.—

AN ‘NVESTIGATKON OF THE
CONCENTRAHON GRADlENT ACROSS
A TRAY OF A BUBELE-CAP COLUMN

Thesis for the Degree of M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

Webster Leroy Kaiser,
1949

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By
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‘3 .3...rn

11.3 L7H“? errtn, JR.

In. t rviv nvn

.1 0
Submitted tfl the "

k heel of Creduste 9tnfiics of Tichirpn
State Collefe of 59Piculture and implied Fciance
in nartinl fulfillment 0f the TQOUiPeflQntfl

for the derree of

"afivmv "a

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(in 7"ng p

Pepsrtnent cf Chemical Enginee"inz

1°49

{ —:-n-_—~;- wT‘““‘""‘"*"?‘-‘"‘
£3”— ‘2' LHUW‘MI .WLn» .11 1‘)

The 5122;111:111 13 deg; 13‘ indebted to Prcfr... 1111c:-
J. 1 . 11.7.1101}. 1121:1113 advice, cmmsel, and 1. liaizmce.
A;-;1r:1clz-..tiaza is also a; 111.111.13.113 Dr. 11. ‘13. 1.111111

1111‘ 1.2. "if. B. (1-13.11... ear for their : digestions mad

aid.

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14‘~A Inu‘u .OODIOOOCOOOCOCOOO00......0......

REL-N 19110353171113
Carbon DiOXide ooooooooooooooo-oooo-oo

EthYl 31002101 oooooooooooooooooooooooo

AFJ‘sL‘ISiS PKCCEJURE
Carbon Dionde ooooooooooooooooooooooo

Ethyl M00110}. ooaooooooooooooooooooooo

DATA
Complete Tflmes ooooo-oooooooooo-ooooo
Summary Tables ooooooooooooooooooooooo

Graphs 00.00.000.00..-0.000.000.000000

CALC;:IJ?\‘?1C{;S .OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.000...

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lJIQ‘uxvdoivN cocoacocoon-00009000000000.coco.

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N \rnt'v‘tz; f Am 77 iv.
.uau 1:11.111.» OIOCOOOOOQIOOOOOOCOOOIIO00....

BIEJlO'EIJI-AIJ;£I OOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOII0.0.0.0...

18
21

22
25

27
3'5
39

70
73
711
76

T'st'r‘"-r~.r=’*“'"Irm
“t. . '. ;~“ 'f S. i \‘Ifi‘.

The wide range of overall :nd nlcte efficiencioo
reported in the literature for bubble-cap columns iv well
known. Varyinz from the 74 CCIC“lzted by Fherwood {12)
from the drta of ihitnrn and Eavis (17) to 12?? as stflted
by Brown {1). (A percentage over 100 cooarently due to multi-
vapor contacts on a single trey.)

Such a range of efficiencies indicates the neefl for
more iota on the operation chrrncteristicn of bubble-can
towers, particularly of commercial size.

The present work wns concernafi with the concentrction
distribution in the licuid on a bubble-con trnv. In order
to studv the conccntrstion “istribution indenonflentlv of
temperature variation, it was decided to use nhcorntion
rather than distillrtion. The bubble-cap tower constructed
for this work YfiS four feet in diameter. Four alternfitinv
liquid flow direction trays were sorced at twelve inches,
with seventy slotted caps per troy. Eixty-two scmnlcs were
taken s'multnneously on the firat tray during epch run.
Eocauye of the low efficiency of the tower used by Whitman
andlklvis Hith carbon dioxide, it woe deciccd to invonticcte
tfic concentration oistrihuticn usinr carbon fiioxide. ’thvl

alcohol wrc used for cornbrison with rcncrtefl fiat? taken on

Smaller towers.

”1.:vava

limost all of the act? on ccncentrrtion "r" icnt re-
oorted in the litc . tu:9 is b“$9u on ° fill lchcrr for?
columns.

fiiPfiChbfiUm ’3.4.5) rconrtefi ow ethvl PlCfihnl-woter
rectificution Utin* a sin lo 92 Mt. bubbleoccp on a trrv
approximately 107 mm. wled fro” his drawing) inside
diameter. He took four samples on this tray. “one of his

coults are reproduced in the discussion section.

?,3vy 8nd Prkcr (G) also used the ethyl nlcohnl-wnter
system in their work. Thev renortod on a 3 trav, 19 ioch
diameter ins ice, frnctionctin* tJOler, with ten can" pnr trav
arrcnmod in three rows. Four samples were tnkon on this
trey. The liquid WkS sampled enterin2,noct tho ?ir¢t row
of czvps, past the second row, and leavinm the trrv. ¢ome
<3f their data a alfio rcnroduced in the di.mc sinn section.

cro‘rec (t) cove laped two cn16‘1oo" for oi? till tim
;)latc efficiency:
Diffusioncl resistance in vanor film noverninn,
Xw-L

* -

17'" ,
”nix

Licuid film recistonca controllinc,

5:1. " x“=+1 "' "n
X In Kn *~

 

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'1‘310 "811.105 05F X 9315 y .551"? £373.? avaérpzvg rte-31:3 f‘rflCfi-finfi 0f the

 

icuid
hoarding]
entire :31.

Let:

liquid 0rd vapor lenvinr 3 plot? as fozinnd hr Vnrnhee.
{ccordingly the efficioncv refors to are oerFormnncn n? tn
entire plote.

Lewis (7) develonpd 3n onurtion £0? naint 9f?iciencv

on 3 ml Le for bin rv rixturos. He booed this countinn,

.for rltcrnntin: liouid flow direction, on the followinr

cross the olnte k.th-

"J

assumntions: Thrt the liouid flowed
(but mixini, thrt vapor-film Riffuoionol recintnnce precon-
.inntcd, thrt vnpor race through the colnfln without Wirinfl,
find that the liquid wrs continually contacted with fresh

‘vcpor, as it flowed across the plate. His enuntinn Follows:

‘3 81")“; ”AU 1
A,

A very thorourh and comprehensive test covering many

ETV

 

.frctors was made on a large commercial distillrtion column
13y Qunness (2). However, he 616 not take snmoles across
'trcyc, but used the method of Lewis to calculate the finrphee
z>oint efficiencies.

fiore dntn on concentration rrnflient, esnccinllv on
largtc oouimont with many snvmln determinations: in, there-

£70r9, beneficial.

 

I'll“!

Erewings of the column, details of the seenle loceu
tion and arrangement, photographs of the tower end of the
VCOZ e clysis equipment follow this listing of other conic»
ment and Specifications.

Rubblg*Ceg ggecificnt one:

m

 

Caps; 230 - 3 in. 0.3. x O.J65 in. thick copper cape,
70 per trey.
42 - 3/32 inch. wide x 13/16 inch hirh slates
per ccp.
Ton of slot 7/9 in. above bottom edée of
cap. Bottom of slot 0.0625 in. above
plate. Slot area per con - 3.12 so. in.
Risers; 280 - 2 1/3 in. 0.3. x 6.065 in. thick copper.
Integral yoke style. 70 per troy.
Overflow 1 7/16 in. above riser flencc,
1.35 in. above nleto. Riser crce equals
301k SQ. in.
General; Innuler eree ecucle Q-Qh so. in.
{Vulcan Copper nnd Snnoly 00., Cincinncti 2, fihio.)
§;£3 (CM 1353): Type E, Deeiqn No. 3, Rice 2 l/h, Serial fio.

1r?" ‘ur‘a'nn
.___1‘ I ;,~. :‘. .

1...
:94

(Clarege an 00., Kalamazoo, Vichiznn.)

