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L I B R A R Y
E; Michigan State
University

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE DBAW-A-PEBSON TEST
TO MEASURES OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY

By

SANDRA JOY SHERWOOD

A THESIS

Submitted to the College of Science and Arts
Michigan State University of Agriculture and
Applied Science in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Psychology

1959

. SANDRA JOY SHERWOOD

ABSTRACT

This investigation was designed to test the hypo-
theses that the Draw-A-Person test is an adequate tool for
reflecting sexual identification and for measuring sexual
differentiation. It was further hypothesized that these
subjects who draw the self-sex figure first identify_more
adequately with their self-sex than do subjects who draw
the opposite sex figure first.

One hundred undergraduate students at Michigan State
University were administered the Draw-A-Person test, the
Interest Scale (Hf) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory and the 7th and 8th sections of the Personal Pref-
erence Scale. Statistical analyses were made to determine
if there were significant relationships between the Draw-A-
Person test and these measures of masculinity and femininity.
No relationship was found between the measure of sexual
identification based on the Draw-A-Persen test and the measure
of masculinity and femininity used as a criterion, the 7th
and 8th sections of the Personal Preference Scale. A low
positive, but not statistically significant relationship was
found between sexual differentiation and the measure of mas-
culinity and femininity used as a criterion, the Interest
Scale (Hf) of the Minnesota Hultiphasic Personality Inventory.
It was found that the males who drew their self-sex figure
first identified with their self-sex more adequately than

SANDRA JOY SHERWOOD

' did those males who drew the opposite sex figure first.
However, the interest pattern of those males who drew the
self-sex figure first was significantly less masculine than
was that of those males who drew the opposite sex figure

first. The female subjects did not show similar tendencies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author wishes to express her gratitude and sin-
cere appreciation to Dr. Albert I. Rabin, chairman of her
thesis committee, without whose patient assistance and en-

couragement, the completion of this study could not have

been possible.

Sandra Joy Sherwood

11

DEDICATION

To my husband,
Bud
whose inspirations never ebbed
and

whose understanding and faith never failed.

111

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTB ODUCT ION O O O O C O O O O O O O O O
T HE DMW’A‘PmS ON TmT O O O O O O O O O

a. The Swanson Scale . . . . . . .
b. A Modification of the Swensen Scale

THE PERSONAL PREFERENCE SCALE . . . e .

THE INTEREST SCALE (Hf) OF THE MINNESOTA
PERSONALITY INVENTORY . . . . . . . .

HYPOI‘HEESOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
PROCEDmEeeQeeeeeeeeeeee
a. Subjects . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Test Administration . . . . . . . .
CoMethOdOIOgyeeeeeeeeeeee
RESULTSeoeeeeeeoeeeeeee
DISCUSSION OF BESTSTS .‘. . . . . . . .
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . .
DISCUSSION OF ADDITIONAL RESULTS . . . .
a. The Draw-A-Pel‘son T681: 0 e e o e e
b. The Interest Scale (Mf) . . . . . .
c. The Personal Preference Scale . . .

BIBLIOGRAPHY e e e e e o o e e o o o e e
APPHIDIX e O O o 0 e e e e e e e O o 0 0

iv

MULTIPHASIC

PAGE

(n can u) +4 4

11
13
1a

1h
1h

17
19
2h
28
31

31
33

C
J

37
no

TABLE

1.
2.

5.

10.

11.

12.

LIST OF TABLES
' PAGE

Some Characteristics of the Subject Sample . . . 1h

Relationship between Self-Sex Indentification
Scores and the Personal Preference Scale Scores 19

Relationship between Differentiation Scores and
“f Scores e e e 0‘. e e e e e o o o e e e e e e 20

Comparison of Identification and Differentiation
Scores of Subjects Who Drew the Self-Sex Figure
First and Those Who Drew the Opposite Sex Figure
FirSt O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O 21

Comparison of Male Subjects Who Drew the Self-Sex
Figure First with Those Who Drew the Opposite
Sex Figure First on the Several Measures of
Masculinity and Femininity . . . . . . . . . . 22

Comparison of Female Subjects Who Drew the Self-
Sex Figure First with Those Who Drew the Oppo-
site Sex Figure First on the Several Measures
of Masculinity and Femininity . . . . . . . . . 23

Comparison of Male and Female Identification
scores 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 31

Comparison of Male and Female Sexual Differenti-
ation Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Comparison of Number of Subjects of Both Sexes
Who Drew Self-Sex Figure First and Those Who
Drew Opposite Sex Figure First . . . . . . . . 32

Comparison of Number of Males and Females Who Drew
Self-Sex Figure First and Those Who Drew Oppo-
Site Sex Figure FirSt e e e e e e e e e e e e e 33

Comparison of Manual Norms and Author's Results
Of the Mf Scale 0 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 34.

Comparison of the 7th and 8th Sections of the Per-
sonal Preference Scale for Males and Females . 35

Comparison Between Male and Female-Scores in the

7th Section and in the 8th Section of the Per-
sonal Preference Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

V

INTRODUCTION

That individuals reveal important aspects of their
personality in drawings has long been recognized. Goodenough
(3) introduced a test utilizing the graphic features of the
figure drawn to measure intelligence; Buck (l) devised the
House ~ Tree - Person Test; Machover (9) outlined a method
of personality analysis based on the interpretation of draw-
ings of the human figure. Furthermore, the use of drawings
in the analysis of personality traits is widespread and
growing in popularity. However, there is’a deficiency in
the communicability of interpreting drawings, in the experi-
mentation concerning human figure drawings, in the reliability
and validity of the drawings and in determining if a test
utilizing human figure drawings is an adequate clinical tool
in evaluating personality traits.

