the United States (Harlow L harrar, 1941). Tte 3enus is diVided into five e etiors: (1) Lance Duby (white pOplars, aspens); (2) Leucoides Spach; (5) Tacamahaca Spach (balsam poplars); (4) Aeneiros Luby (cottonwoods, black neplars); and (5) Turanra Bun3e (Petder, 1940). The wood of the American and EurOpean species is employed in considerable quantities for pulp, excelSior, veneer, lumber for boxes and various other small articles of woodenware (Brown & Panshin, 1940; Sargent, 1922). The high orn11ental value of many of the species has resulted in their wide use as street and shade trees. The white peplar (E. 3123 L.) and its several varieties, the Chinese peplar (2. sinonii Carriere), and the \4 lomhardy peplar (P. hi ra ita lica Luenchausen) have been ex- tensively planted in the United States. Unfortunate}.v considerable taxonomic difficulty has arisen d .‘ at various times amon3 systematic workers and forest tree bree‘- ers With regard to the proper nomenclature to be used for cer- tain species, varieties, fo rms or hybrids of the several poly- morphic and easily hybridized species of this 3en us. A number of workers have striven to bring some order out of this chaos. p iLn Great Uritrin Elwes and Henry (1915 ), henry (1910, 1914a 1914b, 1950) and Cansdale (1959) have contributed to taxonomic clarification of the especially difficult and confused section 1P. trenilojdeg Licnaux, P. gparcideniaia fichaux, P. ta camahaea Filler, P. trlsiocahpa 'nstata henry, var., P. delto ioes LarSuall. Aejeiros Duby (cottonwoods and alach peplars). Houtzagers (1957) in Holland, Quairiére (1956) in Bel3°um, and Sargent (1896, 192?) and dehder (1940) in the United States have also proviCed valuable revisions and revaluations in nonenclature for the whole genus. Loutzagers' work, especially, will prove an in- valuable aid to breeders in ibis genus. I In accord tith the olicv practiced in other sections of ’ 3 this review, an attempt has been made in most cases to indicate the probable identity of the many meaningless common or scien- tific names (1ackin3 authority names) which have been used with such promiscuity by some authors. rhe work of Rehder (1940) has been used as reference and autLority on taxonomic questions. It is also a matter of some taxonomic importance to rec03- nize, as pointed out by Stout (1929) and Stout and Schreiner (1955), that certain of the natural, or early described, hybrids in this genus have been exclusively prepagated as clones. ._,. these clones have masqueraded as species undefi such names as "P. serotina Hartig" (= X E. canadersis serotinc (Hartig) Fehder), . T ‘ - o VET. and "P. rc3enerata henry‘ (- X P. canadenSis regenerate (Sc?.n1eider) Rehder, var.). Most members of the genus are characterized by rapid growth, ease of prepagation by twi3 or root cuttin3s, and winter hardiness. All are wind pcllinatedl, essentially dioecious, hybridize with case (at least within and between most sections), and are capable of successfully maturing immediately viable seed on cut twigs in the greenhouse. Many Species however 5 ’ 1The genus Salix L. is entomOphilous. -5- are hosts to a number of fungus diseases and insect pests. With this general set of conditions it is not remarkable that considerable interest has been directed to this genus by for- est genet1c ists, both in tno United States and abroad. is ”:1 ’1': ICIAL SELECTICI FRO; XILD STOCK Considerable eiWioiShas been directed in EurOpe, especially in France (Stout, 1950; Ackers, 1958), to the sele etion of na- turally occurring hybrids, varieties, or forms of peplars supe- rior for use in forest plantations. The business of growing these trees in France as a timber crop to meet local demands of wood using industries is claimed by these authors to be highly successful. In France as well as in Germany, however, according to Cansdale (1938), the nomenclature in the genus is more than or- dinarily confused. This condition, of course, has not materi- ally advanced selection efLor ts or the ac chulation of reliable data. Stout reported t‘ne three clones which are said to be the most extensively used for forestry purposes in France as: Eégénéré , "Angulata" and Peuplier a Ecorce Noire". we probably 2 g. regenerata Henry 3 X 3. cnnwnrn is regenerate (Schneider) Rehder but to suggest synonyms for the others re- quires departure from the field of probability.2 Increasing interest in the possible use of peplars for lRe; 3nier (1934) has reportedly provided classification and de- scription of many peplarsgrown in France as a preliminary step in a breeding research program desi lgned to isolate disea ase re- sistant forms. 2Stout stated these names were best he was able to obtain from French growers. forestry purposes h5+s been manifest in in l_”nd in recent years. Lotbiniere (l9? ”5) and AC’ers (l 58) believe the growing of pep- lars under forest management to be ncorowicoliv sound provided de rable sto m1 is used. Such ideas have encouraged search for the most desirable wild forms best suited to the pla of manage- ment and utilizati_on. , An initial and most fundamental step in that direction has been accomplished by Cansdale (19 ’b) in his "”1 ey to t}.1e species and hybrids of Poyulus cultivated in Britain". An assemblage 5: of other 3 .nple .entary evaluating information on individual mem- a bers of the genus has also been made by this author. Cansdale and AcLers believe that X P. re enerata Henrv . _ w J (3 X P. canadensis rege.erata (Schneider) Rehder) may well prove to be a valuable timber producer in the British Isles as, sup- posedly, it has in France. This clone has been grown in forest plantations in Ensland for a full rotation (40 - 60 years) in several localit ie swith high yi ield. Accor ding to Ac :ers other native clones or introductions, '1 including eugenii", ”robusta" and " 3 I H "O .Y'N, I generosa are pPOMlSlJb for forestry use. The Species P. vunnanensis Dode of China and P. trichocarpa Hooker of the Pacific coast region of North.America are being tested in forest plantations on various sites in the British Isles. Interest in pOplar cultivation and breeding in Germany is reportedb y .'e1;tstein (19'65-a) and the resulting demand for superior Wild stock for breedina k) or direct use has greatly stim- ulated wild selection. Wettstein (1954) indicated that studies of climatic races in various species of Poonlus and other 5enera have been carried on by the German Association for the Breedin; of Forest Treesl. The further refinement of progeny tests and seed certification of isolated true breeding strains has also been instituted as an aid to the work. Isolation of at least two climatic strains of E. tremula L. was later reported by Wettstein (1957-a) and reports of pr05eny studies, showin5 variation amonr the seedlings of P. tremuloides “‘0 Michaux and P. tremula L. were made Ly the sane author (1957-0). Vill (1930) reported that the hybrid X P. charkowiensis Schroder (probably X P. canadens is Eu 5enei (b ixron-Louis ) Schelle) is bein5 51 rown extensively in the Fhineland. Althou5h the tree, under plantation conditions, is said to make very 500d 5rowth and to show considerable promise as a timber producer, it is, nevertheless,subject to canker. The discovery in Sweden of 9 clones of natural triploid P. tremula L. (Nilsson-Ehle, 1936; Blomqvist, 1957; Tomator 'd 1957; Johnsnon, 1940) gives promise of supplying valuable Wild material for direct forestry use in that country. According to Nilsson—Ehle (1956, 958-b) the first triploid clone (discovered near Lille, Skgne, South Sweden) grows more rapidly, produces more wood per year, and is believed to be more resis ant to at- A tack by Polyporns so. than the normal diploid European aspen. L Also, because of its ”stronger growth", it is reported as able to succeed in competition with lime, maple, elm and other hard- woods. The native diploid on the other hand is said to be found 1Formed by Erwin Baur in 1932. -5- o 'I 1 '-. a ‘ .‘I +r onlv on the outerr 11.11 5in of such mixed 1-31.rd-.10od standS 15‘- 0014? ern Swede.. Tests of the triploid or "515as" form have revealed its value for use in the match and paper pulp industrie.. The form is reputedly easy to reproduce by root cuttings and since a di- -loid X trinloid cross has already croduced tetraoloid forms it p ‘ 4- L is probable that triploid seed can be produced at will in the future by diploid ‘- f"! tet acloid crosses. 1V4 b In the United States the various wild species and hybrids of Penulus, both native and exotic, are claimed by Stout and Schr iner (1955) to be incapable of fully satisfyin5 the demands for direct use in reforestation project. In Cznada, pr esumaoly, the same situation is believed to exist. Peto (1958), however, reported ,hat the natural hybrids found by Eeimburger (1956) near Ottawa show considerable promise for use in forestry. Of these natural c11os sns J especially ‘1‘:Tv ‘ T: i '7‘an INK- L "U U4._.Ja‘_4._j _L \.’i_'\ -1 H L" ‘1‘ V" the early tree hybridization eXpepi- I and the chestnut breedine work Graves, the first comprehensive tree breeding the 5enus Pepulus L. in 1924 by the Raine in ollaboration with the was conducted and pepOPtOd 193 4 b) and Schrei 1183’." of the fir t (1927) C0 of tLe idea breedin5 pro5ram was to soecies and hybrids of Ponulus on .. U ‘ and to pro- types than those in previously noted, concluded of the northeast (P. tremuloides and a nd ca nk’e r- lEspecially nelaflnsora medusae Thfim” a rust fun5us, jlulthlLUV “ sa nr1inatur1(lghotsohe) Che., :Juilflect'i i -vlli_ forming soecics 13331. “Tel?" (1914) artificially and P. anerlata auth9 3 P —Al‘_ — Lybridized P. tricbocarba 1‘11 srvu~5d0 Iij;., E1anrflon ‘1 Q3 5ena Ewes. (Boyce, Hooker erer’osii Henry. i..)o P. 91'15'1'r‘w‘iu‘1'e1t9t9) were too slow; :1 9.111132. too 110(1' in root- - -._ -—. —.._.—_.. f inn ability to be desirable f0“ reforest9tion 1M1 ntin9s. For T 0 one reeson or another 911 of the other M?CLVCP 9nd exot ios were rejected by t1ese authors. There in, loweve , little evidence to indieeto tbht extensive field t1i9l under forest conditions in the n01‘1t1’1e23t of all species and Englrfids in the genus were undertaken by these workers or otlers. Sueh.9 trial would hrve been tbs logiefl first stej snfi in necord with both tne osigirel objeeti es of the prijct an nd -95 Tererel farcst trre treading reeownendetions made by the junior antler (Schrgifier, 1037), Hybridizction work Wes eerried on du3i n3 the 1925, 1926, and 1027 seasons. About 15,000 hverid seedlings from about 100 different cross com forent pOQlfTfi were involved es nerents: three white pop 91rs and five aspens (Section Leuee Duty);s eventeen bleok poylars and cottonwoods (Section Re eiros Duty); and nine balsam 50p- j lars (oeetion Taeqrersoe Sgaoh)‘. Sections Leuooideg Spgch and Wuran9a Bunge were not involved. Stout and So lu'einer (1953), with reference to the nomen- L.Jo Cleture they used, stete: "Consider9ble study \i9s d-reoted by the writers to the identity of the various trees involved in the breeding and to the wstter of the proee9 nomenola M1 J19 for them but no attewpt will here be made to revise or critically to evaluate the names already in use or to survey the litera- ture relating to pOplers." It would appear that the authors Were probably justified in avoidir 9 9n QtiflC‘fit to " U revise or to critieelly evaluate the 1In this group were included some "old b bride Stron wl, oelsmn ~ 9 v v in onaraeter. (l J9mes already in use" but it is to be particularly regretted thst they did not indicate authorities for the scientific names they did use. Althou h,in most cases it way be possible to es- sume the prone rauthority and thus the prOper plant, the use of such synonvms es "P. envuleta" and "P. canescens" mskes accurate .1 . _ é” ~ Initial selection of the hybrid population of 15,000 plants, b9 ased primarily on vigor of growth, was made during the second yesr. Six hundred seefll irgs were thus sele ctJed. The remainder, and also those needed out by subsequent selections, basis of 'tt eir performance in the iorestetion planting. Interspecific hybrids were obtained within and between representatives of the sections Leuce, Aegoiros 9nd Tacemahaca. Kore hybridizations, however, were wade within and between the last two sections and sirnifical 3r ll of the 69 plants in the second or pre-finel selection were from these crosses. Also, 59 of these selected individuals were talzen from the progeny of 17 different combinations-between the sections Aeeeiros and Tacamshaca. In most cases 2 or more sister hybrids were represented among the 69 selected individusls. From the cross P. laurifolia", a total of 377 hybrid seedlings were of t.qis num1>er 10 were mnong the 69 slants in the gre—fjnal selection. Kany of the hybrids showed remsrksble hybrid vigor. -10- *1 Various hybrids, planted as 14 inch cuttings on ordinary farm land near New York city, attained a height of eight 9Ld one-half feet during; the first {growing season. bc?xr<~;>iner (193:7) reported that the "Strath;lass” clone after 7 years of growth in the 13 ’x 4 ‘1‘ ”D U) H :3 Q; .J 3 ‘21 0 field was apnroxinately 7 i “er 9t breast height and 57 feet tall. The ability to root from stem cuttings was an important character selected for among the hybrid HO)Ul”IlO“. Differences in rooting ability varieC from ttose which could not be rooted under nursery conditions to those which rooted almost 100 per cent. It was ouser» rd that many hybrids rooted wore rendil (A from stem cuttinys than either of their parents. Hardiness was also we as an object of selection, and covered scu h cha 'scierj 813-4.) 93 {Mi ity to start ;r()\-'~.th early, grow *3 apidly all summer, and to ripen wood and buds early enough to avoid autumn or winter injury. host of the new hybrids have proved to be fuli_y Ewa'd;9 in Laine. Fesistance or immunity to disease, especially the rust caused by helampsora medusae Thflm. and the various cankers caused by the renus Velsa was made an important criterion for selection. Jhe authors reports -d th4 aniels f. (r t — A. i 7‘ . \‘~ J- (1 1‘ (1 T‘ v 5rsn(ident ca) X 5, 011080 cens x grandidentata)l X E, nutenei (or: P. sures; (triploid)2; (g. alba canadensis Eugenei (§imon-Louis) Schelle, the "Caroliz 1a Popla P. trenuloides x P. adenOpoda Paxim.; P. . . 2 . w (trip101d) ; P. ocuminata Rydo. X P. Rehder, 1940); tremuloides X P. canedensis alba T r3u5enei; X P. berolinersis Dipp. (i.e., 3. laurifo is x P. nisra var. italics, Rebder, 1940) x x "North Was t Poplar" (sirilar to P. Jackii Sarg. whic}1 is a h a. deltoides, Hgimluu'iger, 1940). ybrid of the cros iA natural hybrid, exem1ned oft faogically by Pete, 1958. “A triploid form, examined crtolo in Cally by Peto, 1955. -oo- Of special genetic interest in the above cres, s is the nrelininary ana1331s of the mode of inheritano es of branching habit and leaf form indicated by the crosses: P. canescens X P. alba Bolleana Lauche and X P. bero1irensis Dipp. x X "Iort11- west P0p1ar" Only two YNotional nroesnr of the former cross were early selected and prepa5atsd. Jhese two plants late", however, proved to be of considerable interes . Loth_slowed the ”ex- . O 1 ‘. _ 1- - -‘. V - cess1ve Juveai ile drenchineSs' craracter but ne of the seed- habit of P. alba Bolieana, CD d (D 3 3 I) s; to O (73 H U) 0 1.4., W combined with the leaf and o C3HQSC€FS¢ b The other seeclina had the normal, divergent branching stem character of P. alba L. combined with leaves more closely res embling those of P. Cine cens. Althou15h scanty evidence, it does at least indicate that inheritanc of certain branch- 1 ins and leaf characters (lobin5 ) does not involve linkage. Since both parents in the ,ross X P. berolinensis Dipp. X X "Iorthwest POplar" are themselves hybrids of a Section Tacamaraca x Section Ae5~ circa cr as, their progenv siowed a wide variation in Vigor and leaf and stem characters. Of the 26 plants selected after discarding some du arf seedlin5 s, 12 showed the "exces ive juvenile branchiness" character, charac- teristic of X 2° berolinensis, while the remainin5 14 had the H "clean stem” character. Heimburger concluded that excessive juvenile branchiness" of X P. berolinensis was dominant to "clear stem" :no way be transmitted to about one-half of the progeny in this cross. 1The cross probably represented a back-er ss as far as this reticular factor is concerned. -01- O 0‘ _ ._’O K ' -"..\P (I. O '3 F'.‘I‘; y t" Excessive Jivenile branc;1ne s is an uLueclfaJlC charac- (,0 tor for the production of clear wood for various industrial purposes but for shelterbelt material it is exceedingly de- sirable. For this reason the shove cross has been repeated on a larger scale by this worker and other "Korthwest Peplar" material, more resistant to Septoria canker and Melanpsora rust has been employed. Results of this work have not been published. The two crosses involving triploids (as listed on p. 30) were reported as producing few seeds but the hybrids have not been studied cytolosically. The cross involving the canescens triploid produced progen¢ of promisinr appearance which have shown reasonable vigor and freedom from disease. All of the crosses noted on page 20 were aralvzed in considerable detail by Feimburger, with particular attention to disease resistance, and form a valuable contribution to the genetics of tiis im- portant enus. (1' ‘_ V Bogdanov (1954) concluded that it is only possible to graft pOplars success.ully according to the series: aspens-- U) ilver pOplars—-cottorwoods-—halsam peplars. Reimburger (lQAO) ointed out that this sequence agrees With the series of suc- ’53 cessful crosses made by Yettstein (1933-2) and Stout & Schrciner (1955) and concluded that this strongly indicates a similar series in genetic affinity of the different poplars. Since BOgdanov (1954) reported a successful graft of 3, nivra L. on Salix viminalis L., Heinburger (1940) attempted the cross Salix virinnlis x P. canadcnsis EuQenei (Simon-Louis) Schelle. The resultS, however, were negative. (U - ‘1‘,- Swith and Nichols (1941) have repor,ed what they tenta— tively believe to be successful crosses in this genus. Of the 26 cross combinations reported, the authors indica'ed that the (—h 4 crosses in volving P. raX1Hotic ii Henry seemed most prowis- ing. Comparison of vigor With the parents or expression of other characters in the hybrids have not as yet been tested or reported by these workers. ”ilssor-Ehle (lQBE-a, lgde-b) and Bergstrom (lE40) re- ported genetical and cytoloaical studies of successful diploid x triploidl crosses of E. tremula L. The crosses were made pr rimarily to determ 1ne the possibility of obtaining a tetra- ploid since hfintzing (1956) reported some giant pollen grains (with possibly the complete 3n complement of 57 chromosomes) produced by the triploid from Shane. Interest in securing a tetraploid was prompted by the presmted feasibility of produc- ing triploid seed at will by diploid x tetraploid crosses. Of the approximately 100 plants obtained from one of the crosses2 (involving the Shane tTJI ml id clone as male parent) the majority were aneuploid (mostly hypotriploid), several were exactly diploid, l exactly triploid, and l exactly tetra- ploid. The other cross involving the Medelpad triploid (i.e., from the province of Ledelpad, Sweden) as male parent pro- duced about 20 plants, practically all of which We re of poor develOpment. All of the prooeny of the first cross proved to be healthy vigorous plants. The triploid and near-triploids, however, were distinguishable frori the others by their ex- 1 Triploids were of 2 sources: 1 from province of 51W ape, south Sweden; first reported by Nilsson-L hle (lgbo); the other from MedelPad, northern Sweden («icmnnl t, 1937 . , Tettstein's greenhouse tec'qicre we 3 ’used fiettstein, 1929, 10-212 1«\ “'2 tremely rapid hei ht growth. The tet*aploid fell somewhat below the triploid in vigor but had tie largest leaves of all the pregeny. Tue intermediate neuploids showed poor development and were 1i hly leCPWSAU in appearance. iMaILy died at an early age. ,0; Further work with the trioloids an tetraploids is re- . ported in pregress at the Institute for Breeding Forest Trees at Svaldf, Sweden but no further reports have as yet been pub- lished. Jornsson (1940) reported 01038 3 of diploid x triploid and triploid X diploid E. trewula L.1 and their cyt0105rical analysis. A totil of 29 crosses fielded about 600 plants. .. \ 0 The cytoloeical results were for the most In: rt similar to 0 those recorded by Eergstrom as noted above, but triploids and tetraploids in the pro rny fell far below the diploids and even some of the aneuploids in hei ht romvt The author, however, concluded that the cause of these differences may be traceable to the occurrence of photoperiodic races within 3. tremula vmlich may be critically adapted to the special light climate of their habitats. Since the tetraploids were chiefly offspring of one parent not native in the area where they were grown (Svalbf, Sane, South Sweden) it is believed that their absolute vigor could not be accurately judged. Several workers have reported miscellaneous hybridiza- tion experi 1 ents with various members of the genus. Gambocz (1926) in Hungary and Albensky & Delitsina (1954) in Russia reported successful crosses between P. alba L. and F. tremula L. l hale triploid from Shane & pedelpad (used also bv Barb otpom 1940); female triploid from -. orbotten. -24- n _,, Q The latter workers, using the reeLhouse technique”, obtained of 62 plants which demonstrated a very marked variation in morphological characters among the individuals. Visor of growth also showed a nuraer of grada- tions. The pOpulation could be rather definiely divided inn) a so-called dwarf group and another group of very luxuriant growers. A Re"nier (1934) reported an csscntiall* taxonomic study .1 of a large number of peplars collected in France for breeding research in diseas» resistance. A few preliuinary notes on the reaction of various species and hybrids were cited by the author. Vloten (1958) made a first report on investigations into 1 the susceptibility of peplars to Jothicniza pepulea Sacc. et Briard in Holland and other countries. From.comparative ex- periments made at various centers in Holland, but especially at Hoog-Keppel, it was observed that peplars of the section Tacamahaca (Balsam peplars) and the hybrids of Stout and Scb'einer were more susceptible than peplars of the Aegeiros (black pOplars, cottonwoods) section. On the basis of these obserVations the author sugvested that Ae*eiros ionlars should V \d A ‘. receive preference as parents. Vlotcn noted that P. marilandica Bose.1 and P. recenerata Henry (or: X P. canadensis regenerata (Schneid.) Rerd.) ex- hibited a high degree of resistance to both Lothichiza and \T i: e O ,D tri- canker. P. brabantica Houtzagersl also dewonstrated high resistance to Dothichiza bu d- .Jo was found susceptible to lxot listed by Rehder, 1940. .3 \J Nectria and "bacterial canker". The author concluded, however, ‘ that no peplar is completely immune t Dothicniza populea. Hvbridization in the "enus Populpfi is consied rably fa,- 1itated Ly the usual dioecious condition of the individuals. :eater impeltance, however, is the fact that success- ful breeding work may be carried on in the greenhouse usins cut tWiSS accordinr to the method orio ginally described by r U Yancnevs‘i (1904) and later perfected by Wettstein (1929, 1953-b) for Salix and Pooulus. The method has been reported PU...“ successfully used by Al'bensfiy & Delits na (1954), “eimiur er (1936, 1940), Ber strom (19‘0), Johnsson (1940) and Smith and Nichols (1941). Jablofikov (1940), a .uss ian vor|er claimed that the type of hybrid pro: luced by crossing trees growing in the open differed from those produced from crosses be rformed ‘— on cut branches in the laboratory. ]t is probable, powevr~’ .1 that the variation observed oy this worker is of a simple genetic nature since the Species of this genus seem to be characterized by noticeable hetes rozy 0:;i'3 . The wide varia- described fl tion between individuals in groups of hybrid fro en a A. \J ((4 by Schreiner, Heimburger and othe 33'would favour this conclusion. Heimburger (1936) reported the successful use of cut twigs sent from considerable distances and sugyested that this nethod Opens up almost limitleSu pos mililities for the q tree breccer regurdless of 7 is location. Heimburger (1940) in OOWTT ent in; on the “reenhouse method of hvtridiz Miin reported difficulty in getting seeds to nature -26- on {watle P. “"endirientsittlric heiu.. tun: s. Thyttstedgl (1997$J)) " '_ I- :- .84_ also resorted marked differences be,wern vcrjous specigs in ~ 0 0 0 _ -‘ ° ‘», - .. _‘nr’ their atiljty to set setu in tun 'e~ ousw 0*( lttc: (1931-b) - .. - - 4 v - :° -, describrd inFIV1drfl ffe">zc es tithln tie 31~c species Xiii ,_ o _a v. 'I ‘V f’\ a, ~ ~ ' .1.. J_'I‘ J...” «‘7 ‘ _ ‘ gri fl,& Licnois (lJil) had success city tge «reenLOLSQ \a' w_ '1 o Q _ . > O - . . .> h 0 J_ ‘1. _‘ V. r J_ ' refinOQ only in tne see 10H Leuce. Crosses in ObJUP seenions of the genus were more successtl when nede on the tress. Forcing of pollen however w~s used to sdvaute;e by these workers With $180198 from all sections With wricn they worked. (Vi-1‘ " "\.""