:Induction 'Red and‘ Peter (C? lh3hl: Serial F0. 90?? l

‘J‘

“0?. h?’ FFE‘T‘»9 14-]. RUN“. 17GB Type K
Phase 3 Cycles 60 Rise 55 Code F
Volts 223 Axes. “h.2 Volts in? fiwoe. L7.1
C.F. 985 (Connected th v.)

140 - £701 l/L in. Tube 1/? in. ”ion Throne Connecto
Fittings.
(Charles #. Strolinmor 00., Detroit 26, Fichicnn)
Beckmnn Todel Q pH Foter (CH 559): No. 2V08
Chicago Scientific 60., Chicnzo, U.S.A.
(fictional Technical Laboratoriee, South Penedenn,
California.)
External electrodes for p? meter.
1170 Celomel, Conco Qllhh
1193 Glass, Geno. 21106
(fictional Technical Laboratories, South Pasadena,
California.)
Cheinomntic Heetphnl Balance (CY 317): B-20766
{Christian Pocket, Inc., flew York.)
!J.S.P. flcohol: Proof 100, “.9. 5h
P.fl. 102.6
(v.3. Inéustriel Chemicnle, Inc.)
(202 a 10—50 lb. cylinders 00.5T

(Pure Carbonic, Inc., New Ygrk’ New York)

25.5 feet of 1/4" Copper Turing:

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15

 

 

 

 

 

 

Photograph No. 1 - Tower constructed for this work.

16

  
 
  
 
 

    

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17

 

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59—- 9‘

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“Photograph No. 3 ~ The analysis equipment for carbon dioxide
sample determinatios.

Photography by Smith & author.

13

HUN 93903731? 993 012-91 119:; :139

A W1 der of fifty pounds 9? carbon dioxida 999

weiqh9d. It as set us in an inclined rack With the
discharge opening d9wnwnrd 999 dirnctod $9 the in :9 fivct

of the fan. The cvlinder W93 thus winced t9 93%? 9v¢119hle

Ell 9f tshe contents of tte tank.

'13
,v a.
('0'

The sixty-two snrnl.

l

tlv s V9r9 waisted hcfnre tte
first and second runs. Fince there w99 no 91795f1999t 999999
in the weights cf the bottles,tbim ws9 not follounfi in the

subs eauer .t runs. fi random weirhinz 9? ten bottlec W99 mnfie
prior to theme rrns 9nd no chanwe was noted th9t was 919.1fi-
cant enough to 1ustify 191'919" all the bottles. These weights
always checked within 0.1 gram which w9s 9 relnti V9 9rr9r of

5.

I. O o O’HC

\J"!

To each of the bottles 130 ml. of tte 99(9312 svlution
was added. he rei"“t of 1“fi ml. of the Ba’CH)2 h9v197 keen

determined by SQV9rnl weighinfs. finch b9tt19 wrs 9t9999red
immediatQIy 9ft9r fillin* t9 refluC9 t9 3 minimum the cbflorn-
tion 9f crrb9n di9xide from the air. fiftr e r911 the b9ttles
were thus fireprrefl, th9v were att9-ched t9 tho 99 -9919 tons

on the tower. The w: tor \% s thQfl t rned on to tto C9lu”n.
Khan the water filled the weir box 9nd started to overflow
the weir, the fsn H99 started t9 force sir thrnush the tower.
The OP£GP of t‘ese 1.51 two op9r9tions $99 imy9rt99t. If

the fan wcs attrted thQFe *)9 tr9VO "9r9 full 0! water, the

19
water would be in~edietoly forced into the 599919 bottles
beceuee of the low head. ’hen the proper water 999 eir
rates had been etteincd, carbon dioxide woe dischereed from
the cylinder into the intake duct of the fen. fit the some
time the water motor was reed 9nd 9 otoo wetcb eterted.
During the run the pitot tube manometer rcodinf wee recorded.

Since a cylinder 9f cerbon dioxide was exheusted in
about a minute and e half,no run was 9f lonner duration.
fiaturelly the question 9f having etttined eouilibrium arises
with 9 run of such short duration. Since 9 comolete chance
of water occurs in the column everv seventv seconds end the
gas chnnnoe even faster, reventv scc9ndo after beeinnino
the oner9tion of rho tower no vorieblce would be pfrncted,
Upon this besis ecnilibrium was assumed to h9Ve been ettnined
after seventy seconds. Eocauoe of the almost inotnntencous
method of Growing all of the 5999198, 9 concentretion erod-
iont would be detected, if present, whether enuilibrinm wes
attained or not.

Just orior t. drawing the somoles, the air pressure
valve to the manifold vee opened briefly to purge the 999913
lines. This step was not followed in rune where llnnid from
the tray mos forced into env of the bottles to the heieht of
the inlet tube prior to the oenorel 599919 firewin9. 98 this step
would force Beffifi)2 onto the trey 9nd nut adjacent somoles
in error. The vacuum valve was then onenod to drew the eemolee.

After the vacuum velve was closed, 9h9 carbon dioxide was shutoff,

20
the water meter read, and the watch stopped. The fan and
wrter were ehut off. The snrnle bottles were than removed
and 1m edi rt clv storvnered prepsrtory tn analysis.

iixty-Lwo We. 5 rlblnr "t02wer" had each bean ground

to Lin veixht 0 23.0 grams. In this may no time H03 last

if?

in attefiptin: to fit a.d0 finL scepfiar to a fiefinitn bottle,

4.4

the intivi”u 21 nhmnle

a tan

4??

as would have been neceassry .

l

weights canld bw deterfiined. It was Pass 51?. h? the method
used, 0 stepper 1?e bwattl2s immediatelv after refiovnl from

:ith a Htinin m1: exroaure of {ha contents to

(I.
5‘
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fifter the rnrlysis of rhn an 5193 mas cnmvletefi, the
‘

\ ‘ _ . ° ‘ . ‘P ' ' Ir? . v v:\ .
cargcn aioxlae ,tng was reuei,ue<z tn meter inn the ounntitv

Cfiz used.

T)YY‘I' _ ..., Inn" H“ ‘ ..-“ 1‘ :5:“"'" u‘mT‘TQ‘r' . Y ”A0,,fl
I _ l 1 2 f '
. Il.‘ \v 2 2- av ~~ .'. .1 J1.) ”1.15! It

A five inllon bottle C®ntwinin* ethyl 9105301 was sat
Up rt the inlet Unct to the fnn. The bottln snfl its nfintants
havinq been weighné. ’n panirntor wra innthlled in the
bottle and attached to the 13? 3813 air line. Feverrl achi-
rttors were constructed for this purpose.

The 553510 bottles were attached to the tens of the
tower. The column wrs put into operation followin~ the same
order “f startinf as YQS describnd in the carbcn 610x189 run
procedure. Then the proper water and nir rntnn ware obtained,
the air to the :soirstor wfls turned on, cnre balm" taken that
the nir yould not be Oversatvrstod, 1.9. no dronlets of alco-
hol would reach the plate. The rendinj of the whtar water
was recorded, 0nd the Eton watch 9t“rtad. Cince the sunplv
of alcohol cruld be observed in the battle, tha tamer W?8
onercted until atproxinntnlv threeonurrtera o” +hn amount
htd been chvrged to The column. The mannretor cf the witot
tube was checked renectcdly durinf this time.

The 333519 procedure fer firswin: the ssnwles anfl
shuttinfi down the column as was discussed fnr c¢rhon dioxide
wss followed. The bottle and rnmrininr ethyl alcnhol heinq

weighed t9 Eater ine the Quantity 0f alcohol used.

 

311v ,

‘ ‘11..»7; VJ J r) ”3"}.