The present study was designed to investigate the
relationship of the DAP (Draw-A-Person Test) (9) to measures
of masculinity and femininity. In particular, this study
was concerned with the question of whether the DAP, scored
on samlmnmation and W by means
of a modified Swensen Scale (13), is related to the Interest
or Masculinity-femininity Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic

Personality Inventory (hereafter referred to as the Mf Scale)

1

2
(5) and the 7th and 8th sections of the Personal Preference
Scale (6). It is further concerned with the relationship
between the sex sequence of drawing the human figure and the
adequacy of subjects' self-sex identificiation and sexual
differentiation.

A subject does not consciously identify with his
self-sex or discriminate between the sexes on human figure
drawings; it is an unconscious process (2, 9). The terms
‘sexual identification" and ”differentiation” as used in
this study should thus be understood to refer to those char-
acteristics which are indirectly manifested in the DAP test
rather than to the subject's conscious self-evaluation. How-
ever, there were many instances in this thesis where this
clear-cut separation could not be made. In such cases,
sexual identification referred to the adequacy with which a
subject portrayed his self-sex. Sexual differentiation re-
ferred to the degree to which a subject discriminated or

made a difference between the male and female figure drawings.

THE DRAW-A-PERSON TEST (DAP)

The DAP was developed by Karen Machover. It is a
projective test which requires the drawing of the human
figure. Subjects are given a piece of blank white paper,
8s" x 11' and a No. 2 lead pencil with an eraser. They are
then asked to draw a person. When they have finished, they
are asked to draw, on another sheet, a person of the Opposite
sex. The graphic preperties of the figures drawn are then
scored according to certain criteria (9).

According to the assumptions underlying the DAP,
“projection of traits from a graphic standpoint to the
drawings are found in and may be detected from the drawings
of the human figure.‘ The self-traits of the person and his
problems may be directed toward one figure or toward both.
The graphic treatment accorded the pair of figures drawn
by a subject may be associated with the degree of identifi-
cation with the male or female that is characteristic of
the subject. The difference, or lack of it, between the
male and female figures drawn by subjects in performing the
DAP is said to be indicative of the degree to which the sub-
ject has adequately identified himself sexually. Further-
more, it is asserted that "the particular type of treatment,

both graphic and verbal, accorded the pair of figures drawn

3

u
by a subject may be associated with the sex sequence of the
drawings.“ Presumably, it is most normal to draw the self-
sex figure first. According to Machover, evidence of some
degree of sexual inversion and confusion of sexual identifi-
cation has been found in records of individuals who drew
the opposite sex figure first in response to the instruction,
“draw a person”.

Results of studies, (2, h, 10) pertinent to this in-
vestigation revealed that there is a need for clarifying
the psychological implications of the DAP. A study by
Murphy (10) compared the sexual differentiation in human
figure drawings of male and female adults. Each.pair of
drawings was rated according to the Swensen Scale. Graphic
maturity was determined by the Goodenough Scale. The results
showed that female adults differentiated between the sexes
to a moreadequate degree than did the males although there
was little difference in graphic maturity between the two
groups. This was interpreted as suggesting that same sex
human figure drawings of adults tend to be self portraits
rather than an index of degree of identification with the
appropriate sex role.

Caligor (2) conducted a study concerning the deter-
mination of subjects' unconscious conception of their own
"masculinityafemininity" identification. The Mf scale was
used to compare the subjects' conscious conception of their

own "masculinity-femininity” identification. A drawing method

called the "Eight Card Redrawing Technique" was used to

measure the subjects' unconscious conception of their own
”masculinity-femininity”. It was found that the Eight Card Be-
drawing Technique agreed with the Mf scale; that retest re-
liability was high; and that females demonstrated consistent-
ly less stable “masculinity-femininity” identification than
did males.

A study conducted by Granick and Smith (a) dealt
with sex sequence and its relation to the Mf scale. It was
found that: l. the self-sex figure was drawn first by
88.1% of the males; 2. the self-sex figure was drawn first
by 65.3% of the females. This was interpreted as a tendency
for males to draw their self-sex figure-first. No relation-
ship was found between the sex sequence of human figures
drawn and scores on the Mf scale. This study tended to re-
fute Machover‘s hypothesis of sexual inversion which may be
involved in choosing the opposite sex as the first response
to "draw a person”.

Due to the sparsity of information noted above, it is
seen that not much in the way of experimentation has been
done to justify the use of the DAP in detecting sexual
identification and/or differentiation.

a. The Swensen Scale
Swensen (13) devised a 9-point scale for the purpose
of rating the degree of sexual differentiation between the

two DIP drawings. By means of sample drawings supplied by

6
Swensen the rater determines whether the difference between
the sex characteristics of the two drawings are high or low:
whether it should be scored 2 (high), or 1_(low) or at some

stage in between.

b. A Modification of the Swensen Scale

In the present study, a modification of this rating
method was introduced. Each drawing of a pair was rated
and given a point score. This gave each subject three scores
on the DAP test: 1. an "identification” score for the self-
sex figure drawing; 2. an ”identification” score for the
Opposite sex figure drawing; and 3. a ”differentiation"
score which was obtained by adding the two identification
scores. Since there were two independent scores (one from
each judge) for each dimension, the score used for statistical
purposes was the one on which complete agreement was reached.

The Swensen scale was modified in order to Obtain
sexual identification scores for each subject. In many cases
a male's self-sex figure drawing was more sophisticated than
was his opposite sex figure drawing and a female's self-sex
figure drawing was more sephisticated than was her opposite
sex figure drawing. However, the opposite was also true
in a number of cases. It thus did not seem appropriate to
give a unitary score. An example of this is the following:
subject A drew a male figure which had an angular body
contour, whose apparel was adequate, had eyelashes, thin

lips and short hair, this would be rated point 7. The female

7
figure of the same subject had long hair, a partial represen-

tation of female apparel, and little roundness of body con-

tour; this would be rated point 3.