-" ‘ 1 ‘u (71-:- ‘\ on}: in: kb'lb ICA; 1U " O "‘ ’3 ‘1 .. F» 2'. r '3‘. ‘ ‘. .. C . w as iL-s (1910), nrisnson . Le mans (1997),: loensrr (1940), Peso (1956), and, doubtless, others have reported members of the genus showing a monoecious or polygemo-monoecjous condition. Hestings Observed a peeimen of repulus grandi- denteta Micheux for two successive veers Which showed abnormal flower develOpment. The tree was essrntisllv p istfllste but several branches bore cetiins whicn Were nude up of male, f9— msle and per set flowers. The abnorrnel I‘. tremuloides Licheux re orted by Erlerson & Hermann had about 82 percent perfect flowers. Ore percent of the flowers were e3: lusivel.;r stsmirete and 17 percent were pistfllete. ' 0 1 0 a w 1 o Albensky (leO) reported sn instance of ue‘m prrooite flowers in the aspen which was not inherited by its In 0 Qeny .L O In another instance, nine hybrids of a cross: aspen X wLitm J I" 7 J. _L poplar were Ciro 'xllly stu(i ed as to their sex 8X res: ion. One of the hybrids bore male flowers only,four bore only pistil- te flowers, two failed to flower, and two had flowers of 02) both sexes. In the latter cases, whole catkins were male or female or scattered catkins had both male and female flowers. erfect flowers were not observed. :nese monoecious trees ’1! showed normal develOpment of pollen and fruits with sound seeds. It is probable that sex modification in the genus occurs more frequently than the literature would seem to indicate. The transitory flowering period and inconspicuousness of in- oividual flowers may mask more frequently than is int a so-called abnormal sexual condition in this genus. As pointed out in the case of Salix and other dioecious plants, the occasional occurence of monoecious or perfect 0 \ flowers may be of assistance in providing a UOSsib lity for J. true selfinv. Accordinr to East (1940 the occasional )er- 0 u 1 feet flowers in this genus annear to be self-fertile. Such a condition is obviously favorable to the breeder. POLLEN LOEGEVITY Studies of pollen longevity in POpulus, reported by BOQGanov (1955), indicate that refrigeration at a tempera- ture between +5 and -50 C. may be successfully used to store pollen. Pollen germination tests of fresh pollen conducted by this worker indicated that germination percentages varied greatly from spec;es to species. For this reason it was dif- ficult to predict exact lenghts of time for successful storage. P. laurifolia pollen, having a high (QOfi) fresh pollen germi- nating percentage, was successfully preserved for 15 days under -2s- the conditions described above. Pollen of P. sucveolens, havin. a low (35;) fresh pallen germinating percentage, ger- (T u minated up to 19 percent even after 45 davs. Although tercent ”I of relative humidity is not mentioned in the abstractl of this f—f— article, i1 is assumed that it should probably be waintained at or around 505 for successful results. J- 1 It would appear that the pollen storage eecnnique used by Reimburger (1936) should have certain distinct advantages over the customary techniques which must be used in most of the other forest tree ggnera. His method consists simply of cut twigs bearing wale flower buds in a snow-bank, or refrigerator, and forcing the pollen as needed. There are probably time limitations to this method which might be ad- V‘GETATIVE PEPEULUCTTON There appears to be abundant evidence of a more or less empirical nature that most members of the genus Ponulus may be reproduced readily from root cuttings. Baker's (1918) -n and ‘._.lo studies of P. tremuloides iichauxg in the Gpe TD t Bas the observations of Kittredge and Gevorhiantz (1929) in the extensive aspen areas of the Lake States supply evidence that both P. tremuloides and P. grandidentata apparently rely more on their vegetative reproductive ability by root suckers than on seed. The frequent fires that swept over the lovced over areas in the Lake States are believed to have been the chief contributinf factor to the denseness of the present as- \J iSee literature cited. “Probably the Focky Lountain form (P. tremuloides aurea (Tidestr.) Daniels). on. v 'a pen stands. Althou h aspen is readily killed by fire, the protected roots send up numerous suckers folloving each fire. By this means sinulc trees Lava esta 7lisEed large clones. The rootin " abilitv of stem cuttings apparently shows the various 5. fr) (3 K) H. C.) C) E .5 ‘4 C 4 .1 H 94 U) H considerable variation amen varieties, and forms in the genus. host workers (Stout & Schreiner, 1933; pe1MUur’eL, 1958, 1:.40; Sno , 1958; and others) seem to concur in the belie f that as a rule tne assens and white poplars (Section Leuce Duby) may be grouped as ”dif- ficult" or resistant" plants, wremns the black pOplars and cottonwoods (Section Aeaeiros buby) are considered easy to root from stem cuttings. ‘Eith respect to one of our native spens at least there are, however, conflicting points of viex. Snow (1958) re- H ported that nder norm7l conditions dormant cu ttir n;s of either large—tooth aspen (P. ”rancident‘ta ulCJQUX) or trembling aspen (P. tremuloides michaux) are difficult to prepegate vegettatively,se1dom rooting more the n about 1 percent under nursery conditions." Thimann & Delisle (1959), however, state: "As is well known, cuttings of aspen (POwulus tremuloides) and Lombardy poplar (P. niura italica) root h adily . Such diametrically Opposed points of View with regard to rooting ability of P. tremuloides discourages any specific or even general conclusions with regard to the rooting charac- ter among species or sections of the genus. Snow (1958) was primarily concerned with determining tie best tine during the dormant pol iod to make cuttings, as well as tie best concen13ration of auxin and Optimum period of treatment to use. he concltded that (l) dornant cuttin5s 0f bOth P. tTJFUlOiflGS and P. 5rendideateta can be rooted to the extent of at least 65 percent by treatins with a 10 m.5. per K.) ,ietlflh of 11roleb1t ric acid for about 27 hours; and (2) maximum root in is secured when cerwawt c1”t7“ s are 0 Q rn \u U ‘Z$ L10 :3 l ‘ made while the buds are swellin5 in th. The work of Ihimenn & Delisle (1939) with P. tremuloides was not .esigned to dcnonstrate that routing abilitv in this species could be improved since they assumed it to be well known that the species does root well. Significant, in sup- Jort of their contention,was the fact that untreated controls 0' ll produced roots within a 5 week period. Cuttir —— ("fl (7' ‘7 .3 ‘4 ID, h.O"’e'LI , :13 With varyin5 concentrations of indole-E-acetic acid cf- C1— 0) Q1 res were found to have an Optiw111l concent rai:ior of 100 he. per I liter jud5ed on the basis of number of roots .roduced. leis .1 Optimum, however, would not i7rove Optimal in practice pointed out by the investigators, since e? Ht c1 e inhibition of buds was demonstrated by t}7e cutt izigs thus treated. It is worth notin5 that Stout & Schreiner (1953) reported thtt rooting ability of some hybrids showed great improvement over rooting ability of eith1er parents. Specific cases were 1 not, however, cited by these workers. It is conceivable that such obser'at:1ons may be greatly influenced by the a;e of stock from which cuttings are made, the inportance of Which is emphasized by Thimann & Delisle (1939). lvical characters of the Various pOplars and cul- F10 The s tural practices used in forest plantations in several coun— tries have been descriLw-Jc “23v mrious authors. 0 - .‘ “ 0 ‘ - l r ‘. 0 _- . . - Forestry Connissior Pulletin to. b (1923) 18 reported by Cansdale (1939, to provide a usefil sum sry of cultivation methods in Great Pritain. French practice is surp nrized by Breton-Bonnard (1902, 1929) and interest in rcplar cultivation in Germany and Switzerland is re eflected in the publications \ by Leiber (1936), Zircber (1936), Bar1e3 (1936), and Hettste LJ. *1 (19 W7 d, 1959). heeiLm (12)SO, 1931) has summarized Dutch practice. fieigel and Frotringhcm (1911), Buttrich (1921), Kittredge and GeVOIEiantz (1929) and others have described CUDOKOSCFE RUNNER From lists of *‘onosole nuxoers and other reports nub- 1ished by various authors (Blackburn & Harrison, 1924; Meurman, 1925; Gaiser, 1926, 1950-b; Tischler, 1927; Er arson and Her- man, 1927; Blacl-zburn, 1929; Ifintzing, 192363; Ilakajima, 195 ; Peto, 1959; and Kaude, 1939) it would apxesr thvt the basic number in the genus Ponulus = 193 . Lillewi jn (159-b,1940) believes that Populus (and pos- sibly Salix) is a secondrry noluL101d vith an orig inal basic number of U. Four of the orismi 91 8, according to his hypothesis, have been triplicated, the other 4 duplicated, and the present lGraf (1921) in an article consisting chieflv of a morphologi- cal description of P. tremula L. and other specie s, first reported chromosome_nunoers in the genus. Hi as count of n = 4 for P. tremula L. does not agree with that of later workers in this or other Species in the genus. -52- .J J 4 J -_J \ r-‘ d '_.J L _T, was t%e resil’ of s fisiow of tuO CVPowoso es Witn-r -. "I_1 ‘ - ;_ one of the greats of ttree. his COHCLHSiOIS see uflSCd on secon- GHPYd '""OCin+io1 of chromos mas Lt wetnnhwse I. L - YVWIDTHTlV 31-13111; -UJ. --J\’.LJ- ‘lJ*ovx)Lrll(F ER}? 6. orx (1 M44) rtgyartnzd 21. l :lssuiifvgra QL. (= E, CN3lf01588 fidxxmfzrieysis imxxry, V9?. ) emsza proheiflxg detr9_ PlOld (?0 i ') Dot “JHZ(1TSS ripoyted it as a normal 1 f‘ 0 O ‘ ' - _ I. I ‘. - r': "‘1 v7 0 4” 1r .5 ‘ x T I V“ d19101d (2n - so). As p01nteo out of allo. gnu “10M 0 H U) A H .g H v V ' M , 3 - ~_>_ ‘ ’ -___ 'a o :1 howevee, it Ki? elso CO”CGquUl€ OQRQF in tne tetpwnlOir form -7 _, _._ . .o .. . -. .A ‘. _ p. I. 1 in nsture. In tge swno yVyeJ, lenruan recovlod toe reouoed a _ ‘ -. . 7 s '7‘ N ._¢-" 0 o _ _ o 7‘ . 7(‘ 1‘ 1 - - CILWYH0¢0W€ YUP”??? 01 17. bt:ofififi.fkm“rlere ass.)d eno t;xn;¢1 tetra- --oid. Later counts of CEI‘I'IOI-I'Iomarne m mbe‘r‘ in tie-"7. species by other worgers PQVe not cove to the author's attention. Naturally oeourin; triploio or Approxiwntely triploid forms Ol ix”“” "Peeiws in Lhe swvtion Lenoe Duuv lene r1 Femorteo in recent years. Lilsson—Ehle (1930), Plo omqvist (l W), and lelsnder (1933) all reported finding strains of e ”Qigws” trip- loid (2n = + 57) form of P. trwnnls L. in the forestSof Swefen. , Kilsson-Ehle (1935—2, lofib-b) and Fobnsson (1910) '1 _ ’ . ‘ -'- - ~ A‘ -. . I' . .1 . 1 r‘ .I- -\ :1 . -‘ . f . ' rammieteo S’THAJQSlS (Hi tEDldeLOLQF, 'tlelCHflo wiml Vflfjxflxs JILLQP- mediate aneuploids from artificial triploid X diploid crosses of P. tre ale. Peto (1958) has reported OPLH“l€PP' of triploid forms of 30 811351 1.1. 81’1d Po 091-9'71918 (fiiton) SII‘W introdilccxi in CQqng‘. DillgI.j ijn (1939-2, lUBD-b) also eeported a heturally occurrin" Tr oid form of P. slbn in the Netherlinds. ”nthsbein (1973-0) reymnfixfli'Peorooertqtnifios of P. elta.ln iirnsstithed i11ik3wnany —- \J 88 normal diploidy’ It 13 probable thfit bOth dlfilfili SUC tri ploid forms of this Species exist in nature as has been con- cliusivelfir(Manonsiauatci ill the (rise ol'E’. trerafiti L. CYTULITUIXUL ETULIEL tfl’fEKhClht, lflfiiflETIES, AIHJEIVWPIDS P. trewula L. diploid (2n 3 5b) Blackburn and Harrison (lf24), in England, studied meiosisl in pollen mother cells of the species (also 3. niera L.) and “I’— first reported the haploid number of 19 and diploid nunber of 58 in the genus.2 fietust ein (195m»- ) in Germany, and Rfintzing (1936) and Johnsson (1940) in Sweden confirmed the chromosome count for this species. heiosis was reported without eppe rent abnormality by Sleckburn and Harrison. Chromosome morphology, described and illustrated ov these authors, is said to possess characteris— tics sufficiently well-warked to enable individual identifica- Q tion of the chromosomes. The diploi chromosome complement shaved 10 pairs of autosomes and what was beli leved to be an unsoual pair (heterocrromosomes) at metaphase I. The pairs of autosomes rang ed in size from one large or giant pa 1r thru two varying sets of medium-sized small paris. With reference to the heter- ochromosomes, the authors concluded that "some evidence exists ‘ oossioly sex-determining 5. A. of the presence of heterochromosomes, c, in the male of P. trenula." 5 fintz'rw (1950) found meiosis for the most part regular lFixation: Carnov's fluid; stain: Neidenhain‘s iron-alum-haema- otoxylin, W1 tUOdfi COUHteP Stfiin, “Studies of Salix species as we 11 led them to the conclusion 7tth 19 WES—BEETC number for the fonil Saliceceae. oChrome-acetic-formalin fixation with short preparatopy treet- meflt in C 1! P1103. P; in normal 3. trenula L. diploids and concurred with_the morpho- ical description of ctromosomes riven by Elackburn and Har- rison. This worker did, hovever, observe that occasionallv txo univalents were observed at metapiase I in some specimeno studied. In such cases there Were observed 18 bivalents + 2 univalents. Johnsson's (1940) study of moi sis1 in si; teen 3. trewula L diploid clones fror various provinces in Sweden sh Wed 12 which behaved quite norrelly. The other 4, however, showed from 19 LJo iilarit*u (3dro»oscwwa'bodies rern it“ J x.) & bivalents to as many as 7 bivalents + 24 univslents at netaplase I were observed. In the latter cases , the univalents were dis- ributed irregularly in the cell and divided or did not divide at the first division. The svlit or unsplit uni ial nts were either included in, or left outside of, the interphase nuclei. At division II split univalents included in nuclei passed to A one of the two nuclei without further diviSion. mhe split chro- Insomes excluded free the interphase nuclei were able to finish the second division separately. Johnsson also studied pollen duality and found that the J. l 12 diploids showing quite regular meiosis produced a mean aver- D age of 79.9 per cent food pollen. Percentage of good pollen among the 4 clones with exceptionally irregular meiosis varied betveen 38.9% and 80.5, A. The author concluded that variation in pollen quality in the diploid form of this species can to some extent be attributed to meiotic disturbances. h short breparatory treat- A 10hrome—ace tic- fOIIn::lin fixation wit ment in Carney. "Titll'rezvird. to £3 c ()cczukrernge (3f LU"i\fiMleIHZS ill di.‘ 1. Johnsson sv“‘csied tlwt temoereture chsnves in early ' .L ._ ' U leztotene end oachytene In Gistgria trigona :f‘30tcd *hc chiesre ne ”'Plly with ligl frwowoecy in *snv cjoloiis of His syosi,s an”, in t‘erz, furnish ()LQL-L‘wt-mitlet: for U_ured‘-.‘»_ced (2n) gfl'rzietes. This conclusion is suggortcd h; the foot ttst triploid 5. tre— rile L. is lOt especially rave in nature. 2. tre ulq L. trijloid 'Irc flhfllnu of the fins; trijloid cloze of E, tremula L., rdcr LillB, Sigre, Qout: Liedtn, ‘s rejirttd ‘3 Yilsson~tule the etude tine (1"‘331tzih tc- JOhIlSson C) ”J 0 1’3 CL Ho : 5 1 19301. By 1940, d. (1940), eight wore clones had been found: 5 in middle Sweden, 5 in north S eden (Ploucvist, 1937; Tonetorp, 1937; islander, '1 _ v U930 tri In no cese hes tnc somatic number for C‘t loids Fa) been ascertained to be exectly 57 chromosowes, but rather + 57. ) nd especially \1 Nilsson-Ehle (lSSd), Lelander (193$ , and Tometorp (193 -10 (D fin -Lo reported thrt the apparent vigor of tlc triple the larger and darker leaves were resr isihle For attention being drawn to them. These chindcters were co seouentlv use. as criteria in huntine them. see also Spregue (1940). Lititzixt; (heteivnirwni Tflue EUJeIWJCfialeThSE?! oi' stcwvata.:for"the triploid from Shine as 10.76 + 0.13 units and 6.5d + 0.14 units —‘ for the normal diploids in the vicinitg. Leiender reported the averunje sixwuit; lullfth as lele + (?{13 urdflna for CHM? of tiwa tri- oid clones from horrhotten and an avers e of 6.36 + 0.15 for in oi ltifll stovete lxuwgths CL1 snail-lfirivvi(ti,loi€3 :ru, lar e- - \J \ L leeved diploids and triploids and concluded tth, usfng sto ate 1 O ‘ _ I 3 1 lengtn as a messure of cell Size, 'the Size oi the leaves oe- sends on the size of the cells. The size of the cells in turn deoends on chromosome number (triiloids having lsrger cells than ‘ A most fiiploids) and on other prisuhnhly hereditary factors not known (there are some diploifs hQVing es large cells as *he tri- ploids and even larger)." Leaf side is, acoordiig to the author, nevertheless of value in searctiwg fer triploid aspen since it appears unlikely that small-lesved tr'ploids exist. Ldntzitg (1956} and Tometorp (1937) reported thvt tri- ploid forms of P. tTJHUJQ L. have larger pollen grains and poorer .Jo pollen than diploids. Lflntzing obtained a definite bimodel ris- trihution of pollen but did not give absolute values, Tometopp on the other hand, recorded poll 0 n diameter from 2. microns to 42 microns. This is comparable to triploid pollen diameter ranges recorded by Peto (lESo) fo: P. lbs L. which was not con- ‘QD sidered by Peto to be definitely bimodal. Although egreein th t, on the average, triploids have larcer pollen grains then the diploid, JOhnsson (1940) observed U U no "bimodal curve for the pollen diateter of trinloids" as re- ported by Fdntsing and concluded size alone could not be used as -57... a criterion of triploidy since tbere is a sig nifica .nt overlap— of size. Johnsson, however, concluded that pollen sco‘le U) have a limited value in distinguishing between diploids and tri- ploids if both diameter and quality are taken into account. The author observed ttat triploid pollen, in addition, sometimes shows "one or other elongated, sometimes constricted grain". Peto (1958) suggested that environmental influences may have been responsilbe in large de gree for the Wider Size dis- 1 tribution recorded by idntzi g. Unreduced pollen grains may have been produced with greater freouency under te emperature and 11 1ght cor nditions to which hdntzir ng' s material was subjected. Mfintzing (1956) studied meiosisl in the tri oid from Skane and observed it to be characterized by great irregularity and the presence of trivalents, bivalents, and univalents at metaphase I. The frequency of tri-, bi-, and univalents varied greatly. Five to fourteen trivalents were observed in various 0. m. c's. The probable association of chromosomes in one case was recorded as: 15 trivalents + 7 bivalents + 4 up1VQlents, On the assumption that this interpretatioxi was correct, the to- tal number of chromosomes would be 57. First and sec cond an.aphases were semetires observed to be quite regular and other times rather abnormal. Lagging univalents at anapbase I sometimes demonstrated a strong ten- dency to divide. One p.m.c. at ans pb ase II showed 5 different anaphase groups and a number of eliminated chronosomes. In consequence of such irregularity tetrsds were often irregular and polyspor g was common. Of special si gn ificznc was the observation that lagging and undisjoined chromosome pairs at l l- , ”--~ \ Chrome- -ace et1:— formalin fi - idn Mltfl srort preparatory t*eat- ment in CarnOv, -55— anaihase I sowetimes connected the interphase nuclei, resulting [,4- in fusion of the second divis on spindles with consequent pro- duction of dyads containing the full (5n 2 57) complement of chromosomes. Mdntzin; concluded that the triploid studied was auto- triploid on the basis of the high frequency of trivalents at meiosis. In some cases observed, 42 of the 57 chromosomes (74%) occurred in trivalent associations. The autotriploidy conclusion was also supported by the observation that one conspicuously 'large chromosome was present twice in the diploid and three times in the triploid. he suggested that the clone probably originated from the union of one reduced and one unreduced gamete from diploid parents. The author sugtested that diploid x triploid crosses might conceivably yitld tetraploid (4n = 76) individuals. This cross was later attempted (Kilsson-Ehle, lfiSb-a; Bergstrom, 1040; Johnsson, 1940) with success. (See p. a .) Study of meiosis in the original triplcid from Shane, as tell as in several clones from other parts of Sweden, led Johnsson (1940) to concur with the findings reported by hfintzing. P. trenula L. diploid X P. tremila L. triploid Cytological stulies of these hybrids, reported by both Bergstrom (1940) and Johnsson (1940), were limited to root- tip material since immediate interest was centered on chromosome. numbers of the hybrids. In accord with the results'anticipsted lSee pp. 25-24 for further amplification of this cross. -59- by Euli'tntzing the hybrids ranfled from the 2n n11.1Lcr of so to the ‘ .raploid number of 76. Tne rsjoritv were aneuploids but one w p v d- exactly tetraploid indiVidual was observed. The difficulty of countingc10po over, 331ecially 1ar numbers, in such material was mentioned by toth authors. It was noted that counts were probably in erior on an average of + l chromosome. The Nile ipal difficulties involved were at- tributed to crowding of small chromosomes or median corstric— tion: of some chromosomes which may be ion: ‘0 U and uncolored, resulting in 1 chromosome being counted as two. Both worlm rs reported use of diluted chrome-acetic-forma- lin for fixation of root tips. La Cour BEE proved to be un- satisfactory. Johnsgon stated that fixations made in early morning or on cold, rainy days yielded few divisions but well-defined metaphase plates which WJPS suitable for c0unting. Fixations made at noon on sunny days yielded 1umerous divisions, but they were unclear and without distinct metaphase plat .L (D S. POpulus trcmuIOides Kichaux First reports of cytolorical investigations in this x) f\ species were made by Erlanson and Hermann (1937). Studies 3 in p.m.c's. of both a strictly nonos exual Spec cimen and a bisexual individual were described. Observation of metaphase I in the normal dio ecious tree revealed 18 pairs of autos om1 s and one pair of heterochromo- somes. Chromosome morphology was reported similar to that ‘00 ion: CQPHOV'S fluid or Flemming's; sectioned 12-15 u : iron alum-haeuatorvlii. -40- described in 2. trernla n. diploid by Blackburn a Har~ison (|924). The assumed sex pair were claimed to be easily and readily distinguishable by the ass authors. Both divisions were observed to function regularly, except that sometimes one or two pairs of autosomes lagged behind the others at both anaphases. Normal tetr (i of pollen rains were noted. is.) C) ‘ Studies of meiosis in tea n.m.c'3. of perfect flower of the berMannrolite plant revealed striking and interes tin“ abnormalitie es of c1 ’3 Omosome behaviour. In the first place, 3 W93 TBCOPGGd in the order with which the different anthers underwent reduction as contrasted with the order and s m1m1roniza1f on in no mal male catkins. Anaphase I showed, in some cases, very Ureat irret'w1la ’S itv a The KY pair (appa.rentlv undifferentiated morph0101io ally from U normal plants) sometimes behaved normally, With one member going to each pole. Sometimes, however, the entire pair was observed at one of the poles while the autosomes were on the equator in early anaphase. In some instances, at this phase, one or two pai°s of crromosores were to be found in the cyto- plasm, having failed to reach the spindle. Lagging of the sex chromosomes was not observed altho this, according to 1 e1n1nan (1925) and Erlanson & hermann, is characteristic of thy dioe- cious plants. Counts made in interkinesis nuclei by Erlanson & Hermann demonstrated the irrepularity of distribution of the chromo- somes in division I. These nuclei contained anywhere from 7 to 21 chromosome es with occasional chrOFOsores lying outside the nuclear membrane. Division II in some cases on‘ccccad re'wl~rlv but sone Ff” Ho ('3 U) ’— 93 i P 9 ,0 3 3 (I? H F .3 -a- :5 I) 3‘ - CD CD 0 O 3 0) :..J. O 1 1' .J r.l H :1 § 1 H . ._ 3 ., . .. .w 1, ‘. ._.-- ,‘, ° ertra soincles were 909% 01 V'ipu tue c:~<*oso “s Wuic (’1' "1 a: (7) \AJ ,3 U] ’ L U) 2": CO 3 h) :1" S }_Jc ) (a ._'J. 1 D ‘4 Ho . ’4 C] : ,. O H l~—1 H: )0 1—Jo H D 24 .3 ...J (at. O I '3 l-_| Th. chrowosomcs in t};se crses became distorted ani clnwoed e O (D ‘3‘ (D "S L—a O J .J 4 ' I v-4 5- '_Jo l l-x’ U .1 J H TD H d 1-» (.0 {'1 ("'1 L') 1’1 1... C) ". {—4. l ‘J 1 r 31 :c, (NJ 1 J O "c O 1"" A Q‘ I srrniv iris r 01 :orflv (W scrfivefi. - U . A U) ’24 ,4 p.10 1;: 1t be anticipated, the pollen studies made by tn “*3 VIC? ers from perfect L \J averaged about 37.5u in diswetcr. Out of a render sawp e of 50 grains, the sizes TPWQOG from 72.5g to $2.5p. The from norr-ial 111.219 a span w- s rarltedl :7 {smaller 1 o di T‘l’flt‘f} 1 av- eraging elucit 97.ep. I arf QFQlHS ” re recorrled rarely if a all in this pallen. Peto (193b) 9130 rcnorted stn‘ies of feicsis l in p. m.c of normal dioecious ralc flowers of P. tronulc fies hicrsux, l _, 1‘ .1 q, _ _ -_. g _‘ _ o a, ‘- _Lom rams exxiueu; '0‘0‘1. unziir1jLorl. szCé Lia ( '2‘!) k) \I 1".“ .1 ——A '0 L). De mlfiT‘ZIOPMQtlJIl of lfll:i v‘lxn.ts st rmat:otssa:1 1w.s rerxnited ‘was rtd;(fliserv ed. p- f .- .- .‘. ._ “- ,._ 2., v. r V. D I. V'- - .. " ,_ '1 , _.‘_ ,1, 11 1! gOW‘JJHLd»€3 Oi wifarwn:nlj‘£ oor,,3011111 HWC iuitcn -* w #4» » 2- ~ ~.: -1 . fir. . , both Of tic c (c1 ens stucied hr 32,0 11; one ._ovc€ a very Wide range in collar diameter as 00““vrcd to the Grier. One - ... _ " J '7‘: _ ‘l ‘. ‘1 _ .. ._ - . : _"_ _ , - -’.r:y Kwarie1111ctx£wsi 19.Lh1 QHCL1M3.FW’ (Hclxfiftek ”ffnl 0:11 QLLI*- Q0, ~." 