H EXECUTIVE HQUSEKEEPERS IN HOTELS AND HOSPITALS Thesis h)? the Degree 0" M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Henry Blythe Kalani 1959 ..__.__ LIBRARY Michigan State University. _‘ \ 7.. . .ua-c.‘ .P- -F..- a- D." ~00. . .4. A SERVE! OF FORMAL TRAINING NEEDS OF EXECUTIVE HOUSEKEEPERS IN HOTELS AND HCBPITAIS MILITHEHLANI A THIS Submitted to the Cbllege of Business and Public Service Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of _ the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Hotel, Restaurant and Ieneral Institutional Management 1959 'fi\ AKIW rho author is sincerely grateful to the following individuals 8 Ir. mph 3. Wilson, graduate adviser and professor in the School of Dtel , Restaurant and General Institutional Mm agement ; Naude Win- cheater, President of the lational Incentive lousekeepers Association; hrriot Ansley, Executive lousekoeper of Kellogg center at Michigan State University; losslie Sopor, past president or I.E.l.1., and presently Executive Housekeeper of the hm Palace lotel in Denver, Golorodo; and Hadgo I. Sidney, Incentive Housekeeper or the Doctor's lospital in Seattle, Washington. Acknowledgements are also due to the many Executive lousekeepere of IJJJ” and to the Directors of Hospital, Iotol and Institutional Administration, studies in colleges and Universities, who participated inthe survey. TAILE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER............._......'........ I.IN'11IOIUCTION..................... The Importance of Good Housekeepers in Institutions . Changing Trends in Institutional Housekeeping . . The Housekeeper Becomes an Executive . . . . . . . The Training Needs of an Executive Housekeeper . . Iormal Training for kecutive Housekeepers lecome‘vailableoooooooooooooooo The Qajective for this Study . . . . . . . . . . . . Purpose for the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . InqaortancefortheStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . Delimitations of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypotheses.................... DefinitionsofTermsUsed. . . . . . . . . . . . A Survey of Primary and Secondary Data . . . . . . . Surveyofsecondarylata . . . . . . . . . . . . . Survey of Primary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Methodology of Survey Procedures . . . . . . . . Scape and Method of Gathering Data . . . . . . . . Preparation of the Questionnaire Forms . . . . . . Elements of the Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . Preliminary Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ooool’ UseofNon—Randomsampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Questionnaire Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Tabulation and Statistical Analysis of the Results . . Organization of the Remainder of the Study . . . . . . .II. A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONDENTS . . . . . . . . Identification of the Executive Housekeepers . . . . . . Distribution of Respondents According to Institutions Responses of Hospital Housekeepers . Verses Hotel Housekeepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Respondents by Age . . . . . . . . . . Length of Service in Institutional Housekeeping . . . Age Entering into Housekeeping Services . . . . . . . Length of Service as Etecutive Housekeepers . . . . . Educational Background of Reapondents . . . . . . . . JobTitleofRespondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smmnary......................... III. THE TRAINING OF EXECUTIVE HOUSEKEEPERS . . o . . . . . . Knowledges that are Necessary for Executive Housekeepers Where Knowledges Genie Obtained. .'. . . . . . . . . lesponsibilities and Duties of Executive Housekeepers . . Responsibilities That Take Up Most of the lbusekeepers'Timeoo...o...o.o.o... The Position of the Housekeepers InanOrganizationalStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal Qualities Essential to Executive Ibusekeepers . The lost Preparation for Executive Housekeepersl‘zip . . . ‘cquiring Knowledges Through "Work kperience Only" . iv, 21 22 23 23 23 2h 23 /' 29 29 , 30 , 39 ' 31 . 31 33 33 3h 35 37 38 39 be In . Acquiring Knowledges Through College Education “workmerienceooooooooooooo0.ooo The Importance of a College Education V. 143 For Executive Housekeepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’45 N.E.H.A.TakesAction................. The Ienefits of Special Courses is? For kecutive Housekeepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h8 Education and the Future hecutive Housekeepers Se smut...OOQOOOoOoooooOOOOOoOOOS]- I'V. FACILITIES FOR COLLEGE EDUCATION FOR EXECUTIVE HOUSHEEPERS . 55 Availability of Higher Education for Housekeepers . . . . . SS Attitude Toward Training of Executive Housek eepers . . . . . 58 Plans to Offer Formal Training for Executive Housekeepers . 8W. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOI‘MENBATIONS . 8W O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 Conclusions............... Recommendations............. 58 59 61 61 65 68 lnLIOGRAPHI...o.oo...oo......o........-o72 “FEMIfi O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 76 LIST OF TABLES mm C . C O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O ‘0 O O O O 0 PAGE I. Distribution of Questionnaire Forms Among Hate]. and Ibspital Housekeepers o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 25 II. Distribution of the Ages of Executive Housekeepers . . . . . . 36 III. Educational Background of Executive Housekeepers . . . . . . . 32 HAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Importance of Good Housekeepers in Institutions Housekeeping as a domestic function has been performed from the dawn of history. Invirtually every society women rare the principal keepers of the household, caring for the members of he family and maintaining a clean environment for them to live in. C _“.J 1‘! Housekeeping as an.institutional function has existed as long ZID‘U; 7 as institutions have been in existence. Whatever the nature of an :institutien the basic function of housekeeping was transferred to a commercial environment, for each had to be cared for and kept clean. ' / :~s L dggever_the_houeekeeping department in the institutional field differs from the doxestic field in the size of activities and purpose for which the service is rendered.1 A In the early years of institutional housekeeping, the housekeeper's importance was not fully recognized and "her qualifications measured principally by'her abilities to 'keep a clean house!‘ "2 The House- keeper was invariably a woman, hired on the basis of her maternal manner of managing a clean household rather than a person with ad- ministrative training or background. During these early years the l/ Edward B. Bell, "The Housekeeper's Path to Success," Medern Hosyital 75:130. October, 1950. 