 

THE PERSONAL PREFERENCE SCALE

One of the criteria employed in the present study as
a measure of masculinity and femininity were the 7th and
8th sections of the PPS (Personal Preference Scale).

The PPS is a projective, paper-pencil type of per-
sonality inventory developed by Krout and Krout (6). The
test is based on projective-symbolic data. It is divided
into ten sections dealing with major areas of behavior
arranged to have some semblance of developmental order.
Two basic assumptions are involved: 1. ”that certain bio-
graphical residues, distilled out of each individual's
past, not only persist through life, but have a crucial
effect on his adult adjustment”; 2. ”that - in some re-
spects - these 'residues' possess the quality of universal-
ity, and as universals they may be localized in certain
'developmental areas' found in every individual‘s life
history”.

Subjects are given booklets containing the test
sections and told to read the instructions. There is no time
limit. The subject is to mark each of the items in each of
the ten sections as either "Like”, “Dislike", or ”Feel In-
different". Each of the ten sections of the scale gets an

independent score. Each "L” is scored 23 each "F1“ is

8

 

scored.15 and.each "D" is given a zero value. A score
is considered high or low when it is one sigma from the
mean.

The present thesis is concerned with the 7th and 8th
sections of the inventory. The 7th section deals with traits
typically regarded as feminine. A high score on this sec-
tion should point to a submissive coOperative attitude (in
a male or female), because the traits are all of a passive-
receptive nature. A low score - in a male — points to an
individual who is perhaps manifesting a feminine protest,
but behaviorally shows masculine preference. A low score -
in a woman - suggests presence of a masculine protest, or
antagonism toward typical behavior associated with her sex,
and a tendency toward self—assertiveness.

The 8th section deals with typically masculinoid
attitudes. Here a low score should indicate a generally
unaggressive, apprehensive type of personality, in a male,
and perhaps a normal attitude in a female; whereas a high
score should point to a masculinoid-aggressive make-up, in
a male, and perhaps an overcompensated masculinity in a
female.

There are relatively few studies pertinent to this
inventory.. Results from a study conducted by Stagner, Lawson,
and Moffitt (ll) of the factor analysis of the PPS favored
the view that there were ten factors necessary to account

for most of the variance. It appeared that the inventory

. 10

did reflect the various stages or ten patterns of psycho-
aexual deveIOpment described in Freudian literature. An
extensive study concerning the measures of personality in
developmental terms was conducted by Krout and Tabin (7).
This study was involved with the origin of the PPS Inventory.
The results pertinent to the present study are that male-
female differences appear on the test. Sections ? and 8 show

significant differences between the sexes.

THE INTEREST SCALE (Mf) OF THE MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC
PERSONALITY INVENTORY

The present study further employed as a criterion
for masculinity and femininity the Masculinity-femininity
(Mf) scale of the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory)~(5). The MMPI sets out to assay those traits
that are commonly characteristic Of disabling psychological
abnormality. The inventory consists of 550 affirmative
statements which the subject is asked to classify into three
categories: “True”, ”False" and ”Cannot Say". In the group
form of the test, the statements are printed in a test book-
let. The MMPI provides scores on nine clinical scales.
This study was concerned with the Mf scale (masculinity and
femininity interest pattern). This scale measures the ten-
dency toward masculinity and femininity of the interest
pattern. Separate T tables are provided for each sex. For
either sex, a score two standard deviations away from the
mean indicates a deviation of the basic interest pattern
in the direction of the Opposite sex. A separate scoring
key is used for each sex.

Every item chosen for this scale indicates a trend

in the direction of femininity on the part of male sexual

inverts. Elevated scores may indicate effeminate interests,

submissive or docile characteristics, passive personality

11

12
structures or anxieties related to sexual adjustment, but not
necessarily homosexuality. In either the male or female
case, a high score indicates a deviation Of the basic inter-
est pattern in the direction of the opposite sex.

Extensive studies have been conducted with this in-
ventory. The Ones pertinent to this study have been pre-

viously cited (2, h).

HYPOTHESES

The present study was concerned with the testing of

the following hypotheses:

I.

II.

III,

The DAP reflects the subject's sexual identifica-
tion as measured by its relationship to the 7th
and 8th sections of the PPS.

The‘DAP measures the degree of a subject's sexual
differentiation as tested by its relationship to
the Mf scale of the MMPI.

Those subjects who draw the self-sex figure first
in response to ”draw a person” identify more ade-
quately with their self-sex than do the subjects
who draw the opposite sex figure first. The
differences are expressed in the variances in
identification scores and differentiation scores
of the DAP, Mf scale scores, and 7th and 8th

sections scores of the PPS.

13

PROCEDURE

a. Subjects

One hundred men and women cOmprised the subject popu-
lation. The sample consisted of 6“ males and 36 females.
The subjects were all enrolled in General Psychology classes
(Psychology 201) at Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Michigan. The subjects used had not seen or taken any of
the tests prior to the present testing. Data concerning

the sample used are found in Table 1.
TABLE 1

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBJECT SAMPLE
M

 

Educational
Age Age Mean
N Range Mean (years)
Males 6h 19-33 21.73 13-“
Females 36 18—22 19.75 13-3
Total 100 18-33 20.99 13-h

 

b. Test Administration

The subjects were tested, by the author of the present

thesis, in five group sessions taking approximately thirty

1h

15

minutes each. The subjects were handed a six page booklet and

a two page booklet and told not to open these until directed
to do so. The six page booklet consisted of two blank
sheets of 8%“ x 11" white paper, one sheet containing in-
structions for the Mf scale of the MMTI, and three

(pages of statements consisting of the Mf scale from the MMPI.

The two page booklet consisted of the ten sections of the

PPS.