22

’erY: 12 222222332 222 2:22r2 tonr22

when carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the eonili-
brium 22y be written as follows:

..

C02 {d18801V8d) + H202?)- H23fl3fiii+ ‘9 ”(39322” '9 COB ’10)

If the pH of the liquid medium in wbich the hydration token
pl2ce is lees thsn ?,tbe re2ction is practically

002 + ”20—5H2fi03 '11)

The amount of free carbonic acid.oresent in the dilute
aqueou2 solution was determined by 2doinv the 222212 to 2n
excess of b2rium hydroxide and titr2tin2 the exces2 with
H01. $reedwell znc fiell ’13) so fi2d thnt ohenolnhtbalein
be used 22 22 indicator in thie determinetion. The reason
being that the C2rb2n2te 2022 not be2in to r122olve until
the solution is were acid then corresoonds to the and noint
of onerolJbt olein. Thus, the mixture of soluble 92(‘H)2
and insoluble Dacha 022 be titrated with uni 2nfl 22 one

point obtained 22 soon 22 the P210U)2 has been comeletelv

neutralized ’lh). ”herolobfbnlein was one! in +322 first

run, but it was most difficult to detect the end noint. In
subsequent runs a Rockoen Todel G pfi meter was used. The
titration being carried to a pH of 0. This vnlue bein2 with-
in téwe pH rérnje of pher olohthalein, nemely ”.9 to 9.0 from
beset to acid (15).

The Be£GH)2 solutions were mixed accoreinfi to the

method reconnended bv Treodzell 2nd "211, with slirht rodi.fi-

23
cation. Accordinr to :r02o12211 1nd H211:

" The crystallized baritm hydroxide of coowcrce

always contains barium cerb2n to so th2t the eel-

ution cannfit be 1r222rc2 b" sirolv "ei"hin2 out

t!*.e n2ccu.cr" os2ntitv end dilut.122 t1 222 li‘er.

Pissolve anout 23 rr22‘ W the Cfi”“PrCI"1 hvoroxido

in the necessarv 2mount of oistilled ater within

a large flask and eh 2ko until the crvstals have

comoletely oisanoeared 222 e lint, insoluble nowoer

of barium carbonate r22 2ins. *1121: the sole? ion to
stand for two dove, until the barium c2 rbon"tc has
completely settled; siphon it of? into a bottle
thrOU2h which 2 current of air free from carbon
dioxide has been 2222 ed for two hours nrevions.
Connect this bottle with a eodaulime tube 2ne with
I

a buretccoco" (1’3).

Since 20 "r"”" is reed"Wenfieo, while the theoretical
is 15.73 "r22 , four~t1ird2 of the theoretical were used in
mixing the five gallon batches of the normalitins used.
The passing of air free from carbon dioxide into the bottle

22 dispens eci 1ith, as it 1222 feuno unnece22¢2 rv.

The BafFH)2 soluti2n2 thee preo2red 1ere eta nearflized

against 0.1fi HCl with an end point of 2H 0. Solutions of
MCI were prepared in the usual way ano standardized amninst
the Batflfl)2 solution used in each run. The end point also
being pH 9.
Followinz a.run, the semole bottles were weiohed.

fince the eeLjht of the bottle, stooner, and p2'"“)2 solu-
tion seced1.:as known, the weirht of each sanole drawn was
determined by difference. The excess berium hydroxide was
then determined by titration with 901 of anoreximntelv the
22212 norrsality as the Ba(0")2 used in the run. The titration

bein2 carried to an end point of DH 0.

4

 

 

2h

Barium hydroxide of 0.0235 normality was originally

used to determine the amount of B8{FH)2 nncessrrv to raise

one gram of the absorber water to pH 9. This correction
was then 3931106 to the afincnntration calculstinns 23 shown

in the eection 0n calculations.

25

r 0v in ! ‘-‘ V! '1 ". v v- n NV 72"
{IJ‘*»“I.I+ .vvra. =«.Pr.wr.,
1 J4,» ‘.. .- Wit-L); .- - .s 0.1 I «1. n

The density of the alcounl-vn.nr solutions was
determined by a chainomatic Vestnhal bslsnce. The denu
sities then CGnvnrted to per cent alchhcl bv weimht using
a firaph (Fig. 1). This rrrph was plotted from Table IE.
The 0?, 1%, 2i, and 33 concentratién data at 10°C, 15°C,
25‘0, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C, and the more complete data
available for 20°C are reproduced in T"ble IX from the
handbooks of Perry and Lange (6). Tie inte rme ' iete va112.es
were interpolatad an the b38130? the more complete data

veil: ble at 20°C.

 

 

 

  

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1 111111 and, UGC'-.'nLiS.

J

3.332
0.?38
0.2?5
0.7”5

o
’ .

3 1‘ ,I

0.":

6. gr

.1. .)

. ~r

3. .51)

"\ -,

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.
air

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u;Eép-

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‘—
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‘ C " 'FI

0.7:?

Difference
:28 15/15

'~ H
'gd)..'
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U.‘ ’-'I‘
.‘1 '9"?!
\JI.PJ| \)

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.1
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{1.137%}
1‘: ("i
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73.55

SAfiPLE

81
32
A1
01
33
F1:
02
A2
03
L3

E3

*

989999982383305889;

asagsazsasaasass
O t O

DENSITY

0.9958
0.9950
0.9960

0.9955.

0.9973

0.996

0.9958
0.9988
0.9901
0.99h8
0.9953
0.9950
0.9902
»o.99h9

‘0.995h

0.9936
0.9932
0.9939

0.9951.

0.9932
0.9936
0.9908
0.99h6
0.9937

0.9910
0.99ho
0.9932
0.9902
0.9952
0.9952
0.9953
0.9910
0.9985
0.9938
0.9951.
0.9952
0.9950

0.9952?

0.9903

0.99h7
0.9937
0.9936

TABLE IV

Run 38 Alcohol

TEMP. °c

20.5
20
21
21
23

33

9t. 1

1.25
1.8h
1.115
1.35
0.138

1.175
1.25
1.60
2.10
1.60
1.27
1-37
1.80
1.30
1.16
2.75
2.29
1.88
1.26
2.36
2.13
1.h75
1.58
2.02

1.88
2.29
2.02
1.88
1.1h
1.1h
1.1h
1.76

2.09
1.22
1.26
1.22

1.39
1.88

1.59
2.08
2.27

3h
TABLE 19 (Cont'd)

Run.#3 Alcohol

518918 08251?! 9819. °c 21. z
08 0.9912 22 1.91
38 0.9952 22 1.38
06 0.9939 23 1.96
98 0.99375 22.5 2.11
F5 0.9931 23 2.11
86*

06 0.9930 22.5 2.50
96 0.9908 22.5 1.5h
B7 0.9907 22.5 1.59
27 0.9933 23 2.30
96 0.9928 23 2.58
05 0.9930 23 2.175
06 0.99805 23 1.89
07 0.9912' 23 1.80
85 0.9956 23 1.05
F? 0.9932 _ 23 2.36
Water Rate: (a) 20/El.7 (0) 20/118 (0) 20/12h.6
0.1../..o.. (b) 20/96.9 (d) 20/116 (r)
Gen Rate
Manometer Reading 6.0“ 320
6.2" H20
Run
Prior After Dirfaronco
Alcohol-lbs. 27 12/16 8 12/16 19
H20 - gala. 19980 19993 53

Time of Run 331.1 Saocnda

uThia sample bottle filled prior to drawing of temples.

001023

za
2.
Y!
xv
an
v0
3!
U

T'
so

R.