3 ‘t r" _' ' 1, ', I () r' a _ ocpc: hwy LL oesween no.4n “SC “'7" / ‘ — ‘ v 0 H '1 i;ixatior- czl kawrvt tn alcOIOi, gihcial acetic nniq) and - .. r7 , . 2 .- L ,° - - 1-. 1 - ,. storave 1? (CW filDOio], sue ‘ 111 Iludw; C ”in: acgto— O :ic bivalert reported bv Erlsns On 3 Hernann 18 . ‘ "“ t r s '\ ' . n ' ‘ ‘ ' VCVGVVJ mitN iw‘ 37.5U “‘pfl°tflfl J E l” “A” 3 ‘KJ Hun, Peto " -" "— ~ J a L 1 u " f ‘H .1 V F‘0 3 . :‘V . ' o I " \ Sjluv'fger‘ 1‘ frp L‘ QC V 1 - .Iq ‘ 13-1 L‘ 1 . ‘ T 0 “081-3988 fiJ‘ l P n” Ju“ 41": 11/3 ru‘b’.71f\‘n(‘c‘ “If“ YW‘W'hpy- r. 11p n'3*f“v'~()‘n r.) lor‘ 0‘1 :1. L. 0’” C) 4 K’J C K‘ - 1C . u - .. " )|)(. i v‘ --’--—"'. ’ J O - .. V ';.‘4.-‘_ U...‘ a . L - k.' VI ;)L_'L)- -. .9 V} . J ‘ w r79" r15: '3 _‘_ - u 7 , v . tested tsws (Uorw 1 tLvu9niL 6:8 01 :£-;s coprsus E. pUsVUil- i v‘ I“ 4. Yl +""l(—\ 1 :k‘OT1'1-5_O 14*“ VJ} .LJI rig}, v.‘,r_3 Li \3nj m 1’ 0(313-01 .7 (a. (3 ( 3. w If.“ (3‘. C‘ V, n) (‘IYW L‘v —'<“ ml" —t -‘ » ~ U - . _ ,. » -. . _. .__ _._n V v. _, 1‘ .. _.. s I- N _. ._ -N v-° . . ~ .. ‘7 -V ‘ . . -- -"- ~ -' , ,, ~ . 1- -~ J. ' .91 ' CU t 1V“) wag Lflvc Dewn U CU.{RlbL{lHJ fswtor to 5N1? UtLoi- .1 .- . .A‘ .. -- -l, ,. "‘ - V, A £4W’99M: 1 Kris 1:o:wnsl iji timeunntx3Ui91_ 51w:¢ivséizlui.1zne suthor belie v.9d th:t dUads are likely formed thru fsiluve of '... '0 CXtOfihes's 9 rd micros, no: - 3911 formation 3 W911 formation did not 'lrnvn mommy 5w '1 -1 .aJ ( ,. tzat CEtOJlNBSlS 9 - n ‘ _ .L. .. . “a. I“ j ‘- «- r‘ E 'V the interphaso between 6i vi 31's I ans II. Tnegu oncesses Hose frequefif317(fl3S€PV6d.41317; 6619*9d rwflfljieafter telxnw9 se of the second divi. Hiir. Peto cor:chLc111 to such an extent th.t it i ir1os1:itle fiverflieirzy'fiwt Ivoliler I sir I'Lt".COILseC1.Le that degenerate 1.1101; slow 1 and could L e. h‘lfitfl‘i‘T‘JClWB lJlCllLdEll 111 "(Nird's 1)? 17 Fermi 1 slim L. di1‘iloid x 1:. (Lucident ordjnititfli linfiqts Cffirr- by Tonetorp (1957) O t3 't plrnwts 1” owdjx 5:10:31rqi C1 1y alts icean_ of good re.o s1;;~sted an 1 e. n . ~ encg. Genetically un- ate vcrv rdnidly and to determine their ntly onl~ pollm e reco Qnized oor pollen." eta icne 1,1}: - 1 Peto (1956) detETHl eo the someti end S t1;died meiotic behavior of l2 of t discovered near Ottawa, Cens1e, fi 1t r r, r‘ C (“’01 ILCSOZTK) \/ 3113311”) e r ( 5C5 ) hese natural hybrids >>orted by Feiu1ur3er (1930, 1940). An avereée of J bivsle were observed et metephase I in 10 of the trees. 111sr~ta fre"uenc ies to re not determined but the proyortion of ring to rod bivalents in thes lO hybrids similar grandidentata h Peto titereiore degree of homology met een elk 0 (.1. ‘1‘":3 4s). C::Z"OI:‘OS demonstrated in In one, lo. 2 unimv - A. I? to tnst noted in P. concluded that a high the other two hybrids lClrtS l().9 1)_ slui Vere observed, while tlv other Slowed 54.4 univelents and onl 1.8 bivalen 3. Some nuclei in the latter showed complete asynup- sis. Peto believed that the asynapsis oew‘mstrsted by these two plants was not due to low homolorv betvern tn 1:? parental crromoso Jm es or to unfavorable environment, but was an example of genetic factors limiting pairing. Only‘iwna triV’alxxits werwa<fi3servemi in alflL the all“? x n crandideutota nuclei examined and Peto therefore concluded .LL tb’t structirsl char; 1s have slaved an imoortant role in the .L L' J. evolutionary differentiation of tbese species. Of special interes1 is file observation that tie plant showine highest degree of aSjrapsis nevertheless produced not tie standard devietion r—«J apparently normal pollen. In ed- J _"| *5 “'3 ,3 (u 'LL' «J ':< .10 '— O *3 0 Co‘- 0 O Q Ma O that this variety is s hy’orid. Jillev-Iiin found the Theoloi Ll. number to be 19. (l) X P. brsbentics HOUtZUSGPS (n = 19) __i- nlnnteriens‘s (2) X P. Nelrics houtzn ers (n = l?) —- 1‘ . J (5) X P. PODlst? Scrneid. ( = P. ijVlatg flit- X 3- H1C“9 7‘- --fl (“4? V . fl ‘ 'Iv“’v‘| "T— 7 T "' x (s wkuninisT so -+ Ll., Val.) (. _ l.) ' -\r‘-¢‘ >1)1Hrw°n m '1 ‘1‘. ("r J".- LL L; A 11’1(4(<-'C3j--T n)?’ 0 11.119; 1 '1 Jr. -1-‘ .. ‘ U . ' if) J~" — .r'Y- , ~ “"7 1101*tef1 l“. {is elm: l'QLdlgf%fl INITJJD51 of? .J (F L O 1") e {Jo O U) l.Jo Ts generolly 3330- . - '1 --_I _v_1_ a, "-11.. _ : ,3 .0 -.. 1.. 1‘ .5 _2 _ _ __ 1 _ _‘ ciatet hl-U tuuULULLJ were nOLed in these plants. BuldinQ of the nucleolus at prepnsse was observed in all. Pairing was good in (3) but poor in the others. Polysoory was cnarsc~ tEITiS+i'3 of‘ all {N“d 11h"”l*" cbrwr oscw cs pinns euvtraryuzleais .. , ~)’ rrotcin was ooserveo in (l) and (4). 5H Dilletijn (1339~b) concluded that tte constart broloid a. ~ .- \ (N . L ‘ 1 -\ - ’w ‘ ' ’ ‘* 1 1 ‘ I" "‘ ‘ ' ‘ \ .. r— - ' ‘ Inniben? (14%) 1.. th 1Jenru: P.1'hl_m. arul KIN? frmwiuern. fornmatitm: 3‘ ° . ... . .. . 9 ,~ _ -.. . 1—. , - ' of dyads in many species are factors favor ole for brewd1n5 work. He concluded, also, trot tEis probably eXplains the -1 o .. . -~. - _ ., ,\ _ a -1 _ ._ polyxor.nism #11 in the terns an: tne occqronce of naturul r « triploids. CYTOLOQY CF SEX IN RNPVLUS "e presence of bet nociromosores in use various species reported here but no effort has been made to emobasize this aspect of the cytolo- o ,,_. __1__ _ '1 _ , V .r_ f _- . 0 l __ -0 ‘I .,, ._ .11 r.‘ . rfiLcal_ moiha. I11 at..it AN; cc) t_M3 CiLm4fil‘d‘S nu‘evjxdusiuy rewie 419 v A 37. f\ a 1. (2‘5 -U‘;l- ....“ V. U o ... + ... _ ...... A. oqlL 0 _.IL «U w. 7. TIL 00 .1.. .L .34 7.. n: .... «.... V” C L... .-.. 7.... o L .... PAW 7.1” O _..... .-. 0 Ti“ .... filJ .x.“ .. .\ ‘1 7.3V .....m M at. VL ’ “r. .1.. ....u ND ,1. 3 8 n .1 ...m .1 v. .... ... .... 7.. .. A... C v... ....-. .... . L _ _ v. I... Y U _ .. ....” ..-. o n1 3 .l a. C 3 .1 3 H ....) +9 n+0 .rL .... L Y. 07L 1 DD ....— WJ up; W. M. _ I \ ..L o...— .? ....u 0“. \i/ 7 U u...“ .. 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U . _.. . 4 _.. _A. 5 .. ._ .5 O - - "v‘ _. ‘w ,_ —-. r’ . (-x ’ r" A ~ A ‘ - J - - J .L‘J ~ ~' ~ . a — ' '— ’ ’1 A . A \ ‘ ., - _ ~w . ~ . < o ‘ 9 _ 1 .— on ...... ... --. . - ... . . - I { ' ' ‘ O — ~—-. — - .. \. ’ . j . ‘4 b u A ‘— .— ..— . - .‘. .4- w“v——‘-~A ‘.L. ‘ b § - u —. _ f ‘7 3' \ '! ufi , -‘ f O ’I I U‘-_4_ -. .‘\.l 4. J ._ . ... |/ - .A— y- . - / A, \ . - fi - ._ _- _‘~_ '1 “\fi ‘ 'l ‘J ' ‘. - 3 ', 1 N I J ‘ L3: , .. - ‘1’ -‘ - . I “J h‘ , ‘t. \“ "" *V—9--v -.‘J~ .... , . '4‘ .av' -..—41v. (—9-.-. \— V ' I x- * ‘- I ‘ " ' W ’\ A ’ "vf‘\r ' r.‘ . .‘I )f‘,‘ h /‘ ' I L' \ . I r ‘ fl ' .- g'-- 4 -.. _..-.- ., -.AA 54 \— O \ .. \— .. I I V, O -.- ~- , - C ‘ ' \ ‘ o o a " o I ~ __ (1 —‘ ' . " _r'i ' ”L v- ‘ 1 ‘ 1 I ‘ o 1 ~ ‘ '3" l- . *' .. - . - . ——-———-—— ~ “_.. ‘ .--‘ - ~. / ..-, UALL _*.4 ...'.~» . ‘ V . . u ___. ‘; v L y ..., -J_ ‘_ -\..J q:, l _ ‘ V '- n ' - »‘ . -I u— l. g ‘ n a— ‘ fl - r— ‘7‘ ' 4 1‘ ‘ ‘ ‘. 'r. - ’3 r‘ ‘ ‘ v ‘ "l ‘: ‘ ',l . . :1 — ---. . ”5‘ fig. 0.. 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(1940) (Lifferences in the F1 interspecif- ic hyeriis of w0013r forest trees.) Jarovizacija £0. 4 (31): 33- 40 (3 ited from Plant 6reei. A;str., Vol. XI, 1941. Johnson, L. f. V. (1939) A descriptive list of natural and artificial interspecific hy; ri.j s in Jorth American forest- tree genera Sanad. Jour. Res. 17: 411-444. ----------------- (1942) Studies on the relation of growth 1 rate to woo: quality in logulus hybrids. Canad. Jour. .esearch C, 20: 28-40. Johnsson, Helge (1940) Cytological studies of dioloid and triploid Populus tremula and of crosses between them. Hereditas 26: 321- 352. Kihara, H. (1924) Gytolo; ische und sme netische Studien bei Wichtigen Getreidearten. Rem. 3:11.6ci. hyoto 6. l, p. l. (Cited from Lillewijn, 194C.) Kittreige, J. 6 S. P. Sevorkiantz ( ies of as:en l anis in the Lake St Teen. gull. 60. 8499. Leiher, (1936) Zur Ia6n6uc66 von lappeln in der badischen Fheinniederung. Ange Heine :orst-unl Jagd-Leitung, pp. 327-335. (Cited from Sansdale,1938). 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Aestr. Vol. VIII, 1938.) ------------ --—--------------- (1937-c) Individuelle Enter- sclziede tei 4s :ensémlingen. (1ndividda1 differences in aspen seedlings.) rorstarchiv A. wiss. tecd. Eoztsch . 13: 149—51. (Cited from flant sreed. Vol. $111,1958.) stungss tei: gerung 1a. (lncreasinL t “O enance in 34- 43 (Cited Chin ----------------------------- - (1937-d) iie Vermehrung and Kultur der fagpel. (The Ldropafation an1 A1t1VAt1on of the poplar.) J. D. au r13 n:1ers, Erar :kfurt am Aain, 31 9?. ----------------------------- - (1939) Die Jermehrung und Kultur 1er r‘ap peln. (The ra51ng and c 1tivation of oop- 1ars.) Ecrs ta r3 iv 15: l6’-68. (Jited irom 111nt Breed. Acstr. 701. X, 1940 ) 1colvar1F. N. (1907) The fermination of 0091ars. Jour. 01 30t. 45: 417. Yanchevsky, K. (1904) (On the peculiarities of the germin- ation of the seeds of Asoen and of some species of willow.) (’n Russian. rroc. Imperial Forest Inst. 11: 269-274. Zircher (193) has Paoyelholz. hllgemeine Forst-und Jagd- Zeitung, 33. 335-41. ()\:_/ Anonymous (1941) Improvement of forest trees in Sweden. Anglo-owedlsn Rev. 93-94. 1941. Baker, 1. S. (1921) Two races of spen. Jour. Forestry 19 412-413. Day, A. R. 8 Peace, T. R. (1934) roplar ca ary note. guarterly Jour. of Forestry 28 Eetmers, F. Dotnichiza disease on Eopulus g path. 13: 245-46. 1923. her; a prelimin- enei. Phyto- . / Dode, L. A. (1905) ixtra its d'une monograghie inedite du genre Pooulus. raris. --- ------ -- (1912) Sur la production par hybridisation des deux sexes d'une csdéce dioique exotique. 1isher, A. J. (1928) horoho logy and anatomy of flowers of Salicaceae. Amer. Jour. jot. 15: 372- . 3itzpatrick, H. A. (1933) The trees of lreland--native and introduced. Sci. froc. R. Dublin Soc. 20 (N.S.): 597- 65:5. uértner, (1849) Versuche fiber die :astarderzeugung im Pflanzenreich. Stuttgart. (Germany) sericht fiber die sieoenundvierzigste Cenera 1ver- saimlung der Qeut301en iotanischen Gesellschaft in Lres- den, Efingsten 1935. Aer. deuts. :ot. see. 51: 1- 23. 1933< Unnlmr J. H. (1377565110) rro‘ft11-r'3,_tnlatin3 sues tances in ;-.;».L._ J'J , forest research and practice. Univ. of Jas1L Forestr Club (irrcter13, ébrqe Press, Lhruttle, “Eufiz. ‘01. 15: 1:0. 2: 5-90 Hartleg, C. P. ( erence to disease resistance. Jour. Forestryz 688. 1937) Pores t 3eneties with particular ref- (2r' 1: 667- Helms, A. D. (1940) A visit to the Danish arboretum and for- est botanical ;ar(ens, June, 1959. Aust. For. 5; 16-20, Henrv, A. (1950 ) T“e artificial production of vigorous trees Qv hybrimli ation. Quart. Jour. Forestry 14: 255- 157. Hoffmann, H ( 58) Die Verrenrunw der Pappeln durch Seat. 3 Xeftlieben 09_H1"iUflitt 58: 28—54. Forstwis sen mJtza3ers, 3. races of r011 Al3eneen lieu113sdienst (H.A.n.) Pp; 20. Jablokov, A. S. (1949) (Pro Darwinis sm in breeding woody forest trees.) 11es noe Khozjaistvo (Forestry) Ho. 4: 75- 77. Kauffman, Erle (1927) Speeding up the peplar: interest- ing experiments in selective breeding and hybridization. Amer. Forests and Forest Life 55: 269-271. 1927. Lamb, w. H. (1918) Hybrid trees....a review. Jour. Hered- ity 7 (7): 511-519. Lindquist, B. (1940) Tallens roll 1 svensk skogstrfldsffir— Adlinc. (Tl-e role of the pire in Swedish forest tree- 1933.) PQ_Qlis hed oy tre 1M8 erlandsch 1 V 1 Editor) (1958) (1i;st dezw mi tive list for a s i breedin3). Tidsskr. Skogtr. 48 : 10-17, 40-46. Lotbiniere, H. G. J. de (1952) POplar plantations. Quart- erly Jour. of For. 90: 212 ~2l8. McKee, R. H. ( l950) Pei cing tle tine fa “to in tree grow- th. Canad_. .oodlands Pev. 2 (9: ): ~10, 50, 54. Moss, E. H. (1922 ) Observations on two pOplaP canAers. Ph3t0p3t110101 lo: 495_ 27 Y Murdock, H. R. (1954) Rapid snowing trecs. P; r Trade 03 *3 CD Jour. 99 (2 88 29-50. Hakajima, G. ( ) Chromosome numbers in some an3iosperms Jap. Jour. G n: . r 7) Om vekstfozedli-r 3 av sk03s Danrnark. ( 8reedin3 and selection of forest trees wa:k.) Tidsskr. 8k03bruk 47 (6): 209-2?1. Paschal, G. W. (1920) A bi33er tree. Sci. Amer. 122: 61. Reim, P. (1950 ) Lie Vermehrun3sbi0103ie der Aspe auf Grund- 1a3e des in Estland und Finnland 3esammelten Untersuchung- smaterials. Mitt D. Forstwiss. Abt. L. Univ. Tartu No. Schreiner, E. J. (1958) Cree .tive forestry. The Paper In- dus try and Paper World, June 1958. Sconce, H. J. (1958) Breedin3 trees for pulp. Conserva- tion 4 (5): 15-15. Sugiura, T. (1940) A list of chromosome numbers in angio- spermeus plants. Proo. Imy. Acad. Japan 16: 15-16. Su 3iura, T. (1958) A list of chromosome numbers in an3io- spermous plants. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 14: 591-92. ----—----—- (1956) A list of chrOmosome numbers in angio- spermous plants. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 12; 144-45. ~59- 16. Tischler G. (1027) Pflnnz liche CFromosomes—Lahlen. Tab- ulae £31010 109 9e 4: 1-03. ----------- (1951) Pilanzliehe Chromosomes-thlen. Tab- ulae £1010 Sicee 7: 109-226. ------—---- (1370) Pflanzliche Cheomosomes-Zuhlen Tab- ulae 31010 icae 12: 57-115. ----------- (1930) P11sqzliche Chromosomes-Zahlen. Tab- ulae ”1010.; 10 e 16: 162—213. / Tortorelli, L. A. (1940) Viaje Ce estudios sllvieoles en Eur0pa del In5. A“P. Lucas n. Tortorelli. (Study tour on forestry in Eu_v0f)e by Lucas 3. Tortorelli). Rev. A15ent. Agron. 7: 141- 43. U. 8. Forest berv10e(19539) A fast-growing and winter-hardy poplfl" hybrid st111 to be found for the Lake St.ates. Lake States Forest Exp. Sta, bt. Psn1,inn. Tec . note 155. V111, (1934) Die Luchtung Von 191ole1nhhol ern. (The breedin; of soft wood trees.) Iitt. dtseh. dendrol. fies. NO. 45: 105-106. Uettstein, N. V. ( ECU) Transgression und beterosjs bei POnulnS-KCVZURCBH. (Transgression and heteros is in cross- breedin5 of pOplaP species.) Forstwis ss. Centol. 60: 555— 558. Wettstein-Kestershe m, . von 1950) Die Lflchtun; von Pap- peln (Pohmle). Lop ”ther 2: 219-220. Woodward, C. M. (1355) IJew 1v011d poplars for reforestation. Jour. N. Y. Rot. Gdn. 34: Yamszski, R. (19.56) 01 1011 os 01 _e Jap. Jour. Genet. 12 (2): -50- f ‘r)()’— 7(_; , numbers in some An5iosperms. 101—103. SALIX L. (Willow) The willows, because of numerous and often polymorphic species, are, taxonomically, one of the most difficult of tree genera. In addition, many of the species apparently hybridize freely in nature, thus contributing to the general confusion. About 165 Species are recognized. More than 65 species are native to North America but only about one-third of these attain tree size (Rehder; Harlow & Harrar). Salix nigra Marsh. of North America and §, glbg_L. and ‘§. fragilis L. of EurOpe produce the bulk of commercial willow timber which is largely used for artificial limbs, boxes, crates, woodenware and novelties (Brown and Panshin, 1940). A number of others, both trees and shrubs, are extensively used in the basket industry or as ornamentals. As a group, the willows require considerable moisture and in consequence characteristically inhabit stream and river- banks. It has been said (Holman & Robbins, 1954) that in this genus the guard cells have lost their power of regulat- ing the stomata and the latter remain permanently Open. It may be assumed that this feature restricts the willows to habitats where there is abundant soil moisture. Investigation into the cause of this phenomenon might prove of genetic interest. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION FROM WILD STOCK Record of conscientious effort to select superior indi- viduals from wild tree members of this genus have not come to the author's attention. There is, however, abundant evidence that empirical selection methods have been in vogue for many years. It should not be overlooked in this connection that forests and stands under forest management may be subject to a silvicultural sort of "mass selection" which may, depending upon intensity and preper judgement, result in some improve- ment. Individual selection, especially in EurOpe, has undoubt- edly been carried on among the various tree and shrub Species with their various varieties and natural hybrids which are now cultivated for the basket industry and ornamental use. Of special interest in this respect is the white willow (Salix alba L.) of EurOpe and its several varieties. §, alba L. is widely planted as a timber tree; §. alba calva G. F. W. Mey. (in the literature usually: ‘§. alba var. coerulea Koch), the so-called "cricketbat willow"1, is reportedly superior for the use which its name implies; §, alba vitellina (L.) Stokes, a variety used for basket making;‘§. alba tristis Gaud., var. is valued as an ornamental. Still other varieties and forms of this species have been described. In addition, the following natural hybrids, presumed on a morphological basis by taxon- omists, appear in the literature (Rehder, 1940). Since def- inite experimental evidence is lacking as to parentage it is impossible to indicate whether §ali§_glbg L. was involved as the male or female parent. 1 Henry (1914) recognized the cricketbat willow as a hybrid between §. alba L. and E, fragilis L. Schreiner (1957) indi- cated it as a hybrid (X §. coerulea) betweenl§. alba L. and S. gracilis. On the bas s of cytological examination, Wilkin- Ebn concluded it was a variety of §. alba L. and not a hybrid. Parents1 Name 2£_hybrid S. nigra Marsh. x §, alba L. X'S. Hackensonii Dode. S. fragilis L. x §, alba L. X'S. rubens Schrank. >4 S. Ehrhartiana Sm. S. pentandra L. x §, alba L. S. babylonica L. x S. alba L. X.§. sepulcralis Simonk. Numerous subspecies, varieties, forms and natural hybrids, involving other species of Sglix are described in the litera- ture. The more important and more widely cultivated of these are enumerated and described in the work of Rehder (1940). Johnson (1959) lists 42 natural and artifical hybrids in the genus. CONTROLLED BREEDING AND HYBRIDIZATION The first controlled breeding experiments in the willows were conducted by Max Ernest Wichura between 1852 and 1858 in Germany (Wichura, 1865). A n accurate and precise worker, Wichura's interests were not disconcerted by the "practical possibilities" but were directed toward a contribution to the rapidly accumulating genetic data of his day. According to the theory of the time, a "species" was con- sidered to be an integral whole. In Wichura's concept, there- fore, a species crossed in its entirety and not as a number of characters taken as units. In all Wichura made thirty-five successful "binary" (interspecific) crosses between twenty- one different species of willows. He reported a much larger number as unsuccessful (Roberts, 1929). l Cytological studies (Harrison, 1922; Blackburn & Harrison, 1924) indicated all parents except S . babylonica L. (which has not been studied) to be tetraploid'(4n =f76). -6 5... Wichura noted in his willow hybrids, as indeed others1 had in other plants, that hybrids demonstrated greater vegeta- tive vigor and were less fertile if derived from crosses be- tween species of distant specific relationships. He also veri- fied GHrtner's observation of the identity of reciprocal crosses, and, according to Roberts (1929), the following is the first recorded, complete categorical statement in the literature of plant breeding with regard to the function of the sex cells in amphimixis: "From this (identity of reciprocal crosses) 1t.EE§E follow, however, with mathematical necessity, that the ppllen 0611 must have exactly the same share in the conformation of the fertiliZation product as the egg." (Wichura 1865, p. 86. ) Wichura's concept that species crossed in their entirety undoubtedly confused his analysis of F2 generations. Perhaps he did not grow sufficiently large F2 pepulations. In any event his general conclusions indicated that segregation did not take place and as might be anticipated the post-Mendelian workers made haste to disprove him, at least with regard to special characters (Sirks, 1915; Ikeno, 1916, 1918, 1922; Nilsson, 1918; Lotsy, 1920). It is worth noting that a pre-Mendelian American sali- cologist, Glatfelter (1894, 1895, 1896), recognized in wild populations of Salix nigra Marsh. and‘S. amygdaloides Anders., intermediate forms of great complexity ranging from one parental extreme to the other. These variations he attributed to hybri- dization between the two species, crosses between the hybrids, and between hybrids and the parental forms. I» Kblreuter, Gartner -54- Some directed effort in breeding willows has been stimu- lated by demands of the basket willow growers. Schmidt (1957) attributed the unsatisfactory state of the product in Germany to the impurity of the material available to the grower. This condition has been brought about through natural crossing among the cultivated forms. He recommended that the initial step in breeding basket willows, as with other economic crops, should be the production of pure lines. Wettstein (1951) reported initial breeding steps with Salix americana Hort. (possibly S. pgrpurea pendulg Dipp.). This form, valued for fine basket-work and as an ornamental, is characterized also by a bark which peels with ease. By cross-breeding it is hoped to increase the tannin in the bark which, in turn, would not only act as a protection against animal pests, but also provide another product. The Fl's from crosses with S. caprea viminalis (?) and S. purpurea L. are said to be promising and will be bred further. Barnes (1951) reported insect resistance breeding work with several willow species. In addition to the hybrid ‘S. viminali§_x purpurea (S. rubra Huds.), formerly found to be immune to button gall (Rhabdophaga heterobia), 4 other va- rieties were isolated. In addition, immunity to attack of this insect was found inl§. viminalis L.,‘§. purpurea L., and.§. .ElEE L. Further breeding work is planned to produce new va- rieties resistant to other insect pests. The physical or chemi- cal property possessed by immune or resistant forms has not been defined. -65... HYBRIDIZING TECHNIQUE Members of the genus Salix are normally dioecious. It has, however, been known for many years that monoecious plants do occur among individuals of certain Species (Shimek, 1895; Chamberlain, 1897; Burkill, 1898; Engler & Gilg, 1924). Some idea of the frequency with which this condition may find ex- pression is indicated in the observations on‘§. amygdaloides Anders. reported by Schaffner (1919). Of 100 Specimens of this species which were carefully checked, 9 intermediates were found. It is of Special interest to note that aments with staminate flowers had these flowers limited to the lower part of the axis, while the carpellate flowers were found at the tip. In addition there was a transition zone between these two areas which seemed to be neutral in regard to sex. Bisporangiate flowers were frequently present as were also abnormal flowers, i.e., flowers with structures develOped which were partly stami- nate and partly carpellate. Schaffner believed sexuality in this Species to be traceable to physiological conditions. The occurrence of monoecious (or even polygamo-monoecious) individuals in this genus is a point of some technical import- ance to breeders. Aside from the apparent advantage of effect- ing artificial cross-pollination in dioecious and monoecious plants, the monoecious condition permits of true selfing. The only drawback in such instances is the possibility that self- incompatibility may exist. According to East (1940), however, the monoecious plants of this genus appear to be self-fertile. Sex and its modification in this genus is discussed in more detail under "cytological studies," p.‘10. Yanchevsky (1904) is reportedly the first worker to demonstrate the method of using cut flowering branches of .§El$§ which produced mature seed in the greenhouse. Wettstein (1929) reported a number of successful crosses between various willow Species using this method. He emphasized that the flower- ing branches Should be cut when the first swelling of the buds occurs in early spring and placed in water in the greenhouse. Following the appearance of the adventitious roots the branches should be transferred to a nutrient solution. The cuttings should never be placed directly into soil or a nutrient solu- tion as vegetative activity is emphasized and the catkins usually fall. This technique may be successfully used for crosses in the open with species which do not mature their flowers at the Same time. By controlling the temperature, cut branches of the male parent may be induced to produce mature pollen coincident with the receptivity of the female flowers. POLLEN LONGEVITY Nohara (1924), a Japanese worker, reported longevity studies of the pollen of a number of species and hybrids in Pollen storage was conducted under various combinations of conditions but most successfully (i.e., for 70 days) in a desiccator in a dark room at a temperature varying between 80 - 14° C. The exact percent of relative humidity was not determined but he indicates this as the most critical factor and that it should be low. For germination studies pollen was germinated in a film of 2% cane sugar solution on micrOSCOpe slides. The slides, after sowing with pollen, were tht in a moist chamber at room temper- ature. Pollen was also successfully germinated in water and in solutions of grape sugar. 