The following instructions were given in the admin-

istration of the test:

Two booklets will be given to each person. Place
the smaller two page booklet beneath the larger six page
booklet. Do not turn to this smaller booklet until told to

do so. Use a pencil for the tests.

If there is any question as to the procedure in tak-
ing these tests, please raise your hand.

1. On the front of the first page, draw a person.
Make a complete person. Please do not turn the

page until I tell you to do so. Go ahead.

2. (5 minutes later) Turn to the next page and
draw a person of the Opposite sex from that which
you have just drawn. If you drew a male, draw a
female_now. If you drew a female, draw a male
now. Do not turn the page until I tell you to

do so. Go ahead.

3. (5 minutes later) Turn to the next page. Fill
in the information on the top of the page: age,
sex and year in school.

a. This inventory consists of numbered statements.
Read each statement and decide whether it is

WM Wm.

You are to mark your answers on the spaces to the
right of each statement.* Look at the example of the

 

*See Appendix.

16

correctly marked answers at the bottom of this page. If a
statement is Iflflfi,or.flgfiILI_IRflE, as applied to you, blacken
between the lines in the column headed T. If a statement

is FALSE or W, as applied to you, blacken
between the lines in the column headed F. If a statement
does not apply to you or if it is something that you don't
know about, make no mark on the answer sheet.

Remember to give YOUR OWN opinion of yourself. .22

In marking your answerS. WW

0; : s on... ;- . , 1 q e_g_e‘ e :e: ‘ e g- :,

9W.

Make your marks heavy and black. Erase completely
any answer you wish to change.

Remember, try to make some answer to every statement.
NOW TURN TO THE NEXT PAGE AND GO AHEAD.

5. (10 minutes later) When you have completed this
booklet, turn to the two page booklet. On the
back of the booklet,* in the upper left hand
corner, please put your name, sex, age and year
in school. When you have done this, turn the
booklet over to its right side. ‘

6. On the pages that follow you will find a list of
items which you may like, dislike, or feel in-
different about. There is no "correct' response
for these items. Your preference is the correct
reaponse for you. If you have never experienced
the item, or have not experienced it lately,
imagine how you might feel if you did experience
it. Encircle the letters which most nearly ex-
press what you feel, and be sure to check every
item.

L means "I like it".
FI means "I feel indifferent about it”.
D means "I dislike it”.

7. Go ahead. Complete the entire test.

 

_—

*See Appendix.

17
8. (3 minutes later). When you have finished with
both booklets, put the smaller one in the larger
one and place them face down on this table.
Thank you.
0. Methodology
Each subject was administered the DAP, the hf scale
and the 7th and 8th sections of the PPS. Sex sequence of
the drawings was noted for each individual. The DAP‘was
then scored by two independent Judges using a modification of the
Swensen Scale. The product-moment correlation coefficient
was used to determine the reliability between Judges. The
resulting coefficient for Judge reliability for the male sub-
Jects was r = .93 which was significant at the .01 level of
confidence. The resulting coefficient for Judge reliability
for the female subJects was r = .86 which was also signifi-
cant at the .01 level of confidence. These correlations
showed that there was considerable agreement between the
two Judges. The Mf scale and the 7th and 8th sections of
the PPS were scored in accordance with the instructions in .
the manuals. Each subJect received a self-sex identification
score, a differentiation score, a Mf score and separate
scores for each of the two PPS sections.

‘ The subJect's identification scores were related to
the PPS sections using a product-moment correlation co-
efficient. The t-test was employed to determine the
significance of the difference between the means of the sub-

Ject's self-sex and Opposite sex identification scores. The

18
differentiation scores were related to the Mf scores using
a product-moment correlation coefficient. The t-test was
further employed to determine the significance of the differ-
ence between the means of the subJects who drew the self-
sex figure first and the opposite sex figure first on their
identification scores, differentiation scores, Mf scores
and PPS section scores. In this thesis, the values of r
and t were considered significant at the .05 and .01 levels

of significance only.

RESULTS

The results of this study will be discussed in the
order of the hypotheses stated.

Hypotheses I states that the DAP reflects the subject's
sexual identification. The results concerning this hypo-
thesis are set forth in Table 2. .This table reveals that
the male and female self-sex identification scores did not
relate to the 7th and 8th sections of the PPS. The corre-
lation coefficient for the male subJects was -.ou on the
7th section and .05 on the 8th section. The correlation
coefficient for the female subJects was .22 on the 7th

section and .05 on the 8th section. These were not statis-

tically significant.

TABLE 2

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-SEX IDENTIFICATION SCORES AND THE
PERSONAL PREFERENCE SCALE SCORES

 

H M S.D. r P
Hales. 6“
Identification Scores 6.91 2.33
PPS 8 Scores 1u.oo 2.75 .05 8.8.
Remains 36
Identification Scores 6.h2 2.22
PPS 7 Scores lh.33 3.53 .22 N.S.
PPS 8 Scores 9.uu ' 3.35 .05 N.S.

-__

 

 

 

l9

20

Hypothesis II states that the DAP measures the degree
of a subject‘s sexual differentiation. Inspection of Table
3 shows that the males‘ and females‘ differentiation scores
did not relate significantly to their respective Mf scores.
Though the male correlation coefficient of .2“ and the fe-
male correlation coefficient of .27 were significant at the
.10 level of confidence, this level was not accepted as high
enough for this study.

TABLE 3 .