Ava.

TABLE V

Run Ho. 3, 002 Divide by 1000 for m. 1

0.075
0.007
0.022
0.01.5
0.03

0.057
0.075
0.101.

0.052

(Refer to Drawing #8)

B 0
0.093
0.01.5
0.066
0.033 - ~~ ---~
0.026
0.005
0.111
0.01
0.122
0.009
0.00h
0.051.
0.013
0.067
0.027
0.057
0.018 0.067
Liquid Rates
Gt] Rate:
088 Cono.1

RCfl
D

0.01.7
0.032
0.095

0.006
0.013
0.0?)

0.025

0.036

29.9 G.P.M.
11170 6 01’0“.

Laboratory air

0.096
0.025
0.079
0.008
0.081.
0.11

0.007
0.027
0.053
0.019
0.051

0.088
0.03

0.011
0.002
0.023
0.073
0.007
0.000
0.017

0.029

35

0.01.2
0.035
0.012
0.009
0.01

0.001
0.006

0.0111

TABLE 91

Run No. 1., 002. Divide by 1000 for m. 5:

(Refer to Drawing 93)

20.9
1 3 c 0 E

0.023 0.302
0. 55 0.330
0.309 0.1.12

0.3 71. 0.1.12 0.391.
, 0.312 0.501

0.299 0.260 0.389
0.371. 0.1.36

0.363 0.661. 0.289

0.278

0.360 0.615 0.000
0.360 0.376

0.391 0.361. 0.1.81.
...-...... 0.391.

0.160 0.328 0.291.
02299 0.360

0.520 0.379 0.389
0.309 0.271:

0.299 0.271.

0.393 0.325 0.1.08 0.385 0.361

Liquid Rate: 36.3 0.9.8.
Gas Rate: 933. C.F.M.

003 0000.: 17.5% by vol.

0.253
0.301.
0.3115
0.350
0.355
0.353
0.322
0.305
0.301.

0.321

36

0.281
0.325
0.337
0.299
0.299
0.26

0.291

0.299

COLUfiN

Z”
27
Z
I!
Y
x:
X
at
W
V!
V
us
U
T!
T
3:
S
R!
R

Ave 0

1.67
1.39
1.h6
1.25
0.96
1.12
1.56

1-30

1.19

0.775
0.775
0.738
0.512
0.665
0.661
0.682

0.759

0.701

c
1.70
1.31.
1.11
0.671
0.79
0.635
0.589
0.576
1.71
1.32
1.01.1.

Liquid Rate:

005 Rate:

Gas Con0.x

(Refer to Drawing #8)

new
0
0.65
1.16
0.68
0.617

0.61

0.676
0.608
0.625

0.728

33.9 G.P.M.
628 COFOE.

Run Ho. 6, 002. Divide by 1000 for at. 5

1.815
1.15
0.91
0.76
0.612
0.72
0.615
1.17

1.11
0.932

37 06;; by V01 0

0.5h8
0.58
0.623
0.795
0.605
0.63
0.587
0.555
0.90

' 0.6h7

37

1.hh
1.26
1.03
0.366
0.56h
0.769
0.666
0.90

0.9h3

38
TABLE VIII
Run No. 8,.Alcohol
Concentration (Et.1)

(Refer to Drawing #8)

GOLDEN R02
A B C D E F 0

Z' 1.35 1.25
2' 1016 1.37 ...-.-
2 1.175 1.175 1.05:. 1.60
I' 1.26 1.30 1.80
I 1.25 1.60 -- 2.75
X' 1.675 1.88 2.29
X 2.10% 1.88 2.02 2.36
"71' 1053 2013 ...-....
H 1.27 1.88 2.h2 2.29
V' 1.05% 2.01
U' 1.50 2.27 2.58
U 1.26 1.80 2.30 2.5!.
T’ 1.59 1.98 2.36
T 1.22 1.6h ' 2.09 2.08
3' 1.33 1.83 2.11
S 1.1h 1.10 1.76 1.9h
R' 1.22 -—. ....
a 1.11. 1.59
a Not used in Average

‘7.- 1.2,; 10110 1.055 1083 1.91 . 2.26 2025

LiQULd Rate: 906 GOPQI-sc
a“ Rate: 1960 CoFogo

Gas Cono.c 7.9% by Vol.

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u 7 . .f/l J . w A
. 7 k a! .. 7 ~ 77
y . 7 . _ A 1’ ”
. u ” 7 . 7. . ll 7 . 7
. 7 7 7 3/ H .
_ Q l v 7
. . _ 7 7 7
.7 . . _ q .. /l! . _ . v
M * 7 77 II. 7 .
.7 . . / g
V fi 7 u t. .
. . t 7 f7 7

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 .7 7 . 7. .,
7 7 7. .. .7 H. . 7. ..
.. r .7 . 77 . 7
. _ 7 H . _ .. w ..
. 7 . .
a
I

wwr-s

o
I
.——7 ...~7*77.m .- 77..“
.-
I
n

. 7 7
7 7 7 m
A
V . 7 M
7 7 m . ..
. _. . 7 7
7 . 7 7 n . 7. 7
: .
7 7 u _
7 7 y 7 7 .
u 7 7 7 7 n 7

7. . 2 W1 2 . 7 . . 7 7 .. l. , . r .7 , 7-1.3.1.--11’14. ..w .3 ,rA

———-—.-—— _.‘__.-- ..-—..- _.“7. <-g—7’-~_ .— —----_—-m

...... 7.77.77
...-u
_ ’w “......”—

,7
.....zliun! LI: -.. m . -- .7 7 7
5., - fir ‘ II 1! 6.5-1! L017 - blif » ‘ h n 7 .
. , 7.. i, . . a - .E- . . . F
A: , 4

4a'-_ --. -_
A
.—

‘g..-..777 _

.- <7 .7- 7.....7_‘._

7
—777‘< -won—h ~. . 7 7 .7 l- «- -u-. 7“-7 7

. u ’77 .1

Mu. ‘n .7-. ’V4--- -- -. t ..A..

 

fim‘..._A- 7 ,

_ a»- -77 VA --—~—<~,——— u»..-

w..-

.-.--7

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(S

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.
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t
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v l .5 .05!
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.

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. ‘ . \ldllv. . ‘ ‘
‘ ‘I‘ —
l“ ‘I ’
( fl I b r a t .I‘ H
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. . _ . .
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. . . .
.. l a W w
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.
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v... 4‘ .- <—»»

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.-

JP,“
“up“. H

(I)
6..)

CALC UMTIONS

Following is the derivation of the equation used in calculating the
concentrction of the 002 camplu.
The rehetion for the titration of the excess Ba(CH)2 was
BR(OE{)2 «v 23-!C1 33012 a- 2820 1.
Letting 3' represent the all. of axon: Ba(OH)2, BB the nomality of the
H01, A the ml. of this HG]. used in equation 1, than
- r4313. - HAL or 3' - f5: 2.
“B
If B then represents the total ml. or Ba(OH)2 to which the sample was
added and 8" the ml. of RUDE); used to rain. the pH of the H20 in the
sample to 9, than B—(B' o B") would represent the ml of Hauling used in
the neutralization of the carbonic acid in the sample.

Therefore, from equation 2

u . Bangs . 3.3: .. N55 . (B—B”)NB .. ”A.“ 3'
“B 53

If F represents the ml. of 33(0H)2 necessary to raise on. gram of H20
to pH 9, then in dilute solution: B” a 35?, where R is the weight of tho

sample in grams. Subatituting WP for B" in the right side of equation 3,

 

H s (34ng «- HAL h.
13B
The grams of BMW); and in the neutralization of the carbonic said would
then be, .
O-HxNB -(B-HF)HB~HAA 5.
F056 1000

and the mole,

W

 

IV?