'gglix pollen apparently germinates very rapidly. In some cases pollen tubes of considerable length became visible after 50 minutes when sown under favorable con- ditions. Nohara's studies led him to conclude.that there was no difference in germinating or fertilizing power of forced or naturally matured pollen. In his work with preserved pollen he found that as long as pollen was capable of germinating it was also capable of fertilization. Bogdanov1 (1955), a Russian, has also described experiments on pollen storage in Sglgg. He first worked with fresh pollen, determining for each Species under investigation the best condi- tions for artificial germination. Following this, he determined the normal germination percentage of the fresh pollen for each Species. There was considerable variation observed between species. Pollen.was stored in a refrigerator at -5° to+5O C. He reported that both excessive moisture and dessication reduced germination and preservation in a dessicator was definitely un- favorable. The percent of relative humidity in the refrigerator, however, was not indicated. It may be assumed that storage was in the dark. ‘1‘ Original work not consulted. Data from abstract in Imperial Bureau 2: Plant Breeding and Genetics -- Plant Breedipg Abstracts; VoI. 6, entry #651. Pollen of g. viminalis, §, acutifolia, S. dasyclada,'§. caprea, and the hybrid‘§.,phylicifolia x S, viminalis, stored for a period of 20 days under these conditions, left normal germination unimpaired. A certain percentage of the pollen in each case germinated up to the fiftieth day. In Bogdanov's original article the most suitable germi- nating media and the duration of viability of the pollen are tabulated for the above mentioned and a number of other forest Species. SEED TREATMENT éfllli seeds are known (Holman & Robbins, 1954) to lose their vitality rapidly and should therefore be planted immediatea 1y after they are discharged from the capsule. Wettstein (1929) emphasized that they should be planted on the surface with suffi- cient light and moisture available. Even the slightest covering of the seeds should be avoided Since lack of adequate light in- hibits germination. Willow seeds planted under proper conditions were observed by Wettstein to have their cotyledons visible in 3 hours 0 VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION The willows are readily prepagated by cuttings or root Sprouts. Various species readily strike root from wood several years old (Toumey, 1916). CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES The monoploid or basic number of chromosomes in the genus §21i§ appears to be 19. A polyploid series, based on a number of lists of chromosome numbers and other reports (Harrison, 1922, 1926; Blackburn and Harrison, 1924; Meurman, 1925; Sinote, 192a; Gaiser, 1926, 1930; Tischler, 1927; Maude, 1939) is suggested. Diploid (19 pair, as'§. purpurea L.), tetraploid (58 pair, as §, alba L.), and hexaploid (57 pair, as g. Andersoniana Sm.) species have been reported. The reduced numbers 22 and 44 were also observed by Blackburn and Harrison (1924) and Hakannsson (1929) in some species and ca. 24 by SinotG (1929). HETEROPLOIDY AND SEX Blackburn (1926), Harrison (1924), Sinote (1929), and Nakajima (1957) have reported a large number of diploid species with an unequal pair of chromosomes. Several tetraploids and at least one hexaploid (§, Andersoniana Sm.) show only one pair of heterochromosomes. Harrison (1926) has, therefore, logically concluded that simple chromosome doubling could not account for the origin of polyploidy in these species, since in that event one would expect to find the heterochromosomes doubled also. Lindsay (1950) observed that the evidence of the presence of only one unequal pair of chromosomes in tetraploid and hexa- ploid willows conflicted with.similar observations in other dioecious plants. Hagerup (1927), for instance, reported the presence of an XY pair in the staminate plant of Empetrum nigrum, a dioecious:3pecies, and two XY pairs in E, hermaphro- ditum, a tetraploid hermaphroditic species. Lindsay concluded that in Salix it appears that dioecism is not interfered with by polyploidy, even though the XY pair remains unduplicated and the -70- balance between the sex chromosomes and autosomes is obviously upset. Blackburn and Harrison (1924) state with regard to their observations:.."some evidence exists of heterochromosomes, pro- bably sex-determining in their import." Nakajima (1957) con- cluded: .."the unequal pair is assumed to be a sex chromosome complex of the XY type." From the literature at present available it does not appear possible to define with any degree of certainty the means of sex determination in the genus §gli§. The work of Schaffner (1919, 1955) and Harrison (1924) indicate that sex reversal or modification in this genus may operate apparently independent of the assumed sex chromosomes. The basic fact, however, that a consistent differentiation of sex among individuals of the vari- ous species does occur would seem to indicate that an hereditary mechanism is involved. That this mechanism, under the influence of physiological or ecological conditions, can be changed does not invalidate it.1 Hybrid Analysis Nilsson's (1918) genetic study in Salix has previously been cited as part of the post—Mendelian work criticizing Wichura's earlier (1865) conclusions regarding F2 generations in the genus. Eleven years later Hgkansson (1929) reported an extensive cyto- logical study of the F1 and F2 generations of the principle cross which Nilsson reported: Salix yiminalis L. x §, caprea L. T See also Yampolsky (1922), s1not6 (1929), and Smith (1940). -71- Hakansson found both parents to be normal diploids with 19 pair of chromosomes. This verifies the work of Harrison (1922), Blackburn & Harrison (1922, 1924), and Meurman (1925). Harrison, however, noted that while §. caprea L. is in the main a diploid form, a tetraploid race indistinguishable in the field from the commoner diploid type was found. Meiosis in the F1 hybrids studied by Hakansson was found to be regular, except that at metaphase II irregularities sometimes occurred which resulted in formation of diploid pollen grains. Most of the F2 individuals had the diploid number of chromo- somes and showed more or less regular meiosis. There were, how- ever, two polyploids. One of these, a male shrub with giant leaves was triploid (5n = 57). The other was hypertetraploid (4n 8 82 - a4). * In the triploid at metaphase I, 17 to 19 trivalents were. observed. When less than 19 trivalents were observed, the others were each represented by a bivalent and univalent. Some pollen grains with the unreduced number were found. The pollen was rather good, about 40% being normal in appearance, though their size varied. Hgkansson suggested that the plant arose from the. fusion of an haploid F1 egg cell and a diploid F1 sperm, the latter being the result of a chromosome doubling in division II as previously observed. In the hypertetraploid at metaphase I of the embryosac mother cell there were observed some univalents (6 - 8) and about 58 bivalents. Quadrivalents, and more often trivalents, were sometimes present. Anaphase I was extremely irregular and the plant was completely sterile. This plant was believed by Nilsson ..."70- (1918, 1955) and Hgkansson (1929) to represent a synthesized .§° laurina (?). Rehder (1940) indicated the parentage of §. laurina Sm. as: §, caprea L. x'§. phylicifolia L. Nilsson (1951) reported later duplication of his original cross.§. viminalis x §, caprea L. and in the F2 found what he described as an undoubted‘§. cinerea L. plant. This Species is reported a tetraploid (4n ' 76) by Harrison (1926). The cinerea-like plant's chromosome complement was not definitely ascertained by Nilsson, but it is said to be at least triploid and in all probability tetraploid (amphidiploid). It crosses readily with é. cinerea and is completely sterile with both its diploid parents. It is regarded as an experimental synthesis of.§. cinerea L. by Nilsson. Hakansson (1955) reported cytological analysis of several other species and hybrids between them, including: '§. nigricans (?), (§. myrsinifolia Salisb.), §, phylicifolia L., E, viminalis L. and §, caprea L. A considerable amount of cytological investigation in this genus has been carried on by the English worker Wilkinson (1954, 1941). His 1954 work is a preliminary account of the cytological method of distinguishing Salix alba var coerulea Koch (§. alba var. 23133 G. F. W. Mey.), the cricket bat willow, from closely related Species, varieties, and hybrids. The work was based on studies of root tips. It was found that all §, 212E L. varieties and the hybrids involvinglfi. fragilis L. showed a somatic complement of 76 chromosomes (i.e., tetraploid) and that it was therefore im- possible to segregate the cricket bat willow on the basis of ;75- chromosome number alone. Evidence, however, derived from the examination of a large number of somatic metaphase plates of the £123 varieties suggested that their differences might to some extent be correlated with the number of satellited chromo- somes. The cricket bat willow showed only two chromosomes wifii satellites, while the other 2122 complements examined showed at least four. Wilkinson further suggested that there are some indications that the nature of the cytOplasmic background might be helpful in verifying the results arrived at on the grounds of morphology alone. He found in this group, due to the presence of tannin and like substances, the protoplasmic background, with any combination of fixing and staining, is troublesome. Langlet's modification of Navashin's fixative gave best results. Heidenhain's iron-alum-haematoxylin was used for staining. Drastic variations in mordanting and stain— ing periods were needed to avoid over-staining of the background. Further work on the cytology of the cricket bat willow, which further verified his original work, was reported by Wilkinson (1941). Individuals of the cricket bat willow from a wide geographical range were studied. The satellited chromo- some hypothesis was supported in all cases but Pratt's (1954) suggestion that strains of this willow exist was correlated with the existence of types with abnormal somatic chromosome comple- ments. Wilkinson concluded that the cricket bat willow was a variety and not a hybrid as described by some authors (see foot- note p.62). "74.;- LITERATURE CITED (Salix) Barnes, H. F. (1951) Further results of an investigation into the resistance of basket willows to button gall for- mation. Bull. Applied Biol. 18: 75-82. Blackburn, K. B. and J. W. H. Harrison. (1922) The meiotic phase in the Salicaceae. Rept. Brit. Ass. for the Adv. Sci. (Cited from Gaiser, 1950.) -------------------- (1924) A preliminary account of the chromosomes and chromosome behavior in the Salicaceae. Ann. Bot. 58: 561-578. Bogdanov, P. L. (1955) Methods of preserving pollen of forest trees in connection with breeding. (Russian) Sovet- skaja Botanika No. 1: 98-107. (Plant Breed. Kbstr. 6: entry no. 651. 1956.) Brown, H. P. and A. J. Panshin (1940) Commercial timbers of the United States. lst Ed.; XXI + 554 pp., 512 figs. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York and London. Burkill, I. H. (1898) Changes in the sex of willows. Ann. Bot. (London) 12: (557)-558. Chamberlain, C. J. (1897) Contribution to the life history of Salix. Bot. Gaz. 25: 147-179. Darrah, W. C. (1959) Textbook of paleobotany. XII + 441 pp., 180 figs., D. Appleton-Century Co., Inc., New York & London. East, E. M. (1940) The distribution of self-sterility in the flowering plants. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 82: 449-518. Engler, A. and Gilg, E. (1924) Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Neunte and Z ehnte Auflage. Gaiser, L. O. (1926) A list of chromosome numbers in Angio- sperms. Genetica 8: 401-484. .................... (1950-a) A list of chromosome numbers in Angiosperms. Genetica 12: 161-260. -- .................. (1950-b) A list of chromosome numbers in Angiosperms. Bibliogr. Genet. 6: 171-466. Glatfelter, N. M. (1894) A study of the relations of Salix nigra and Salix amygdaloides tOgether with the hybrids arising from them as these Species exhibit themselves in the vicinity of St. Louis. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 6: 427-451, illus. -------------------- (1895) Relations of Salix missouriensis, Bebb, to S. cordata, muhl. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 7: 157-150. -------------------- (1896) Salix cordata x sericea. Bot. Gaz. 22: 592-400. Hagerup, 0. (1927) Empetrum hermaphroditum. A new tetra- oploid, bisexual species. Dansk. Bot. Arkiv. 5: 1-17. Hakansson, A.. (1929) Die Chromosomen in der Kreuzung Salix viminalis x caprea von Heribert Nilsson. Hereditas 15: 1-52. -------------------- (1955) Die Konjugation der Chromosomen bei einigen Salix-Bastarden. Hereditas 18: 199-214. Harlow, W. M. and E. S. Harrar (1941) Textbook of dendrology. 2nd Ed. XV + 542 pp., 254 figs. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York & London. -75- Harrison, J. W. H. (1922) Interspecific sterility. Nature 110: 512. (Cited from Gaiser, 1950.) .................... (1924) Sex in the Salicaceae and its modification by eriOphyid mites and other influences. Brit. Jour. Expt. Biol. 1: 445-472, illus. ................... (1926) Heterochromosomes and polyploidy. Nature 117: 50. (Cited from Maude, 1959; Lindsay, 1950). Henry, A. (1914) The artificial production of vigorous trees. Jour. Dept. Agric. and Tech. Inst. Ireland 15: 2-20. Holman, R. M. and W. W. Robbins (1954) A textbook of general botany. 5rd Ed., XV-+ 626 pp., 465 figs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Ikeno, S. (1916) Notes sur les resultats de l'hybridation artificialle de quelques especes du genre Salix. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 516-520. -------------------- (1918) On hybridization of some Species of Salix. I. Jour. Genetics 8: 55-58. (Bot. Abstr. 2: entry $680. 19 ) -------------------- (1922) On hybridization of some species of Salix. II. Ann. Bot. (London) 56: (175)-191. Johnson, L. P. V. (1959) A descriptive list of natural and artificial interspecific hybrids in North American forest- tree genera. Canad. Jour. Res. 17: 411-444. Lindsay, R. H. (1950) The chromosomes of some dioecious angiosperms. A mer. Journ. Bot. 17: 152-174. Lotsy, J. P. (1920) Heribert Nilsson's Onderzoikingen over Soortsvorming Bij Salix met 0pmerkingen Mijnerzijds omtrent de Daarin en in Publicaties van anderen Uitgeoefende Kritiek aan mijn Soorts-definitie. Genetica (The Hague) 2: (162)- 188. (In Dutch. English review pp. 187-188.) Maude, P. F. (1959) The Merton catalogue. A list of the chromosome numerals of Species of British flowering plants. New Phytol. 58: 1-51. Meurman, O. (1925) On the chromosome behavior of some dioe- cious plants and their relatives with special reference to sex chromosomes. Soc. Sci. Fennica, Comm. Biol. 2: No. 5. (Cited from Gaiser, 1926.) Nakajima, G. (1957) Cytological studies in some dioecious plants. Cytologia (Tokyo): Fujii Jubilee Vol: 282-292. Nilsson, N. Heribert (1918) EXperimentelle Studien fiber Variabilitfit, Spaltung, Artbildung und Evolution in der Gat- tung Salix. (Experimental studies in variability, Splitting, Species formation, and evolution in the genus Salix.) Lunds. Univ. Arsskr. 14: 145 p. (Bot. Abstr. 12: 670. 1925. See also abstract in Genetica 1: 555-557. 1919. Reviewed by Nordstedt, C. T. 0., Bot. Notiser 1919: 59-40. 1919.) - ------------------- (1951) Uber das Entstehen eines ganz Cinerea-ahnlichen Typus aus dem Bastard Salix viminalis x caprea. Hereditas 15 (5): 509-519. -------------------- (1955) Die Analyse der synthetisch hergestellten Salix laurina. Hereditas 20: 559-55. (Plant Breed. Abstr. Vol. 5: entry #1055.) Nohara, S. (1924) Experimental studies on pollen of some Salix. Japan. Jour. Bot. 2: 1-55, illus. Pratt, E. R. (1954) Factors affecting the prepagation and growth of Selig coerulea (cricket bat willow). Quart. Journ. Forest- . ry 28: 12-20. Rehder, A. (1940) Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. 2nd Ed., XXX 4 996 pp. MacMillan Co., New York. Roberts, H. F. (1929) Plant hybridization before Mendel. XIV e 574 pp., 48 figs. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Schaffner, J. H. (1919) The nature of the dioecious condition in Morus alba and Salix amygdaloides. Ohio Jour. Sci. 19: 409—416. -------------------- (1955) Observations and experiments on sex in plants. Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl. 62: 587-401. Schmidt, H. (1957) Zucht und Anbau von Korbweiden. (Breeding and cultivation of basket willows.) Reichsnfihrstand Verlags- Ges. m.)b. H. Berlin. RM. 1.20, pp. 50. (Plant Breed. Abstr. 8: 202. Schreiner, E. J. (1957) Improvement of forest trees. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 1957: 1241-79. 14 figs. Shimek, B. (1895) Perfect flowers of Salix amygdaloides. Pro . Ia. Acad. Sci. 5: 89-90. Sinot , Y. (1928) On the chromosome number and the unequal pair of chromosomes in some dioecious plants. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 4: 175-177. (Cited from Gaiser, 1950.) -------------------- (1929)* Chromosome studies in some dioecious plants, with Special reference to the allosomes. Cytologia 1. (Cited from Nakajima, 1957.) Sirks, M. J. (1915) Waren die Salix-Hybriden Wichuras konstant? Zeitschrift Induktive Abstammungs u. Vererbungslehre 15: 164- 166. (Cited from Ikeno, 1916.) Smith, E. C. and C. Nichols, Jr. (1941) Species hybrids in forest trees. Journ. of the Arn. Arb. 22: 445-454. Tischler, G. (1927) Pflanzliche Chromosomes-Zahlen. Tabulae Biologicae 4: 1-85. Toumey, J. W. (1916) Seeding and planting in the practice of forestry. xxxvi + 455 pp., 140 figs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Wettstein-Westersheim, W. von‘ (1929) Zur Technik der kfinstlichen Kreuzung bei Weiden (Salix). Zfichter 1: 125-126, illus. -------------------- (1951) Zur Verbesserung der Schalweide Salix americana Hort. Der Zfichter 5: 569-570. (Plant Breed. Abstr. 2: 140. 1952.) Wichura, M. E. (1865) Die Bastard befruchtung im Pflanzenreich erlfiutert an den Bastarden der Weiden. Breslau. (Cited from Roberts, 1929.) Wilkinson, J. (1954)- A preliminary report on a cytological method of distinguishing Salix alba var. coerulea from closely related species, varieties, and hybrids. Forestry 8: 64-66. -------------------- (1941) The cytology of the Cricket Bat Willow. Ann. Bot. (N.S.) 5: 149-167. Yanchevsky, K. (1904) On the peculiarities of the germination of the seeds of aSpen and of some species of willow. (Russian) Proc. Imperial Forest. Inst. 11: 269-274. (Cited from Smith & Nichols, 1941.) -77- vy, J. B. (1955) hale trees of Salix alba var. coerulea. FOLCStI‘J (3: (IS-EV. Fournier, P. (1922) Un Novel Hybrids do Sol ix (S9lix neQata P. Pournier, S. fra"ilis x cinerea P. r01r4191) Bull. Soc. Botanioue 1‘ru1aoe c9: WS-olc. I I --- ------ --- (1925) Le characiere tire de la Eragilite dos Ramoaux dans la genie Salix. r‘euille Eat. (n. s.) 47: 74- 75. O Giessler, A. (1927) Gesohlechtswe hsel bei Salix. Witt. out. We ndrol. Gesoll. 58: 57-59. x} 9 1 GBr" R ( 92o) Salix copusiensis Olosz cz'M und lore Eltern, b . S. Litalbeliaha ‘ ..illd. und S. (31311110119. L. leagyar Bot. LapOk 25: 95-201. _ ‘— -------- (1928) Salix silos is ca "illd. und ihre dyer Hepertorium Spec. hovardm R gr 11 V05. Beiheft 52:149pp. Eakajima, G. (1955) ChPOWOSOIEC nimbers in some an3iosperms. Jap. Jour. Genet. 9. Eilsson, E. Heribert (1908) Vinte erknopparna hos slHktet Salix och deras betrdel: o iBr artbes taruningen. Pot. Notiser, p. 197. ---------------——--- (1928) .91 1x laurina. Die Entwicklung und die LBsung einer mehr als :1undert .Hhri en Phlegonet- ischen Streitfrage. Lunés Univ. Arsskr. (n. f. ) avd. 2, Ed. 24, E0. 6: 99pp. -- ----- - -------- ---- (1950) Salix cinereax Utbredning och Ekologiska Detingels er 1 Sydestra SVc rl e. Botaniska Eot- iser 1950:129-145 ------- ------------- (19C 50) Dis trinution and 900103y of S. cinere in sodt1ern SNe den. Bot. Eotiser 1950 : 129-145. Nohara, S geroku (1915) On the germination of pollen of some DdllXo (in Japanese) Pot. La ". Tokyo 27: 185-195. Eainio, A. J. (1927) Uber die intersexnlitit bei der Gattung Salix. Suomalaisen Elainja Kasvit. Seuran Vanamon Julk- alsiya Ann. Soc. 2001. Hot. Fenn Vanamo 5: 155-275. Smith, E. C. (1940) Sex SXpression in willows. Bot. Gaz. 101: 851-861. sprott, W. A. P. (1953) New light on Pentandra hybrid wil- low. Jour. of 15 ot. 74: 250-55. Stein, E. (1924) Lu? Genetik und Phylogenetik der Gattung 5_‘alix. Leitschrift Induktive Abstsmmungs u. Verbungslehre 5/. O49_OR qr 'thm '( CC) 0 Sugiura, T. (1:53) A list of chromosome numbers in angio- Spermous plants. 11. Pros. Imp. Acad. Japan 12: 144- 46. - ------ ~--- (1958) A list of chro~osome numbers in 93:10- Spermous plants. V, Proc. Imp. Acad. Jgpqn 14 (10); 591_ 592. ---------- - (1940) A list of olromosone nlmi rs in 21 io- spermous plants. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 16:15-1g Sukaohev, V. 1;. (1959) Selection Glipel 17116911119 ith Willow. (Russian) snoe Ehoziaistvo 5: 24-54. Vamazaki, R. (191') Chromosome numbers in some angiosperms. J‘J‘i‘. JOUJ’. \ICI’lCTt. 12 (5:5): 101-1037. Yampolsky, Cecil 4 Helene (1922 ) Distributions of sex forms v in the biomeHO‘iii flora. Pibliotheca Senotica 5: 1-52. 3779115311714"; C KAI-3 Li nd 1 e ;r Kalnut bamily The walnut fawily includes about 40 saecies in 6 generr distributed thruout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and also, limitedly, in certain tropical montane regions of botl hemispheres. Of the 6 genera (Jua‘laus l1. (talrut); Carva lfuttall ..., (hickory); Platjcarya Siebold and zuccakini; Pterocarga Kunth; Engelbar tia, and Alfaroa) only the first two are native in Eortb America and it is upon the valuable and useful timbers and nuts of these two genera that the importance of the walnut, family depends (Rehder, l94o; Pearson & Brown, 1952). JU9LAES L. (walnut) The walnut genus includes aoout 15 species of trees1 found in the forests of North and South America, the West In- dies, southeastern EurOpe, and southern and eastern Asia. Of t-i . cincr (D these, 6 species (J. niara L., a _+ I’M ., J. hindsii (Jep- son) Jeoson J. californica S. Ratson J. runestris En elmann 1 :_ :_ 1 L2 ) and J. major (Torrey) Heller) are native of the United States but only J. rivra (black wa‘nut) and J. cinerea (butternut) ———-M———_ —————-—-——— are important as producers of lumber. Most important of the exotic members of the genus is the cosmOpolite Juglans rewia L. (En lish or Persian Walnut) which L4 Ho 8 the source of the French, furnish, Italian, Circassian ano Indian walnut timbers. l Rarely shrubby. J ialnut, esyecially black and English, is the lea i C5"! P ‘ wooi from hfliCfl gunstocks are made. The timbers are also 2).) prized as fine cabinet an furniture woods. The nuts from the various species of ualgns are rich in oil and nutritious. Cf special importance are the English walnuts of g. reria, black Walnuts from g. nisra and butternuts from g. cinerea. It has been the direction of man's interest to the edible part of the tree Which has resulted in the considerable breeding work car- ried on in the genus. (Harlow & Harrar, 1941; Brown & Panshin, 19403. ARIIPICTAP BafiaflTitn PRCH nILn 8T03K With the possible exception of twe genus Carya, no other strictly forest tree genus native of the United States has been as carefully combed for superior wild forms or varieties as the genus Juglans. The stimulus for this selection effort has not, however, arisen from a desire to isolate superior forms for forestry purposes but rather to locate better nut producers for the more immediately prof- itable nut growing industry. For the most part, selection has been confined to J; nipra and j. gingrga--fortunately the best nut and timber producers native of the United States. Early interest in the selection effort is traceable to the "nut contests" sponsored for many years by the Northern Nut Growers' Association% aided at times by the 1 *Established 1910. ,. “5.". \ De --. 'u/ A v e . “‘ ‘v o"./ .,. ,u +‘.~ ,- n; 4* 3] ~23 ya: VA ¥‘ .5 . ‘- -J ‘J y- r) ,1 + .f) ‘_/' a‘ r— ‘ hdvv' ("I r v 34. 9, Cu C... Ire ,—‘ I“ \a‘ La ’ .‘ 4. - .. w L, . 9:“ 1‘ .. "A‘ ‘J VP I St fiYfivx ,, ‘.. ilv q - "J l DifiC'l-fi ‘b -/\4 «Ni .1 ') Z,“ +4» c. .. as" P vb A .1» "'\ Hr_ J. l 3 an | -. J A-- ’5") "‘0‘ ' "“"' L‘>-./ dv’l; :- YY 4", L) 0'1 finvv‘ . at J _n k’ ‘ A .9 TI.) .. “up i .1 9,. li\ VA .—‘~y {390 ,J C‘ i —r\ AA. }’\V .. r-- - f'\ T \'_ ,-.-. | A\—‘ C‘ )4 em? fi¢ \ u v .knA r. ‘_ ;.. +‘ b. 00 In - z i ,l‘ V‘. F: ./ ‘L 4 L4 f 1' r2 '1'“ C in o UM-.~1 ’5 1"" e .3* ‘c: \" NJ r‘ .o f; 1.,» f? \" ,‘\ ,_ Kl u.’ o .a ('3 ..I '- 4: k 1'". 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I. u ‘ . . - _ ‘ . . x A) ‘ UV 9... .9; ~~~ , ~ , -. o , I ‘ .‘ . ‘_ _ ', O _ t \J 4 - ",7 . -— r, 1., ' a; 0 v ‘4 u a V i; - x. ' J - a ‘— 0v ~, -. . L —_ . .L ' 3‘ _ ' r a) Q » ', ~ 7, ..h a A A n . L xi 3 ‘.—.L W-‘-"‘~‘. L'—. — , n . -.. . 