2/ Alta La Belle and Jane Barton, Administrative Housekeeping. (G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1951). p. vii Housekeeper performed comparatively simple duties concentrating almost entirely on the primary task of keeping the "house" clean. Changing Trends in Institutional Housekeeping The recent years have seen vast changes in the American social and economic scene. The important changes which have affected insti- tutions of specialized services are: (1) rapid increase in pOpulation; (2) changes in pepulation movements; (3) the rising purchasing power of the public, resulting in the changes in needs and tastes; and (h) improvement in tranSportation facilities. Another change is the trend toward specialization of functions. Specialization requires competence in a given area of work, which is derived from the acquisition and :pplication of skills in a specific 5",- .__.—a _._——--—- task. -. ‘- Another important change is in the concept of administration. \-. .- "' ' Administrators in government and private organizations became increasingly aware of better managerial practices to meet the growing complexity and competitive nature of our society. Administrators began to apply scien- tific methods to management and required greater skills in the practice of good management. As a result of these factors, hotels andhospitals underwent many changes. Hotels increased in size and sc0pe of activities and services. Hospitals went through rapid expansion made possible by greater spe- cialization of medical services and better patient facilities. As public demands grew for newer and better facilities in hotels and hospitals 3. the responsibilities and duties of the housekeeping department multi- ___,_._——_ plied. More and better facilities meant greater specialization of __ “m.- activities and wider range of services for the housekeeping department. W The Housekeeper Becomes an Executive 'With the ever increasing need for effective institutional house- keeping, present administrators of institutions of specialized services have come to view the role of the housekeeping department in a.more favorable light. The negative attitude, held by many managers, that the housekeeping department was a liability, or at best, a necessary evil, happily gave way to a realization of the powers of good house- keeping to build prestige, to bring the public in, and hence to pro- duce revenue.3 Hence administrators today expect a housekeeper to be a person of executive caliber; able to assume full responsibility for prOper housekeeping and be able to delegate authority necessary to perform the duties. Administrators are coming to view a housekeeper as an individual, irrespective of sex, given basic qualifications, plus prOper educational and practical training, is prepared to assume the role of a leader in institutional housekeeping. Administrators want the person to be "a competent director of the housekeeping department ...one who knows housekeeping procedures, has administrative ability, is a good leader, and capable of training and teaching workers."h 2f Ibido pp 0 32-h. 3/ Marion Wright, "The Administrative Department Takes a Look at House- keeping," Hospital management .71:138. 'May, 1951 ’40 Although the primary function of good housekeeping is the same today as it was yesterday, that is, E k_ee2 93 31:33}. clean, the Execu- tive Housekeeper is no longer a mere homemaker in business. She5 must be management-minded.because she is part of management. She must par- ticipate in formulating goals and policies and be able to interpret them to others. She is expected to organize her department with the highest degree of efficiency. She must he able to organize her peeple and coordinate the work f .er department with other departments in order to carry out the objectives of a business enterprise. She must know how to handle her peepie, motivating them to give their best ser- vices at the lowest possible cost. She must also view her work as a science. he must finderstand the principles of sanitation, know about housekeeping equipment and supplies and how to make the best and most economical use of them, and be able to do research with the numerous supplies and equipment to do the function of cleaning. The Training He ds of an Executive Housekeeper With a greater demand for better institutional housekeeping and awareness of the importance of the work of housekeeping in the success- ful Operation of a business enterprise, the Executive Housekeeper must have a wider scepe of knowledges. In addition to an understanding of effective cleaning agents and cleaning procedures, she must have an 'understanding of'human relations, administrative skills, cleaning functions, science,and household arts. ‘5/ Due to the fact that the majority of Executive Housekeepers are women, this report will refer to an Executive Housekeepgr as such. S. The Executive Housekeepers of the past are described as "self- made" because the training was obtained through trial and error methods in the work environment. There were no specific body of knowledges obtainable for housekeepers in school, in literature, or in institu- tions. The housekeepers generally came from the ranks, and taught them- selves by performing on tfie job, by studying entirely on their own initiative, and by bringing with them.whatever knowledges they possessed about housekeeping. The fact that this method of training was not the best was first recordly expressed by Charlotte A. Aikens.6 Her book, Hospital House- keeping, was published in 1910. It explained the fine points of in- stitutional housekeeping. However the recognition of a better method of training for Executive Housekeeping was rather tardy. The first known expression that a standardized training, such as that offered in a College or University, would be helpful, was made in 1923, by Lydia Southard, then a faculty member at Columbia University. In the last two decades, those reSponsible for institutions, such as the college dormitory, the hospital, the orphanage, wherever, indeed, large groups live in common, have come to realize that the general administration of such institutions and their housekeeping in all its aSpeets is imp portant enough to demand previous training... The fact...that many trained workers holding po- sitions today are grateful to the classrooms in which they studied not only the applied sciences related to their professions, but also the organ- ized technical experiences of others, and to the practical fields in which they had tried them- selves out in service, under supervision, before going out to take full responsibility...7 é/ La Belle and Barton, op. cit. p. 10 Z/ Lydia Southard, Institutional Household Administration. (Philadelphia, J.B. Iippincott 00., 1923). p. 9 While Lydia Southard recognized the superiority of formal training over self imposed training, which was a trial and error method, she did not present a specific program of formal training for Executive Housekeepers. In 1930, a group of pioneer housekeepers, under the leadership of the late Hargaret A. Barnes, organized the National Executive House- keepers Association.8 Their aim was to put housekeeping on a pro- fessional standard by assisting Executive Housekeepers in acqziring a body of knowledges through higher education and by standardizing the performance of institutional housekeeping (see Appendix I). Formal Training for Executive Housekeepers Becomes Available The first known course in housekeeping, offered in a College or University, was established at Cornell University in the School of Home Economics. In 1922, the first housekeeping course was conducted under the instruction of Nora Foley.9 Today there are some 20 Colleges and Universities that offer special courses for Executive Housekeepers. The fact that housekeeping should be a four-year course leading to a Bachelor of Science degree was recordedly expressed by'Kabel A. Bailie,10 a hospital housekeeper at Ann Arbor, Michigan. Kiss Bailie presupposed that the curriculum would be the responsibility of a Home Q/ Hereafter the Association will be referred to as N.E.H,A. 2/ Donald.Heed, Director of School of Hotel Administration, Cornell University, to Henry B. Kalani. February 25, 1959. See Appendix F. EQ/ La Belle and Barton, op. cit. p. 16. 