{3- I‘

m - c . (my) ”a ... NAA 6.
' 171.1105 “

 

which equals the mole of (302. The weight of 002 in the eaznple would then

be
I . a x 14h ' 00000257 (“38 .- “AA '- WFNB) 70

The weight per cent of 002 being,
W
C' ' w I 100 0 0.0257 (NEE .- HAA) _ 0.0257 “8 3.

For ease of calculation, equation 8 was applied as follows:

a . 0.025 (NEE-BAA)
fl.“
c' - c - 0.025? mg

The velocity was calculated from the manometer reading of the pitot
tube with the following formula

&

v’- 0.81 (2 g; A P sin are ten. 0.11
p

This pitct tube was calibrated against the laboratory etandard orifice
and against a velometer.
The volume of CO was calculated from the weight of the liquid 00

using the Ideal GM Law.

”_- .‘d‘.
‘. ’1'. ...

Concen-
tration

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

15°C

0.99913
0.99898
0.99875
0.99856
0.99838
0.99819
0.99800
0.99782
0.99763
0.99788
0.99725
0.99707
0.99689
0.99671
0.99652
0.99633
0.9961“
0.99596
0.99573
0.99560
0.99582
0.99528
0.99507
0.99889
0.99071
0.99853
0.99835
0.99817
0.99800
0.99382
0.99365

TA 73L}: IX

t°c
Densit‘i- 011 W
20°C I g/ 25°C
0.99823 0.99708
0.99808 0.99689
0.99785 0.99670
0.99766 0.99651
0.99788 0.99633
0.99729 0.99618
0.99710 0.99595
0.99692 0.99577
0.99673 0.99558
0.99655 0.99539
0.99636 0.99520
0.99618 0.99502
0.99599 0.99888
0.99581 0.99866
0.99562 0.99887
0.9958h 0.99828
0.99525 0.99809
0.99507 0.99391
0.991189 0.993 73
0.99871 0.99355
0.99053 0.99336
0.99835 0.99318
0.99399 0.99282
0.99381 0.99268
0.99363 0.99286
0.99385 0.99228
0.99327 0.99210
0.99310 0.99193
0.99292 0.99175
0.99275 0.99157

67a

30°0

0.99568
0.995h9
0.99530
0.99511
0.99892
0.99873
0.99858
0.99836
0.99817
0.99398
0.99379
0.99361
0.99382
0.99328
0.99305
0.99287
0.99268

0.99250.

0.99231
0.99213
0.99198
0.99176
0.99158
0.99180
0.99122
0.99108
0.99086
0.99068
0.99050
0.99032
0.99018

 

68
7310 eqtmtloz‘: 01' 1.01918 (7) cit-ed 011 page 3 was redeveloyed fer use
with chasm-mien. The 00.1.0 fine]. roe-111.1. ems chalked. ‘I'izc 8‘;st in tltic

dew-.210 93:09.1: 1‘ 013.092

“n+1 " 3:1) (1V 3 0%

letting 0‘53 '-= (3‘!
(Yul-1"Yn) 3% (tin ‘3 1‘ .9211 i

9* == Kx
eye a K01 t

dng‘d...

fl"
K

(Jami-1-3%) 3?; éy‘

 

E 1?." VB”-
3.8?

{le “ ya) A 3: E"? m
.3: '1? u .7 EEIVP d}?

Integrating 0991' the plate from 3'}; '-‘~' 0 to ft; = L

If“ "in A ‘13 a ‘2‘“ .131
‘99 (. 09“.;

69

l r- A w} 6‘”
1 «7:3? a. 2‘31?) h [ a- g.
2.9. a L In 0_ ”L {531+}, L yn+1!- ”Jo-I

. , A
3.» “PW? .) [9m] - (Yn)g]

E3179 ’1

f

E. . =3 (173+ 1:. (y 11) £11.. by clefini 1.10:: of Ziurphee
31113:}? 11*) 0

EH. it
..~ .. 2.1-9 -( )
E1 :6 yak]. Ji§+1 { (1.6 ) [ynflp y“ {LL}
"5:510”I

A ‘
..—

yni'l ... (3*)

no

3'3... ~.’1
-_-_~ (8 as»? .1 [yml "" (ynLl x V A 1 __
W E A 911.1 - (93*)0

but 3:599 2' 9w ~Uni§
yn+1 ya 0
'9?
E. 3 322.1171) “
fl ‘T‘T‘L- I EZZVP

Yam

1",“! .

"‘flxfx—r” . is
. o~ o

131.233.51.310!

It oizouid be en: '1. mod tnnt 200910118 90 k on liquid. cz’rncozatrution
“$01.11* 112:0 b.0311 do: 0 on only 32:11. 1110129. or 003.111.1118, with 83432311055 token
in the: direction of 1121110 flow only. This work we 03.. 00 all hilt. ed on

the system ethyl elooiaolnweter, in which the mechanics: oi trune 1 or is .

definitely 390001131050 cont; 0111115.

._: '94:. “nit f

'i‘he presentation 0:" results of 002 runs depicted in Figs. 3 0:100:31 1
13 was first attempted on :1 0121310 gm; :21, hi; t the «Eintribntion me so ram

001:: that it me impossible to detect if more 1.1 a trend in the results.

'Miw .4.” -. .-. ~

The results, of this 002 runs re;:oz*tz30: on, wore then [zalot‘tetl column by
column on 83:09:21 in Figs. 2 throu. ;E1 18. 1While in Fig? 8. 2 0:134 it. appeared
here night be a trend, 00 the rglote for tne three runs were of e corres-

pondirg 83:15:90, thin was not cog-garnet} by any 01" the other plots. In most
cases the curve for Run 150. 6 ment 002:. :1, while tint for Run .I0. 4 no: 1t
up, or vice verse. (:10 curves we? drawn in Fig. 9 0.8 the center tray
euggport prevented tno taking; of a sample at 02’.) The plot of the averages
of the roars, Fl 3:. 13, 1.11.3.0 direction of the 1.101110 flow e180 infli outed
the complete randomnese of the 0:3110811‘1trat10n Ci stribution in that direction,
1.9., along; the ooluems.

F1 game 21;) 1.211100 '21 ."26 depict th e dietri ozti on of the cmmtretion
at right anglee to the direction of flow, 1.0., tim dietri‘wtion along; time
rate. There $0812.: ed to be .8010 o. an: agreement between the rune on the dis-
trilmtion of coucontm on, in this direction, .400 in 4.4.0 00.201217. would
still have to be tonaod a random distribution, however.

The contruo bet" 901-1 the 002 data and that 01 the 01003.01 date was

1.

eypcrcnt, 03:01:14.0 00:311. rite trend of t: 3 03.002201. date was unsorted, F1... 27.

71
Thin -igure shows the distribution of ti}... Concentration in the: direction
of liquid. £3.00, for the center 130111111110, '2" to 21’. $210110 coin-11111;» 11-0110
aegnrated 2‘ 01... 111:: 0.250 0011110111, b0 111.1120 01" the Similari ty of the 5110.110
of the lam-'11- colsmm'a data for 1.11m. of the columns 0110211101111? 0;;11001t0
from 1.21011... T2111 0:130 001111111 011;. 1.1131 1110-1100 1'1“. F133;. 28.