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENTIATION SCORES AND Hf SCORES

 

 

 

N M ' S.D. r P _
Males. 6“
Differentiation Scores 13.80 b.01
I .2“ NOS.
Mf Scores 2h.36 n.36
Resales 36
Differentiation Scores 12.61 b.23
.27 N.S.
Mf Scores 38.06 3.70

W

Hypothesis III states that those subJects who draw
their self-sex figurefirst identify more with their self-
sex than do those subJects who drew the opposite sex figure
first. The results of this hypothesis are found in Tables
h through 6. Examination of Table h reveals that for males
there was a significant difference between the self-sex

identification scores of the males who drew the self-sex

21

figure first and those who drew the cpposite sex figure
first. The mean of the identification scores of males who
drew the self-sex figure first was 7.0a which was significantly
higher than the mean of 6.29 which was obtained by the males
who drew the opposite sex figure first. Further inspection
of this table shows that for females there was no signifi-
cant difference between the self-sex identification scores
of the females who drew the self-sex figure first and those
who drew the opposite sex figure first. The respective
means of 6.76 and 5.93 did not differ significantly. This
table also shows that for males and females there were no
significant differences between the differentiation scores

TABLE 4

COMPARISON OF IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION SCORES OF
SUBJECTS WHO DREW THE SELF-SEX FIGURE FIRST AND THOSE WHO
DREW THE OPPOSITE SEX FIGURE FIRST

   

-~___‘._.I _ -‘ - ._~.———. «-

Identification Differentiation

 

 

 

Scores Scores
N M t P M t P
Males
Self-Sex F ure
,,,8, 15 57 7.04 13.90
0p 2.68 005-001 .75 Nos.
posite Sex
Figure first 7 6'29 12°70
Remains
Self-Sex Figure
first 21 6.76 13.1h
1.11 N.S. .89 N.S.

Opposite Sex
Figure first 15 5.93 11-87

W

22

of those subJects who drew the self-sex figure first and
those who drew the opposite sex figure first. The means of
the males of 13.90 and 12.70 did not significantly differ
from each other nor did the means of the females of 13.1u

and 11.87.

Table 5 reveals that there was a significant differ-
ence between the Mf scores of male subJects who drew the
self-sex figure first and those who drew the opposite sex'
figure first. The Mf mean of those males who drew the
self-sex figure first was 2h.78 which was significantly
higher than the mean of 20.86 which.was obtained by those

males who drew the opposite sex figure first. The 7th and

TABLE 5

COMPARISON OF MALE SUBJECTS WHO DREW THE SELF-SEX FIGURE
FIRST WITH THOSE WHO DREW THE OPPOSITE SEX FIGURE’FIRST ON
THE SEVERAL MEASURES OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY

 

 

 

 

 

Self-Sex Figure Opposite Sex
First. Figure First
N M S.D. N M 5.5: t P
Mf Scores 57 2h.78 #.6O 7 20.86 5.h9 2.32 .05
PPS 7 Scores 4.h2 3.25 5.29 2.81 .72 N.S.
PPS 8 Scores 1h.02 2.81 13.86 2.22 .1h N.S.

W

8th sections of the PPS showed no significant difference
between the scores of male subJects who drew the self-sex
figure first and those who drew the opposite sex figure first.
The 7th section means of h.h2 and 5.29, respectively, did not

23
differ significantly nor did the 8th section means of 1h.02
and 13.86.

From a study of Table 6, it is seen that there was
no significant difference between the several measures of
masculinity and femininity of female subJects who drew the
self-sex figure first and those who drew the opposite sex
figure first. The Mf means of 38.1h and 37.93 did not differ
significantly. The 7th section means of 1u.9o and 13.53
did not differ significantly nor did the 8th section means
of 9.67 and 9.13.

TABLE 6
COMPARISON OF FEMALE SUBJECTS WHO DREW THE SELF-SEX FIGURE

FIRST WITH THOSE WHO DREW THE OPPOSITE SEX FIGURE FIRST ON
THE SEVERAL MEASURES OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY

W

 

 

 

Self-Sex Figure Opposite Sex
First Figure First
N M S.D. N M S.D. t P
Mf Scores 21 38.14 4.03 15 37.93 3.33 .16 N.S.
PPS 7 Scores 1h.90 3.12 13.53 3.99 1.12 N.S.
PPS 8 Scores 9.67 3.71 9.13 2.91 .47 N.S.

W

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The results concerning Hypothesis I appear to be in-
consistent with one of the basic theories of the DAP: that
it reflects a subJect's sexual identification. It was shown
that the identification scores did not relate to the measure
of masculinity and femininity used as a criterion, (the
7th and 8th sections of the PPS). This indicates that the
drawings of a person, used as a vehicle for the expression
of one's body needs and conflicts did not reflect the sub-
Ject's proJection of his self-sex image. The findings are
that subJects did not identify more adequately with their
self-sex but identified equally as well with both sexes.
The results showed that the DAP did not reflect differences
in male and female identification as measured by the PPS.

The results concerning Hypothesis II showed that the
subJect's differentiation scores did not relate to the
measure of masculinity and femininity used as a criterion,
(the Mf scale of the MMPI). It appeared that the DAP did
not measure those sexual characteristics which discriminate
between male and female interest patterns.

The results concerning Hypothesis III revealed that
the sex sequence of drawings related to the adequacy with
which males identified with their self-sex. However, the

sex sequence of drawings did not relate to the adequacy with
24

.25
which females identified with their self-sex. Males who
drew the self-sex figure first identified more adequately
with their self-sex than did males who drew the opposite
sex figure first. It was further shown that the sex sequence
of drawings did not relate to the adequacy with which sub-
Jects differentiated between the sexes.