7. Economics Department of any accredited University or College. The curriculum suggested by Mabel A. Bailie included: Chemistry, Bacteri- ology, Household Engineering and Arts, Economies, Psychology, Sociology, Business Hanagement, Purchasing, Accounting, Public Speaking and English, followed by a year's internship under skilled supervision. Today there is one University, the University of'Nashington, that offers a four-year curriéulum in institutional housekeeping, leading to a Bachelor of Science degree. it was established in 1957 as a result of the efforts of hospital administrators of the state of 'Hashington, and l"‘i-adge H. Sidney, Executive Housekeeper of the Research Hospital in Seattle, Hashington. The four-year curriculum (see Appen- dix G) largely follows the program suggested by'Nabel A. Bailie. Indeed the position of executive Housekeepers have changed from a "back of the house" employee to one of the most important functions in institutions of specialized services. The day when it was con- sidered to be the job of a homemaker has given way to one belonging to a leader with executive ability and technical skills. As a leader the value of the Executive Housekeeper of today can be determined through specialized training and work experience. The Objective for This Study As the problem of institutional housekeeping continues to increase and as greater demands are continuously made on the ercutive House- keepers, it is evident that better training methods are necessary. When institutional housekeeping was a relatively simple task, the Executive Housekeepers trained themselves. The advantages of this plan were: (1) the acquisition of actual skills; (2) the deve10pment of functional ability, and (3) the strong determination to assume director- ship. The unfavorable aspects of this system of training were: (1) stand- ards of work varied among housekeepers; (2) the prevailence of rule-of- thumb over standardized.methods of procedure; (3) the training period was.generally longer and more difficult; (h) the recognition as a part of the management team was almost lacking, and (S) the housekeepers were not necessarily'prepared to meet the continuously changing needs and methods for effecti 3 better institutional housekeeping. The more progressive Executive Housekec:ers recognized the need for better training methods due to the following factors: (1) the growth of instituti ns of specialized crvices; (2) the shortage of qualified personnel in institutional housekeeping; (3) the changes in adminis- trative practices in institutions of specialized services; (h) the acceptance of greater responsibi ities and duties by housekeepers, and (S) the greater complexity of procedures in attaining the objectives of good housekeeping. Purpose for the Study The purpose for this study is to determine the best training method possible for Executive Housekeepers in institutions of specialized ser- vices, especially in hOSpitals and hotels. Eore Specifically the study will investigate the reasons for the desirability for a better training method ani the availability of ob- taining this method of training. 9. Impprtance of the Study A study of the best training possible for Executive Housekeepers is significant in periods of rapid expansion in institutions of Spe- cialized service. Institutional housekeeping plays an important role in the successful Operations of such instituti ns by displaying clean, comfortable, safe and sanitary public areas. The Executive Housekeeper, as head of the housekeeping department, is directly responsible for administering the task of providing a clean public area that is safe, sanitary, in orderly manner, comfortable, and inviting, for both the public and the employees. By thus surveying he best training or preparation possible for Executive Housekeepers, and presenting the availability for such train- ing or preparation, this study would ha'e served an important purpose. Delimitations of the Study The import nee of institutional housekeeping is interesting, and he study of it is timely. However due to the vastness of the subject- matter, only a part of the broad area of institutional housekeeping will be the primary objective of this study. The study of the best preparation or training possible for Executive Hous keepers to possess knowledges necessary to have executive ability and technical skills will contribute to the interest in good institutional housekeeping. This study will be further limited to hotels and hospitals, and 'will not include other institutions of specialized services, such as clubs, restaurants, department stores, motels, office buildings, 10. apartments, and schools. While housekeeping is an important function in all of these institutions, the author believes that the function of housekeeping is more Specialized and of greater importance in hotels and hospitals. Hotelsof less than 100 rooms and of hospitals of less than 75 beds were not included in the study. The Hotel Red Book, which lists hotels according to area and size, and The American HOSpital Association, which supplied a list of hospitals according to area and size were consulted. As the study is purported to analyze the Executive Housekeepers, only members of N.E;H.A. were included. The rcasons for selecting Executive Housekeepers of N.E.H.A. were based on the facts that there is a readily available list of membeis for a survey and that the more progressive Executive Housekeepers are likely to be members of their national organization. There are some 1200 members of both sexes representing every region of the United States of America. The principal limitations of the study of Executive Housekeepers are those of the questionnaire survey of 200 members of N.E.H.A. While it is recognized that the sample considered is relatively small, it does not diminish the importance of the study. There were no attempts to limit the number of Colleges and Uni- versities for this study. The author was interested in finding out the availability of educational facilities for Executive Housekeepers and surveyed Colleges and Universi'ies offering studies in hospital, hotel and institutional administrations. A listing of Colleges