The average 01‘ the: rate, for alcohol, is 03101111 in F123;. 1:33. This
31.11.110.11 ccrrcsyvomia f 0110130211? eith that fozmd by Pcavy 0111:} Baker (8) ,
£12.30 for ethyl alcohol-enter, 03100.11 111 Fig. 31. (It must be r0011 00:},

111 this ccnparisorz, that. their data 0:5 for rectification an a 18 inch
column, 1.1: wagered to a 48 inch colurm used in this absorption). It also
16 fairly coz.-1pe.mhl0, 0n 1:210 50:10 11101118 to the data reported by Kirschbcum
and tmdresa (4), Fig. '02, who reported on the rectification of ethyl
alcoholwmtcr in 0 0.1.01.3. 00110111.

The plot of 001100;:1trz1110n cdewibution at a right angle to the .111»

action of liquid £1.00- 10 shown in Fig. 323, it definitely show-.3 :1 greater
1021511150 bet-110011 the gas .1112 Liquid 121 the center of the tray. E3113 edge

affect would be expected in a. lwgc column due to the different flow con-

«1‘ tione of both 1210 111112113. 0.11:1 .1500 near the 1:02.). 01" :310 tower. This effect

have 150011 1211111113.;i‘ied W the use of the bottom tray for sampling. Con-

I.) O

E

1.20 ;u011tly, 1.210 011.011.1115; of incoming .3011 night. not have been equally £110.
tri‘mted on :1 3111.3 fimouj... the treat, even 81011;;1 it had to pass through
the screen bai‘fl0 firat.

L01.- 3' 011111-1tion (7) applied to absorption, 5110011 in calculutiena sec-
113.011, 110.10 011012 to calculate the c 4-1001'1141'0’1—1011 distrimtion for Pun 310. 6-
002. The average 01111131110, 0, for the first. row 01‘.“ 00.33 1100 used for this

purpose, 1.11.21 the assumption that the concentration in the water entering

- ..i—£01“

 

”‘7

CL

 

   

 

   

 

 

.7-.. - _ . ‘. A - 7 . .7 . 7 ._ ..7 7— - ,
I I
k _.7 _A” h. 7 7 . __ _... 7 - 7 7 7 7 . -777 — .-. . . u - ,. . __ _7 --7 ,_ . 7 77 77
.
»
H 7.
h' 7 ~ 7 .7. A
, 7
.
‘
r 7.-. 7 , fl. , 7 . . - 7.-.- 77.. 7. - .... -....- ,7 7.7 -. .7 7-- 7 - v I
7
,.7777 777 k .7 7 . ... .7 7- 7.-.7..~_, 7 _ -...7 .
‘\
»‘
A. 7 7 7 7 ‘ . 7 ‘ A- 7 7 7 - 7 7 7 -7
7 7
7" ~.
-_-‘
7.“..- *7.7w.¢.7 -.-.--7-77- .7 - ,7.7 . ’-- 7 7- - 7.. .-..7 .7 ., 7 7.. . 7- 7 '& .77- . 7
.
I
7 7
-7-.7.- 7-- ; 7.7 —7 7 - - . 7*m, -. 7 - 7 A.‘
‘
\_
7 . 7-7- .7 77’7 7 7 7... .7 7 7-, 7. .‘ . . 7
7. _E‘ _.h‘ , . 7-,. . ...7 7 . . .~— .7, . ... r . . .7 7r.\.4- '7» 777‘ .7. _A . . ... 7 7.4-7- ._ 7 I‘ . .» .
.
'. .7- A , 7 . 7. 7- _- 7 _ 7h, 7
7.... 7 .7 7
x
n
.. a 7 , 77.7 r 7 ~, . 77 7 7 d . _ 77 1 7 . - ,
p—fi7‘,’ 7.
‘ .
_ . A. . . 7 7 7 . . ... q .. . 77..— ..4 . ...... .. 7 - .-.7... . 7 7-. . .7 .7. 7 —
- -'* A
77 .7 7- 7.... .-. . 7 ~ 7 . ' ... 7 _ 7 ‘ 7
_ 7, __ -..-7“...
._ 7—. - . V 7 ‘ - 7 7. a- - 7 ‘- 7
77 .. --- 7--— -- -77 7777 77 . - 7. M. __ .. 77. 7 - ....7 .--. .... -77 7 7. 7 . . ...» v 77 7 ~ ~-
o ,7
.
”‘7‘.-.” “co. 7.....w---...-7—.. ...-... "av--7 ....- ---...-. .... 7—. a—P.7 ._ 7,. ..., . 7 Q, 7 7 , 7 v7 .. 7 -

.77- 77
________,._.__p—' - * 7 v

"m
r

jaunt («Iv

7/ 6

L ,7

7‘47...

77- ---._

.7... 1‘ .h .an

..4-._—--

.T

..

.4
IO

The comparison of the calculation aith iha analyaia follows:

Calculatad Anal”sia
new fit.%.x 132 0.x 102
A 0* 0.146
0.946
8 0.083
1.01
c 0.116
2.69
a 0.085
3.51
E 0.1LO
4.43
F 0.077
5.51
G 0.106

8.18

This equation was baaad on gaseous phage centralling. This is
too oftan aasuuad in calculations for towers. Since 002 is only
Blighthy aoluble in watsr, the liquid film is govarning. This infilcatoa
that most of the absorption.wuuld take place in the Spray above the tray.
The extreme disycrsion of the éroplets we! d account for the random con—
centration diatribution in the case of 002. :thyl alcohol, on the other
hand, diabolvaa readily in vutar and 13 thus gaseous phase controlling;

therefore accounting for Eh concentration graiient with alcohol.

- ."Ju

was-141731

 

lo.

2.

3-

4a

73

-\ 5 A ~ I (
CK: L|VLQJ VI\3_:3

In View of tho findings in 151513 our}: it ap pears 1190855"??? to c atomzlne
5.5555 controlling phase, 5.5.3., another the absorption to- ...-'93 {1:55.09 pro-
doninatoly in 5.525 1153116 on £23155 tray or prodooimtoly 15* We orcploto

above we tray, for my work 5:15;: liquid con (:55... ration dis tribu’ on.

55
5-
Inmmuoh as tho large quantity of droyloto above the tray are dispersed
at. random, no liquid concentration gradient 555-5511;} be oxyoctod 1n the
coo-o where the exchange: tat-555552.51 solute. and solvent occurs in tho oso
draploto. E

 

Too aboonoo- 0.5. a 13‘. quid oono entrot-ion groriiont in tho absorption of

carbon oioxido with water is attribu‘ ad to liquid 3555557539 controlling.

The prooonoo of a liquid cocoon tration gradient in ti"- .o absorption of
6525365. alcohol. iron air, with water, is attribuood to 555353901253: 9355556

controlL:

1‘: C253?! C LA '1' U3 3
A - ml. of HCl used to neutralize excess Ba(OU)2.
B - total ml. of Ba(CH)2 to which C(? was added.
B'- excess 33(Cfi)2 , ml.
3” - ml. of Bc(CH)2 used to raise pH. of £20 to 9.
Ego - plate efficiency which equals, ' (yh*1)aV-' (Yh)av.
(yn+1)ov.' (ynijo

3W? - local point efficiency which equals, yml " yn

J{Yul mynfl

C - uncorrected concentration of 002 sample.

C' - correctod concentration of 8C2 sample.

a . base of natural 1033.

F - m1. of Ba(CU)2 necessary to raise one gran of H2O to pH 9.