1, ‘ . ' I _ . o - v. 4 1 -‘ - . fl - ~ ~ a ' , J. ‘ I'.' , d - - t . ‘. .A. - -. , ‘ . l ' a o a 7‘1 J. . a . 4 w — 1 :1 a 4 w- a 1 1 - '1 Li 7-3 7:; . . F t ’ _ . ‘ 'A \_ . a 4 a I. A -- .- 9 , 4L ° .\ -i . ,, f, i. ,\ 1.: i 0 . .M, I - ' -‘ Q ‘ o '4 a“, .vfi. J .1.. 7 - , ii- ~‘ »,_ _ - 4 o. ' A i '- A . p. v A “ ' i ' A_ o ; " V. .. 9, 4 l _ J .9 ‘ _ I . . ‘4’ t, _ a. . .. , i- J . _ ‘ _ ‘_._ ' o 1 '7' o n x n 1* .1 ‘ T 1‘ - - - ‘ 4- . . " - . '_ O 1 L O i «LA _ *_ _ * —. ~ ~ ~ U -.« - _- - a s F. , v . . J I . .- I- . . 1 ._ ,. , 7 _ . , -7, - + T In- ' - has). ,.- . , . \' — o P .— _‘ v . . V . ‘ ' - ,, ‘ .. , ,f f) _,, . 4. A H . , ,- _ 1. «I —. _ _ _ ' ‘ ‘ n - ‘ x- ‘1‘ ‘ fl ”fl 1' 1 \ I». V‘ ‘ A .7 £ 4“ 1‘.- _ \- " ‘ . .A. ', . - V “ ‘ f " A “ V ‘ L - ‘o’ . " W "V 1‘ '\ / , )1: I 3" ’ ‘V‘ ‘L , . _ | . . . \ V , . ._ ._ 5.. x v . - \v' v t — ‘ — l ,-. .‘ A ,1.“ . .2 ,1, I"?\ “‘1 1 - ,. , ..' ..., l H - .1 u 4 \ .- - .. I j . ' . , . -' - .- ‘. ‘ 1 .‘m ~'- -. v7 -. --.‘ ‘.' ‘. ~ - o\ .- -.~ \‘ J— V. 1 3 J— -‘ . , i . _ _i .' O _‘ ‘ A L O 0 a " " Q 9 '1' "‘ ' "' 1“ (‘8 ’- fi‘ y ‘ ‘ -‘| I} ‘a ‘ ”y" F‘ " L V -‘ L - L O _ ' _¢ . \l *. t . . u _, -74. I - x ”1, A . , .. ,.. .0 1,- .-‘r. ..- 3. .1 at?” «, -- ,.1 a , A ' _. r _ '—v > .1 . 4 _. , - 4 -‘ 'V F i ‘ W V" '2 a“. I. 1 " \ 1 ". 1 “ ' “ r‘ ‘ fl ' ' 3" ‘ ‘ r‘ W I ‘ .. .. . I _ _ .J i _. u ' . -' '— : J . .. ‘ . _ v p .. ‘ . ‘1 .0 ’ .' ‘.’ -- . -\ . . gs , ,-, . . L O i. a 1 - O _ - , L. O — * — — "I -1 - O W -- . -\’- r) r v C O _ _..-_.— 'vr or O- Cut m— —A - - - ro— z-q v -. r - - ‘l .. _, 7 . . i - a .— Q r‘ O 1 1 . .—‘ -.. -w ‘ ~ , ‘f w v Fl r‘ —’— -. ‘ ~, " ‘3 fl 7‘ 3‘, \ 1 ’V / ,7,” .--.~ r,’vT-€t““‘ ‘ ' * -, ' — . ,.. 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I _ ‘rw ‘4 *r -. _, s I *-v ‘_ _‘ a _r‘ . 'l . _.\ I . _ I a 3 .~ . h _‘ _ . . ~ V ‘0 -\ ..- ,I ! \ .4 (u— A. . - ~ -\ fl I ’1 I ‘ ml - .A. . , o ‘ i . A- q cl _ I V l ‘1 - V‘... _ v o ‘ < a; ”a; W | . x a V . ‘ ~, - ._ ‘ 0 --~ , u»; I . _ .. .a r, A . - >-- I I ! , O k" . w , .I ..\ .L. .v in I \- ~ a I‘ \ 0.7 ‘\l L 4 0 _h— o a, - J ‘ C . - fl . I 5. ~ 4‘. _« 3" ,— . - -v I. < ,_ _A ..q ,-a 4 —‘ ax . - ‘I ..a V g‘ I- ._I ‘ -) .4 . ~A - i o l « . . t 3 _ ~‘ .. . o I ‘N x x . .v A ‘0! a , .~. & “ I ..~ ,. -. In“ ,# g . ~ , I .~ _/ -J. I I". \v 4.3 7 I n; ‘I . _. q ‘ ‘1 a ‘ p a ‘ g , _. 0 1 0 e 'I ., I I --‘ - \v ’ l ... . I -I 6 U r 44 ... ~ , i I I l 7‘ ‘— , _"» a! ' _‘ . _ 4. ‘ H . ‘ ..z \ - — -- . I o 1 ‘ .. _ u I N 1‘ ' W ‘ . 4 _ H I M ‘ , . - 4 4‘ j ' J o 4 - - __ ‘ I. x _ .4 .1 ‘ r. I; 7:3‘ . _, I ‘4 .. ‘ ) . o A w _ ‘7‘“- ’1,- L. « __ I". net 4— ,, 2 LIL".a Qui U S V. I 1 AAA ‘ a .ate. (Ll .IIL wdg diz- bri — l/ l I . .-.. if I T. I'IY ‘V‘ w usei e .0 Igynous UrOtC ‘. '34) :) .IOUd (_L Lil’Lu. "o -1 ,roiu' found 4 I‘lyfi LL xValZNJt I run, “A. the ferSl 1 I V ‘ oroiucticn 5 ad col- ‘ million 4 ',‘_ “ _‘. _..: l ...i— elf—‘55 4- OUS varie i-.l"l 1 v I ‘4 Ir; v 1 an , i at “oilen V I L jermin 7e e averat J- I". L); J- V lit 0 ‘ Viabi 4. VS 1 . L e _l l «.4. a; t “ foani '0001 d S e TV 8 1’6 -\ I ~ Ly l icia 1 artif be 7 it may ‘3 c U. tr cu ') .j' Ls- otO ’C‘ x”. es; W 0 supply ..Tu .1 ...a U ”I.“ C .I— ‘ .U V '__‘ ~‘ \ L .J. In ". 1" .- ‘ LL.~.1C 41:. \4 VJ L“ S o _ _ [w E) ILUIC {1101 spears to ‘- 1V8 at veget ‘T .Y uts b s . -2-‘ I “l V"! l.;~ 01 :J. n: V ’ A ‘ 'ltr“ \r _ g I" IA. , -0 U) H. W t—IJ PJ- 0 C FJ Ct A (D (D D H 1 U V v- \ ~w V I ‘ ~ ' 'I' I . .1.. 1 —. t;e genus. aven tuis metncc s 111 tile ('13 Any reference to attempts to oropaeate s,eci ‘ V “' ' "‘ "‘ ‘ “ 4' 7' r“; , ”‘ I‘ " -—‘ ,,' 't *1: 1" I"; V‘ '3 ' . enus L” root ~r sues cutt::,3, treatea u u auxin or un- (V) treated, have not cite to the a1taor's attention. This neg- ative eviience thus supuorts tee general conceution tnat past root’ng metnojs at Laast have been unsuc es ful. Investigation of r0tot1ng gossibilities cuttings LT fine talnuts wouli a;pear to Le a most valuable at 11'] F); line of investirati n. For forestry ourooses tLe Lul (n or grafting teclniaues are, of course, orozioitively expen- sive. Jitb a rerfected metboi of insuring bi b rootin g per- centage of cuttings many valuable Walnuts now in existence could be imte1iate1y utf.lize1 for forestry our108's. I particularly promising forestry breejicg oossib ilities in the genus til , for the oresent, probably be neglected in favor of tnose cenera tnicL may be cheaply proccgated asex- uallg. It is to be boos; agat more long-raise government- financed fOrest tree breeding tainéfl at the Institute of FOchL genetics, may be fouajed for tort on such genera. The breeding and selection required for pure line develrpmeni 01 suoerior stock so that reproduct- ion by seed is fossiole is avowedly a long-time project but is certainly Worthy ot practical consideration. A possible short-cut method for tne synt-esis of true breeding forms cacaole of consistent "egroiuction by seedage in this genus ao3ears guwmnfismyt‘ its perfection of un= col- chicine technique. The creation of auto- ani aliooolygloid forms may ”Ti ld totally dif ere nt a1i suoerior varieties of [.43 Q < (T I CW r O *‘4 O ,- - .LL, 'J. “L one U l ‘J (“I n W I T (T) f“ y- . ' ‘1 P‘ l - . ~. 1:) l m ‘1 1 e h .3 t \ - ,7 h l .‘N I r .1, .- ‘. v s. 4» t - J.- - l M L 1:) V .A. '— L-{ {_x w Cd L) .. 1;; VJ .. » a L.) L- ..z N” a H, a , 1*.. .JbruiQSOLWITfUKCSr "r“- .- A“ , .9 .-. ,4. V- ,1. , ..- , .. ,.“.'.4. .1. ' '1, “...—‘7 - n -' 2'1 ' 3 ..2' id‘ calllufic CIIUWUBUME CUJUU lfl du.la s 15 ”not YLCOIQ- ed bv 1aococe (1:15). Isis toraer reportei tne unreduced num- ber of J. culiforniea S. “atson and J. c. cuercina caboose to be 34 which uouii imCly a haploid number of l7 chromosomes. A stuiy by aoodworth (1930), however, of meiosis in 5 _ ' .., V 'r 1-, ' — ‘ ,1 , 1. . TJQCSlTla HfiicLu., c. n_ r“ 1., J. oinerea L., J. t~.i°bur1ca Laxim., J. sieooliiara var. cor iformis (1axim.) Lahino, 31d J. cot a Feni. (— J. sieboliiana X recia)) revealed a reduced number of 16 caromosomes. asteroiloidi nae not been reported (T) ('9' ('1) r+ H 53.3 r L-‘ H O H. U) m W a > | CJ ("x C H F]. O m L. U k: for Jufilans although tin noodtorth (193?) in Sarva. Cytological stuiieg goodwortn (1330) reported meiosis normal and regular in 1 hybrid listei above. gorogoioyigaliy un- LHE 806016‘ 833 (D 1.31 L4- D D C I R: b 11.. (_‘L m fi' 1...: L7 p U) [“1 SD r—l i C *fi iform microsoorcs were Jroouc taese soecies. .0 - 1.. .,_','I ~,:.,:., -7».- ,.— . . ..., .2 J. notoa O; inoun nvsiii o11C;1 ‘nouei arEut abnortality u v in KiCYOSQOTOE€?€‘J‘- Altaougj pairing at diazinesis augeared normal, metaobase I shotea great confusion. nany bivalents separate; and gassedAtbeir poles without Iirst moving to the 1 mid-ls region of toe scindle. tetaonase I Was t US, in efiect, ”W eliminated. Division II was also tarkei by irre:uiarity. r‘x -l~ .- P .1 c. :1 ‘_ v - .s or owe» a “I. O ,3 I -.-- 3 R o C... a t_ ‘v P! #4 \J ‘ Ft! IWT14_TXE pI'JU (AT _eflons) Au_st_in, L. (1933) Science seees new trees for the fonests of the future. 24pp., illis. rltcerville, Calif. Rebcock, E. P. (1910) 'Molnut-01k hybrid experiment.. Amer. Freeders 939. l (5): 2<>9-2 2. ------------- (1915) Jiflles in Juglans I. Stacy of a new form of Ju9lnns califor ice Tatson. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Agri. bei. 2: l—«fi. nlfilS. ------- ----- - (1974—) {Studies in 31.1991'1113 II . Furt‘r; or ob— servations on 8. T1511 V:- 11’ 163137 of T11. J_:J n3 (3: Ti TOT-”T150 1,3931 qon and on certain sninosed uwalnut ork ".vrios. 38111. UDlV- Pubs. flgr. Sci. 2: 47-70. ---------—--- (1915-2) A new walnut mutant somewhet sim- ilar to live oak 33.99 9 in California In four different localities. Jour. credity 6: 4L-450 -—-—--------- (l9lB-b) Helnut mutant investi99tions. Estl. Acad. Sci. Proc. 1: 535-537. . -——-------—-- (1916) indies i Juglens I. (1) Further . II evidence tLot tie o'Lllle wan t oriuf‘ates by outation; ii (2) a f>crellel nmul tion in Ju91913 Lin 3 (Jepson) Sarg. Calif. Univ. Pubs. A9r. Sci. P: Vl-QU. Brown, ET. P. & Pansiflrl, [L.J. (1940) (Run Ierc101.ior"ens 01 the United States. 1st ed., X3I+-554 pp., 5l2 figs. LcGraw- Hill Poo‘c Cowppny, Inc., Lew Y03L and Londo Crane, H. L. (1937) Nut Breeding. U.S.L.s. Yearbook of A3r101lture, pp. E~V-L‘90. est, E. L. (1940) Tne distribution of self-sterility in the flowering Plants. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 52: 449- 518. Harlow, T. M. and Horror, E. F. (1941) Tex Wibook of oendrol- 05y. 9nd Ed../V+ 549 pp., 534 iL9s. icGra w-Uill 900k 00., Inc., Lew Yerk & Londor . Johnson, L. P. V. (1959) A dos artificial interspbcific Lyh m (o riitive list of nttaral and s in North imerican forest tree genera. Coned. Jour. Re . l7: 4ll-~:44. Elotzscn, J. F. (15541) Ueber due Rutzentcndung der Pfanzen- Bastards und his cilinge. Fer. Verinod . K. Preuss. A{Qd. Wiss. Fcnlin 1354; .“S-So Pearson, R. S. 9 Brown, M. P. (1952) Commercial timbers of India. nolcufi‘q Government 01 India Central Publication Franc“. Reed, C. A. (1926) Nut-tree ocooa 9a.tion. U.S.D.A. Permers' Rul. H0. 1501, Lash. T. 9. .L/ J ’ Rehder, A. (1940) Kennel of cultivated tr es end shrubs. . _ f '-' u ». v C W ,9 . ... ,9 2nd Ed., 9~o pm. LQCullLQM Co. Lew Yorl. rees of Lor tn “Movie § (’1 CCD —f- b L- o q *4 b" o A H . (‘J N) v 5‘ ..2 3 }.J O ”'3 Ct '0 SCLUS“er 3. h. (19'? i) Lifferenccs in beterosis of walnut " o r)].b {317. 010 C. (1941) boocies hybrid '1 1 Q -- , 1 - SWitt. C. L. & OM 8P3, L. Q. (l)o ) E“"t?cr stuCics on piriods Of Pcceuti litye and pollen Viobili y in tbs ch'L. Proc. 17th finn. Root. 10X. Pecan W1 £88.: 77—95. ,—\ 'T‘Wgu'), F. p. 7k "owl'n‘n 1,. 7:. ( Aft?) 1‘. J57 (“(17 Clip 0‘ _.‘1'_1_I‘Ul!lr\‘_" rollinwiiov in tbe 1ecwr J. £9"ic. ?1s. ’". 9‘7-9J. Toad . T. (l ‘9) NTJD’wi“. «ollJmfiiion cs 6 Fee's of in« -‘r:sin| rnoo tic; i~ corrennin‘ vvrrien x'lnnt o'chsrds. ”0c. “'gfl. foo Port. Sci. 99: 104-66. -----*-"'—- (393$) POJllLHtiOL ~10 hloon3= }”Lits of t“e “crsiwn malnut is Z‘lffr;ri9. Cock. full. U. 3. Left. A9~. To. TNT: ff. 53. ‘”cllfi-:9‘mn* E". (11531) RVG€VJJK_:XW‘JJLLLS. P1T13. Viv'. VIN; 3”. Ass. 99; 15—21. Toedro;t3, T. H. (l7"9) Idiosis of mi930990309enesis in tUe JW‘ltrd_-cf c. 1¥;r. Jon”. 9st. 17: 563-569. ‘f.LIo;OV, R. 5. (3’76) Inte?—s;eciws Tyoridixetior of walnuts. Soviet 51 tr99ics L0. 5 (71): F5~99. (Cited fnhw Jobnson, lotio.) LIL“ LUJ”TT TNT? GILL“) (.N"l:rs) Mb-..-— Anonymous (19lo) Lutet1ors in walnuts. Jonr. credit; 7: 1:517 U. . --~---—-- (1995) ”HlflUt-U‘i9‘ . Introdwction of iwm1ne ver— ietj b‘ tie departwert. ‘89 469i. Jonr. A93. 97: 25. 3.1731313) LlO"j (1:127) Pi. UCW’ enternpi Se in joce St tree breed— in;. JCTIF. Eansstrj'295: 92L» 5-;Lm;. --—--———--——- (1928) Vieeding eines for mone repil growth. Jcn1r. 1r“l”‘(ji'j it? ('7): QEKE-PKVI. -—--——---~-—- (1998) Lx1e”1tents it the Eddy tree breeding stcticr. Ti‘Wergwr 29 (7): /9 34 —--—————~--—- (1999) Ike Eddy 'ree Prcgdin, Station. 19d- rono l (15): 05-.7". --—-~—-~——-—- (1932) Pine Gnu vzlnnt wrecri1* for timber p?oJUo9502. PWOD. 6th Intesztl. COD . Genetics, It3.15;9, 1952, 2: 2-9. ---———-—-——-- (1977) TFO institute o? forest genetic“. LWCP IForests, September, 1957, pp. 6. ~—--————---—- (1958) Forest ‘ oetiJ . .u1loson1 D Report 1938: 435-49. Peacocw, E. 9. ( 9WD) LT:tOLO 09y in Jn9lnns cslifornics ”et- son. Plart World 13: z. ~31. Vstctclor, L. D. ( Ll?) Tsriniio: 9rd Ili9Lt resistdnoc 8111011.", :.'.'="1:',_,11i'.9. Cilii‘. Ifitz‘2te 30112:. 9014;. "Optillj; 7111]-. 4' 4“b-450. -—-——--—--—-—-—- (1916) B“ohlens in walnut orceding...usl— nut blight and VRT1”blllTT of the present Inoves. Jour. lkei edii“v 7: Gi-LIE. Eisse , P. (193.4) TV“: James river 1‘.’£.?~ln1_1_t.P71059113" crcss igetwween LfllttCIThlt T‘UJ :“q9liSE‘KJ.ljnit. Jour.}1ereM -t7 .g 01(1 Bilbv 1. a. (1919) Amer. Nut JOLc. 1. m .3; . ’ jEurbank, intE1cn. (19 o) Tzc taxdni ELIE}: royal JCT! 3.? , a 1- ' {35.171110 1“ profit...8 $9., illu.. tent. H ' e, L 1 t't<3:111~1t VU-H r C 3 HBO" '7 La 1190 {DON I lif “,1 "TJ ‘ r I“. E: V. 1 lnut. .1.. is r;; the .L.‘ t. . __, ,. - Ln tbca1t; 9nd r31] 1"... P1J1Tw1nli, ILJtEuJF (lQlr ) f1<: LW1Il1erfl: *«119ZL 1 lYPlt I3icn1€<3r jest. LHWUevmnn "l (P) : Pl. CQfiTCT‘, IT. fl. (JLXMJ) Studies ijlivxzediay'1.,3ffib1strotefl 1;? 1iie trixfi<:xmes of‘:figecies 1111 vv1rdhls of JW;fl’”1°, an11tFCP3, P°1oveW, 1nd (olsvvm o7 pp., 11143. .'sblgguon, L. 3. "o1“?1‘f, l. 1.. Tlhl“) ~n1 flhefln°nt'.w,lTHL. llrr“ Visit 1%: 1’ ‘k‘f; u“ 1.. I11vis, lfl. F. (liHNJ) 19x; toxfix: priruziplfa of JWM lots r1_‘vs qs ide ni;1jied with synthetic JHQlone, so" its toxic 3.lects 011 t‘on 11:0 :1n <1ljkiliPI 311-11-11. 2u194r. J“11:‘. F701;. 153: Sill. He: s.oe~5 J. I. 11757) StCWtfinv 1 jPClQPCQd str11¢ of tiWPcr and c:mms tre es ir11fiw1 fOrestry"“wafirqm 0; tle WP” ”(s'ec ‘fs'llxajr ‘11‘11C1 i-'t31. 1111 11. C— - Vg--L .....v'..‘_. b ‘I ...».I.) ..-. .. . 5,} .../V 11.. U.'—_\0.a MW ‘.‘ kl L- J fi - r; Y I 7-) I: + . fl 1 2 . . ~.1r~, r. q ~. . .9 ‘ -. ‘ ... nL * j : I- p ,‘ ., A -‘ _ \ ’- . _ . '1 ‘a L ‘. v A 1 v< ‘v‘ {x'tI ‘ . .A. L5 k; ‘A — U; ~ -‘ '-4' \~ J -.l ... L. .— -- .- g *V V ~ ‘ ‘_ Lr .' \AU . — fl .z‘. . v -- U —~ - — .4 ' ' " k ‘- Kw J a . ., r", q a"! :‘ fi "" "‘1 ‘ Y‘"4' " 1?": ‘ 1 L “. '1’) 1'.” ~.--“ ‘5‘".7r '\W-‘.r . 1 n . _.. ‘ 1. . A _. ... ‘.-- '. -. L, ~1 ' .A. 1A V )V- ‘1 . ~— L V. .. -‘. ’o .. Q. - -- v . r—u - ' ‘ ~a ~x I o 1.. 1‘ .r‘ '7 1" L n 1 W- _ 1 l I.) q 1’ -. '- ‘I'L ... -‘ ., r-y . 4 4'. ~ “1’ ‘ 1‘ - 1 (x ’1 y- a ) L -_ r‘ \ _..v -.ng... ..x-..u 9. AL A .- 1...; ..v-..L_- .,. ~— - v4. 4 , x . ‘1 .__1 Lia—Viv L - \ . :- .~, r. .3 3v ..J ' .,~ 1 ”Th“: 1- n 7“ r- 1" r‘ -, 4. / 1 “‘1 _l, p — 1 '1 r 1 n 1- .. .‘ 1 ,—. Y 2. 3.1 Q 1‘ -. - I. ' ‘ I I K n < ‘ . — ‘ A‘ - . a U .... ‘ --- r I, u L - a - ‘ L) \ J ._ I I ’ .. .. _ 5 ' _a _ _ _. U u - u ‘ __ d A s‘ - -,-. . ,- \ .. C‘ ’- -2 ,.‘ : f‘ It '5 F‘ V; -‘ P‘ w 7‘ ‘I: V “ J) 4. up D a, l .1 fi "'1' . ‘ v'T "."' (I 3’ 1 I- ‘ P .’ ' " V. - . 1‘ ’. ‘. v“ 1— ~— — _.. — .5 U . L —’ NJ . x. - »- h; A . -. -"‘l ..‘l.‘ .4 ~_.‘. A 1. ) ‘ -1.. I L ‘I -\. .LU ... J _ . ‘ \v v V vfi H I ' fl _ V '1 9 'V O 0 _ O ‘ ‘ ,. .1 ,. f r) . —. ‘. cw 4. '1 .‘ fl. f , ,-,1 I f -. _-. .I _ 1 . ,7. ,5 4. 1 ‘WW 7' ,R. -r- . .- .. 4- a L , L} ‘1.) a. ", rs L --v A ‘- x. w‘. x, 5.1 .4 .. a. v AU A _L ...- . U -1 u . . ~ - - ‘.‘- ..- _. . 5 -- v ‘1 . 11.». l '.' r‘ _q } ‘ ‘,’\ 'n 5" 1" 1' I“ ‘ V \ ~r‘. “— v v ‘- ¥ 1 ' 'Tfi :1 if N ”1 .2 ‘l' - + "r 'V ~ u.»- n 1" - A. p 1 1 " CT "—\ «'3 V ) fv ‘I' V- - ' ' L 0.4 ~~‘~ a ...; .. -. ~— - . .- J .. \u U 1 . -’_ L.’ — .A. U \4 \ ..' A—v ~~ . - .~ v~ ¥ - d- — a . .L - . "- ~72 ... u L J . A v- n . - . q '1 x" .1 q ‘ . 4f ‘ ('1 ‘- y _ r" -. ‘,‘ L ‘ 3 ’7‘ " I' ’r‘ 4' W .2 c '4 . _ J 1 f ‘ 1 :5 ”1 1 ‘~ ‘ r ‘1 {7- ‘r .o'_. .A.- -‘ . .1 . .. .. .. 1- .. ‘ 1 \« 11.. v .1. u _.. .1 U'. k- 1- J g _L / g: s.‘ Q ‘. 5’ ' 1 1 L ‘4 .- - ,‘ ,‘ 94 L- A ~'— 3 w $ .-\ ‘ J- : ‘ u . ~ 7 -, 4 3 v L") _ 1'7 » .J- -: “. -.\ (f J v.1 - A '2 ‘V I‘.‘ . v-'~ ‘z_ '. 1 1 7'1 ‘_ -_ . ‘ \‘. 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'».- . . ‘3 1. -.~_* ”do A la year ulz JEJ Q variety stu 1;; ex HbvhrOOl r3} '. — -. 1".“ -' M _ - K . ; I'm: m-L .~ ‘ ‘ 4-.- 541 ELlUutS vu;iCL.(:Olc L¥r,3;5 cxzeains. 'Fue txlua L) | ‘ " " ‘I '~ ~ " I' ‘ r 0" ’ ‘ .‘ u’“ “. " . A‘ _aac; antler Cufltkjfifl an tie aveiags 8,Lu4 dull JUECET 01 pallen gra US proauce; (”\l‘ tree tnus arounte; t3 aggroxiuately a;,394,llj, u. v‘ rwl \I (’4 n . I‘ . . P - ‘ — ‘ A F“ in; at lC(3 efTiCfiTHCV: 106': lJ eacn H’LLCH Cr ":10 $0 {5. (.A. .1. ‘. A L; LA? [0 (—+ H g l m g: H (~4~ p (' J P4} C) w 1 C“‘ J. \’ 3..) “ ‘3 H :3 C d- V c+ ‘ ‘3‘ ""1-" ‘~r‘ '\ r“ ‘ ' —'_ -.'* t at tale collen MUJL- uaVe be m Sdl‘lCl‘l ad a? te‘ Ev Var101s “OrLeTS- 311 e (1957) In flea tgat iability of fecan tollen varies greatly u 4‘ . seasonal confitiajs a1: otler lactors. Neodroc J stored polleh of 20 varieties unfier various te; ..4 l h‘midit coafiitions but osservei that 'no temps kuxiiiity conditiLH1. LS founfi under VfiiiCJ pollen storei for longer than 96 hours (4 days) wits c germination." Smith & Bomberg (1932), however, _men of she ;ecan varie O N (O r’. C) H; (<1 0 C) H. (+- ;__1. C 3 H) (‘\ j H R) W [D CT H C .3 v \ pollen of another variety remaimeu viable for : ,+- ‘4,» -m,.-.:..',.—,. . 41,, .\ .-,«."; - vablons MlLu wu er Valltelco um has chdfl anl f tainei for 10 flavs or more. (l 30) had l number of ain were in- J r com3ute; prOiuce 229, has been invest- itn varieties, f (1328) wii ('0 "' «‘4' ~ gerauur rature and ertainty of resorted t7 under lab- 11y 8 days. tfieir Cheer- canal that ll be main- H C) C a (I (3 &L & Romberg y) ‘t’? q 4. L1“: '_ c A 1 4 TL Y4 Mr. VI“ .1 L... G C ..- . S m!” «a. 0.1 ._ HM. R;* A; .41. E .3 € 3 S n, S u a... .1... . v . (p uh .+ ,_ u U .. “ U L p; 3 .1. l L r. ...b C .. M \ .. .1 a a; 5 .1.. ya, x ‘ x \ r . 1w, Alb ~\v D4 .A. :1” 4p _... : m1; a.“ ... \all 4; . . ... , ...... 3 S v... an ....H ,. a n: ..., V. 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( .. on _ E L w .rJ. _ . ) n1 Wx O a l-.. a. ..-” .-.. .- n _ C c, .1 1 ,. . I . A \ IX L .1 a x ._ v 7‘ x ... rL . u .... .. l v .v 7. / .1. ..-» .1 .. H1 ... _ .+L mp . AU/ 3U Y“ ) .3. C ...: n--. S ..L C a, 1 . _ ... a...” S o m . 3: +9 .....M 2.. 1 ( .9 H s .. l o. 1* J u VI. . 1 (a? . I w L. 1 m. I. 1 V Y. n \ ”aw My . 7A.“ ... F... 3.,“ 1B. .. v as. , e. /..\ P. +14 m. 9., n.“ ..L 1 l . A. . . .l )_ +9 . . t m. W; A . K“... n A T.. . m _ J . | a 1 ,V» n J. ...”v nib .L _ vx. |+ . gull“ W... (I. ( n... v- 3.. v. . n1. 0 e n . O .. M o .... a n-“ M“ . .x T. T w. ..i .3 T Q 2 .1. n... 5 1 a . , I \I. . l. . . , . .. ... o _ .. .. 0 i .. . C l .-. t +s L) a; _ .. H.“ Y. o; C... AH. .72. Mr 1.-. w. my n0. .4 L . ' ... - .. . . L ..L . n C v, 0 ..., C A“ v. V‘ 2+.L ...J . .p. w «k m: «a. W). v. 0 o. .f o w . 3.. A. Y. a .. _..L. h; n... +. a, H V 8 t T. C m... t +... +.. o I I; u u . 9, p. a, Y. .L +... +. an: .1 U ...... L e : 1 J . v .. . t I. . ‘. r: _. . «a ._ a S 91. ..L v1 C 3 U . (\ V _g W -a. .. O in . O J my L..l_. r-~’V“l‘.1 J7. fr. '7 \J-ll . ++n U 1 v *. '.I’V\T'";T‘ 'f‘T 1‘1"" AILAAALU.L ullb' (Pym-mm) an - . .. fi _ v r .' I","’\\ .. .. 3-1 - T730353“, 1;. P. C: P91101111, .‘2. JO (1‘ "U 1 CO? {I'C'ch-l"i—‘- tJ.‘ ICTS Op _ o -3 ‘ L ‘4 '7‘t(\ 30,. .. .. he Illted States. lst eo., KIi—EF»Q pp., dis 1138. Lo3r2d- T v r T.‘ r 1 ' I A. ‘ru .‘ fl . . "t . -.‘ 1:111U Toni Cenfii-ny, Inc., Lea -Orfi awn LOMUOU. v '~~— ‘ 7-. . *r ‘ tr...x ~ 40 Crane, n. L. (lJo ) Lot bPCBLlLv. .S.D.A. ;oarbooz oi 5.:r1 calture, pp. oev-ee . Forkth, C. (1914) Taelve years' experience in iybridizing pecans. Natl. hat -}rouels' Assoc. Proc. 13: .t-"O Harlow, T. i. and Larrar, E. S. (1341) Textnook of dendrol- OfV. 2nd Ed. XV+—542 'p., 934 figs. AcGraw— ill Rook Co., Iris. , l er? ‘KOIQ: f: l.oruic>:. Pearson ET. 8. ,r_. Prown, H. P. (ii-9532:) Conworcia 1 t1" ...wers of Indix.. jfilCIIIXZ,-rLJClefflit of Irxlia Cerfluflil l‘uol iCXFtiOU Franco. Herder, A. (1943) Lemuel of otltivotco trees and. strvbs. 2nd Ed., XXX+-996 pp., FacLillan Co., Fe York. Pisien, E. 9. (1914) Tree breeding. Natl. hut GPOLOPS' Ass. Proc . 13: 50-33. Serg:erht C. S. (1922) Annual of trees of Aorth Arorica. Sno Ed., I.ew York. Smith, C. L. 7: Pomberg, L. D. (19"?) P0 llination control, peTiOd oi receptivity and pollen vie tility in the pecan. Yatl. Pecan Assoc. Bull. 31: bo-Ul. , -----------*-----~----------- (19?3) Furthnr studies on periods of roce_>tivit y and pollen viability in tne pecan. Proc. 15th Ann. . eet. 3ex. Pecan Gr. Ass.: Vo-o ---——-———--——----------—--—-- (lV40) Stigma lecept itv and pollen sheddinq in some pecan arieties. J.1Agric. 680 CO: J-C‘l"k.€to mnqhfi, If. P. &;Emynmcr§, l“ 1). (-9'7) Duetbods Of'anrtrolling pollination in the pecan. J. Agric. Fee. 47: 267— Woodroof, H. C. & Pailey, J. E. (1928) Unfruitfulness of the pecan. Ga. Exot. Eta. Bull. 143, 40 hp. fioodroff, J. G. (1930) studies of the strui late inflores- ' cence an.d pollen of Eicoris :ecsn. Jour. Agr. Research 40: 1059-1104. Woodworth R. U. (1950) Meios 918 Of mici ro.po' Jo lendacexie. amer. Jour. wot. 17: 865-8’ ‘ ‘ogenesis in the C) C)’ LIl‘RAEUVE NOT CITED (0 m) “& Stucke;¢, H. P. (1916) The two groups of varieties of the licoria fecan and their relation of self-3+;er111t7 Ga. Agr. Expt. btfl. Bull. 124, 22 pp. Woodroof, K. C. (lQBb) Develooment of the embryo sec and young embryo of ricoria recan. Amer. Jour. Rot. 15: 416- 421. ‘—‘ 1 For further references not cited for tlis 'enus consult the literature lists at end of Jurlans an e ctio ' _..aé...—_— BETULACEAE Agardh Birch Family The birch family includes more than 100 species in 6 gen- era: Betula L. (birch), Alnus B. Ebr1art (alder), Carpinus L. (hornbeam), Ostrya Scepoli (hep-hornbeam), Ostryopsis Decaisne, and Coerus L. (hazel). For the most part the family is re- stricted to the northern hemisphere. A few species of Alnus, however, extend southward through the mountains of Kexico and Central America to the Andes mountains of Peru (fiinkler, 1904; Sargent, 1922; Fender, 1940; Harlow & Harrar, 1941). Aembers of the family are trees or shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers. Except for the members of the genus Petula, little breed- ing or cytological investigation has been carried on among the arborescent forms of tie other genera. Considerable breeding and selection, however, has been carried on in the non-arborescent genus Corylusl, designed to improve quality of the filbert nut of commerce. Breeding work of this nature does not fall within the scepe of this paper. In tre attacred "literature not cited (Retule)" will be found references to the cyt0105ical researches of Woodworth (1920-a, lQBQ-b, 1930) in the genus Alnus. l Corglus avellana L. of EurOpe produces the filbert nut but the United S'ates' supply is furnished largely by locally selected forms, varieties and 3ybrids of this species. -1C.'-O- I l L —4 r": J [—4 o A O 1.1. W O 3‘ V The genus Betula is made up of about 40 shruboy or arbore scent SJeCiES wi ely distributed tlruout the northern He :1s211ere. About 15 soecies are native *0 {he cooler re- 0 gions of North America. Cf this number 10 are trees. about 5 of these ma; be considered of corxercial imgortance: ;. luten licnaux (yellow birch), é nn‘vr ifera Larshall (paper birch), B. gooulifolia Karshalt (gray birch), g. nirra L. (river birch), ani g. lenta L. (cherry birch). Lost important of the native ejecies is the comraon nort. astern hardtood g. lutea nhich, it is estimated, supplies about three fourths of all the timber sold as birch in this country. birch is one of the most important furniture woods of the Uni ed States ani is also used for a great variety of proiucts, including veneer, railroad ties, cabinets, boxes, woodenmare, novelties, ani other miscellaneous products (Brown & Panshin, 1941). Cf some commercial importance in murope ani Russia are the "European white birches" (g. oeniula Eoth, é. gubescens ‘———_ Ehrh. and their intermediate forms). g. alnoides Hamilt 5.. and g. cylini ros;a chvs Garble are timber trees of com- mercial significance in India (Pearson & groan, 1932). Laiy of the bircnes are used for decorative purposes in the United States. The handsome foliage ani bark of s :ake them com on ornamental (I) the EurOpean white birch 1 ' . 1 Cther native birches of local importance incluoe: b. gapyrifera occi enfalis (Hook. ) oarg., var. western oaoer birch); B. oa2v ifera keiaica (Eva ns) Henry, var. (Kenai birch) of the Alas {an coast reg ion. -101... trees of the eastern states. The tenus Let la is notably po lVWUr his due to the ease witn which natura interspecific crosses a;.arently occur. In ition, oolyoloid sgecies, va rietie , and hybriis ranging from trioloid to hexaoloid have been recognized cyt01051cally. LE little evidence of conscious effort in tne United States directed to the selection OF superior individuals fir forestry purposes from wild populations of he native birches. Excep Mi ns to this, eneral conclusion may possibly be found in those few instances there controlled breeding projects have been instituted. Eresnmably selection of the bes t tild forms available tor use as oarental stocL 1" s- 1' "' 1‘ ‘ " ‘V ‘N .% —.‘ A has LBt; given Some cor sioer at on. ) tt :t;',n has been reporteulv direct- (I) In Europe some so ( 1 ed to the qu stion of see ea or igin (grove enanc 8 studies) in an effort to isolate climatic strains of the important é. verrucosa Ehrhart (2 Q. pendula Roth and g. gubescens Ehrh. ani their intermediate forms.1) Schreiner (1957) reported German seed origin studies with a. verrucosa underway at the Forstbotanisches Institut , Technischen Hochschule, Dresden but any results of this work have not as yet been reported. l The ta xonomy of these two Species has been consideradly contused in the cast. The natural more northerly range of B. oubescens Ehrh. overlaps, in many districts, the more sout~erly re n :e of §. verrucosa Lhrn. (Jensen l957). In these area interteiir e firms showing a gradual transi- tion between the two 0 sm»e ies led Linnaeus ani other early taxonomists to gr the o suecies, JlUS the intermedi- ate forms, into the one ecie s: g. alba L. (Congd p.lO53. nettstein and Prooach I93 9) of he Kaiser nilwhelm- Institut fur Luchtunisforscnung, drain baur-Institut, lunchberg in an essentially cytotaxonomic report on g. pubescens and g. verrucoca reported plans for the study of the economic value of the natulal int r1e11 te forms of these species. R sults of this study have not been published. Heiberg (1937-1939), in a report surveying the provenance problem involving the important forest trees of Norway, em- phasized the iaportence 0: select ng individual birch trees ‘HJ of good quality for further breeding, rather than attempting to select cli tatic r; ces Considering the natural occurence La of large hybrid pregenies betwee1 . oen dula anl é. augscens It“) such a suggestion appears sell-founded. Sprangers (1937), wit; reference to the selection work b lar invest gations I...) H O :‘XJ (T U) H :3 (D) ‘1 {:3 :3 LA EN *1 (I) O O 3‘ (I) “1 (I) }._lo 1.