Further results revealed that males who drew the self-
sex figure first deviated in their basic interest pattern
toward femininity as shown by the Mf scores. For females
there was no significant difference. Considering the re-
sult that males who drew their self-sex figure first
identified more adequately with their self-sex, this result
seemed quite contradictory. It would be assumed that the
more adequately one identified with his self-sex, the more
he would be prone to possess the basic interest patterns of
that sex. It thus appeared that the theory involved here
is rather ambiguous and needs clarifying. There was no de-
viation found on the 7th and 8th sections of the PPS for
either males or females. ‘

It would seem from the results of this study that
the DAP perhaps does not lend itself to quantification. The
interpretation of its inherent properties would then seem
to depend grossly upon the artistic skills of the individual
using it and hence could not be interpreted by a technician
versed in quantitative analysis. It was, of course, quite

Possible that the reason for this seeming lack of

26
quantification was due to the qualities of the scoring pro-
cedure and not due to the qualities of the DAP itself.

Generalizing from the results, the salient question
seems to be that if the DAP was so weak in this one basic
area, what might be concluded concerning the less obvious
traits that the DAP is purported to show. This points up
the definite need for further investigation of the DAP be-
fore it can be accepted as a standard projective personality
technique.

Considering the reasons for the rapid popularity and
extensive use of the DAP, a further speculative question is
raised. Is the psychoIOgist being deluded by the self-
gratification that he receives from seeing traits in the
test which confirm his own feelings. A test which gives
such free rein to one's ingenuities, when interpreted, may
very possibly be construed to parallel one's own intuitive
feelings. The corroboration of one's own proJeotion into
the test may add considerable impetus to its use.

As for reasons why the DAP did not relate significantly
to the criteria used, it is prOposed that: 1. the popula-
tion used for the present study was obtained from a college
population which may deviate in the basic interest pattern
from a non-college population; 2. the modification of the
Swensen Scale may have resulted in voiding the scale as
valid and/or reliable; 3. the Swensen Scale itself has

been little used and may not be valid in its present form;

27
h. the Mf scale and the 7th and 8th sections of the PPS
may be measuring different properties than sexual identifi-
cation and differentiation, unrelated to the DAP. This may
explain the‘laok of parallelism between the several measures

of masculinity and femininity.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The present study was undertaken to test the hypo-
theses that the DAP is an adequate tool for reflecting sex-
ual identification and for measuring sexual differentiation.
It was further hypothesized that those subJects who drew
the self-sex figure first identify more adequately with
their self-sex than do subJects who draw the opposite sex
figure first.

One hundred undergraduate students at Michigan State
University were administered the Draw-A-Person test, the
Interest Scale (Hf) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory and the 7th and 8th sections of the Personal Pref-
erence Scale. Statistical analyses were made to determine
if there were significant relationships between the DAP and
these measures of masculinity and femininity. No relation-
ship was found between the measure of sexual identification
based on the DAP and the measure of masculinity and femininity
used as a criterion, the 7th and 8th sections of the PPS. A
low positive, but not statistically significant relationship
was found between sexual differentiation and the measure of
masculinity and femininity used as a criterion, the Mf
scale of the MMPI. It was found that the males who drew
their self-sex figure first identified with their self-sex
more adequately than did those males who drew the opposite
sex figure first. However, the interest pattern of those

males who drew the self-sex figure first was significantly
28

29

less masculine than was that of those males who drew the

opposite sex figure first. The female subJects did not show

similar tendencies.

The maJor conclusions that were reached in this study

were 3

1.

2.

5.

7.

The DA? did not reflect a subJect's sexual
identification as measured by the 7th and 8th
sections of the PPS.

The degree of a subJect's sexual differentation,
as measured by the DAP, did not relate to his
basic interest pattern.

SubJects did not identify more adequately with
their self-sex.

Sex sequence of drawing was related to the ade-
quacy with which males identified with their self-
sex; however, this did not hold for the females.
Sex sequence of drawing was not related to sexual
differentiation.

The interest pattern of males who drew the self-
sex figure first was less masculine than that of
the males who drew the opposite sex figure first.

Sex sequence of drawing was not related to the

interest patterns of females.

Sex sequence of drawing was not related to the

7th and 8th sections of the PPS.

30
Further statistical analyses of relationships be-
tween tests but unrelated to the hypotheses are presented

in additional sections.

DISCUSSION or ADDITIONAL RESULTS

a. The Draw-A-Person Test

Further results procured in this study concerned
the comparison of the several scores obtained on the DEF
by the male and female subJects. The results of the com-
parison of the male and female identification scores are
found in Table 7. Inspection of this table reveals that
there was no significant difference found between the male
and female identification scores. The mean of 6.91 for the
male self-sex identification scores did not significantly
differ from the female mean of 6.u2. Nor did the mean of
6.80 for the male opposite sex identification scores differ
from the female mean of 6.19. These results indicate that
the males and females identified, via the drawings, with the

sexes equally as well.
TABLE 7

COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE IDENTIFICATION SCORES

 

 

W W
N n t P M t P
Males 64 6.91 ' 6.80
1.11; N.S. 1.25 N.S.
Females 36 6.h2 6.19

k

L—

In Table 8 are found the results obtained on the male and

31

32
female differentiation scores. The male mean was 13.80
which was not significantly different from the female mean
of 12.61. This finding shows that males and females differ-
entiated between the sexes equally as well.
TABLE 8
COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION SCORES

W

 

N M S.D. t P

Male 6h 13.80 “.01
IQHO N.S.

Female 36 12.61 4.23

m
Additional results pertaining to the DAP and the ten-

dency to draw the self-sex figure first were also obtained.

Looking at Table 9, it is seen that the tendency was for

male subJects to draw the self-sex figure first; however,
TABLE 9

COMPARISON OF NUMBER OF SUBJECTS OF BOTH SEXES WHO DREW SELF-
SEX FIGURE FIRST AND THOSE WHO DREW OPPOSITE SEX FIGURE FIRST

m

 

N Expected No. x2 P
Maids
Self-Sex Figure First 57 32
39.06 .01
Opposite Sex Figure First 7 32
Resales
Self-Sex Figure First 21 18
’1‘6 N.S.