and Universities were obtained from: (1) The American Hospital Association, (2) The American Hospital Association; (3) N.E.H.A., and (h) Michigan 11. State University Library. The author compiled a list of 62 such schools. Basic hypotheses Due to the greater specialization of institutional housekeeping services and the increasing demands for more competent Executive House- keepers, the author established two basic hypotheses for the study. They are: (l) the best preparation possible for an Executive House- keeper, to possess knowledges necessary to have executive ability and technical skills, is by means of a formal training; and (2) the formal training is Obtainable in accredited Colleges and Universities in the United States of America. Definitions of Terms Used An Emecutive Housekeeper is a line officer who directs the ac- tivities of the housekeeping department in an institution of special- ized service. As a department head, she ulans, organizes, dire;ts, coordinates,and controls the activities of keeping the public areas clean, sanitary, healthy, attractive, in orderly manner, safe to work and live in, maintain it in good condition and in proper working order. Occasionally she may be referred to by another title, such as: Administrative Housekeeper, Director of Housekeeping Services, Chief Housekeeper, or Director of Building and Serviccs. But for the purposes of this study, the title, Executive Housekeeper, will be used. Formal training is the act of bringing or raisirg to a requisite standard, the knowled es, skills or performances necessary for certain 12. tasks, through regular and established forms and methods of instruction. It refers specifically to the type of instruction obtained through higher education, that is, a College or University. Institutions of Specialized Service refers to hotels, schools, clubs, hospitals, restaurants, motels, department stores and office buildings where the functien of housekeeping is necessary. Internslip is the training received in an institution of specialized service. It is a planned program, under skilled supervision, and within a designated duration of time, to obtain actual work experiences. A Survey of Primary and Secondary Data Having determined the obje tive of the stody, it was now nece- ssary to determine the sources of information to be obtained. Tfio types of data are employed in a research study, primal' data and secon- dary data. Primary data may be defined as those data which are ob- tained directly for the purpose of a specific study. Secondary data . are those which have been obtained with some other purpose in mind, and which are available from general sources, such as libraries. Survey of Secondary Data ‘In the general study of the training of Executive Housekeepers in hotels and hospitals the author consulted secondary sources in The Hichigan State University Library and The John Hilly Reading Room in Kellogg Center. The author consulted books and periodicals but found that there is a recogaized lack of literature in the field of 13. institutional housekeeping. Books about hotel housekeepers were written by housekeepers as “well as by hotel administrators. Host of the books were written for the hotel housekeeper, identifying her as a "homemaker" in subiness. Books on hotel housekeepers were characterized by the following two facts: (1) remoteness from pertinent facts; and (2) obsolescence. Most of the books were concerned with the housekeeper as a technical worker rather than as an administrator or executive in charge of the housekeeping services. The books were primarily concerned with the training and supervision of maids and housemen rather than with the training of Executive HouSukeepers. ‘Host of the books were also out- dated, having been written before the era of the great changes taking place in our institutions. Periodicals about hotel housekeepers were almost non-existent. The author surveyed a number of current periodicals and found only a few articles dealing with the problems of the hvusekeepers. Tavern Talk and Midéwest Hotel Reporter were the only periodicals that had articles about the hotel housekeepers, but only a few of these were concerned with their need for training. Books about hos;ital housekeepers were indeed very scarce. The two books of any consequence were published by The American Hospital 'T rowsekeeping, and Job Descriptions I Association, Manual for Hospital p. and Organizational Analysis for Hospitals and Related Health Services. These books were concerned with the qualifications, responsibilities, and training of housekeepers in hospital administration. 114. More enlightening was the fact that there were a number of articles, in current hospital administration pe iodicals, about the training of ‘Executive Housekeepers in hOSpitals, Hospital Management, Hospitals, and notable, Modern Hospital, had featured articles expressing the need for better training m thods and facilities for hospital housekeepers. Probably the best secondary sources for this study were: Alta La Belle and Jane Barton, Administrative Housekeeping; and modern Hos- pital magazine. Administrative Housekeeping was written for institu- tional housekeepers, and Kodarn Hogpital magazine had numerous featured articles regarding the training of lvecutive Zous ekeepers in hOSpital administration. Alta La Belle "as a former consul cant to The Veterans Adminis ration hospitals,11 and currently Executive Housekeeper at The Cit;r of hope Medical Center in California. Jane Ba.rton, in addition 1" to beizlg co-a author of Administrative .ousekeepin", is also an Associate Editor of Hodern,Hospital magazine. Survey of Prirary Data The use of secondary sources were of assistance in defining the objective of the study, in understanding the his+ oricai backgr01nd of the general problem, and in finding some facts regarding at titudes related to the training of Executive Hows ekeepers. However the limi- tations in the use of secondary sources were convincing to the author that the principal means of studying the problem of a better training method forl 2 :ecutive H02sekeepers was he use of primary data. __/ Jane Barton, "The V.A. Sets Housekeeping Up," Modern Hospital 79: 51. December, 1952. Also, Jane Barton, "V.A. Sets HousEkeeping, Modern Hospital 87:81. November, 1956. They'describe Alta La Bella's consultant services for V.A. Hospitals. 