} Fl- 1 to be conductea in Hollani. In View of the ease with Which many of the species and varieties of this genus hybridize in nature it may be pre- sumed that there exists in the mild stete a wide variety of segregates in F and later generations. It would seem ad- 2 visable, therefore, to conduct systematic surveys in regions of range overla: of several species. Selections from such wild stocks may yield valuable material for forestry pur- poses which could be utilized immediately if vegetative Ine work of Lorgentb aler (1915), 1:2 5), sinkle r & Anton (1933), and Jentys-Szaferowa (l938)l1as proved the incorrectness of this View ar 1 t *1e final se;yre 3 ation of the two species and their in rnzediat.e forts. menier (I940) believed Q. verrucosa Lhrh. sh uld instead be cs fll ed B. ‘endula Roth. Footnote of p.|02con{'d d: Helms and Jorgensen (1“ propagation tere feasible. In any case, the material might grove useful for further breeding nork. 1'."I~hY-t\- ~7- 1. 5 :'1 ...,‘.,.‘.I(.‘ .“~ “ . .1' _,_‘,,_‘.T ‘1’? .JLVJLTKU 4.1.30 ..J_'£.a.v.1,1i'~.u 3.12 grudge/lieu Although the incidence of natural interspecific hybrids in this genus is quite highl, reports of breeding studies beyond tde initial steps of provenance studies and individual selection from wild stocks, as noted above, are reoresented in the literature by only one preliminary hybridization re- port. Smith & Nichols (1941) reported nine crosses, the pro- geny of which have been tentatively identified as hybrids. The parents included: a. mandshurica (Reg.) Nakai var. ienonica (Miq.) Fehd., a. kaximowicziana Reg., a. lenta L., _AK/ 44" L . niera L., g. populifolia Narsh., é. lutea kichx., E. lm apyrifera harsh. and its variety henaica (Evans) Henry. *6 Tests of vigor as compared With the parents have not as yet been reported. Flowering data Schreiner (1938) reported that studies of the bloom- ing habit in fistula was complicated by successive develop- ment of flowers on individual aments and the aboarent abil- ity of some species to mature parthenocarpic fruits. Smith & Nichols (1941) reported species of Letula as extremely protandrous, in some cases so much so that isolated trees bore almost no fruit. There is, however, according to these workers, no difficulty involved in getting selfed (Johnson (1959) listed 13. —104- —. I- 0, Lb: :.- .\-.“ °. h :F. "7!: - ~~ : ‘ “ seed by artillCldl yblllflétluflo lfllS IS suuportei oi Last's (1940) conclusions that the genus is self-fertile. hybridizing technioue The "greenhouse technique" as described by Yanchevsky (1904) for Salix aid nettstein (1933) for figgulus, has been successfully used in the betula crosses reported by Smith & Nicnols (1941). These latter authors also noted that sausage tubing may be more conveniently used in betula species(;n- stead of paper or glassine bags) to cover a large numoer of ”‘1 ~ flowers on one branch. They recomtenle' plugging the end of the tube hith cotton tool, thus insuring EOUd aeration. (For details of the "greenhouse technique” see Salix section of this report.) Pollen longevity Peoorts of pollen longevity studies in this genus have not some to the author's attention. It is probable that refrigerated storage of 2-3 degrees C. and relative humidity of approximately 50% will Success- fully preserve birch pollen for reasonable ser‘ods. In cases where pollen is desired from remote sources it would seem ad— visable to obtain cut twigs searing male catkins in the dor- mant state and hold tnem in refrigeration. They may then be forced as needed in the greenhouse. This method was resorted l) by Heimburger (1940) as successful witi speci s of Pooulus. tenbers of the genus :etula are grouped among the l_J "difficult" o.ants to root from stem cuttings. In horti- h -105- cultural practice buiVing, g-aftins or layering is sat- isfactorily used but such methods are obviously impractic- able for forestry purposes. The tort of Afansiev (1939) demonstrated that rooting ability of stem cuttings in this genus may be significant- ly increased by auxin treatment. Greenwood cuttings of g. ‘1 .C‘ populifolia Karshall treatet lor 6 hours in a 5 mg./ liter solution of indolebutyric acid rooted 30% in sand after 68 .‘ days. Ten percent of the cuntr in this experiment rooted. \ ‘l [0 Greenwool cuttings of . uao'rifera treated by Afan- _A— I I U! I siev for 24 hours in a 20 mg./ liter solution of indole— butyric acid rooted 50% in sand after 65 days. In this case none of the controls rooted. The results obtained in these experiments are indeed promising but further work is needed to test possibilities _} of improving these comdaratively low rooting gercentages. Studies of tree ages from which cuttings are made, as well as the rooting response of various parts of the tree, as pointed out by Thimann & Delisle (1939) should prove to be promising lines of investigation. An interesting and unusual characteristic of birch seeds has been described by Crocher (1930). The seeds, (I) when first collected, requir high temperatures (90 de- grees F.) for germination. If, however, the seed is strat- ified at 32 - 40 degrees F., the germinating temperature gradually drops until at the end if several months the seeds begin to germinate even at these low temperatures. JYTeLCG Chromosome number (-+~ Li (D s oi chromosome numbers and other reports by var- go Jorrensen, 1925; uoodworth, 1929, 1930, 3 h ious autlors (Helms 1931; detzel, 1929; Jaretzky, 1930; Gaiser, 1930-a, l930-b, 193 Stebtins, 1938; nettstein, 1939, adj bleier, 1954) in 3; ndicate that the basic genom in the genus Betula = 14. C) w c—f. ;) (u noodmorth (1931) in View pclyploid series in $13 ,_J this genus suggested an orifiin basic number of 7, altho no species uitn this haploid number is believed to be extant. Hanscher (1934) on the basis if interpretation of secondary association at metaphase I in this and otder genera of the Betulaceae also sue ested this ultimate basic number. v Heteroploidy The comprehensive researches of Joodworth as cited above indicated an interesting auto- and allopolyploid 3.); escribed species hybrids and varieties in series of the the genus. host cf the menbers are normal diploids (2n = 28, as g. niera L. and g. lenta L.); two are triploidl (3n = 42, as p. Jackii Schneider 2‘s. cunila L. x g. lenta L.); four are tetraploid (4n = 56, as g. oumila 1.); two are pentaploid (5n = 70, as g. papyrifera Larshall); and three are hexaploid (6n = 84, as g. lutea hichaux). 0 H) siecial interest to the tree breeder in this connec- tion is recognition of the fact that the hexaploid, g. luteg (yellow birch), is commercially the most important of our Both are natural hybrids described by taxonomists. _1nv- native Species. The production of other polyploids by arti- ficial meals Lithin t is genus as well as in other enera f', ..l p— \— may thus lead dirictly to superior types for forestry pur- A study of stomata frequency on leaves of the diploid niera, penta ploid B. 03 yrifera, and hexao plo id B. lutea ItD (as well as Lolvp loids in ozher' :enera) to ascertain the fl: reliability of such ata to be used as an index of chromo- some number his reported bv bax, 1938. g. niera (2n) showed an average of 82 stomata per square millimeter, é. pa;yrifera h discrep- 0 (5n) snowed 37, and g. lutea (6n) showed 43. Su ra and g. lutea (I) ancies as here aspe r betneen B. oacyrif were also observed in ether genera. It was concluded by the author, however, that although such counts cannot be used as an ab solute index of polyploidy, they may be useful in pre- limine ry s rveys, especi Ni V of herbarium material. } Cytological studies of species, varieties, and hybrids. O The following summation of meiotic behavior as noted in several of the species, varieties, and hybrids in this genus is based entirely on the observations1 of .oodzorth (1929, 1930, 1931). Di olo ids (2n =28) Woodworth reported meiosis normal in B. lenta L., g. nicra L., g. coerulea-(raiiiis Blanchard, é. fontinalis var. 1 Material fixed in Carnoy's fluid, imbedded in nitrocellulose sectioned 10? N thickness, stained with hai1enhains' iron haematOX"1in. NCTQ: :etula, Alnus, and Zorvlus mature their pollen in “e +1 fall; 0s trva, Cstrvo sis, and Jaroinus mature pollen just prior to shedding in the spring (Woodworth, 1931). b., B. gendula Roth, C I H- I) ~ g ,1 0 fl 0 r‘c ‘ ”I" '4‘ - r‘ ,‘\ 0 ' Jioeri (crit. ca 5., c. oaconiCi é. gopclifolia garag., *. maximowicziana Eegel, and g. utilig ll var. oratti Eurk. but very abnormal in s. sedmiatii Hegel, an oriental species. Asynacsis involving a variable number of chroaosome pairs nés observed and resulted in frequent polyspory. Normal gairing, however, has frequently observed in this ssecics aid the aut:or concluded that a large per- centage of morpholosically good ,ollen resulted. hybrid ‘t‘le . a“ - -- . V ‘N‘-,r\ J— —‘ A ‘ V A: (-1 origin has SUt355b€1 or b. scniii Triploid hybrids (3n = 42) The tricloid hybrid KB. jac:ii Schneiier, resulting fro m fthe natural chSS‘of diploid 3. lenta L. x tetragloid s. oumila L. revealed, as right be anticipated, extremely abnor- mal meiosis. Variable numbers of univalents, bivalents, and trivalents tere reported tr Iooduorth and in some cases there was orserred no cairins at all in the ;rophase of division I. n‘ g h 'y- I“ “mm, 3‘" (v Pr- . N '- 1 ,-. ,\ ' .—~ . . _ '3 .~ . ,‘ _ '1 . .. ‘ *1, .. . uflfumus He lat,in5 on the soiniles ”as observed in bond leis- ’ons. Polysoory wgsobserved frequently r solting in great variation in oollen size. Rosendahl (1916) reported the oollen of this hybrid 25; sterile. In a study of the comoarative anatomy of tne stems of B. iackii and its rarents, Cousins (1933) reported an inter- mediate size and tistribution of vessels, width in cells of 11 compound rays, and will characteristics of bith cells in the 4 set to various other characters tie hybrid resembled either its oollen parent, g. linta L. or the mat- (T subcoriata >;:l (D PJ- 0 (D H. ('3 .3 I ( L O u C. 3 Jo 1...: 1o 0 v I L l O {G ' O 10 r<2 ks; ) I (I) “i 9: <1 £0 b—fi O “I (WC) N ‘1 : ‘ ~‘. I r“ v -~ 1, r? :5 a F‘ r (v - 7 .- « ,-. v ‘ a:rg., :- olxila Var. i;¢JJU1lftT3 Hegel, ifl; d. glgyrifera var. ooruifolia (negel) Fernall mere Std ied oy noodwortn. 6 CV '3. y- In all asses, o‘coeot the latter, meiosis v.2: normal. Co C.) ionel rsynegsis of a few hooolo;ons CFromosomes at ii k’nesi: CU l was observed in tge oornifolia variety. Some p.m.o's. nere . -..-4. . . ...: , not occurrei. In \ {_J O H. 5.1.1 '0 O H *._l (D :5 on the US$18 0; its very apnormel meiosis, Wes oonoluie; by Loeitorth to he of hybrid oridin. Parentaje, involving the (D F" (D (T O (D d" F C. O O (D V E \‘l U) [0 J: F 1 ( l I O (‘f ~ I) 5. l) C) C‘ (D 93 S: c+ C) H O T he only penteoloiis stoiiei :y woodworth has he white or ,ager Circa (é. oaoyrifera larsball ) an? the variety kensioa Henry. Leiosis was observed to be normal in the variety but slig_tly ab.‘q1;fl hi tue s ecies. abnormality (ing chromosomes in ’ It is of interest to note tbet the true soeoies, g. anyrifera, an; only one of its varieties (kensioe) are (oooifientalis is nexaoloid. in the tasis of such cytolog- ical evifienoe jg woulo see: that some of the varieties are fieserving of sjeoi:" hexagloifi s_ecies (5n = 84) btuiies o? meiosis in g: lutea Liiiaux revealei soae abnormality. Ccaaslional univalents a;i trivale ts were seen at diatinesis accompanied by latying of univalents on the soinile. Some :efeneratei micricytee .ere poserve’ in the gollen :roducei. leiosis in th hexagloids ;. rrossa Sieb. a i Lucc. anj g. uaovrifera var. iéciientglls (Hook.) barg. W08 reported as norxal. The genus Petulo trsm tie stanflooint of the cytological eviience so far accumulatei, aooears to he a group with con- siierable :rooise of Vieldinp furtgcr valueble evidence as a contribution to a solution of the questi n of species form- ation. Prov the evijenze so far available, polyploifly, especially altopo‘vp omiy seews to have be:n an ifiyortan vehicle of species for ati‘n is tnis enus. Jonsiiering fl; tealtn ‘f Iild waterial mnicn is proo- ably in existence as first generatioo hybriis, segregates of F2 an? later renerations, backcrosses, etc. it is sursrising that little or no atte pt las be o TS“€ to select from CH3- ~111— I- :71 J o (petula) Atfl:e*~s, 1?. E). (lfUia) i”rer:ticxi1 TTJthisli Etirefgtrgfi, XAfIIUI+ C 7 pp., 14 plates. b.1016 University Press, London: Iu.plroj lilford. Afansiev, Iicrel (1939) Effect of irooln»n+wman acid on rooting of greonwood cuttings of some eecicwnw forest BPOOS. JOUP. VUTustry 3 7: SV—Al, F‘leima', ll. (19%34 Essato‘vnferfinolckyio. (VL1E71@.1C9PEWJlkaf.) Tih110“r. Geret. 11: 393-459 V 91““ '1, PI. 1’. 3‘ P '-siriri, . :1. (13345?) (39;”U*J101131 'tiifl1e1“s (3f *le Unitoo FLHLC§. let ed., XXI+~334 oy., 312 ti s. to- 3r21~4 ill 'Mxfii CQYQKMIJ, IEM:., Jea'lflvgk 9'”1 01C(“'- 'COusiiis, Cu 3.. (léfifii) EWM; corgwlratiJW3 shrtFW;T of inns stems of‘ Pedrllez ::7111J“, 11913119 'lerita, 1anri trcz rLlfiritl 3<1t1§£1 1 clii. J. erold Arb. 15: ‘351—55. Fwocceftql. (1930) Harvesti r , storage, and stratification of seeds in relation to nursery preoiis,. hlor. Bev. 55; Ees‘, E. K. (1910) Ibo distribution of self- fiertility in the flowerin‘ slants. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. US: 449- }aiser, L. 0. (1930-3) 9 lisu of chromosome numbers in Angiosperms. i’}er...otice 1.9,: 1'11- ? o.O -------—--—-— (1939-b) A list of chrorosomo numbers in Angiosperms. Bibliou.. Genet. s: 171-466. 1933) A list of cl omosome ru611rs in nblmo. Bib iorr . reiet. 10: 1 ”- Barlow, V. L. Fairer E. S. (1941) Textbook of oer dr ol- ogy. 2nd Es. XV-+F 4r} no., £94 118. LCGrsw-Hill B 0k Co., Inc. NeM' York .... lkeiberxj, H. if. 11. (13;.3 7—:31) (ii slu‘ e“ CM“ the Iiroverun1ce problem of our 151.031; 11'117,.orte.n.1‘t‘ores t trees, pine, spruce and birch.) Lcdd. florske Sho'forsoksvesen 6: Befte 20-2.7: 51"101: o Heimbuwger, C. (1949) Report on Poyl er Myoridisstion II. Forestry Chronicle lo: 14? 1181918 4.1111. n Dansk. Jablokov, 10 V31”); \ —-----—-‘---- n r O L) L.Jo _O- D- it” '71 RIJLJ . Wkere Birkene pas ledlemose. I in the F Ginter-pocif- * n 1‘ r3 C.) I Q ‘0 (1 Bot 10: l“9-l 3 (D O)- M m 1.1 J D C+ NJ 1'! A a b q r» es eh TU (n uiJn: 'J 3‘s {,3 v 1 C‘- JO JP 10 o O; D 3 w 3 j 1...! l) "U H u b (’1' 0 “is . s. . . Jentys-Sze r>ws, J. (193U) (Biometric 91 studies on the col ect ve sgecies E. aloe. L. 11. The possibility of hybrioi "tion between specie B. Verrucooe Ehrh. and R. nuoesceos Lhrb.) Rosprssy i sgvsuosdanfa, Inst. Duos?— czy as67 fans t o'Tcn, V»rszswa No. 4 : Sor. A.: pp. 84. (Cited from Plant Breed. 701. IX, 19.39). Johnson, L. P. V. 193$) A descriptive list of nntursl sad srtificial interspocif1c yorios in North American forest- t~90 genera. 99996. JOUP. Res. 17: 411-444. -ll2- Larsen, C. S. . 1 ‘ 3 indijvioiulls -11 i()res1dT~ I113 Of snecjes firings; our”: 8 L a Q ,J U O V .1 » 1‘ If. . ska [VSL' (‘ L‘~I' ; E)g- L4 0:32. ‘ T ”'V‘ 1" '~ ‘ 1 - ‘o P‘ ‘H “VA." "3‘" ' ‘f ‘\ See also: A 5. vet. 1L-. Joil. 1e11o00L, CL tiliven, 1 ° _ ... fivr '- i . 1-. 1 Peprint yy. ., 13:7.) (Cited irom Plrnt Preev. {11111 S t T! . 11701 17 .qn_oe, P. F. 19) The Kerton cetqlo 118. A list of the c romosoue n lerrls of species of British Flowering Bont.. :1: 011v PilbrtOl . ()1sz 1-51 . LorQen+PQlep, H' (1915) WeitrHQe ZN? Kenntnis des Fermen- 1iPej-Ses €99 SNTWCl9Pt ?Cffllfi 91h? L. ’qvicir], 12115. (Cf. Lens: Skovf, Tidsgkp.‘fif“ggg, 19 7.) Pearson, 3' 8° 9 3:0W3, H. P. (193?) Commercial timbers of India. tsleutt Government of India Central Publication Branch. Pendel, A. (1940) kennel of cultivatei trees and shrubs. 2nd Ed., XXi-9 5 pp. LACvillon Co., Len York. ’osendah1,C. O. (191U) Merv tions on Petals in Kinneso- ts nith soeciel reference to some nature uyorids. Linn. Bot. Studies 4 (4): 443-459. Sex, H. J. .(1938) ”Be relstion between stomate counts and chromosome number. Jour. Arn. Art. 19: 437-441. Schreiner, E. J. (1937) ImprOchent of forest trees. .8. D.fi . Veerbook,193 : 241-1279. Segreinej, E. J, (19.38) Lubit of forest trees. Ciron. cotanicq 4: 495-494. Smith, E. C. & Lie ‘ools, 3. (1941 trees. JOUP . Alfl. Pad}. 32: : SprenQ e: s, (1937) Sen en ands (Iotes on the cultivation of b Heidemsat son. 49: 191—19U, Stebbins, G. L. Jr. (19" U) CytOIO“ical crware cteristics es- socisted with the diffelent “rowtt stits in the dicoty- ledons. Amer. Jour. Bot. 25 (3): 189-198. Thi rnsnn, K. V. & Delisle, A. L. (1939) The veQetAtive prep- egetion of difflicult r1 Isnts. UOHP. Arn. Arb. 20: 116- 106. .snsc er J. H. (1934) Pssic01110mosone number of the higher plants. I.Iew Phytolog gist 53: 101 f. Wettstein, 9. Von (1929) Zur Technik der kunstlichen Kreu— sung bei Veiden (Solis ). Lfichter 1: 125~ BU. ----------------- (1930) Lie Lrenzu1Qsmetnode und die Pg- scbreibunQ von Bl-festorden oei POpulus. Pflsnrenzucht- EilOijllg E>eeies hybrids in forest A over de teelt ven berken. _rch trees.) Tijdschr. Leo. DJ IUIS (I?eilu3 A) 1U: 5E”7— 6‘?, . ---------- ------- & PPOpacn, H. (193”) Sichtuni :sgrljeit Qur BizY1nzicbtu1Q (Peconnaissance work in birch br reedinQ.) Zflchter 11: 379-UO. (Cited from Ilsnt Breed. EA str. ”01. x, 1940.) Wetzel, G. (1929) Chromosomenstudien bei den rstles. Bot. Arch. 25: 25 ~2U3. IPaiert (1904) Betulscese. Des Pflsnzenreich IV. 61: 94. , H. end Anton, L. (1933)Fitudien13oer Petule alba L. 1m Ansc‘rvluss an Ia-‘lorQent‘rieler 11nd morqrsson. TJEI},L11 Us on B. aloe L. with reference to the torL of Iowzentnole“ and iunnnrsson.) Beitr. ‘ 101. Pfl. 21: 255- 99. -1;13_ floodwopth R. H. (1929) ytolo ical studies in the Petu- la eee I. Betuls. Wot. G-Z b7: 331-363. ------------ ~—- (1930) T1010 ioa'il studies on the Betn— lecgee IV. Retule, ngSinus, Met rva, OStPJOpSlS. _Eot. G53. 90: lOb-IIS. --------------- (1931) Polyploidy in the Retulscese. Jour. Arn. Arb. 2: 205-217. Yanchevsky, K. (1904) On the peculiazities of the germin- ation of the seeds of Asoen and oi some species of YiIIOW. (In Russian.) Proc. I“*e*1il r0 orest. Inst. ll: 2”9-74. LiszsirUas mos CITED (Petula) bianca, S. (1933) New principles in he collect ion and 4 .1. b preservation of forest seeds. Int. Rev. Agric. Ftome 508-17 Dena, S. T. (1909) Paper birch in the northeast. U.S. For. ‘erv.CiIc.163. Fernald, I L. (1902) Relationships of some American and . old m orld birches. Amer. Jour. Sci. 14: 167-194 Ishikswa, m. ( €15) A list of the number of chromosomes. Hot. Rag. Tokyo 30, No. Boo: 404-440. Jack, F. G. (1895) Hybrid bircres. Tardb‘ n & Forest 8: 243- 244. ’L tZ 7el, G. (1927) ChW0uosoncn Lnlen bei den Ferles. (VorlHufi e Litte eilung.) Ber. Dent. Bot Gesell. 45: 251- 50 o -—----—-- (.1./(3 (V Oll'lg dfive 1:: l4. ‘Ioodworth, R. H. (I929—a) Eo‘to99039nesis snc nolyembrvony ”In omosoverzablen bei den Fegeles. o) e itteilnng.) Ber. Lent. Pot. Gesell. 46: 212— \(t LuRoi) Sureng. Science (n. s. ) 70:19p- in AJJNIS 1921939 193. ----_-----_-—-—- (1929-b0 Cytolo*ical stud- wilece9£>. II. ICOTQThls 91ml Alnusq 130t. tc.l. 85; (JbO- 39(5) . --------------- - (1950) CytOlOSic9l studies in the Petnlac- eee. III. Parthenogenesis and nolvemorvonr 1n Finns rm )se. Bot. Gaz. 89: 402-409. ...—ALE;— ‘ I ,‘\ ' V'Y-I ‘. I‘A.'_:.'."L!3lbh_4 A. PI‘QUH Beech Family ‘he beech family includes over 600 species in 6 fenera: ( l \—J Quercus L. (oak), Facus L. (beech), Castanea giller (chestnut), .3 CastanOpsis Spach (ctinquapin), Lithocarvus Blume (tantark), l and NOthOfQLUS Blume (antarctic beech). The family is found thruout the temperate and subtrOpical regions of both hemi- spheres but is most characteristic of the forests in the north temperate zone. With the exception of Nothofagus, whose 17 species are restricted to the southern hemisphere, all genera are repre- sented in fiorth America. The economic significance of the Fawaceae rests mainly upon the production of valuable timbers, especially oak, which enjoys a world-wide reputation for strength, durability, and all around usefulness. The family in addition produces other products of great importance to man including cork, tanin, and nutritious nuts. It has been claimed that no other family embracing dicotyledonous trees in the north temperate zone I p rivals the Panaceee in their service to man. (Pearson 6 Brown, 1932; Rehder, 1940; Barlow & harrar, 1941). Que rcu s 1;. (oak) The oak genus includes about 200 arborescent, rarely shrub- by, deciduous or evergreen species in the temperate regions of the northern hemiSphere and in the trOpics at high altitudes south to Colombia in America and to the Relay penninsula in -115- Asia. _uercus is divided into three suogenera: (l) gyclobalan- oasis Prantl; (2) Erythrobalanus Space (red or black aka); asi (3) Lepiiobalanus Enilicher (White oaks). The latter is divided into 6 sections: Zerris Loudo: éEEEE Eeichb., lléfi Loud., Gallifera Spach, Pobur Feichenb., and Erinus Loud. Cyclobalanopsis is not represented in the flora of the United U) tates but the red ani unite oaks are represented by 75 to 80 'ecies, about 60 of which reach tree size. (n 'O The norli-siie reputation of oak timber has been previous- ly noted; but it is also a matter of significance that the genus is gregarious ii the north temperate zone, forming ex- tensive forests in regions there civilization attains to a (D U) C D (D O Q.) “_..: f ‘ ‘e of specialization. In the United Stat furnish more native timber annually than any other related group of troaileaved trees, being surpassed only by the coni- fers, which occupy first place in this respect. The principle native timber producers of the red oak group include: '3. bor alis Lichaux (red oak) ani its variety 3. b. maxima (Kar- (D shall) Ashe; g. velutina Lamarck (black oak); i. coccinea iarshall (scarlet oak), ani several others. In the white oak group, 3. alga L. ani i“s varieties are said to furnish nearly three fourths of the timber narseted as "white oak". Other important producers of this group include: ‘g. macrocarpa Kichaux (bur oak) and 44 grlpug L. ( swamp‘chestnut oak). The two white oaks 3. robur L. (English oak) anl J. etraea (hatuschka) Lieblein (durmast oak) and their numerous ~116- varieties are the important oak timber producers of ;Le sritish Isles and southern Europe. The cork industry, centerei in Sgain, southern France and Algiers, is dependent upon its source of raw material from the outer bark of 3. subs; and the variety 3. 8. oc iientalis (Gay) Arcangeli. Tannin, extracted from the bark and leaf galls Oi many L): native an. exotic oaks is used for tanning and medicinal purposes. The acorns of certain species1 are used to a certain extent as human food but more extensively as mast, i.e., hOg food. The genus is tf little importance in the orient although small quantities of Jajinese oak have come into the world market from time to time. Thirty-seven species of guercus attain tree size in british India. Cf these only 6 are classed as low-ranking commercial timber trees. (rearson & Brown, 1932). Because of their sturdiness, longevity, and the brilliant autumn coloring of their leaves numerous species are widely used as ornamentals. The extreme variability exhibited by many species within the cenus furnishes as yet unsolved taxonomic difficulties. The description of many known or susgected natural hybrids as well as numerous varieties and forms of doubtful rank has abundantly contributed to the confusion. l Quercus cornea ? of China is reputedly an excellent quality nut for human consumption, Fairchild (l959). -117— ARTIFIJIAL adiajTlOS F?;l ”l_D Sftjh Natural intersgecific hybridization in us rcus, based largely upon taxonomic evidenCe,.is aggarently qaite common and explains in oart the characteristic variaoilitr and in u:- gradat ion of various characters between species which has made this genus the most complex of taxonomic puzzles. Natural hybridization aogears to be limited to members of the same subgenus. In the case of the white oak subgenus (Legidobal- anus) intersectzc na 1 crossing has been noted but for the most part is limited to species of the section frinus (Tre- lease, 1924; Johnson, 1939). Artificial inter sub-3enus O crosses (Hrytirocalanus x Leo id dobalanus) have, honever, been reported by Pjatnitskii (193 9). Johnson (1939) listed about 75 natural hybrids in the genus. J It is beyond the scope of this paper to review in detail the abundant taxonomic literature relating to natural hybrid— e of the sub- (D ization in this genus. Eeferences to this pha ed in the "literature not cited" list, p.