G - grams of 851(01):! used to neutralize 002 sample.

ac . conversion factor of 32.17 ft./ooc.2
K I dyi/Hx, slope of equilibrium curve.
55 0 m1. of Ba(CH)2 used to neutralize 0C2 canola, 3 u B-(B" + 8’).
m - moles of Ham-lib used. to neutralize 002 sample, also moles of C532
”A . normality of $3.01.
{5'3 . normality of Ba(0§i)2.
11 - subscript, denotes tray undar consideration.
n+1 - subscript, denotes tray below :5 tray.
0 a rate of liquid flow down column, moles per unit time.
P a R’ (éfik), #/ft.2
1"- density, $711.3
11 . (DWV.

715

 

‘ Lawn ..

in sample 0

75

R' - manometer reading, inches of H20.

V - rate of vapor flow up column, moles per unit time.
V' a velocity of flow, ft/eec.

H a weight of 9C2 sample, grams.

W1 . weight of sample bottle, grams.

32 a weight of sample bottle plus weight of stopper and weight of fie(CH)2,
mumhgpmm.

Waufilo'fizo
51-0112. - 91.

K - weight of 002 in sample, grams.

(xn1§.' mole fraction of absorbent in liquid on trey n, at a point on the
tray corresponding to some Specific value of E.’

(y )e - mole fraction of absorbent in vapor leaving trey n, at a point on
the tray corresponding to some speciiic value of b .

(yh*)§;- mole fraction of absorbent in tne vapor which would be in equilibrium

with (Inlfl

3.5.3::

I?“ ; I“ "ma '1. xix-r-
'~ \ A

l.

3.

4.

6o

7.
8.
9.

10.

11.

fl
1....

76
333L133*133z

Brown, C. G.,_§gate, A3,;{3331,C333, En r3,, :9, 91 (133 S).
Gunness, R. 0.,‘;fld, Eugerhon‘i $3, 1033 (1337).

Kirschbeum, Bail, D1:f“‘t“o 333 ’3L339133fian, Translated by
m. i‘lLLLss JéOfl, 33;}. ;;¢I7:-}J‘ 0316 6.213;; r‘l i' “b 5.34.2. 3.1135 50., 1110.,
New YorL, 1948.

Klrecubeum, ?::fi 1 emu ALurege, C. 3., J. nut; Petra cum Tack“
3:3 835 (1336). A 18333? ran"r 3013313.; £33 "“
1 01103133.

LLrLcLbaum, 3311, one; Eb 433 (1933).

 

 

»

l’UCLv—O 3013:, ”£119., Uuelu‘KS ..Zj. UELLQ, 1341.
Perry, J.% ., Jae iCLl “3'33, ore Heu<booa, End 33., p. -39, EcGree-
fiill 300' CO3 :auy, Inc., 333 Iorfi 933 London, 1341.

Lflflfb'e, S. A.,w “3.3'oox of C 3: is‘gv , 433 36., o. 1136, I: Lndbook F

Le hlfi, L. 3., Jr., Lnfi._£sg,;fiheu S9, 393 (1333 .

Eim'LZJLr-CE, E. Vo’ ’ild.” Lil L C: lf‘dg, g, 74? (1.9:; Q

\

Peevy, S. C. and oaficr, E. 3.,

29, 1358 (1337).

 

I

“

Quinn, 3. L. and.Jenee, L. 3., Ccrfon Dioxide; p. 114, 3.0.3.
mouoLra h £33103, fiheinhold 3331133135 Corporation, 333 York,
U anA. ' 13:25

SELC‘L. ’ {1. 11-8.

ShoLaood, T. K.,_L§_o“<‘3 n 3:3 r‘4”3331‘31, p. l3l," 3 C'Dra Lw-Lill Book
COEJLML 13', Inc” 5934 231‘“ and 303160.32. 2.307.

 

Trendmoll, E. P. and.flall, ?. T.,_fifi.;ytfc clghemistzz. vol. II, 0th
“LLiea zcicioa, p. 523, John Liiey and 3333, Inc., Dew York, 1949.

FLEd-c P' 493.
Wide. P0 .5:.) E35.
Ibéaog PO 431.

32133333, 317. G. and i‘iLViS, G. ii. 13.,

33, 234 (1826).

 

A

 

 

 

 

 

bOJCV' R7W"OEI utPDlllT A0305? CbmmnPbIAL S EB BUBBLE TRAYS

.J- LJ-~.A.-

he v.3e range of overall :nd pl et eeffiCiencv rerorted in the literature for

{J J.

O

bubblencap coln MlnS 15 well known. ’Eze se reported efficiencies vary from 7 per cent
calculated by Shw wrood (12) f “cm the date of Whitman and Davis (17) to 120 per
cent 35 eta 33d by Brown (1). (A percentage of 100 apparently is due to multiple

vegaor cOflbdflt on a Single traya)

Such a range of efficiency indiCtl aneed f or more Ldat on the Operation
characteristics of hnbh1.e mp towers, per ticulerly of commercial size

The present work 338 concerned with the concentration distribution in the
liquid on a bubble-cap trey. In order to ascertain the concentration distribution
independently of temperature variation, and avoid the expense and operation and'
sampling difficulties of distillation Operation it wee decided to use absorption '
rather than distillation. The bubble-cap tower used for this work was a four
foot in diameter consisting of four alternating liquid flow direction trays spaced
to 12 inches with 70 slotted caps per tray. Sixty-two samples were taken.simulta-
neously for the first trey during each run. Absorption in this.work was confined
to the absorption of carbon dioxide from air with water and the absorption of
ethyl alcohol vapor in air with weter.

EQUIPMENT

Photograph number 1 shows a picture of the apparatus-used; The fan with its
driving motor may bé seen at the extreme right of the photograph with the dies
charging duct going beneath the foundation and up and under the celumn to the .
left. The sampling arrangement together with the tray fOr holding the oemple'
bottles is shown attached to the tower. Drawing number 10 showaacrese-sectionel
drawing of the apparatus while drawing number 1 shows bubble-cap layout'together~‘

with sampling arrangement. The numbers on the tray layout in drawing number l

-havénreference to the position of the sampling tubes, while figure 9 page 14, shows Ii

3 detail of the sample arrangement for one sampleL The remaining 61.being quite.h.

. ,-".’ ‘.'

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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*_-. Hill'fii . _Lo ..‘1.LUL21..-I .1- ,1 '» I.“ ’31. ..’_ U ' 0 U‘-_ \C)‘ ‘ o 1.14. a

(Vulcan Uonoer rho Lug 13 00., Qinntinn ti 2 Ohio

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kflf. Jill)- V l -.J LILK; C LL Mull. L'U..L .1. ULwC}..- 00 L; L} V ." has-) {JO-{.14 « ~10 UV‘X'L L10 ..L. L';’ llluk—J. V _.gk—CL] Cu LJ‘L‘. [J‘IJ 1.1.1:.) L111 8 g

'l "l

Two clean plastic windous 6" diameter'were provideo oetneen sch tray for visual
Observation.

A water meter (celebrated) was provided for measuring the water to the top
tray While a pilot (calibrated) tube placed in the tower exit was used ‘0 1v3*.¢e
the air velocity. The air velocity was varied by a damper arrangement on the suction
side of the fan.

I Test Prodedures

‘In case of the carbon dinXide runs liquid 3 weekened amount of 062 was intro-
duced into the suction side of the fan. The sample letter having been partly filled
with a known amount of‘. 255 normal faricum hydioxide previous to the run.- After '
sufficient time had elapsed after starting the-air-002 and water flow to_3llow a

complete change in both liquid and vapor thru the tower the equal samples were ’ . .'

... V

taken. The samples were then removed and each tetreted with HCl to ascertain the

 

 

comparable except for lengths of the copper tubing.