15. Having determined that the use of secondary sources would not be sufficient for this study, the author received encouragement from his adviser, and consulted a few members of H.E.H.A. The author attended a meeting of Central Hichigan Chapter on January'B, 1959, and a meet- ing of the Detroit Chapter on January 13, 1759. The discussions held at the two meetings resulted in further encouragement in the use of H" Of primary data. In correspondence with the President of H.n.n.z. and face-to-face discussions with a,member of the Board of Directors of N.E.H.A., the author was assured of the fullest COOperation. The two officers also assured the author that the investigation.wou1d be very benefidial to housekeepers. Thus the author proceeded to conduct the research study by means of primary data. The following advantages were considered in solving the problem by this principal means: (1) the primary data, being specifically collected for the study, will be pertinent and directly related to its r quirements; (2) the researcher will have all the working papers and statistical data in his hands and therefore will be able to analyze them in any way desired; (3) having directed the co lection of the data, the author has reater confidence in the in- formation; and (h) the primary data, having been freshly gathered for the study) will not be obsolete. ‘To these advantages were weighed the disadvantages of time and cost. However in the light of the importance of the study, the author believed that the information is obtainable w thin a few months old that the cost would not be v:ry great. In order to obtain a list of Executive Housekeepers of H.E.H.A. the author contacted, by'lctter, the Presidents of the 37 Chapters of H,E,H,A, (see Appendix H), asking for their fullest cooperatisn in submitting a list of their members. The Kethodology of Survey Procedures .1. ts are needed and 1 Having determined what fac he best sources of information obtainable, the nent problem was how to secure them. This involved the designing of proper forms that would insure that infor- mat‘on s ught would be collected ahd recorded in a uniform manner. Of the two methods of gathering primary data, the observation and the experimentation methods, the autho~ selected the fonmer meshed. This was based on the preuise that the study ould be an analysis of the training of Executive Housekeepers from Opinions and attitudes expressed by housekeepers. ”he author selected the nail questionnaire survey because of its many advantages for the study: (1) the entire nation can be covered at the same cost per respondent even though addresses are scattered all over the map of the United States of America; (2) the letter will reach a person, provided that the address is correct, rhenever she picks up her mail; (3) the Questions, appearing in print, are stated efactly the same in every Questionnaire; (h) the oerson receiving the ques— tionnaire may reply at leisure and spend some time in coHJosing her answers; (5) the person is anonymous and may freely gi:e frank or confidential information, since she cannot be identified; and (6) there is no pressure or influence exerted b; the presence of an interviewer. 17. In order to ninira aze t e :05: ible cra"backs of a few returns, a poor samfl11i1g a high cor t in obtaining a mailing list and of slow responses, the author selected two groups; (1) Executiv Iousekeepers of H.E.J.A.3 and (2) Directors of KOSpital, Hotel, and Institutional Administration studies in Colleges and univers ities, both of whom would be directly concerned with the problem and inter stecin the subject-hatter. The author asked for tieir fullest cooperation, iden- tified it as an import: .nt st1 a ' . I ' . ‘\ l v o 'v Questions 1. 2. 3. Do you believe that knowledge necessary for an Executive Housekeeper is best acquired through the following means: (a) work experience only (b) college education only (c) combination of college education and work experience If your answer in the previous question is ”work experience only": (a) how long should the work experience be, before a person is qualified to assume the position of Executive Housekeeper? years (b) ‘What areas of training in housekeeping and/or related field is necessary? Please list them below. (0) Should the person have training in all areas of housekeeping? yes no (d) At what position should the person begin? from the ground up other (please write in the position) Do you believe that the following knowledges of housekeeping functions are important for an Executive Housekeeper? yes Cross out any statement that you feel is not important. no 'Write in other important knowledges not listed below. HumaniRelations 1. Ability to work and deal with people 2. Recruit, select, hire and discharge personnel 3. Train and supervise personnel h. Job analysis and evaluation 5 . Handle grievances Administrative Skills 1. Ability to organize the housekeeping department 2. Ability to assume and delegate responsibility 3. Ability to appreciate and cooperate with other departments in.the organization A .- - wo. .- 'Q‘r 4-- ‘ \. - . . . ‘ l . .I C . . 9.;- . . .9. .,_ F A . I _ _ .I .. .7 . f. . .- . . . r . ‘ . . u - . . , . w , . r . . , u , . . . : . u I " ‘ ' ' . A | . . . . ' ’ . , <, n . LA F , A m l . ‘ . . I I _ _- . .. .. A r c . .. - . ..o 9.- ...- . ‘ K I . _ Q I " V ‘n , f ‘ . "' ' «v. u- I i . l.— u . , . -‘ -- . _ I - . . _ . 0 , ' Q v 1"] ..v-ua.... * I . . .‘I. . o ... n . . '- , . ‘ . I. ' c , ' r r .1 A \ . - n. ‘ _ . 1 I . ., ‘ ‘ , I “ ' A . a : ...r .... , v . ' . ’l . ‘ 7‘ - _ . r~ . _ . ,- . ‘ t . ¢ . _—...4 v - . . . . u . ' 7’ . ' '1 ' a . . W‘ h. Ability to make decisions 5. Ability to plan the activities of the housekeeping department 6. A working knowledge of controls: (a) marking and distributing linens (b) laundry procedure (c) inventory (d) budget 7. Ability to conduct departmental meetings Clerical Functions 1. Keep records of personnel, cleaning and decorating, supplies and equipment, and purchasing 2. Write reports of department for management Science 1. Cleaning compounds 2. Cleaning techniques and procedures 3. Research' h. Plumbing, heating and electricity 5. Mechanical equipment Housghold Arts 1. Furniture and furnishings 2. Interior Decoration 3. Textiles _h. Floor and floor coverings Safety and Sanitation 1. Control of physical hazards 2. Pest Control 3. Fire Control h. First Aid 5. Safety program in Housekeeping Department 6. Control of odors Other Knowledges Not Listed (please write in) h. Of these knowledges listed above, are there any that you consider more important than others? If so, please list them in their order of im~ portance. You may group them if you wish. 5. ‘Which of the above knowledges (of question #3) can be 6. 7. (a) better acquired through college education? Please list them (b) better acquired through work experience? Please list them. If your answer in question #1 was "a combination of college education and work experience," has a college education helped you in your management position as Executive Housekeeper? Check one very much a little not at all HI If you did not receive a college degree, do you feel that it would have helped you? Check one a great deal a little not at all I l In what ways would it have helped you? Please list your reasons. 8. 9. 10. 