|27; L.‘J ject are inclu As pointed out by Johnson (1939), it should be borne in mind that C+ he majoritv of natural hybrids in the genus have been presumed by taxonomists on a purely morphological basis with- out experimental evidence as to parentage. Although such hybrids must be treated tith some caution, the considerable degree of intergradation between sgecies would favor the supposition that hybridization does occur. Selection of superior forms from wild stocks in the genus has not, aJJarently, received attention in the United L States but considerable interest in race identification and ~118- pro eny testing LES beei tar rie d on by zurope an workers. poerman (1932) reported the testing of 90 samples of acorns collected from various classes of mother trees in Denmark. The material was collected and somn in 1911 and observations were made periodically until 1929. Cf special interest was his emchasis of the jenetic axiom expressed in his weneral conclusion: "... bad formation in a mother tree does not necessarily lead to inferior :ro eny oirner (1933) in Germany stu iiei inheritance of e; icormic branch (tranches arising from dormant buds) formation in the oaks. From data collected on the origin of oak seed sown over a period of 50 years in various for=st plantations, he concluded that epicormic branch for nati‘: n has a character thich varied according to racial types or varieties of the several oak s;ecies investigated. The author recommended that future planting material for use in Germany saould be obtained from the desira tle races and varieties he had selected. According to Staf and Teerink (1936) 3. robur has been ‘ation Wltfl regard to race iso- he subject of long inves ins of this species m lation in murope and several distinct str are aid to have been identif‘ ied. Sipkes (1938) in Holland and various other juropean and British workers (hatthai, 1922; Hauch, 1909; and Day, 1934) have contributed to the problem of seed provenance and race isolation in the genus. -3C§TFCL hD :E‘ DI- %;J ELLEJTICN Artificial hybridization studies in .uercus have been -119- .1 reported by a numzer of workers. Cf special interest to the l) forest a' neticist is the fact that hlotzsch (1854), first of the tree h bridizers, success ully hybridized i° robur L. x 0 age ‘. “VI—J (D I. J }._) i J- ‘3 [..J O — o:a Salish. and other species in the genus '52; e 1 TL 0 In 1909, base (1918-3, 1918-b, 191;, 1;27) in the States, success;ully crossed J. .1. _ \ A1 _ _ . -. ‘3' 7‘ 1 3‘ O f! I “ _ o ‘_‘ " .. _ [_.. _ . “alter and noted udrkbd hybrid Visor in the pr03eny. ( _ W ,_J \0 1 rate Yarnell '33) measured diameter at breast height (4.5 ft.) of two of the hybrids 24 years later and found them to be 13.4 and S 14.8 inches respectively. Eleven 3. virfiniala parent r the hybrids thich tere 21 years old averaged only 5.8 inches in dia:eter. Twenty 4. lvrata parents, also 21 years averaged 5.97 inches. The author concluded that variations in site or "he 3 year start of the hybrids could not account for this marked differince in diameter and that it might logically be attributed to heterosis in the hybrids. Yaroell also studies see re ation of leaf edaracters as to size, shape, nature of epidermis and several fruit char- acters as expressed in the F generation of the above cross 2 and concluded that in most cases only 1 or 2 factors were involved in the determination of each of the characters. he pointed out that such a condition increased the chances securing desirable combinations of characters in second generation proEeny. With reference to the s Schmidt (1930) reported that the type of axis, certain f...) An intersectional cross (Erinus x 11ex)in the white subgenus (Lepidobalanus). ~120— tudy of heritable characters, 'I 7 0 a5; 1 crown ani 1e;f trees, and grocaely percentage of summer wood, resista.ce to nrought, frost, disease, anl other characters have tegn demonstrated as heritable characters among members of the oak genus studied in Germany. Following the controlled hybridization tor; of hlotzsch ani Ness there has, a);arently, been no reported effort of attempts to conduct furtfier hybridization nor: in the genus ' I'\ "\ l . 1 A, J. until 1539. In that year Sonner (1939) reported successful duplication of Ness' A. ”irniniana X lvrata cross and a suc- cessful 3. virviniana x‘g. serrata (?) cross. rjatnitskii (193)) in Russia successfuLly crossed 3° robur with 4- . y. - - 2 o 1- ‘l borealis Waxima (aarsn.) Ashe , 3. porealis :icnaux , J- macranthera Fisch. and Jay. (and also the reciprocal), and 'I z r . .~ - . ' 5.1 ‘. [-1 ""1 .- . 4“ "‘ ' _f x- ‘, .’_ ‘ .. {r .9 '1. 1- ~ "‘ ,«_-'"‘~"}‘T‘,;:’ “77f, - .. _!_ LSM 0 - lU-«SZJ; . lthf-n . . '\ -'-"'-1.(‘fl.'J?z . o if :J: .1.. 'I “'l ; 1 “.r’ (if (x 121‘ 'l-\_I'\’; L‘,\)l~l‘.. ("~ ": ‘ ‘ l‘ H (1’: . " . r- ‘ ' " ‘ ‘ I H " " I ‘ ‘ "‘ n ‘ . LJ'_,_U_L]:L‘£1’ .. 0 (-1.. J-) '5 _'.l.)t )- C}".’(’) 'C) ,(J‘ ,1, r'. ' “‘ .“P .1.-‘ ,4: ‘4]-0" cm, .~-.( ‘2 .1.»; a Van-'- ”‘ ‘- n .z‘ t \ EF‘C‘ t‘ ‘u’\ ... r) u; A. I ‘u kl. 'u. . Q. _‘~’ ‘1’. ’ (1. (La), -.(’. g.:w-tl_ v'. '1 r- r' flr'r’ 1 \. .‘ ..-. : :'. .L A " ‘ ‘ " / 1” (I . \ v_ :0 r‘ __I ~ *3 a .._........_..-..._..._. \_‘._, , ;) E;TJ.]_I‘_‘LVC g‘._'_ L:L.C -’_f 3);) u)f‘(_"'v' I.".’IL .m:.o *1”: fl 0 'V I‘ n ' lgii‘tf‘ "lff‘f‘tfi, mi 7 ” W30??? l "C'?{,‘“"' "“l‘ "h r1 ”1.10 "‘ ‘ r‘xnw' c; . L $ 4 _V U -~.— L-\_. I_..-_l "V_--, '1 ‘ {,1 '1‘ C‘fl 5‘")? J U 1.27.1.OKJ - I : LXIi‘i-kJ't ka’. ’;1‘,’. I‘ ' ‘ I. .' n‘j ‘ \ r“‘ r'\ ‘ ) ~ . y ‘l ' _ '. fl .' "3-- ‘( FC) ~ 0 ( " ' I I .4 -4 I ”7.091“ (‘3? ’18. . 1.-.. T ”.12. .chqrrlo C.“ ()r\ (571? 4‘ ‘3“! . 01. av: l—UL . ¢. 1—(r0. .f} ... , a 7‘ ,‘1 I‘ll: (_J__ ‘3 _ o ‘. '1 _g n ‘_ ‘1 _.. . __ r _ ‘ _ 1Vnw}1, y. (1..u) w-dCLU C1L0L0H¢JU 2.4 QGQH“G UEPOVS. \ 1 rJ- u.‘ "' . .1 'F-I‘QW 17' +1 ~ ~ \‘r'r1 -~r~ i ' ~ L (‘- (Iv "'~._LC’\J.-J-r?jm C“; 1".u7 (\. U, (1‘ ‘J(' A.S '5‘, 7.('I"Co) La. ~ o 4.31;. .r‘ “:_ Q.) '1' .' ... _ A ")( rrl-l‘l ~——————.-—— . r) '.' . ‘ _ *1)! _ _(\ 1‘ : .-J‘}—,)' . '7, z- - J — ‘ ' “1-.. P .. I - ’ "v"'.'!': ." - ‘- ‘ ‘3 butt — cgbc'fi h- , .. V03 \J.Ag,) Le;hnihefru0rt‘fl‘ 701 fi. ~ I ‘ . ’. “ O -L I r \l N ,) V » .~ ~ ;~ A . L.“ ° 1 chx‘c. \ (fir-'wXL11-vJU1Cu 1;; 021.8.) :f‘ "nig'c.117 Ll: " '7 "‘ 6’1’- (J. v.' L . ’V TH" '. ‘, M. , _ . .‘ "\ _ ' ,- 1 . ,ebzel, r. (lwfik) unvmuosoncnstncieu hwl new ~~f01u9. V . n x . j r' r- r rr' . .v Ot’ 0 .i_fl(\-\. .30: .‘31F/‘L/J. «(7,‘_ *1 0 +1 (“(xr-'7\ -:1 . ' ‘ ‘ -) n W \' . ‘ v "‘ I " i ' I ‘ -'.‘ "-7 ‘ " ’ ‘ I" . -" L.-“Q¢m’ L” ‘H _J . , I“ ,_; 1L8 l”.5f1(fiii s «0103 “IuPlC. v‘ I ., '4 ”1. r1 r: J. " r1r1()j_(‘ ."_ H \. _ ': (I, _ { g'. 'T'Wf."': ‘ ' 'TI'T\‘W ‘f r“ n. 'w "‘.‘r1" 1J¢.;Ad ; “I r n, 1. _ .2 *;J1/ (' 1r»”*r_',‘tls) [_‘\(J\.:‘ 15‘0” T) I (1 (itflfj "11* ". ‘u‘ 71+"! xv.“ flnjf ’ . — ’ 1r FH’W LL'-_ . I)»..—’ . 0 Q ——' ‘ “1 ‘2; UL l,’).‘i -T.J’A. 501. ‘Lj..€:-‘ _le.l{_l: n 3wl. fl - V. "‘ C '1.) ' ’-' 7"? ‘ H' "‘I. q I‘lla£fii: 3- ”\o (7-)V' F~ ‘”OU“FL 7L (5: CI 'ne :NW-PGEJ %1 0”? .-. ‘ ’ ‘._ . ‘ '1 ' ' L‘, \ J I . , J-‘ _ ngCl*S . annlo ynxLWl, niuv L0 as ea 0 ref hgnb“b7§ h"- _ u 1N . f r“ '1‘ '7 ‘r. 'x‘ ,»“ — --. . v - q ~-‘ : urllu ?~.UU J“ u; ugly Loo QlfitPl“ of JOLTUOi9. Vvll. rt) .y}.nC.,.- I"). I , “‘1 1.. Fr‘ . (;"Y‘1 Y7” -.. "4. A. 1) !. \ '. ,'-L- .'L L, \.' . r‘J I — I I . 1“.“ 1. -:r-:w '- ( .:— 4- w .. .. - -\:-OIU1 0 IS (l'V‘L‘ch) ‘9 ’1 r‘ (3‘: ’(:‘ (j. LIL/1r} {1611 I :3qu L) ’ in O x/ "/4 TV,“ 11 ‘1.v 7‘ -' I‘l‘ m- ~ ‘.€.l' J 4' ivrlttl-1. -—-- _- “)—" ’fl ‘ r‘ " l' ‘I” 1". ’ V‘ 1 K‘ ’. ‘ . H" . ' —~— - (1”42) '21‘3u 0“; ;Ol"flVV¥H??R _. a;uq-yxls). Jour. TP- — 7‘ r- (I. \r‘. — \- I "1.56:. CI: 4OLJ”4(« ” o - .T T «.1.-t '\ ‘ . .'r' ~‘.— - '- " FrittOL, L. 1J. (1&9 ) UN 2 rfimnyui 093 QU?I‘}A3'”CPt, ;. J. T“ " r7 0* .N -1 ‘- r *3 ~ 1\ '7 - all. ;0~'o; 'Ot. Cllw 9: 19-15. 7.“ f h '1 ' :‘Nf‘\ r- ‘ _ 1 W ' .-\ a. _. - _ r 1 p --Q . ._ .JlS”, :. P (lg\.v; jJewwv:s ELTLLlOS 3x ”UMIEE 1n ij3sou16_. f“ 1 "7 —,‘ - (7- "7”" rPPC). Orwi ycr'egi a: fir.'. '1 " _P‘ \ TT‘,,," '- '- J , --~--—-—--- (La»«; uuvrid oaks 1: resgvrn Li~qnu~w, nqu f“ -. 7‘1 -- 7‘“ (9(1) 'JT‘C‘ L OI'CL)11 U: ng-J. ~1nn1nu a ( .r.. .. v ___‘1 3 T4, ‘! . J.‘-3..:l(3-_ - 1 I‘d ~11: ‘ . l Fixx i, .\, (17177) LI 8 rvlnc \w‘ric4x‘ e ’"hv- _ iEwirifii 0 hurt?- 301 01 ” ‘KHWNIS r0w~*”' (imwc X“K¢i€ii€8 CdTEjflxrids of f, anw‘.) (jlteJ—THHW Pl€“u ‘rasd. VUl. V, 193%.) ”1n1, ?. {*"“d) ”b;? 616 I=C-Eo:nw“sa?nft plhfi? Weiss- iru11“czx lifivw} c k ‘1:'101'“ *4\"3A ‘ 13r7_-*rip'iriiJEL'WKIiss) . (Cm: tE1e ‘ o L o . ~. T \ progelj of “ gycgl “c u 1.2 vJa .ueu 0'» \_. TOU“” ql“i-Ii?ifii"evviso) 791*. ‘ot. :\1. 55: x15I-bfi. ficJIS, 3?. (1513477 ‘Vii+““” "e (“31"fiesv3‘5-v*n C (30Y*' UFJ‘P V3 SL39- q1¢ifln~¢ Lvlwsbnry “Vnmfica (EFe nr‘vc) c: 4p4-ZZU. 'qu{57~, 1,. .1. (l JKQ i”'e <)"' ill IIWNWH1%1:. “1’1ficy d «193:0 *‘Ochauqel .usrisirl*orln;jii ”erkmwni 1‘74; $33 ”To TT¢ENL, 1n. (1‘”‘9) Crl *3 e .7nfl'“""v‘ri" “01“18 r ctnxeaxl ”;19""v F IWfi*¢? 7}. Pr( —. SV“U‘ilijthPfi.Li%Pt:“l. 1C)t. “WK3QGI£:TKZ?S__ 217:??7. (Ififis; & hngfisl swmwrry.) ¥ollfck, &. (109%) A recent Cinnm\crg 6? Ed.rid 0¢ks on ctnten Islfind. “all. infirej wt. Club 1?; 303-399. ---------—- (131$) Tbo (tovy Cf t=0 antrnn 03k. Sci. ; gw‘ 7’0. 4vfi9, f‘“ -/33, ‘432. }”CL, J. C. (195:) ”9rd“ 0? Eylrid 09k extcbdec. Jon”. forestry 3”: 701. Kline, .. R. (171*) ‘ rare :‘fixrid 0" *Ylllrn1871VOniq. FOPCSt Leeves 16: 120—91. Iachngal, L. 1. (1307) L,.11(129tion of tke oaks. Sci. «MGP. Q‘p. 03 ( 69L): ZulCE—leed. -—-—---—--————-— (-997) Tybridififlfion Of the oaks. Sci. AnsP. ..g;. ;3 (lCBQ); 2LfHTS—Quloo. .oe‘zy, I. U. (lJWW) chbril.twnL f) the 11?: listory of :1]_F=r7t S ; t? (3 'Tr21‘1;1“01*1 (Jai‘: i-*' (3C)“‘(;(?t3j.()11 j_a=t;‘1 ' F 3°: q Tri()1w '1rlci hybriiisn. nerd. Lit. Mei. 31119. Prom. 53° 33-24 Nueller, C. V. (1936) Studies in t}e O“V9 of t*e monztfiirs o.“ 3:03"+}20°s1:.r‘1m EOJUQO. me .‘1'-.. EXT‘E‘J. 1'7: 100—179. P9Pk<_, “. Y. (193V) r9'0 nwtwru hymrifis. Indlan ‘Orostcr CS: fibE-Lfi‘. PCFGer, A. (1“01) Fo+gs on Pybrids of "~~nts ilic’foli:. ?*Od0ra 5: 137-140. .cuer, L. T. (1909) fibrous L093“ L L;%_id 0%“ Plant '0316 l&: 190—20]. Schentz, 0. L. (1335) AH odd yurlfl 09%. RP. Potflv 40: 3—5. 861%“ (liQS) ”raga d1) Lie en, .13 sie farhqen. Ztsvhr. Focst 1. Jr ow. US. 39 —531. {Fidvx)”t}1 }. ‘2. (lCVLZ) Ngilrjxi 091(8. “Imyn. Ifi01u33trfiz 27} d r‘fll» I C“ m“ 6 - 'J. Treleuse ”. (1017) 39min; 3wn~iflfih Ly“ [1.1; . :2 '14: Q -__—---—---- (1935) An unusual Chimacre Soc. 7%: 241-44. 'Yarnell. 55. H. (lfldfi;) Oak bfeélfilfld in T ~128- rn . ;" 4176(48 Lg {WK-J r.‘ ULZ; "1. C 133,51. E 1.1 i 1111 e l ElJn btnnilbr {TE-.19 £3111”: fHTHilzr inClLlC188 fillflllt 1F) genera \fi_th 11301.8 tlign 150 species of trgos, shrubs, and herbs. Peprensentstives J. are found for the most part thruout the temperate reg one of (Ho both hemispheres. A few soccies are limited to the trepics. U. y. these is herbaceous. 0f the remain four, two (Ulnus L. H. and Celtis L.) are u1f1o1en-;v common and mportsnt to be considered of interest to the forester. The other two, Tr rema o. Loureiro, a tropical genus found in southern Florida, and the monotypic Planers Gmelin, restiicted to swamplsnds of t1e southern coastal pl me in are considered, at present at least, of no commerc cisl importance (H arlo' e Harrar, 1941). The economic inhortsnce of toe Ultms eee primsri ly depends upon the valt1able timbers prod1ced by spe ecies of several dif— ferent genera (especially UlWUs, Celtis, and HolOpteles Plan- l n chon ) and the high ornamental value or many‘others (Pearson % Rrown, 1932). UlLUS L. (elm) 1 Ulmus includes about 18 srborescent species scattered thruout e1stern North America, EurOpe, and Asia. In many regions, as in parts of the eastern United States, the genus is en importont constituent of the he rd11ood forests. The genus is divided into 5 section, all of which are H :5 03 CL 1‘) [.10 d- H. O f3 ('1' O (‘1 }_.J 1 3 m :3 Si O f D ,_J r 1' H. J) , also of importance in India. asentsi 3y toe six native soecies of north America: (1) ' -"\~"~ h h - r‘ ‘ .- o ’- 1' F‘ V news ‘r ' ~- 0 f .l‘ f“ - 3163L8T04dlfius Dunn lnClU;cS g. a c11cgna L., (2) Cnaetoptelea Schnei er 1 cluies U. than; . m U) 1 1. U W a ‘\ CD 3 (7+. '1 IC 0 i1. 31.! ‘—L (0 y- L). O [5 S13 C N ( (3) Kaiocargus Dun. incluies 7. fulva nicneux; (4) nicrootelea (‘1 ‘- —= “P ,3 A 1' 1—1-‘— - r l . 7 " _ “ pacn cciu :s e. crass11olla uttall, 11- (5) Fr)? uptelca es ‘ f ,‘ ' ,_ ,r .,- rm 4— 4 ‘ r“ a ocnnei er inalu c_ U se1u11na arrte t. ——— _—________-_-____'.______. ., ‘ 1 r~ \ -.\ ‘A q ’ '7'? ‘fi "“ "‘ "‘ - '_ ' ' ‘I H 1‘ ' ' Tne 1 /-” lelUQGS Sufie or fine most uSeful as; “811— rd. t3? six s,ecies nitive to 1 : UchEl btates, t. awericsna, U. to0“2si, 311 U. tslv” "re of ‘rvetest iaportllce as forest JG ‘tim- bers of all the species since they are all usei for essenti- llly the same ourcoses whic1 incluie slack cooperaee, boxes, ness of elm wood is adagted (Brown & Pansnin, 1940). (u tne elms are UNSdeaS" [1" the Unitei Statis, the List 1 oortant are Lse nycn elm (g. ( glabra Hudson) aifi Enclish elm (g. orocera Salisbury) of z ’1‘ Europe and their numerous varieties. The Juinesc elm (g. cs 11‘ ~ 1 ..-. W (D U) rJo U) (+ $1) :5 r?“ :1 r—‘ {'3 ' L, I_J. s.) . H C n4 q r‘ ‘t R (3 }_J C) 10 U) a) (J H. (D (D ‘ numila L.), a dreuiht has been wijely a“ sue essfcllv plartei in the plains re- Cion of the UD“CC‘ Stites fur 1113 breaks an1 ornamental puraoses. AETIF"?1E 3:1;1TICN 9?C1 MILD 5103K A.b TL?T“CL-§D 3>C5338 Selection ani breeding stuiiis in 1:3 genus Ulmus have been greatly stimulated in r ce1t wears, especially in nurses, L O L-+‘ c—Ir F) ft) .C. (_+. O S (D H {:5 DJ fJo (D (D gm U) (D \. following tne epi pmic outoreaL ; e S ”H e To . 8 e e O _ :u S o .H .1 S e 8 e S 11.. ..G r S n... .n... n +c S as n t o xn r r m .t +U u 0 ”a r cu nu «a nu 11c mm .+c ac .+u .11 _.n no. no mm a “w a. .1 Cu nu Y. go 0.1 mu mw new 91. mu S \.l .5. f n1” a .1” C a Vu ..U T, n... .1 1. O .1 A. )4. l S B .1 e t e .1 .1 G .1 U 2) 2) 8 .c . l a 11 C e .1 u n S 31.. E .Tu . 3 ”.7 3 , -n f .D G S S C to Q . t .1 E U a 11 1 e U S ea “c 1 11 S u 8 m 1L \1/ l.\ S m." 3 S U .6 V E :1. O + o G .. c n1 I my“ U. Z V. 8. .1 a I a S S t a. .1 ..u c .1 C vi n1. is co +c .n as .ru .nu .11 so no +t as .11 no a a S 6 C U .1_ r... t .1 8 .1 .L 1“ P .n u ..n Th : « Cr. a: DB 3v 1 e .. t 9.“ «WA nai army 0 «II. x . O onl— ..l. 1 _ .1 v . _..l 1 € 13 .c E G o s A r .1 C 6 S no .ql _uu Y1 11c a” ..1 _1 l-c ,.. n. v1 as r1 _cu as .11 .+u so as .Q . H 1T. .1 11. e 1. 3 t ..u ....” ..rU 8 V a .1 __c .A.. .1 U /\ a Oz W i, in S +c 1; O a n; A on r l U E :1. a .1 ..D pl .v.” 11 O ...c f v.1 .L .TV to 1, .1 \l J O S C .1 O C E i it .. H 6 S F. 2 m” .11 1.1 no u .11 .n” An 2c . l ”a .1“ no 91 _ n11 .11 no to .1 7/ 8 . .3 t O t 1 8 S to ... . O 11 t 1 1L ... S O .1. vi AU/ nu n“ cu so . no 4c +c +t "w .c on 1 _ “n so no .hu 1 .1 3 .1 3 0 1K. 6 .1 C 8 S 4 c a 1 t . I 3 (\ E 1Q 3 E + c C .1 H c .1 l . .1 l S S t .L . H y _ ....i 9 1m... T. 3 w H U n . T. ... i M n E .1 8 _..1. n 1.1 t H O r” a J; to .l ..I .1 e 3M .1 1 Y. S T r t 6 U as it a “1 E T1 u t .H e p C 11 1 91 O a my .1 w . a 11 U. oi .7 1. 3 01 T. . n c... n 1 01. .7 H. 1 O t a. V 1 3 t e C e 3 11 S 1., . S , A... a O r C .11 he no cu . .11 no as in. :1» .+c as .11 no pr 1. Cu nu c on V1 ”on .1_ cu no on ..u he no we "11 vi so no ._ Cu .11 .n 11. O «u l O C e .1 ... . _..; C t O I C S -.L E 8 t .1. 3 7) 1 c ....n 8 fl 8 U 3. O S U. . 8 :1, .fl. 0 e S .. .1 _..... .1 _.. 5 3. T .1 v... a Q d H M f 3 ..1 C -1.... t .n ,3 ..- w . l t 0 d b S E . C 8 a 1 8 E. S 11. ...... as as .a. n, a: V1 nu Ac +c . 41 n .M it as nu A1 a J C 11 n. . n1 U +L 3 S O .1 t E C b E o... U a, .1 .1. ...1. C . e e .1 .J O .. I r S K .1 S S a 0 C o. E 1 c t t . - to 1 O W V, ._ i _ .. J c; t d . f .1 t .. a _ 3 :1 .l .1 e U f 0 e. .1 i .1 . u I ,: it . :1 f . V. .M .1 as r r at r I as “U 0 .w ._ 0 it C S n” 6 L t D .3 r. e a t T G A u. E J .u 11s as as «so w.c .-u as ou so as as .nn no .n no .11 11s 1c pl I I l 1 o 1 o .1. _. 1. 3. 1L 0.. .. t S .1. ,. v1 1. 1i .9 S n so Au 0 u. s: S n 1 Co a h n1 1. r 3 P1 1 v; G 8 m1 r a I 8 vi 6 so .. i vi I S . ..i n e .1 _.. e o q 4 . E e l e . . _ I U t _ . S .1 u 1.. f :1 S .H e o 1 .1 _ t O r 1 c E I ..u a O I _-...l S S a: e c .C S F I _. . S O i. J I o \n .1 ..1 1 mi, .C "1.7.. .....C Di .111 .81.. O n...“ t + . cm _H n e C n v 6 t G 8 l ..I C 1.. n... e T. :1. o. c e 0 U m no as to .11 we no“ co it .11 no an cc 41 .ie we 1 . «A S .1 v.1. 6 .TV T U. S 0 on f r d J 1T. .1 .1 0 luv 8 v.“ e a w. D a O as e 3 v1 ,L u as m d as C c S e no t 4. .ii .1 11 A: u 0 e +V l_ “c J. 5 S 3 ._ .. I C t V t +U n . .1 8 1S 1 S a .1 as an n a? e .n .1 0 ha u e1 n n bu .3 8 n no .nl «ms .11 Co cu Cu no we wn no no .11 "no .+c co co 1r“ In ta l .. “18 ‘.J jt:l€ & Went , l L journ ‘ ”Y" l. ‘ 0.138 an ‘ 1n sur 1 1- / .... . '1 -\_t‘_1 .CT, :Cul’u ”l -1 p K vs a 59). 3") w to. 1, ‘. 7'- .— A elms lQBB-b, exotic “'2 Azzaroli, 1938, 38-, great H C 1 (D H; m U‘ S: H (_... U) C‘ H: 4. (T) U" '4 0‘ Ct £51 5J4 }_J (T (D }.J D SJ 1 i J k 4 5. J C" (I) (.t. 1,.) E (“9* (+ F., I) W {1‘ H U) (U deal 0” variation CEtnEcn soeciss as sell as varietal vari- I -L ' -. _v 3| - : 0 ~ J- .~ P1 »- . . ," .2 v-\ ,"\ w.-. , - r" . . '—\ ... IA -. 1! . v 81.1ons \L_L-1f ole b.i33158 11. re an - to stanzeot.fl.llit1r‘to \ ~ ll ‘1‘ _ >gV ... ‘ — _‘ . _o .-.. ‘ " . ‘ fl 0 I“ '_ -\ -. r" “ 1 p .’ \ . ’ _h . I I t1€ olsease. .o S-mec s ecies u: AméflCd, nurOge or seia :as been founi to be isxune but some, es ecially tse Chinese or Siberian eli (Q. Jumila L.), are usually very res stan . Kany varieties or forrs of some species hhioh are gonsiiered on tn: uncle to be extremely susceptible have, however, been proven to be resistant. lost promising 2f tne highly resis ant clones isolated to date is the Dutch variety designatei as no. 24" or ”Christine Buisman", a variety of Ulmus foliaceae Gilibert (Buisman, 1956). Of special interest is tne fact that this species, on the basis of tany other tests by various workers, Was consiiered one of the ”very susceptible" species. The O I ”Christine Buisma " variety gas been testei by several work- wjg; sent, lVBS—a; and -./ l—J ers (Goiianicn & Azzaroli, 1938, belch & Collins, 1940) ani Has been recom.enied for culti- vation. 1 Presum (I ‘1 natural hybriis in tie genus are few. Johnson (1939) listed three. Of these, the most important is g. elabra Huds. x g. carpinifolia Glejitscn = X g. Hollaqdica kill. Unfler the latter name, Rehaer (1940) incluied as var- q ieties a number of long-iescribei plants of variable taxonomic rank, such as ;ne "Dutch elm", "Huntingion elm”, "selgian elm", and others. Taxonomioally, in View of tie present dearth According to Bender (1940) this is a synonym for the smooth- leavei elm (g. carginifolia Gleditsch). -132- of cyt genetic evijence, such a metmod of grouoing is perhaps justifiej. rr«Su11Lly such grou ing metgads are n:t iesigned to iniicate Lit: fiiality that the classification is correct or to infer that each of the varieties reores=nt members of F1 generations. Sax (1933) concluied twat tne numerous var- ieties of X g. holleriica are presume oly se reg tee of sub- sequent ge: 1er ations. Two of the varieti s(§. g. fitteursii (Kirchn.) eh1.ec1 g. h. snuerba (Aorr.) thd.) tore stu1ied cytulqtljfiiLy ani revealed only sliggt meiotic irregularity ‘ ‘ ‘.- — A “-~ \ otuer aemcers Of $. )4 an; hi¢fi ,ol‘en fertility. Sax also stuiie P“) ,0? “A. toe genus an: conclu1e1 taat a number 0 tiiic1al sge01es hvbrids could, in all grobabilit , be easily ma1e. L Henry (1910) studied progeny of nnat he :elieved to represent the F generation 9f tne g. clagr x cargirifolia 2 cross, i.e., offspring of two g. g. veceta (Loud. )_ _1 (led. individuals. He reportedly observed three characters (oooosite vs. altern11+ e leaves, leaf size, an1 lente th of petiole) each of which segregated on a 3 : 1 basis. Artificial by. r1112? t on in the genus was first reported by Klotzsch (1854), the ”first tree hybridizer”, who succes- ffusal. The parentage of (D sfully crossed g. camoestris x g. ctional (I) ate an inters C) tsis cross, if correct, wou d 1:111 cross: 'cloecr1“s x sleanarocwrous. Sax (1933 resorted a possiCIe cro s involving g. americana L. x Q. la vie Ball. The forner is tetraoloid (4n = 56) an1 the latter diploid (2n = 23). TMl of spring would ha e pre wnao'ly ceen trioloid. A cytolosical report Probably Ho Flztra L. x g. laevis 3&11., see Rehler, 1940. -133- on the of rin has not come to tne eut10r's attention. a 11? its d amount of intra- an interspecific hybrid- k‘: C , 3 _J F C p.‘ O J (D FJ. :3 h (D (B i H O D ...—b C H O "a“ 1')» 1 1::- Cu 11rr1c~ ization york has C1 (D a disease resist1m t form of elm. Uoorznbos (1933) reported W D U) C CD (.1 u U‘ U ’ _ X; r— C 9' T) O W C) U) U) ( 0 .40 S 'J k) 0 J l_Jo (D W X la 0 $1) 1“ _J 11: (a H’ ‘ U 1 o "\ I _‘ I a / _ n O U3m81‘ve x .al 1c1iana, T. laevis x lolla‘iica, 111 U. Jumila Smith & Nichols (1341) reported tae probably successful crosses: Kg. hollahdica 111:. x g. iabonica (Reh1.) Sarg. aid g. Hilsoniana Schneid. x g. iaeonica (Rehd.) Berg. A recort of tue comuarison 7f vigor of the cresuhei hybri1s with their oarents nas not yet been made. These terhers, hufiever, stated that hybrids of the M tter cross at least apoearefi more vigorous an: more resi istant to irsect attack than the :ale parent (g. aoonica). inter Attetois {o obtai involving Ulmus 3 W l,_.;. O O "3’ O U1 U) ( U (0 a11 Jeltis have not been restrted. Both _enera have the same basic chromosome number (14) an; if comoatible should yield interesting hybrils. Flowering habits ani (3V1“’izing:technique The exceedingly small aid delicate perfect floners of Ulmus are borne in dense fascicles or racemes which maies eaaseulation by forceps an extrerely hazardous unaertaaing. ( -‘I (_I C) U) I... (. 9) HO O O |, l (O H \_ \ #- H V \- '(‘ F1 ('3 fl” 0 \B ‘t 3 Q Fortunately, accorii‘r l V O Q I Aut orities not cited. -134- x 5,. 1. “- ° . . A..- .5 “A , .- , -. _... .1. n ._ , in - ‘ is so ear 61 in sun; s —c1es at least that ejascula tiin 18 not necessary. Last (1940) also noted marked protogyny and V. A‘- ‘ p ‘r r ‘\ v ‘ b Jeff." . Y-:2’S 1.01 ut- :T JLu/l u 11“. bei-o .‘3- OUL. l". 4'. . v " ~ 4 T p - ... _.., , j ._ _ . .‘ f_' v I' . ..‘ .‘ -‘ If tJIS genus. 11 mass e asculati n e1 eln -louers coul :1 be w. . ‘\”‘\»'q ‘ ' ‘- . ‘—~ “01" . r r ‘ " . .- aCCOQQllS'cl Mituout injury to t_e 133318 orggns it would e coseiele to avoid uniue worry for the h briiizer (i.e., C, .L worry over tze existence or not of erfective protegyny in the carticular female parent beinc used) ani inciientally give a more reliaole ani 1mteiiate iniicatifn of results. The hybriiizing techniques usej :y Loorensos (ljBS) H. ("F b C) H _J. ' J 5 N 1.1 SD 5* (+- ’J. (J t...— (D ('J 0 <1 (4- d (n (U W [U t1 (A o 5 3 f) (. (r (“L S‘I kg 6* I... O l—‘ (T) (I) \O unfortuzw te ly be e not been a ailable to the author. Smitr & Nichols (1941) recorted success”ul use of the "greenhouse techniiue” in their elm nybri 1127ation more. This method, first reoortei for Salix by Yanchevsky (1904) and for Poculus by nettstein (1933) employs use of flomer-bearing I cut twigs on which Iruits are successfully matured in tne 1 escrice Q.» by 5. :4 2 . 1 . greenhouse. Tn? meteo; o1 3ol1en storage 3 Heirwur""r (l9 4C), i.e., storage of coolar flower bud-bearM 5 dormant twigs in refrigeration, maytwesumably be used suc- K) U) u21eson, on pechni;ue, dalix section c: this re sort “1 -135- A 312 \],r to nu a " ‘ 1 t¢-\4“g1¥{--:4 , —u '1) p4. cording ”1 el: LA. Gn'f 0 j .L 601’ . (W ULJ. 1 929) 1L ~ 30s ( 61” I S s. _‘ ,1 lture tool 7“ a ,,, nu ~.;.A4t i E S a l f‘ w , bu _‘ 'I h . ani u ‘ ~ -\ ate ‘ --~‘l,.1 ho“ (u ‘1'“. 3. DJ. tIET l - ... . an): 11 ._p J. \ . 8 Lb ”k \J AC r \ n: 21... «.C A: Q g after 0 t’lx' n C‘ s... CA. .. . fruits ], v.1 "C Lie ll" ‘ ,.\ . ‘7'. ' V to lease 1. a .l a are , , 1 >23 .){‘ .‘rn J an. 1‘ 7" O V A stoop l/ Jth O '\ f; -L. t in V drv storare , year 0y I: O 1’ an V y f for l q ”.1. 1' S 4 I ”L 11 1e lists by var- x .- - m chromosm _ _‘s .A. . 0' l" "N x; H V ”“5. .1-‘ p1" 7’11 . (3 LV Wm " r.- . ILA [-1] L) O n ' L ious torhers (hrause, lSBO; Sax, K., 1333; GdiS°T, 1933; T A . , .7 {\7-v - , "‘. , - “" ’2 ‘3 n - 5" "7n : .A.—1 MCllVilJ, 1),), 1955; 01k, H. d., lJJU; 281 nauie, 1259) T ‘L f‘ 1ffil"'(" . ‘$ ‘v"' A -' LL18 5.5.013 1 LA-ACL:I- .Ln r . 5 .N hetero9101cy CL: 11 '(z 1,..1 CL- 1.: CJ Cf the 15 soecies thus far counted al; are (2n = 28) but one, he American e1: (3. a ericana L.), WhiCA ' J. U) rt (D (L H S'3 k) ,__1 0 }Jo Li, A L- 5 l Ul °A~ «0 .»-, 3 , .' ',..,... ,. «1 . :5“ 4.2.. ., ',.. -_— ~25 tion U1 etco uary Dairini concluiea the s3e31~s has croo- (a: :1 m . .V". 47 J .1 . A , .. '1‘ 7““. 'p ‘1 IN 7 tion, is ”tirldthA .o litites Zaies - 1rcuuency. Sax (1335) reported only sliggt irregularity during meiosis 1n p.m.c's. tf varieties 'itteu:sii (hircnn.) Bend. " —" 1_. ‘, : -'~ 1‘ ~‘ ...\ A, ‘ 1 . “ . l‘ , .‘ -. uC-rba (Lorr.) :en1. ml A T. gollannica rill. ani con- OY‘» C ’AL.’ v _ _ ‘v : -.,. .L‘- A- v, ”A ~ 5 1 . J. a . .. .