Bubble~0ap Specifications:

Caps; £80 - 3 in0 0. D. X 06065 inn thick coopet caps, 70 pen

/ r 7m 2. .1, ,2 , ~ 51 .s. 1 1..”J- 4.,...,-. ..
in ~ 5/oa incn. nlfie X 13/10 incn nine ulOudw eel cop.

{fl ‘3 'fi -’~ I I . w v 1' r- "~K / I -- ‘1 ‘. 3" l‘ R} . a . >5— .- \ “is: 4“ I 4
lop Ol blOu 7/8 ina acute cotton cage 0; cap. Bottom 0L clot

0.0825 in. above plate,

:1-- . . . .... W n “
‘ I" -~ ...... ..f'1 ~.- .~ . V V‘
Lila L! (-54. 33.35: 1.3933. (sail)? 1.791;- SL; «,2 3.4...5

- .4...)

Risers: 230 ~ 2 1/8 inn 0.3. x 00085 in. COppGFa Tntegral yoke style.

70 per tray. Overflow 1 7/18 in. above risen flange, 1.35 in.

above plate. nicer area eguele 5.14 sq. in.

General: Annular area 3{

(Vulcan Cepper and Supply 00., Ginntinneti 2, Ohio)

.Fan: Glerege fen Size 2 l/i (20000 ouft per min@ 6") elective pulled by e 40 hp

motor.

The six liquid samples were drawn simultaneously by applying a veccum to the

Semi circular manifold shown in fig. . This manifold was connected to each

 

sample bottle and in turn each bottle one connected to ite individual sampling tube.
no clean plastic Windows 6" diameter were provided between each tray for visual
observation.
A water meter (celebrated) was provided for measuring the water to the top
tray while a pilot (calibrated) tube placed in the} tower exit was used to meaeure

the air velocity. The air velocity wee varied by a damper arrengement on the suction

side of the fan.

Test Prodedures

In case of the carbon dioxide runs liquid a weekened.amount of 062 was intro-
duced into the suction Side of the fan. The sample latter having been partly filled
with e known amount of .0255 normal faricum hydioxide previous to the run. VAfter
Sufficient time had elapsed after starting the air-002 and water flow to allow a
complete change in both liquid and vapor thru the tower the equal samples were

taken. The samples were then removed and each tetrated with.BCl to accertain the

 

 

 

 

 

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TABLE 3111

Run No. 8, Alcohol
Concentretior (bt.%)

(Refer to Drawing #8)

COLUEN A B

O
c>
:e
*e
E)

Z" 1.55 1.25

3' 1.18 1.37 ~~~~

Z l.175 1.175 1.84 1.60
Y' ' 1.26 1.50 1.80

l 1.25 l.GO -~~ 2.75
X* 1.475 1.88 3.2?
X 2.10* 1.88 2.02 2.3”
W? 1.58 2.15 "“""
W 1.27 1.88 2. E 2.29

V3 1.05% 2.41
V 1.03313 lo89 ...-......“ 2.4751

U‘ 1.5% 2.2? 2.58
c 1.26 1.30 2.50 2.54
e: 1159 1.92 2.53
1 1.22 1.64 2.09 2.08
Q! 1.58 1.88 2.1
5 1.15 1.14 1.7m 1.94
t? 1.?2 —-‘ ~-»

R 1.14 1.59
*Not need in averaee

five. 1.2% l.é0 1.55 1.85 1.91 2.28 2.25

n ~ 0 J v ' .. - u (A if
quuiu mete: 9.5 Harvm‘

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05075
O¢OQT

0°02?

n r ~.-~~ 7" ”
5431.01.43.) U

5? Divida by 1000 for Efi .

06095

09085

3°“55 0‘05:
0.0“: 3.095
0.005

r 0.14
ago;
09122
09009 0.00b
J.;0a 0.315
00054
a uis ago 2

0.087
0&02? 0.025
OaOfi?

0.08? 0.038

0.018

Liq'fiid Rate: 2.909 GmPs‘BJZQ
G35
Gas Rate:

1470 C.F0M.

Gas Genoa: Laboratory Air

E

0:096

0‘055

00019
0.051

0.088
0.05

00011
0.002
0.025
00075
0.00?
9.090
0.017

0.029

 

0.01
0.001

0.006

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002 absorption. Bookman ph meter was used in tetrabing these solutions to a ph of

 

9.0. The amount of barium hydioxide nequired to raise the fre Sh watg r to the tower
to a ph of 9.0 was defiormined for each run aad the proper correction applied to'
the tetration calculation. The resulting data tog ether with the operating conditions
of water rato,v apor ratz, oemperaturo, eto., ans given ufider the Section for data
and corral? tion. H

The ethyl alcoholwair absorption runs Jere ma? .9 by .SJOrJtJav alcohol into

he suction of fihe fax baJing oJre fihafi theamsp1~a ion2rxt JJJ constJnt‘and that

I?!

ta. alcohol JJru:a*‘oo pointo the Jir was nova? exceeded. T.e 52 samples of alcohol

L13

‘ m . -1 VJ M4 2 ._ ‘1 J:- ' 1- *1 1.“ .p- . n w y 1 " ' r. A
water nolutLon mdLfi &u&lJL€Q Jor alcoqu oy 0H8 denSltJ Jetnod using a CHdiHOMmtiC

fieatphal balance. Due account was ta};en of £113 temperature and the density of the

.I., , ,,.. .- .I., i- ,1 my a, , _ ‘ . . ,‘
alcohol irao ondfl oJJrng to LJJ quera Lao tha :or tag Jioohol~JJJ sumo arc also
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TJBLE VI
Ron.No. 4 '00 . :Divide byleOO for Wt. %
’ 2

(Refer to Drawing #8)

. COLUMN A B c , D

Z3 0.555 0.550 ' 0.255
Z 0.578_ 0.525 0.594 0.281
Y’ '0.509 0.412 0.504
Y 0.574 _ 0.412 0.594 0.Q25
X' 0 0.512 0.501 0.545
X 0.2
W' 0.574 0.456 0.550
W 0.565 0.664 0 0.289 0.299
V' 0.278 '0.555
V 0.580 0.815 0.400 0.299
U‘ . 0.560 0.576 0.555

(9
O
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0
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0’.)
w
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03
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U 0.591 0.564 0.484 0.28
T’. ~-—#- 0.594 ' ”0.522
T ' 0.460 0.528 . 0.294 0.291
S‘- 0.299 0.560 0.505
3 0.520 0.579 0.589 ‘ ~—~~«
R’ 0.509 0.274 ' 0.504
3 0.299 0,931.:

Ave. 0.395 0.525 0.408 0.5%0 0.561 0.521 0.299

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Liquid 11.5;41382 90...) q” “we

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1.67

1.53

1.46

1.25

1. 5.1

TABLE VII

Run No. 6, 009. Divide by 1000 for Wt. %

1.13

0.775
13.775
0.750

0.512

0.045

3

(.688

L.)

0.750

0.741

,.¢ . 1, ”I. ‘ .. .. ’llrfi
( 14.".‘7-1. (31’ no 1.“. c; ‘v‘JllL-‘h'; f] U)

ROW
0 1) 1;

1.70 1.815
0.65

1.51 1.15
1.16

1.11 0.31
0.68

0.671 0.74
0.617

0.79 0.012

0.655 0.72

0.559 ‘U.615

0.076 1.17
0.308

1.71 -~~
0.625

1.5; 1.11

1.044 0.728 0.982

Eiquid Rate: 65.0 0.P.M.
Gus Rats: 628 C.E.d.

O

5 7 a 8:1.) bf JO]. 0

0 . 548

0.623

0.2735

0.605

0.05

0.864
0.564
0.769
0.666

0.90

0.945