12. (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) If you did not receive a degree from a University, but have taken special courses in housekeeping offered in a University or College, what made you do this? Please write in your reasons. How was the education financed? Check one. by your employer by your own means If you are in favor of'a college education in housekeeping for Executive Housekeepers, would you recommend a young person plan- ning such a career to have a four year college education? Check one. yes no w When should he begin the college education? Check one before he begins work in housekeeping after he begins work in housekeeping Would you recommend an on-the-job training program of some kind before completing the college education? Check one yes no How long should the training program be? Check one one year less than one year more than one year Is there a need for more Universities to offer housekeeping as a major field of study? Check one. yes no m If you were hiring a recent graduate with a major in housekeeping, at what position would you start him? Check one from the "bottom" other position. Title of position # w A. 13. 1h. 15. ‘What are your chief responsibilities and duties as an Executive Housekeeper? Please indicate whether they are (1) Direct, (2) Inn direct, or (3) None. Direct Responsibility Indirect Responsibility (I) None With Personnel recruiting selecting hiring discharging training handling grievances ____ payroll .___ schedule of workers .___ conduct meetings HHII 'With Clerical Dutieg record keeping budget reports lost and found inventories where you are directly responsible where you have delegated the function to someone in your department responsibility that belongs to some other department 'With Function of Cleanigg . scheduling the cleaning procedures working with the front office purchasing of cleaning supplies maintenance of cleaning supplies distribution of cleaning supplies control of laundry process control of maintenance 'With Administrative Duties organizing the housekeeping department cooperate with other departments report to management guest contacts Which of the above responsibilities and duties take up most of your time? Please list them (a) Do you report directly to top management? Check one no (b) ‘What is the Job Title of your immediate superior? 16. Do you find the following qualities essential to an Executive Housekeeper? (a) The Physical Qualities. Indicate your answer with a check sound feet ____(any others) sound health good eyesight H'- (b) The Personality Traits. Score the following traits from 1 to 5 in order of their importance to you, score 5 being the most important. H1 intellectual capacity emotional stability open mindedness technical knowledge cooperativeness interest _,_,_ accuracy knowledge of details persuasiveness decisiveness ' others (please list any others not included, and score them) HHH HH . A . . .. .. - ..i , , .. -, - a . . . .~ > ‘ . p. re”?! '- . . . ,a .- - I .. l .. i . . ... J- Appenitx c School of Hotel, Restaurant N Institutional Management Kellogg Center Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan February 10, 1959 A survey is being conducted about the training needs of Executive Housekeepers. The survey is part of a Master of Arts study at Michigan State University. 'We hope that the results will be of significant contribution to Executive Housekeepers in all areas of the housing and feeding industries. 'We are asking your fullest cooperation in making this survey a significant one. A questionnaire has been enclosed which you are asked to study, answer and return at your earliest possible con- venience. Other copies of this questionnaire have been sent to Cdlleges and Universities throughout the fortyheight states. The results of the replies will be compiled to present a represenp tative picture of the training needs of Executive Housekeepers. Your assistance will help greatly to the contribution of the thesis, which in turn will assist in training Executive Housekeepers. very truly yours, ’ ,1: , _/ ’{A’ 1;”: .1. g Henry Blythe Kalani Graduate Student p Dow son, Ph Graduate Adviser 1. 2. 3. h. 5. Appendix D SURVEY OF COURSES IN INSTITUTIONAL HOIBEKEEPIM} 'What courses are offered to students desiring to specialize in Insti- tutional Housekeeping? Please list the courses, circling those that are offered for the first time within the last three years; Courses in Housekeeping Courses in Related Area department title of course department title of course (a) Do you offer special courses in housekeeping for those persons already in the field of housekeeping? Yes __ No (b) When was the first courss(s) offered? M £39; I Title of Course(s) (c) What are the courses? Please check appropriate type __ Short Course __ Extension __ Correspondence __ Other (Specify) (d) Please list the courses: Title of Courses Length of Courses Are these courses sponsored: by the University __ by other Agency. Name of Agency __ both the University and Outside Interest (Name) Do you believe that those planning to enter the profession of Executive Housekeeping should have a college education? (a) Check one: (b) Check one: . __ better to have __ four year education __ definitely necessary ' __ with internship __ not necessary at all ____ without internship __ short course only (a) Is there a program at your University to expand the facilities to teach more courses in Institutional Housekeeping? Yes __ No __ (b) Will it be offered as a major leading to a college degree? Yes“ ' ' ‘ No ' ‘ ‘0' -7. ' Appendix 3 School of Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Management Kellogg Center Rflchigan State University East Lansing, Michigan March 12, 1959 A questionnaire was mailed out to Executive Hbusekeepers of N.E.H.A. on February 19, 1959. The response has been good and many of the Executive Hbusekeepers have made comments about how nice it was to ' receive the questionnaire and how happy they are in.being able to help with the survey. waever I would like to receive many more replies so that a very significant and constructive investigation.may be performed. As of this date, March 12, 1959, yeur reply has not been received. Perhaps you have been extremely'busy and have not had the time.to study the questionnaire thoroughly, or perhaps it may have slipped your mind. This is a reminder that I would like to have your reactions to the study. Your response will be helpful in making conclusive studyn of the training problems of Ekacutive Housekeepers. 1rusting to hear from.you soon, I remain Sincerely yours, Henry Blythe Kalani Appendix F School of Hotel Administration Statler Hall Cornell University February 25, 1959 Mr. Henry 3. Kalani 1-117 Bailey Hatl East Lansing, Michigan Bear Mr. Kalani: Question 1. We have been offering courses in the field of hotel and institutional housekeeping almost from.the very beginning of the Department of Hotel administration (which later became the School of Hotel Administration) in 1922. Our first course in Hotel Housekeeping ‘was given by Miss Nora Foley at that time and formmany years Execu- tive Housekeeper of the old waldorf-Astoria and then the new. Fur- ther to strengthen our instruction in the area we arranged for a member of our faculty to spend a whole semester working with Me 3 Feley in the housekeeing department of that world-famous hostelry. Courses in Hotel Decoration and Furnishing, Textiles, etc., have been in our curriculum since l92h. All of these courses have been fully accredited courses, and have been and are being counted toward the degree of Bachelor of Science. Question 2. In addition to the courses offered in the regular session, we have offered since 1931 as a part of our summer program. a series of unit courses in Hetel Heusekeeping, Hetel Textiles, etc. These summer courses are intended expressly for working housekeepers, inspectresses, and maids. They are given in residence and are attended.by housekeepers from all types of institutions. Mrs. Grace Brigham, a one-time president of N.E.H.A., is the current instructor. IQuestion 3. All of the above courses are under University sponsorship and the responsibility is ours. They have, however, been endorsed by'N.E.H.A. and N.E.H.A. provides scholarships for its mem- bers to attend.