Opposite Sex Figure First 15 18

 

33

it was not for females. The Chi Square for the male subjects

was 39.06 which was significant at the .01 level of confi-

dence. The Chi Square of .hé for females was not significant.
Table 10 reveals that the proportion of males who

drew the self-sex figure first was greater than that of fe-

males who drew the self-sex figure first. The Chi Square

of 12.68 was significant at the .01 level of confidence.

TABLE 10

COMPARISON OF NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES WHO DREW SELF-SEX
FIGURE FIRST AND THOSE WHO DREW OPPOSITE SEX FIGURE FIRST

 

 

 

J —+
t t ~—

 

 

N EXpected No. x2 P
wflslss
Self-Sex Figure First 57 “9.92
Opposite Sex Figure First 7 lh.08
12.68 .01
Esmalss
Self-Sex Figure First 21 28.08
Opposite Sex Figure First 15 7.92

 

_ ’

 

b. The Interest Scale (Mf)

Additional analysis of the Hf scale relative to the
present study was conducted. A comparison was made between
the manual's norms and the author's results on the Nf scale.
The results of this study are set forth in Table 11. This
table shows that for males and females there was a signifi-

cant difference between the manual’s norms and the author's

3h

resnts. The means for the author's T scores were 56.05 for
the males and 58.15 for the females. These were significantly
higher than are the means of 50 reported in the manual. This
finding indicates that the author's male subjects were more
feminine than those used in the manual's normative population;
and also, that the author's female subjects were more mascu-
line. A similar finding has also been reported by Tyler and
Hichaelis (1h) who conducted a study on the comparison of
the MHPI manual norms and college norms. The results of
this study were that the male and female means were higher
on the Hf scale scores than were those reported in the manual
indicating a deviation of the basic interest pattern in the
direction of the opposite sex.

TABLE 11

COMPARISON OF MANUAL FORMS AND AUTHOR'S RESUDTS
OF THE Hf SCALE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

N H S.D. t P
Halal
Manual Norms 117 50 10
”.32 .01
Author Results 6h 56.05 6.32
Males
Manual Norms 108 50 1° .
- 4.55 .01
Author Results 36 58.15 5.86

W
A partial explanation for the above may be found by

examining the composition of the pepulations used. The

35

author's subjects were chosen from a college population. The
manual's subjects were chosen from a non-college population.
It is possible that college students deviate in their basic
interest pattern in the direction of the opposite sex.
0. The Personal Preference Scale

Further exploration was also done on the 7th and 8th
sections of the PPS. A comparison was made for each sex
between their 7th and 8th section scores. Examination of
Table 12 reveals that for males and females there was a sig-
nificant difference found between the scores on the 7th and
8th sections. For males, the mean on the 8th section was
1h.00 which was significantly higher than was their mean

TABLE 12

COMPARISON OF THE 7th AND 8th SECTIONS OF‘THE PERSONAL PREP-
ERENCE SCALE FOR MALES AND FEMALES

 

 

nun 61*
PPS 7 Scores “.52 3.20
17.95 .01
PPS 8 Scores 1h.00 2.75
Easels: 36
PPS 7 Scores lh.33 3-53
6.02 .01

PPS 8 Scores 9.h4 3°37

 

0f “.52 on the 7th section. For females, the mean on the
7th section was 14.33 which was significantly higher than
was their mean of 9.hh on the 8th section. This is in

36
keeping with the sections' theoretical assumptions and in-
dicates that the sections measured some aspects of masculine
and feminine personality components.

Referring to Table 13, it is seen that a signifi-
cant difference was found between the males' and females'
7th section scores and also between their 8th section scores.
The males' mean on the 7th section was h.52 which was sig-
nificantly lower than the females' mean of 14.33. The males'
mean on the 8th section was lh.00 which was significantly
higher than the females' mean of 9.hh. These results show
that the male and female subjects related to their appro-
priate sections, 8 and 7, respectively.

TABLE 13

COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE SCORES IN THE 7th SECTION
AND IN THE 8th SECTION OF THE PERSONAL PREFERENCE SCALE

W

 

 

 

7th section 8th section
N M t P M t P
"8168 6“ “.52 , 11‘s 00
lh.22 .01 7.33 .01
Females 36 lb.33 9.hb

m

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.

9.

10.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buck. J. N. W

 

. Calif.:

WW
western Psychological Services, 1950.

Caligor, L. The determination of the individual's un-
conscious conception of his own masculinit -femininity

identification. J._szJ‘_Innh,, 1951, 15, 94-515.

Goodenough, Florence L.
anglings. Chicago: world Book Co., 1954.

Granick, 8., a Smith, L. Sex sequence in the DAP test
and its relation to the MHPI Mf scale. W.
Wes 19539 179 71-730

Hathaway, 3., & McKinley, J. C.

. New York: The
Psychological Corp., 1943.

Kraut. 14- 8.. a. Kraut. Johanna. W-
gzgngg_§gglg, Chicago: The Chicago PsychOIOglcaI In—
stitute, 1953.

Krout, M. H., & Tabin, Kraut, Johanna. measuring per-
sonality in deve10pmental terms: the PPS. Hanan.

We: 195“: 500 291-2330

Machover, Karen. Drawing of the human figure: a method
of personality investi ation. In H. H. Anderson,
a. Gladys L. Anderson. edsd. WM-
. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1956.
3&1—369.

Machover, Karen .

. Springfield, 111.: Charles C
Thomas, 1957.

Murphy, N. Sexual differentiation of male and female job

applicants on the DAP test. W” 195?,
13, 87-880

38

11.

12.

13.

14.

39

Stagner, R. Lawson, E. D., e Mofitt, J. W. The Krout
ersonal Preference Scale: a factor analytic study.

We: 1955s 11’ 37-1‘1.