- r. - a - 54" ‘ ‘ r .T' i- 1 ctr e1 chy may represent later segre51tes o1 nyorlus be- ‘v Q olia aleditsch. Leli- H 9 C.) £3 (L VBli (1933) Uts=rved regula- :eiosis in tie rari‘ty be 4- ‘, \'\ a“ -\ - - AA ‘7 " ‘-\ 1 ,3. " ~ not S‘p;urt \.: .ucurt a- “yell“ UL v-fi.‘ 'V \ . ‘ ‘ . o o -- I. [-1 o A _ A“ ‘ ‘37 K _0‘ ins aogarent sterility o1 LJlS form has CumCldlea by th.s ;_3. SJ E E. Q author ( 955) to be lue .0 its extreaely marxei rather t;an infertility of its ;a etes. -A‘J nalher (1952) resortei ihe reiucej number of 15 for g. cumila ani U. fulva an; 28—50 for g. a ericaha based on stufiies of Eicrosooropenesis. The sine “or; r (1958) r5- corfied l5 bivalen s ajoearing at meiosis in the ovule of 9 g. fulva. ‘ The variet" Q. g. oen€ula Alton has also Ssj iej b‘ Sax (1933) ail f uni to te tetraploii. ' Truv 7~ 'I’T‘Z'J’f 3" air“ 11--.- ...-.A.}-‘I-L..LJ 'JI...-A-L) (777 “'11 i 0:) Crown, 3. P. ' Psfisbin, A. J. (1940) CONTCTCifil timbers of the (wired izates. st Ed., AKI+ 354 so., 312 fiQs LPT‘Ww-'il: Rook Co., Inc., flew for 9 London. uismin C. (1”36) Le resistente lea Er. 24. (The resis- tant elm LC. 24.) Tijdsclr. fied. Heiflow:stssh. 46: :3—76, (jifed frow Elsth Treed. Abstr. ol. 7 , 936 ) r3 -fi n.'ixzk, l. '3. (Laidtrteci) Tflfik:eiz oi‘ s;31t2é:ui<: Qrwy t?‘ sin)- stsnoes on tfie rooti {Q of outtiIQs of Wood" orruNIouql plants (VIINLli bofi). -------—----——— E K331iDVOP, L. C. lffig) The efiget of synthetic Qrowtb :;u:stnices on the rootin' wno subseoue- nt igvxrth of cmqu“wgnizfil plants. (N io 5X55 .flra. ‘Fimorfl‘u- 1y 5ul‘. 24: No. 199.301unhus, Ohio. DoerenMos, S. 1. A. KemiserSfNoev01 met ingen ts ‘s-Crsven- hege. (GrossinQ QITCIi‘.110ItS Ni‘h elws st the Hague.) Tijéschr. Pl"iekt. 44' lol-o4. 1935. (Cited from Plant Treed. Abstr. WI 3 IA, 193?. Gaiser, L. C. (1955) A list of ohfiowOSOme nunbovs in An- Qiosperms. IV. Iii ier. lenet. 10: 135-258. Goidnnion, l. (1956) (I'he -GICiViORP of "U. puwila" L. in greetiesl F Hriculttne 0rd its Pesfstsnee to Grsyriu_m ) FDoll. ~+s" lfit }%~’ LTW“) 1C: (fl 3.) if} ~2CfifTEETICEE 1 from Plant Rreed. vol 7, 1237.) -----—------- (193s) (Notes on r'searehes ig the selec- tion of elms resistant to elm disesse.) Itsl. A“r o. 75: 69-74. Cfter" from Plant Tweed. A s'r. ”61. e, 1938 ——---——-----—- a £2 sroli, l. (lQSU) Pelszioqe sulle osye ions oi selezio e di olni res tenti slls Qrsfiosi e di inoculsziohi nrtflifi inli di "Craphium ulmi" es eQii-e nel 1957. (deport on ihe ox_reriwents of selection 01 elms resiffimwnt tun elniciisesse=ru'e of‘rirtuiiwiwl incwyllsticwu3 01- r}. ‘YJ‘T'T'L meme in 1337.) 01].. fist???” Pot, V33, Young 1L Tn.s.):149—7e. ‘ --—--—-------—-—----—-------- (l 3”) (”sport on experi- outs on selectinQ eles resistsn to srtiIi Cisl inoculations with G. Ulmi —--—. Plant Freed. Abstr. Vol. 10, I945.) H53 Plow, , 1.“... iv. o ._ H.213" 'r; l1 , I}. o L) 0 (19/1'. 1) 05y. 2nd Ed., X\i-+F4 pp., 234 fiQs. Co., IN). Lew York & LOPGOH. .imburQ e: , C. (l?4 ) Report on POplsPI Crorestry Cironie le 16: 149—60. (‘ se edlin«;s (lmn:dcn2) tnel O i' {4 1’1 elm SOC. ru)te (n1 oy means (191C) On Z-io, Jou r . Linn . (1027) A. floxens ITE‘nrjf’ PIA-0 suits. Hill, A. G. g. 71‘) 11‘) 4'” x'v Kl; Sly-U371— as ilQri/uilQUIwe,'Irfl11. 14: rye. KlotZso on, J. E. (lcb4) Ueber die iutzs zen- strwoe uno iischlinQe. Her. Pal-Lad . 5. ss . Ber}. in 1:.54: 53-5- .,:é5‘r3 . -138— fextbook of do )’?10t. ed for nirstor 1.701)} lcqlld l o (T: el di.sease and on in 19278. ) (Cited from ndrol- Lofirsw~flill 500k “TUE" 161 in; mendoliqn re— 59; BOO-SOC. sculsting from. em 9 Cor Pfen- vrehour" - Preus. 1." LL 0 Krause, O. (1930) Ltologische Ltudien bei den Urticales. Ber. dent. boten. fies 4’ he . 0: ~11. Krijt}(,,1:. (177:) (neport (Ml'tETe tiviti THU) the elm dis etase cuxm‘ittwee 09 W‘zied.cros1010" :nesis and embryo develop- ment in Ulnua 11V9. Bot. G92. 99; 592—95, l ‘cu Went, J. C. (1958) C 9911911on of Jelch, L. b. & Collins, D. L. (1940) Lutcn_elm disease 9nd its control. Cornell Ext . Eu.ll. he. 437: Pp. 19. th investigations on 11%) mjsceptieiljjyy of dijienTwlt elms t1)(yuu9tostowell ulmi B1ism9n in t1e Netherlands. Pfiwto) tn. Z. 11: 181-201. (Cited fr Pl. Breed. AbSLr. Vol. 9, 19:1.) '00 ““C ‘_J Cf) :VHw 1 3 r C00 ‘1 O” !‘J CL“ (“'1' a .I - s , 0) I": PC DJ (47 IL) (“1‘ p—L g: (I) .J (1- L’) (.301. (I) J 1.). 1' ‘. a. 1|: 14‘3- C SCnr. ‘7-111 (31' 631/ Sky , ntion of (Russian. .‘ - n (C 1113.9 S , k: . [Jo-(3.10110 ‘3 1. T1011: TII‘ ()1)~ .-- (1 ) 'F‘fi .a_J 0 FT: (\r?! I)(’\ U ‘0 VOL (1 B1 ilfinuofi On two 1_7()YI 1?»? in illie 9t 01101 9' Fe elm LCJIQC. _\ (1 ( ‘3 1" . \ . _‘ _ _ ’ VI.- 6 Comflelin stijations on elm 13011019 en 1936.) 'F. 'I (1111‘11’11’ . 4- ”u (dited 1?. from Plant 3096. EJ";6 6) 1310 IICrWIzuI ,snwatluJie T95+C :Cde -Ci P0pI1n_s lei”- M1rtun; a: 597-026. Cecilinrities Of the Servin- n i of some 8000568 of ”illow. afiest Just. 11: 209- 274 10L of ‘reon and shzuus. 1FI'7. {3 pl). ?”"CI-”ED ., '1 1’ J. 9361:. 530: .7341. Quart. Jouv. For. 29' 102- ”. Funk, 3. (1351) "oer Cie ?’”‘9tifln CC? chbkorren Lweier vanaschierten UlwI;n. hitt. lent. Lcnflvol. @939 911. 42: 525-528. I‘fr'ijtbe, N. 3: 911.2, J. C. (12759) (II‘OC1JT1—a1'.i()1’ls of elm Enfl391ds, CP“"ried curt in 13%?3.) TWduisChr. IfLI”€1 ft. ’5: 1-74. Navasbin, S. (18TC) ”he? d9: Terh51ten des POL1ensch19u- 01%28 Ewefi CI>P IVH'e. PUJ 1. Jlflfic. I If. F*t. IVsteIwfljvlfg 8: 545-n58. "ent, 11. C. (1”"') Vermilsg 'Inl Jo Cumierrcmfl:1n¥p11 OVCI‘Cie :_e:‘=s",:1".7i€$ 12,6 VGI'I‘1_I:J'“17 Op 119,13 EV’IUJCOJ'YJLE'C‘lOJJ'jJBF/‘h Lt"I1“IC\:I9- Cerium ” ilJie Covmelin dOhOlLCL” te fianrfl, (~019nvde 1977. (RCport on the investi;9tions on the Ele 618 539 C5PTin out fit the {11119 Comwelin tcholten P‘;o095tho- 1 109 L5bor5tory 9t R99rn, durim; 1937.) Tijdschr. 6 NC ; :40 930 44: -140- ‘ W Va . o-v I\ (A .1 1- e r 3. . 11~ I), m1 , r '1 n :5 ‘ h 0 «,- 7 _ 7 ‘ ‘_ _ w _ P ‘I\ __O ‘ 0 J33 lglv -, 111 neluICs Cut i.o :2:13: 'J;LFYU“13 ('f' (I) D Iit 1:1 this IzuLwitrgr C H. 3 (D ’ ) 1 J. U) (“x .r__, g. ‘4 (D H V {.1. (0 SD 5 ' L m 13. C+ C) (F) (v (T) (. - ., J. as -W‘ orw- IniCal. [11:47 .... “11016) rrfifl .. -. I. ‘1 A -1 .4. 1‘7 ; A r ----.1- -Lu TCHUb ACEI lAJJJ.Cb :QOLC ll 3f“bfpc3;tl, ur fblc y q 1 ‘ 1 " "‘ " . ‘ ‘1 ' . : " vv 1 I x 1'- " .1.’ ‘ -‘ ‘ ‘ '1’“ 9 ' ‘ \ " ‘ -. snrutoy, speCles u1.C1w alsbrrsutel t ruout tJ: neltnern Lem- fl 1 ' — 1 C , ‘- .--. —. . . .A. ,. C ‘ . .1 .A .1. '- .— v 4 ., 1- -.. , - ,. w r .. . . ’ . 1sgue1e but must NULCY 1&1.CIIH;:;JJItJ ,eu3erste ZunCs o: *3 D" (D I I; 1'5 #4 CO '_}0 CD 31 v;' "l H. Ill 3 J l J. .5 + Q l.J N. '1'" U) (D (D ('1‘ }.Jo C) .5 U) C 1* 3 r—I‘J H. H fi (D (I 1.5 U) CI (J I -7- '1 U) H.) a: l- t._1 ( T p H ( . - v , 1 S1... (‘1‘ 1 -1. «7‘; (I) (—+ C) (+- k T) (A p.— | J _J («J- (1 C CL C; (‘1' ('I It". 4. ;,~ 4; - .-‘ .‘ . " I‘v : >. F, ‘ . n ... (... 1 .3. ‘. _ x ,- — . -5 t ' x J .‘ ~) .3‘“ --.. < r J. A . . n a ' Cf LULgC, 51A are L; Celllly ngul 5“ 5 Cse _CrCzeer. Jeer ‘ V — ~ v ~ 0 (S I I ' '1 f“ "" 1". ‘ j ff '— r- ‘ .— 14 . - -s .u ‘ _«,- ’3 ‘v ——~ .‘ _ . - (I 3 ‘1 {A‘ -_ C; n f (T _ S;3_CCLL;_.TI_III1 L. arm“ :12-.. -1. '1; f— 7 .. .4. 1,1,;le L'J. YMMV obbtlvn VJCvJulr- .C mh—w _..—“_..- l’inl .L‘P.Xo; 3. 17113171131... 31.1-1 :1. SLJJ 31151113111111 1.. L31 LUIS. StCtlUl’l ta S1) " '_ ’_"} __ ‘r _. (VEKD um furs“. u: CJe Scdtlwl allc _— .V I ‘ f ‘ . ‘1‘ " .. ’_'r V. r ‘ _ ' . C ‘ ' \ V. I” fl v' ‘ ’ :ax.; e~1 A. SELEflJO L. u tue Ceetlun E’UZJO (:oeJmel) _ ___ __.____ r—J _r: H u o ‘1 (1) D. '_ 'J (U H u H 'I f) V o 7' .../- 1 ’. I: ".-'\r r‘ A. “can (sarlom & flilrsr, r-"Q'1 , ‘-— -\ _.. 1: Y'. .— ~r\ ,: y‘ 4“ In ,\ NH. 198 Celt-anoun euJ must valuJC (II genus is fpe sumar figple (4. sacchsrum) which, togetner with ;~ ni¢rum, is tIe ,rincinle source Ml "harm Leple” woud 951 maple sues? of th= America: trade. Hood of hue Carl :9; es is fevoreu for a multitu.e u; usss, lfllvf 95035 LdiCh are l . . , . . l_ . Cne spe01es, noaever, 15 the mountalns Cf Java. ‘H ‘ . v! n fl T _o a If _C LchHOCQ i'bLJ1L3t W . r. _o “ V‘ o r‘ _ .._‘\.,1 -141" .11.) - -i. V'Tj'; ‘ “ wooeents'e, HLVCJ (ETCMI? i réifshiri, The "soft 1 utilize 1 Car-Ce L3," except Lnere stre reason soft “Hole Cregon ra- veneer a: l m:— Vslue :u. Lu wn~ maples. "A .1- ., 4. fl ,L.L.ISL, (J- uL;C Hum er of exotic as ornatentcls, sycauore us:le ( A ‘ ~ ‘ - f T " cclucstre L.) J D - ' -I 0; exotics in tn ' $ future Cree 1- 0 ~__ ”A stocts in tee t— ies are ;n ,ro V Station (:ohrein :C . 1 . .- LL , ul , “ : .V 4. -. D . -._ .. . , 41"] ,- ; v-:eu LCJ“JJLu1€, JULUO . ~ . ~ ‘ «\ 12p, Q‘ Nd ~rous otgc "‘1: l \ ‘2 , . . - __-~ ,. 1:40; £83150 6 glam“, .. ll - x “ - _.- A _L‘ .1 (Ti-PIWrI‘Y'I.‘11n t); v L.) -. . Ugr.\/ _JLL A ‘. .1._A v\ k -4 "I 4' ‘ r 3 _ ‘1 w y- ‘) CI .2 C.‘ 1‘. U L}...ka UMALL /L(_‘ :It uyu g‘. [-4- ~r‘ r) "1 7 ‘ I“ a, 7"" r~ h r- /\ -~ .__ L... .:.. - .. ...;L .c ‘ :. all C t. I .u‘ a A - ‘fi ’_ -r 4") . l S 1— -L t 1 1 C U E, L; g l L} '. 1V1 1, N . «xv-1'11 ... 1 ° F. ii 0 (it ‘4. ~13 C' [.1 . ’Lv ] l. 1.1:) ‘ ‘ 1 '13 ~° c‘ 9 - "1 + I" a W I [l4‘u..1 .LS llue.e .1--1 U-Av L;. g2) 18 O? .ZUB (7 4.1 LLAV Native of tritution. 1"; G .A.- L: C LJ the -. 7,) K,“ "' ' ‘1“. ACCOI’ others ,1 2') ~142- to bcnreiner, K J C. ' , 1; r) S'ioneole 14.5 me boxes, crates, oil" ar+’cles ). {lgeruxfi 'Ire asd fflfiliE I \O _J. 1‘3 1.4 O ‘ 4 l f- or floor. (1) rimarily for snufacture of furni- 1 ~— r— —‘ , .. C 01.1.-LC 1 C .l- E. f“t¢e CCMR Crx:st, a..1 Cesat Laiowrl of 'tse ative ,e Cars of is; enus, a3 well as a ;;ci;s 97? varieties are tiiely plants; ,Coicllv [orwav La‘le(A. olctanoiies L.), . . _ l. pseuioglatahuv L.), beige maple (é. ficngr:uther£3. Sucrlei no CILMJS o”d_t=ct‘CXI country shoslfi fireatly fascilitcte r.; in ixie gxyius. l ZIJL iglfJTI H F-C- u: ~ cICJE le regortei evijence of selection from w’l’ 3 other than tse indication that such stuc- northeastern Forest fixperiment studies 7 ‘ r.‘ C V A v La _.. . \ ~ A “.»“’\":: . 1f-1a'x . ‘ .'-§r - ~ »4\*‘ v-xw" -7 -.-. “ a)»- . A. Lei to isolate suierior loros oi su-ir $1218 is: su ar grofiuetion have bees initiated. lO tattra tuftr14s in the .eous ngien gave be;n recognized by taxonfisists, out some of trege, apgarently, have shown special value for forestrv use. CL, flfiLLLQL s?:4...31' :3 ALL; 3.4;; If- ;13 Only one artificial hybrifl has been re orted in tle genus (Freeman, 1541). This cross, Aoer saccharioum L. x Joe r rutrum L., yieliei 41 byerifls ngCh shonei consider- able variation in leaf form, habit of growth, and hybrid vigor. All of the hy.riis s:osei markei heterosis as comoared with the male parent (i. rytrum) but none equalei tLe raoii grouth of the silver ragle (E. sacs...r1 UJEIM) fiourteen of fine hytriis flowered iq toeir 6th year, 10 H) s [—1 \ J I.) GI (D m ('+ 03 .3 }Jo ' 5 U) (_.. (D rI (4 (L) H (I U) C+ ,3 U‘ C’*‘ l.Jo H i.) {D ('I" (D C U ' C C0 (D (D u. ’ 1’ feeuliarities in tuC flowe;'1rH Habit of tee maples ago the lack of hybriiizing technigue is ,rcbatly responsiele in lar 6 measure for tne aos=noe oi artificial hybrids. Sohreiner (le3-a, 1933-o) has re'or.ed stulies of Ith- eriqg natit is t e Cu-”v i . rej Ha._e tutor is of sotoial maple revealed a tyoe of elea -eut iiohoEamy. an tvpes of flowers are born by unis tree: (1) Jerfect floners anj (C) imperf=ct flowers. She .2er r1 :ct flox. ers oere ooserv=a to lif- fer fro: most bisexual floners in that only tJG male or fe- Individual .rees mere also note; so be eitner :arkedly pro- tandrous pr frotogynous. In the case of grota dry, for in- stance, some gerfect flouers nature; t eir anthers coinci- dent titn the imoerfect male flowers. lhese oerfect flowers did not function as feaales later, houever, but other per- fect flowers 31th functional oiatils did. The periods of n .l\ \- L JO .1..) polien shelning an; stigma receptivity in a s e tree were not observei to overlap ani thus cross-pollination resulted. rr'v‘ 1ne flowering habit of the re; maple (é. ruorum) was reported by Schreiner to oe more comolex. ’hree tyges of treLs were ob s erved: (1) all flowers functionally male only; (2) all flowers functionally fe dale only ; aid (5) flowers functimv nally ferale or male. U3 ome trees in the latter cs te Hory snowed predominately ma-e flowers in the upoer part of the croun; an approximately ... w l equal proportion of male and Iena e in the midile portion of .1 the crown; an: predominately ferale flowers in the lower part 1 a of the crown. host of the Ilooers on all types o trees here to. oerfect, but the non-functional par rts were silmlaly smaller or aborted. In s;me instances, however, func- J." tional .ale leters vere observed Which had no evidence 01 1 Trees (1) anl (2) were tnus fur ct; onal ly dioecious; (3) “as fvnctitnally uoroecious. -l44- L) I" x J’ r‘ 1' :v . (’fi-V ‘I‘ I" 4‘ _. -" " ' “I ' I P ‘\ ' “ “ .1 fl '1 -‘ - 3' l‘ .13.; 1’_l:,o;.ll (1:3) 3.." _, _-.-:4}. (if-4Q) tjtlirjlul'} tLlL [8.11.1.8 a n, 4' ’ ~r- c (3 .2] f 5' "3v * ’1 1 t: r: .-‘ P.“ ~ ’~ -‘ "- "~t' -- 7-3 e. 1v ‘_~ ' w .-—- 4’- l I)": r: l.“ . -1 v. LO wk. pu .. -- L- 1...._'\: LAC. Lat]. cab -.-T1uh.l. ..Jbllj. L11; ‘ D’JKJ“L/ , ‘ r —. A '1‘ a ‘_ n -\ s . _ . x _ w u -. 1 . - s. f L“, I /- -‘ I r T .-. q‘" _ R "- — ~ - r W .' " u "' , .lOno‘Je‘i', u??- L_.C L. LS_S [" TL.) “Iffligl’fif CYCL -33. ‘HUI:L H.LL.L1 :Lo I — — ~. ’ 7 ' «J- " 3. -2 , J- ‘ J. - — .‘1 “ fl . n ‘ r‘ ’1 -\ - ‘ r‘ 3 *- IL] br‘] , 1“ -11 J" ‘JC ‘1 + S L) k, L; _ S , :- .. .. A; t, , 1):) yr L’U --|_L‘7 U24; i.- .«.—.I,‘. . ‘ 4-i—l \ ,. - ‘ '. ‘ * A ‘f‘.“‘ ‘R.,—.‘~‘< .\ 3 ' . 1' ~ A .e--ers L1 -ue lenus aler are use; ly .ronpel Wltfl the ill icult” g"a11s to root from untreatci stew or root out- c+ _JO 3' (’3 u ( I (.1 ci- ('1‘- D (I) h‘: ('3 z I. (D to s '“i (T) y - ...) ( + L...) < C .1 Q B ‘_l (W H K ( ( ) (-4 w ) H E 'l cf I.)- (_y H H H S 1 [fir-s —C‘ 1n (5:) SKI—L4“. T'«~. w-J .v“~-rwJ-' ‘ ’ « «— .-.- m v‘ ~ -'~ 2 av - ,c’oeflt l Vos.i"‘-tl'?"S u wallet: -u;-'v- 1-1 53th 1L n I") \) _J (I) if (,- O 1 )- CO ,3 ‘C (1) a :J r 3' O _J U) L l w to (“f (T) Lb (‘f‘ 9‘ (J H 5 (‘f‘ *‘x’ (I L f- "s (I) :5 (+- }._J 0’) MJ 4 (I H .< (T) ’- ... .....L ,. ,\ Litre-.4; J m L“) ’3 A }._J kfl l r \ _l l V a (T, L) O 5...: l r?- l ,u m 0 \a C [0 CD L 93 f“, >< Ho c+ ’1 C‘ J- ‘- 4;). gaximun root- C) I“? ('1‘" l-4o 5 (\ "I “*3 F} [I C. (J ‘1 3.7 .1 (D A b“, C (D K. .J '.J W '3 ' 3 in: (55.35 is lCB i vs) was ob aiiel with greenwood cuttings, . 2 . .-- . made frno young trees tee miqnle of June. The cuttinfs, 4 inches in length w’th all out up er leaves removefi, were maersei to a teeth of 1 inch in a Later solution of indole- tutyri acii (concentration: 50 mn./liter) for 3 hours. L— I To ‘° . _... -1... .Lg ... y. , .. -, , .~ .5.--‘ - .—‘v..~ .J- 1.. rollOWing triatmtflt L.€ cuttln_s were glanoei to aoouo LWO- thiris tneir len tn in a oeat-SAn' mixture in an outdoor } See also SHOL (ljbl). 8 anct are not soecifiei aLt10u"s, aCCor in t Thimann & Lolisle (1939), this is most critical or in~ “actors which influerce rortine resoonse. :or 24 hours rooted we ll (65; in lC8 days). Suttin after the mi.ille of July failed to root. 5 P .! 7 c—+. (+— (D L d. c+ . . -1 z\-1r\ -. ‘ _‘I_ - fi fi _ Afan31ev (433:) reyorteu an UUSUCCCSbLL_ 0 root SHEET 23916 Cuttinws lolloming au"iu treatment. Cf a .2 .-, h r -- . ....~ -. r -‘r , f - :... m A“ .- _ -‘ .... tUbel Jr O=C Mari d—d SuftMUUi cuttih s, ugly one formed r004 C‘ . t" : ‘7 T. " o (‘ ' ’3 - r s '3 C.‘ ‘04— , . , a 1 r1 ' qt , ..u 1n 05 3.40 So .LLilo URL y.;._b {A VOL LLVOOJ. htti '1; Vin/112,11 hai been treatei for 47 sours in a 10 n3./liter cincentra- _ ,. ,-. 1 t ‘ 7 i \J I f '. I I. V L- .A. ,1 x 0 CF [.1. O :5 O _..) l J. .3 {31 C) r._| (D «T C (.1.. 4 'Jo 0 K3 0 FJ. i), O é 93 '3 m P (A ‘1 O C) (0 Q "i <1 .) L- J J." 1,. -‘ .1. °., ...—1 - . ‘ .. W,‘ ‘ if .. f 5,. r ...?! \. Oi the CUtLlflfib tere sour d at .-e era ;f 03 Jays dun coh- ‘vwr: 6,1 ' n " -' a - \ . - » L" ' w . r~ ' ‘- " '2‘ cl lei tlat thh a lonrer {Ioniht season the cuttih have rooted. Afahsie v' s cutti _s here is} in tie latter I x ~ 1 fi‘ 4- f' \ ... 4.1.xp‘ r account in cart Lei the failure. 0* C) H. :5 r+ (I) ’1 .3 m ...—J k :34 C‘\. CO H. C) ‘_1 C) rr‘ H. O o ; r...‘ {3 f3 {O .3 (O) O '3 "1 (T; ‘4‘. (T; f-J <<: C" '7 93 E34 C) W (_..- U) :5 (D C94 Afaniiev gave no ihiicatien of the ate of the trees from '.- .1 , ‘ .- h, . - L .. ,.. - -. ,3 r”, :y - ‘ , a HMLCH hi: c Lbiflfib were haue uni it therefore agoears pro- aole that rooting failure is this case uig ht be traceaole to Show (1939-b) founi optimum auxin treatment for scer rubrug, pasei on 50 ramid mly selec tei clones, to be 6 hours in a 200 rag ./liter solution of irloleoutvri acid. Untreated cuttings are saii to seldom root more that 102. Of greatest ion (1+ significance tere the results regortei of an investiga into the variation in the rooting re-oonse of seve eral dif- ferent clones :F rei raole, :ll of which were auxin-treated w in ‘he same manner, i.e., 6 hours in a 200mg./liter concentra- tion of indolebutyric acid. Variation in rooting ability ~ 4“ a A l:- fr v": r} .-. ~ g“ fl _“ .4 —-. A r" 11' . . Jiflt; irom l{.§ to >7.§s along the seVeral clones. upon the L ’0 :3 {‘a ( I in... ,._J H ff- \0 C W ( w 9 :3 }- H: >— :3 (T3 *“1 (T 3 CL C) t J H I t C‘) r: (I) S O (L {3. H (I. U) V O "I U" (D (- P- O U) k I (D Lu P" H) I.) 3 D X .1. S m k) k ...J H. 0 $0 (+— H. (_1 :3 [D 0 LL (I) H. C I (D '5 ‘ " 1 ’. ‘V‘ ' . ' r~ ‘ "‘ J 4* ‘ ' ‘ . \ ‘ r a ' .‘ “ A ‘ , l' . I- from the filafllfljiflce of this ooseivatlon to the uractica ‘ J— , A ‘\ ‘—-, f\ — : ~, ‘A .3 ‘,-. 1 v 2 x «:x -.. ~- -‘ "q ‘ n 3 . f‘ - 1" fOYEEt art: ereeaer it urbwapl; TereSugub an: lirot kaif- ‘v ' 4- r w r: "\ ~‘ " ¢ '2 " ‘ " ," " ‘ V, ‘ (x a 'V ' ~ 2 ,1 -~ . l ental ev1ienCe recoricl in suugurt uf the assumei renetic founia ion :f the "rooting ability chaLacter amonn furest ;ians1ev (1339) also reuor el auxin treatment studies 1“ " 0 ""1 “V ‘2 :v \ 'T‘ ‘ " ‘ " ’ -. vfi r ‘ "‘ 1 4' \ \fl'l . ‘ of rea v&y_: CUtL n_s. lhe test root .2 results (6Le in ~- iays) were obtained Lith greentooi cattings tale in early W O Q J O (D D c+ '1 $3 I July anm treatei for 24 hours in a 2C mg./lite; t_on .f inQOlehutTIic acid. Thimann & Delisle (1939) investigated routing ability of seer glataiOiies anl the results ostainea lidicate the e (J' the tfljart from.wtfixxi cut- tin s are mane in jeterminatian of rooting aercentage. gn- treatij cuttings from seealic s l/2 year old gave 67% root- ing, 2 vear ola plants gave 4Cfi, plants 3-5 years old yave ~~-‘\~ 4., _Afitfl: ..‘ ;lares root—u only oc- o ' y 7’ cassaonally (less t‘an ls). m m (D g). F—a H. I S (0 Although untreatej cuttin s of 1/2 year old - .3 ousl U‘ m }.10 ‘s, such cuttiu s are obv '< FJ. 3 l rooted in 67% of toe ca I (D are -.2 L“ —. . .-. f ,, f1, , 1 4.-.,“ , Qractical f«r fUtEstr; use. Jutt . a from trees 2-5 x '- old, ~uwever, saowej 44% rooting “gen treated with a 100 mg./ -147- liter co centrat on of iniole—Bacetic acid. Cther invest- 1'} : ‘ ‘ . 1* .‘N w; J- : .'~ J. . - .,. ‘ "\ n! J- ‘a .— f -. ‘7 - - -~ ‘4... .i:Cat:u that cuttin s Iron the basal aarts of the }-Jo ifiations tree were best. Chadwick (uniated ani uuoublishej manuscript) obtained 2Cfi rootin: in are 42 days of cuttings of Acer galmatum Thunb. treate tith a 5 mg./170 cc. concentration of indole- butyrin aCid. Control cuttin; of this soecies groducei no U) . roots. Acer camgestre L. cuttings all lied without root proiuction when oiven tie same treatment, as well as sev- eral variations of it. ”ffCuQGY (J Chromosome number From resorts of cytological stu by various norkers (Darling, 1909, l§l2, 1323; p U) K I) (‘3 F” (0 93 ’u C; ( l p 1 W (O (... $0 Ct C t (E; Cl 90 [0 Ho O ._) C. C") (I) "S a:i Leurman, 1933, 1934) it in the yenus Ave" 2 13. an interpretation of \ . \JJ U»! V O :3 ( + S . (T) (. [0 (J. U) C) m leurman (l L. suggested an ulti— \J r...J S13 r!- w .4 ...) O H (...;J (l (f seconiary pairing in '7 I») 0 some 1 wer number for C, U) U) H O (.5: mate basic number of l” or o the genus. ‘bservation of seconlary oairiu: has also re- coried by Foster (lggi) in 5. nepunio var. interius (orit.) 3,. 'r-C‘; O H << i ( 5! H O H. I- )1 U‘ C H; H. ( U) Q C] (‘1 (D (U 13 H) I ;_J L ‘4 C*‘ \fl. (D >4 } .1 (n C H. :3 C. ’ ’L I) ~—, ‘\ A 4., i (‘x _> _‘ . N _ - ', K. 4 w w I“ r“ :r“, >“ O 1 n f“ _ ' ’3 ous ac . of trze l; s ecies ML1ch naVe been 1ovest1.ateu —-—. no. It) . _ "\ f r‘ ‘1 ‘ 1* z | {‘A ~ ‘ 011 (2n — 20, as a. saccharum bwéytOlOgists, 14 are dizl Mar 3;. .a: “. olatonoiies L.); 4 ar= tetraploid (4n = 52, W '- .’. .‘ »‘ vx - . /\ . 1 .' ‘ D I" Q A . -~ ,‘ . .... ‘ - . ‘ ," ,‘ 1 r.“ “‘ -| “I . ' .1 7“ _‘ or a. 'Uifmif‘llCE‘lkflflii a tar .a;.roug ti _iorlal QIEUAJiQ c+ H. U} [I C (D O (T) (0 C (T U} (- (T) p - H. c' F c+ O I" (U C. r *3 $0 ( 47* O (+- H l- rc) | ...] C l [—1. L O SJ 71‘ (fit ..J O H (‘0 chromosomes in the H $11 C‘*‘ I (I) H (7‘ ‘2 C (“ '55 (0 <'. (E (D c+ ‘ a F I. ( .J [r‘ l ' 1 C0 (0 d H L} soiia tic H) .-‘1 f. w: ,. ..Lf r...., '1 127.... C'” ‘ ’ r~. gequs at- .-bh rearrteo -ne regula occ urrenc o chromosoie icu l1.¥ in regions of the root_tjps, In the case of the triploid seedling notei abore, Jeurman obser- 73 number. <1 (D .1: U) 9 b R O O c+ :10 'O O (T) H r.) U) £1. rt :3 ('9' L (D I (T) 74 to k) }_I O } J L Chromosomes of the octaoloii, é. 5ubram, have been studied by sev ral workers (Da rlin 191“; Lottier, 1914; Iaylor, 1920; and roster, 1933). The reduced number of 40 ‘ _ ‘ A“ V ..f“ ‘ .‘ f "‘w t. “.’\r. c ‘_ l‘ 2' :0 Was re}orten oy Darllflf; 50 by rottiel, o, a 90, a.a oo- 75 by T aylor; aul 52 by Foster. 13y lor' s j 50 agoroxi- . V - ..C‘ ’:’ .. I 4* "w '3 ’- 4' ‘rfi ." "~ 3,“ o“. 7 mates roster 8 count 01 p2 agl onus 1avoxs the oroeaole Tooter concurred Lith Taylor's suggesti n tgat other forms of the red resis, having jifferent chromosome num- S-b) Work with the (T ("J H (D :3 (o ‘4. O O O C. N l .1 L3 .3 S13 cl" C W (T) O U) O (D A H KC, KN he 10 of the 14 secti ns ani about 1/6 of the N ‘,’- J‘ . anotn svecies. U) U) (T (I: F}. G! U) " I ‘r .’-'/ . "3 Li“! ( ’4‘ fl. .0, Q ~ ‘9‘ .m. V1r1&tlbd o: to: rowtlnt 'c-1ity oneracter in tul may conceivaolv be corollatei tits coroxosomr number. “‘4. . . 7‘ " .. ' .. - 4- . Lg er citoloticl motes Liloto (1529), Leurman (1333), all Foster (1935) cote ! .24 (+ ._\ (I (D i O (D otiocally regular em- complete {I ) 3 (“+- C0 5. J .0. s .- , .A '7' h n A '3 , .- ,1 . . - ,7; .. " \ , .2 V. ‘ 1‘] 13 3.: L. .L UI :11 L. Sa,--‘JC l'.‘ 5.3 {ELK/1.1483. c 34175.] 4.11 A. ..., -un seq other polyoloiis, no univelent or multivelent H c (‘1 w p SD 0 ( U‘ ( J ,.‘ O iations were observed. Foster coxcluiei teat bfliS w; , -.~ ,5. i. -. nusm. 4 .9. v :1.” '~ 7- w‘ probably uue to tUe low Cflldcmd freooescy uni)“ is grooably " r‘ ‘ ‘ 1" 'fi " ~ r- "L ‘n . v u I" ‘ 7" . x -‘ . \ .p \ '3“. - ‘. has OoberEQ by tLis tors—r afl; also 1...eurulai. Foster (1933) reoortei collen sterility counts for 53 soecies an: varieties of ragles. LOSt o them (45) showed more tgai 83% goo: pollen and the otuer 8 veriei from 100% sterility (é. teggentosun Laxim.) to 257 sterility. -150- 1'1'“7_" 711’ 77317“ ’1 ”11 Y JJIR'] 'lz'f-Q YJI...L'.‘ .” J_J ffcnsicv, Iichcl (1939) Effect of iuflol~211ygiv s-id on rootjflg3 of ijywrvo‘o v7'fijggvs Ol'Pm)W3 decid ants fores+' trees. Jouv. For. 37: 57-41. Brown, 1i. P. F FHWislin, Q“ (T. (1940) (meaercis]_1xtrbers of tic Fnited Stotes. 1st Ed., XXI-fFfié 39., 312 fi3s. :JZGTRJ-Vill thflc 30. 14M; , Jew \Tuflrf London. Cblclrick, 1;. C. (-Axuxtccfl 'Ffitxyt of :311thotfix: :romtfi: sub- stnizxtes; Fri if c yrm tmQ 01‘ cpitixink3s (if r.o. \Ju.’ . r‘“. 1 or? cp r7? 1'3d.1.wr,le ’Tfii‘ 7L1» ‘37 133:0-“t ‘. 'uflflfi I'PV’ F‘K’qfl, 3(1M1. ’-O?“7‘ecsaterw1 ch7. ‘:'p. "30, {jocfi , Taste ? n. ;)9, -"""“'“~ (1351) 'svirales nffeetin; vegetatiVC fHOgb- 3stion of‘1mxi:nm1 sugey VG'JJ‘ .Tmlr. Forertrgrffllz 595— 40;. Tflffllor, '.. 3. (lifiVj fxryorgfimslo\jxua erui egtxilO'iCxil sfuuiv Of 'PFWTY“‘PtiOD ill the ;finn13 Ame . f33ntrib. ()5. Lab. UfiiV. PM. 5: 111-139. miiirnu: K. V. 1 Lelislw A. L. (1939) T19 ve;etstiwe 7317c3r‘vi'37 t:i.c>r; (>57 #3i_i"f'i (:111 f; ":15 _u 2,: . gfax1xgw, ; ._.. -3rw1) 737); llJ—lxfi. Siskeslee A. P. (1‘1!) A possible habit mutent of tbn '1 SU*3P m7nle. 'Feva 1A: 20~1A4. \J ., .3 _.. Cnréiff, J. D. (1900) A study of synwpsis and Iwedueiiorl. 7L 1 r _ _ w ‘ .. '7 "F., (‘rj—I (1"! '2 _i;lll_:- . 30;“ ('93! T101. . 4413.1 ._) )2 i, 4 _;.-v,:\)u . _ TV- . “I' \ , -.. . ° _ I 3 ‘n " Detmeps, fired? (1919; TWO new varieties of Ace? rqurdn L. Wk. __ 1 4' (“'2 (‘7 0110 0T01.]._Ho 3101. 3-1-: LjLJQI-a-fsjk) w-x n‘ r (\( i‘, 3 peu;r3“, C. '}. (l;m:7) :uveakjll - -M n 7- .- . -.‘ — - -. ’3 T” by Lye use 01 ewemicsls. Lc'ence, Juld We, 1‘92. \ V‘ ,A‘W ‘ _‘ 0 J ‘ '\ ‘ -—--—~----——~ & i‘ohe“, r. I. u Luicsl brestme7* to ero't- en the rest perfofi of ©13s7 w7nle trees. Selenne 70 1 ifsrw:ar', E. S. (1}?4C 726—7 28. ) lhe Kimball msple. Jour. For. 59: Letter, J. (1951) Schizoeotyly and geHetic vcler -jon in -“0317 Jen? Pixftol. »0: Ld-LRJ I E , Siv“ ”Offlih , G. 7?. (IU‘QG) linieiaz exemqile cn?'the 777ons'Wflfinn 01 SU fiH“!flflpl€ fWKmlzl cuttinzq in or. Eknnzs P ' -152... ROOM us; my ‘ M‘ “ _4 ' Nov26°45 .y u-Hr— 201.31% 035 ”MY ml 28 '5’ ‘lAe P '51 . I . ‘ _ H ' * _..“ zit. I: at. y‘ l ‘ . p . . I . vnlpv . .:>. w . c u to.“ . . .A I a .1 . -e. . . -l . ‘ . IPIUCL.‘,»»OFN..