“ Question h. Of course it is well for anyone entering the pro- fession of Eiecutive Housekeeping to have as much education as possible, including college work...This does not mean that it is critically necessary. There are too many excellent housekeepers without it to Question 5. It is not planned to expand our offerings in the area of HSusekeeping. As has been indicated above we already have and have had for thirtyefive or more years a fairly comprehensive program leading to the degree... Gordially yours, Ho D. ”631‘ Appendix G UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON CURRICULUM IN INSTITUTIONAL HOUSEKEEPING (for Executive Housekeepers) FRESPMAN Credits Home Ec 101 (Intorduction) l Home Be 125 (Textiles) 3 Home Ec 110 (Nutrition) or Home Ec 300 (Nutrition) 2-5 Chem 0 160 or 116 and 120 (General and Organic) 8-9 Engl. lei, 1'02, 103 9 Health Educ. 110 2 Social. 110 (Survey) 5 Phys. Educ Activity 3 Approved Electives 9-13 . 55 JUNIOR Credits Home Ec. 3H7 (Furnishings) S Home Ec. 35h (Home Econ.) 5 Home Be. 356 (Family) 3 Micro. 301 (General) 5 Pars. 310 (Pars. Mgt.) 5 Prod. 355 (Purchasing) s Psychol. 320 (Child ) 2 Speech 332 (Group Disc.) 2 2001. 118 (Survey) 5 Approved Electives 5 ES— SOPHCMORE Credits flame Ec. 131: (Clothing) Home Ec. 281; Home Management) Art 109 (Design) Econ. 200 (Introduction) Nurs. 100 (Home Care) Physics 176 (For Nurses) Psychol. 166 (General) Speech 190 (Basic) Approved Electives 5.: 4'9 U'IUIV'LwUIwa'l SENIOR Credits Home Be. ’45? (Child Care) Home he 1‘73 (InSto Mgto) mee EC. 1375 (Inst. Mgto) 1'me R0 [$711 (InSto MEL.) Educ. 333 (Methods of Teach.) mm. 391.1460 (lussiness) Mach. Engr. hl8 (Time-Motion) Pub. 111th. hSl (Indust. Hyg.) Social. 1.66 (Indust. Sociol.) Approved Electives MU‘lw NUIUIU'IUVIW g‘w (locomended Electives: Journ. 200 (5), Speech 230 (5), Personnel 3145 and 31.6 (3,3), Policy and Adm. 1.63 (3). Curriculum accepted by Curriculum Comittee in December, 1956 Curriculum established in April, 1957 Appendix H .A LIST OF OFFICERS OF N.E.H.A. National Officers and Directors President : Maude 3. Winchester Statler Hilton Hotel Doston, Massachusetts 131: Vice-President: Ann Langdon Adams Hotel Phoenix, Arizona 2nd Vice-President: Donalda N. Smith University Hospitals Cleveland 6, Ohio Secretary 2 Elizabeth S. Palmer Pick-Ni collet Hotel Minneapolis, Ifinn. Treasurer: Dalia M. Cooper Shamrock Hilton Hotel Houston, Texas Editor, N.E.H.A. was: Rosalie V. Soper Drown Palace Hotel kmw,%hm® Directors : Harriet W. Ansley Kellogg Center East Lansing, Michigan None N. Burton Roger Williams Gen'l I'bsp. Providence, Rhode Island Mildred L. Chase- Glendale San. 8c “esp. Glendale, California Viola H. Connolly St. Joseph's fbspital Phoenix, Arizona Lela M. Dawson Shirley Savoy Hotel Denver, Colorado ana lbrgan. D. C. General Hospital Washington, I. 0. Catherine M. Peifer Drake hotel Chicago, Illinois Geneva I. Penrose I. W. CA. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Madge H. Sidney Doctor's Heepital Seattle, Washington Presidents of District Chapters Daltimore Chapter : Pearl Abbott Sinai Hosp. of Baltimore Baltimore, Maryland Buffalo Chapter: Margaret 1. Doherty Country Club Lewiston, New York Cascade Chapter: Naomi. Lee 580 N. W. Norman Gresham, Oregon Central Florida: Deulah Ellison Orange Memorial Hosp. Orlando, Florida Central Michigan Chapter: Pearl Sheldon Sparrow Hospital Lansing, Michigan Chicago Chapter: Marion Ives s eraton-Blackstone Hotel Chicago, Illinois Cleveland Chapter: Rose M. Ziegler I.W.C.A. Cleveland, Ohio Cinncinati Chapter : Elizabeth Tucker Veterans ministration hosp. Fort Thomas, Kentucky Columbus Chapter: Sue Hagar- Harding Sanitarium Worthington, Uhie Connecticut Chapter: Mildred Keleher Institute of living Hartford, Connecticut Dayton Chapter: Mary Burger Miami Valley Hospital Dayton, Ohio Detroit Chapter: l‘hmie Woodruff Jennings Hospital Detroit, Michigan Enchanted Star: Catherine Rheinhard Providence Memorial Hosp. El Paso, Texas Finger Lake Chapter: Josephine Thomas Highland Hospital Rochester, New York Houston Chapter: Dina C. Drown University of Teams Houston, Tenses Indiana Chapter: Louisa Meeker Methodist Hospital Indianapolis, Indiana Kansas City Chapter: Cora Mae McChesney Research Hospital Kansas City, Missouri Kentucky Chapter: Jewish Hospital Louisville, Kentucky Lone Star Chapter: Carrie Lemon Adolpus Hotel Dallas, Texas Iouisiana-Pfississippi Chapter: Hattie Burns Claireborne Towers New Orleans, La Massachusetts Chapter: Elizabeth Henderson Peter Bent Brigham.Hosp. Boston, Massachusetts Milwaukee Chapter: MP8 0 Grace Graham IOWOCOA. Milwaukee, Wisconsin New Jersey Chapter: Hazel Crane Chalfonte Hadden Hall Atlantic City, New Jersey New York Chapter: Miss Ehhel Mills rark Lane Hotel New York, No Ye Philadelphia Chapter: Sadie highley Delaware County Hosp. Philadelphia, Pa. Pud et Sound Chapter: lice A. Cain Veterans Administration Hosp. American Lake, washington Rocky Neuntain Chapter: Louisa Preston I.W.C.A. Denver, Colorado Rhode Island Chapter: Emily'McLaughlin Hotel Viking Newport, Rhode Island San Francisco Chapter: Mabelle Marble Clift Hotel San Francisco, California Southern California Chapter: velma Cashner Seaside Heepital Long Beach, California Sunshine Chapter: Leulah Dutler Vista Shores dal uarbor, Florida valley of the Sun Chapter: Ralph Tracy Veterans Administration Hosp. l-hoenix, Arizona Washington Chapter: Anita Chatwin washington Hetel washington, D. c. Appendix I N.E.I-I.A. AIMS To'bring the Progressive Executive Housekeepers of the country to- gether in an active, cooperative body. 2. 