Swensen, C. H., & Newton, K. The development of sexual
differentiation in the Draw-A-Person test. J._glin.

Wu, 19559 119 1417-420.

Swensen, C. H. Sexual differentiation on the Draw-A-

Peraon test. MW” 1955. 11. 37-41.

Tyler, F. T., & Michaelis, J. V. A comparison of manual
and college norms for the HMPI. W”
1953. 37. 273-275.

APP“ DIX

DO NOT TURN THE PAGE UNTIL TOLD TO DO SO.
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

Age:

 

Sex: Male Female (circle one)
Year in school: Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior (circle one)

This inventory consists of numbered statements.. Read each
statement and decide whether it is tzng_a§_anpligg_tg_xgn

or W.

You are to mark your answers on the spaces to the right of
each statement. Look at the example of the correctly marked
'answers at the bottom of this page. If a statement is TRUE
or MOSTLY TRUE, as applied to you, blacken between the lines
in the column headed T. (See A at the bottom.) If a state-
ment is FALSE or NOT USUALLY TRUE, as applied to you, blacken
between the lines in the column headed F. (See B at the
bottom.) If a statement does not apply to you or if it is
something that you don't know about, make no mark on the

answer sheet.

Remember to give YOUR OWN opinion of yourself. W

In marking your answers. WWW

~ . -I1“s 5° 1-. ‘ p 0‘ ¢_usA; ‘0 :s; " s s; '0 0
Wm.

Make your marks heavy and black. Erase completely any answer
you wish to change.

Remember, try to make some answer to every statement.

NOW TURN TO THE NEXT PAGE AND GO AHEAD.

__

Section of answer column
correctly marked

T F
A 1. ::
B :: ll

41

1.
2.

3.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.

17.
18.

THE Mf SCALE

I like mechanics magazines.

I think I would like the work of a
librarian. '

When I take a new job, I like to be tipped
off on who should be gotten next to.

I would like to be a singer.

I feel that it is certainly best to keep
my mouth shut when I'm in trouble.

When someone does me a wrong I feel I
should pay him back if I can, just for the
principle of the thing.

I am very strongly attracted by members of
my own Box 0

I used to like drop-the-handkerchief.

I have often wished I were a girl (Or if
you are a girl) I have never been sorry

that I am a girl.

I enjoy reading love stories.

I like poetry.
My feelings are not easily hurt.
I sometimes tease animals.

I think I would like the kind of work a
forest ranger does.

I would like to be a florist.

It takes a lot of argument to convince
most people of the truth.

I would like to be a nurse.

I like to go to parties and other affairs
where there is lots of loud fun.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

10
11
12

13

l4
15

l6
17

18

38
88

r:

88

3—

42

8":

19.

20.
21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.
29.
3o.
31.
32.
33.

34.
35.

36.
37.

I frequently find it necessary to stand up

for what I think is right.
I believe in a life hereafter.

I enjoy a race or game better when I bet
on its

Most people are honest chiefly through
fear of being caught.

My table manners are not quite as good at
home as when I am out in company.

I like dramatics.

I like collecting flowers or growing house

plants.

I have never indulged in any unusual sex
practices.

At times my thoughts have raced ahead
faster than I could speak them.

I like to cook.

I would like to be a soldier.

I used to keep a diary.

I do not have a great fear of snakes.
I am worried about sex matters.

My hands have not become clumsy or awk-
ward s

I daydream very little.

If I were a reporter I would very much
like to report news of the theater.

I would like to be a journalist.

In walking I am very careful to step over
sidewalk cracks.
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

19
20

21

22

24

25

26

27
28
29
3o
31
32

33
34

35
36

37

848

8‘8

8'8

8‘8

38.

39.

40.

41.
42.
43.

an.

45.
46.
4?.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.
53-

54.

55.

I have never had any breaking out on my skin

that has worried me.

I frequently find myself worrying about
something.

I think I would like the work of a build-
ing contractor.

I like science.
I very much like hunting.

Some of my family have habits that bother
and annoy me very much.

I should like to belong to several clubs
or lodges.

I like to talk about sex.
I have been disappointed in love.

I believe there is a Devil and a Hall in
afterlife.

I like to be with a crowd who play jokes
on one another.

I was a slow learner in school.

If I were an artist I would like to draw
flowers.

It does not bother me that I am not better

looking.
I am entirely self-confident.

I have often felt that strangers were
looking at me critically.

Most peOple make friends because friends
are likely to be useful to them.

Once in a while I feel hate toward members

of my family whom I usually love.
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

38

39

4O
41
42

“3

an
45
46

47

48
49

50

51
52

53
54

55

88

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

If I were a reporter I would very much like
to report sporting news. 56

I like ”Alice in Wonderland" by Lewis
Carroll. 57

I wish I were not bothered by thoughts
about sex. 58

I think that I feel more intensely than
most people do. 59

There never was a time in my life when I
liked to play with dolls. 60

88

t‘t‘t‘t‘t‘t‘t‘t‘t‘t“

t‘t‘t‘t‘t‘t‘t‘fit‘t“

F1
F1
PI
PI
F1
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI

PI
F1
F1
F1
FI
PI
F1
PI
PI
PI

UUUUUUUUUU

UUUUUUUUUU

Personal Preference Scale, 7th and 8th Sections

2.
3.

5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.

1.
2.
3.
2+.
5.
6.
7.
a.
9.
10.

.111

‘Reading to sick people

Ballet dancing

Reading fashion reports
Using perfume

Being a private secretary
Sleeping in a nightgown
Being a model

Hearing nail polish
Preparing meals,

Strong athletic girls

1111
Using profanity at times
Very modest men
Reading Sports page
Dependent women
Using firearms
Wearing boots
Good discipline
Hood-carving
Running track

Playing football

46

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