3. h. To encourage a wider knowledge of the common problems of the Execu- tive Housekeeper in hotels, hospitals, apartment houses, clubs, motels, and other institutions and industrial establishments, in order to make them of greater value to their employers. To foster friendly and mutually helpful relationships within the group. To formulate better training methods in the housekeeping depart- _ nents, thereby, raising the standards of employee efficiency. To outline for closer cooperation with other departments and _ the executive staff. To encourage a wiser knowledge of administrative prOblems. Tb conduct practical research and make the results available to the profession. Appendix J N.E.E.A. RESOLUTION ON BUCATION Following the Association of western Hospitals meeting at which time the papers by Mrs. Sidney, Dr. Rowntree and Miss Northrop were presented, the National Executive Housekeepers Association held its biennial congress in Los Angeles in June, 1956. At this congress, the Association passed the following resolution designed to facili- tate the establishment of college courses in executive housekeeping and the recruitment of prospective executive housekeepers. Whereas‘ The duties and responsibilities of the Executive House- keeper are becoming increasingly varied and complex; and Whereas: The demani for competent Executive Housekeepers has already grown beyond the capacity of the field to supply qualified persons; and Whereas: It is essential that Executive Housekeepers shall have formal, academic training comparable to that available to their fellow department heads; and Whereas: The opportunity presently available for academic train- ing in institutional housekeeping are not adequate in nunber and courses are not uniform in quality. . Be it therefore resolved that: The National Executive Housekeepers Assoiation at its 1956 biennial congress assenbled in Los A1 geles take the following measures to implement a positive program of edu- cation for present and future executives, and at the same time, to recruit eligible men and women into the field: 1. in Educational Policies Geniussion shall be established con- sisting of the National Educational Comdttee as a coordinating com- mittee with tam subdivisions consisting of a committee on hotel house- keeping education and one on hospital housekeeping education. The president of the National Executive Housekeepers Association shall appoint the chairman of each subcommittee and an equal number of re- presentatives from each field for the separate conmittee. The func- tions of this commission shall be: (a) To enlist the interest of colleges and universities in establishing courses in institutional housekeeping; (b) To work out with college officials in adapting curricula to the particular needs of the Recutive Housekeeper; (c) To appoint two sub-chairmen (representing hotels, hos- pitals and other institutions) in each local chapter to work with colleges and universities in the respective areas, according to the instructions and to report pro- gress to the national chairmen at stated intervals; (d) To recruit properly qualified college graduates and college trained, experienced homemakers into the house- keeping field; to interest colleges and high school counselors in directing qualified students into executive housekeeping courses where these have been established; to interest mature women with management ability in con- sidering a career in housekeeping; (e) To work with colleges in establishing evening extension courses that shall be Open both to Executive Housekeepers now employed and to persons who wish to prepare for a career in executive housekeeping; (f) To work with hospital administration, hotel management, and other institutional management in planning intern- ships for prospective Executive Ibusekeepers who have completed the academic requirements; (g) To enlist the aid of the American Hotel Association and the American Hospital Association in promoting the college courses and in obtaining financial aid where it is needed and also in establshing additional refresher courses for Executive Housekeepers who arepresently employed. And be it further resolved: That the Educational l”olicies Comm.- ssion appointed at this congress shall be instructed to give an annual report of progress to the membefis through the N.E.H.A. News during ' the next biennium, and to make a report to the 1958 N.E.H.A. Congress. Appendix I (1) American Hospital Association 18 Eastlivision Street Chicago 19, Illinois January 3, 1957 Mrs. Madge H. bidney Executive Housekeeper Doctor's Hospital 999 University Street Seattle 1, Washington Bear Mrs. Sidney: The American Hespital Association has recently heard of your efforts to establish a four-year course in executive housekeeping in the Seattle area. There is a very definite need for’personnel‘with this training in the hospitals of America. The rapid growth in the number of hospi- tale in the past years and the increasing complexity of the house- keeping functions in hospitals have created a severe shortage of Executive Housekeepers with a broad educational background. The following extracts from.the minutes of a recent meeting of the Committee on Housekeeping in Hospitals of the American Hospital Association indicate the Association‘s concern for this problem. "The committee recognizes the need for additional educational programs for Executive Housekeepers at the various educational levels. The committee concurred with Doctor Thompson's suggestion that these be directed at the following needs: 1. Assistance to Executive Housekeepers now employed in hespitals. 2. Encouraging colleges and universities to establish programs that would provide more qualified persons in the future." ‘We are certainly pleased to learn of your efforts in this direction and are happy to offer our assistance in behalf of such a program, very truly yours, Jack D. Dillman, Secretary Committee on Housekeeping (2) Pirland Sanitarium Seattle, Washington January 23, 1957 Dr. Mary L. Johnson Acting Bean Department of Home Economics University of Washington Seattle 5, Washington Dear Dr. Johnson: We are pleased to learn that formal training for housekeepers will soon be made available at the Department of Home Economics. . This is welcome news for institution managers who for too ‘many years have had to leave their important work in the hmds of people with uncertain educational backgrounds. We shall be happy to enter into an agreement with the University whereby this hOSpital will provide internships for students recommended by your Department. If we can help in any way in furthering your plans along these lines, we shall only be too glad to hear from your office. Yours very truly, ’0 no 10113 Business Manager (3) December 12 , 1956 Dr. Mary Louise Johnson Acting Director School of fine Economics University of Washington Seattle, Washington Dear Dr. Johnson: we understand that the curriculum Committee will consider insti- tutingra course for executive housekeepers in the School of Home Economics. The hospitals of Washington are becoming increasingly aware of their need for trained mpervisers of housekeeping. The duties and responsibilities of executive housekeepers in hospitals have increased to a point where only well-trained p ople, and more people, can handle them. The hospitals are public-service institutions created by the communities they serve. Likewise, the University of Washington has a strong motive of public service. He believe this is another Opportunity for the university to render service and we certainly hope educational opportunities for institutional housekeepers are added to the program of the School of Home Economics. ‘ Sincerely yours, Wgelow Executive Secretary Washington State Ebepital Association we"; v.2: Pifi‘LY E ) Lawn“ ..N- U” W%TI 355-23 31'3“" / ._....NOV 24 195': as ' A f” n‘) ‘. ; . W ,. E... tween?“ m n—enn\t “a I"'d "HF_ JUN ————— ”w '9 M9- T",r=mnlfifi’;.ly if“ “ - '4 :5. M3